Observations

• Any information collected with the senses.

• The skill of describing scientific events.

Two Types of Observations

Qualitative

• Collected with senses

• DescriptionsQuantitative

• Counting Data

•Taking measurements

Inference

• Conclusions or deductions based on observations .

• The process of drawing a conclusion from given evidence.

• Educated Guess

Tracks like these are common in parts of New

England and in the southwestern United

States.

What do you OBSERVE?

What can you INFER?

Now what do

you think?

Infer what happened based on your observations.

Source of graphic:

http://bob.nap.edu/html/evolution98/evol6-e.html

M

D V

DENSITY

What is the Equation for density?

D = M/V

What happens to the density of an object if the mass remains the same but the volume is doubled?

What happens to the density of an object if the volume remains the same but the mass is doubled?

How can the density equation be manipulated to find volume if you are given density?

Percent Deviation -an equation used to determine how accurate a measurement is

- Same as percent error

% Deviation =

Accepted - Measured Accepted

X 100

If you measured the mass of a block of wood to be 7g and the accepted value is 9 g, what is the percent deviation?

You measured the volume of a glass of water to be 98 ml and the accepted value is 94 ml, what is your percent deviation?

Interpolation-

Extrapolation-

Finding a data point within the graphed data

Extending a graph to find a potential data point

Mass vs. Weight

Mass – amount of matter an object contains

- Measured in grams (g)

Weight – the pull of gravity on a mass

Examine each graph carefully.

What was tested, changed, or compared (INDEPENDENT

VARIABLE) is plotted on the X-axis.

The data that was observed & measured (DEPENDENT VARIABLE)

is plotted on the Y-axis.

• The title and the label on the X-axis tells us that the amount of fertilizer was tested in this experiment (Independent variable).

• The Y-axis tells us that plant height was measured in centimeters in this experiment (Dependent variable).

Independent Variable = Manipulated Variable

Dependent Variable = Responding Variable

Positive or Direct = Relationship

Negative or Indirect Relationship =

Cyclic Change – an event that repeats in time and space

-Go through a cycle

-Most changes in the environment

-Ex. Water Cycle, sunspots, seasons

State of Equilibrium

- Balance

Dynamic Equilibrium

-When most of the processes on Earth are in balance

-Ex. Erosion and Deposition in a stream

Energy Flow

Source SinkInterface

Ex. Sun Ex. EarthEx. Weathered Rocks

Energy flows from source to sink and where the energy is exchanged is known as the interface

Water

Water freezes at 0°C

Water is most dense at 4°C

Diagram