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Page 1: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Observation vs. Inference

Page 2: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Observation – Anything you can see, hear, smell, touch, taste, (Using your senses).

Page 3: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Observation Basics.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 4: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Observation Basics.

– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 5: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Observation Basics.

– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture.

– What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 6: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Observation Basics.

– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture.

– What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe.

– Constructive perception has survival value - it helps us make sense of the world.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 7: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Observation Basics.

– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture.

– What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe.

– Constructive perception has survival value - it helps us make sense of the world.

– So, seeing is not necessarily believing.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 8: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Do these red lines bend?

Page 9: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 10: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 11: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 12: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 13: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 14: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 15: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 16: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 17: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Video Link! Amazing Anamorphic Illusions

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBNHPk-Lnkk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBNHPk-Lnkk
Page 18: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 19: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 20: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 21: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 22: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 23: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 24: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 25: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 26: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 27: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 28: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 29: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 30: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 31: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Please write down the phrase that you will see on the next slide? You get just a second.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 32: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Mary had

had a little lamb

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 33: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

“Write down what it said in your journal?”

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 34: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

“Did your brain act faster than

your eyes?”

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 35: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Mary had

had a little lamb

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 36: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Mary had

had a little lamb

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 37: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Mary had

had a little lamb

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 38: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 39: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Our brains are programmed for normal right side-up.

Page 40: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 41: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 42: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 43: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 44: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 45: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 46: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Remember…

• An observation is the act of gathering information by using your senses

Page 47: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Observation Basics.

– Our perceptions are not photographs, they are constructions - something that our minds manufacture.

– What we perceive is partially determined by what we know or believe.

– Constructive perception has survival value - it helps us make sense of the world.

– So, seeing is not necessarily believing.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 48: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

What is an inference?

• An inference is the process of drawing a conclusion from given evidence.

Page 49: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Catalyst: Look at the following picture. What is happening? Write a short paragraph/story

about what you think happened.

Page 50: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

So for the Catalyst…

• Possible observations might be:- there are two sets of tracks- one set of tracks is smaller than the other- the two sets of tracks meet - only one set of tracks is visible after the two sets meet

Page 51: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

So, for the Catalyst…

• Possible inferences might be:- two animals were walking toward one another- the animals had a fight- the bigger animal ate the smaller animal

Page 52: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

How do observations and inferences differ?

• An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• An inference is what you decide based on those observations

Page 53: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Why Is It So Important to Differentiate Between Observations and Inferences?

• In science, we need to base our hypotheses and experiments on facts and observations

• If we base our hypotheses and experiments on opinions or inferences, we can never prove anything!

• Science is based on facts and observations, not INFERENCES! However, your inferences could help guide future experimentation.

Page 54: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Activity! How well do you observe the world around you.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 55: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Activity! How well do you observe the world around you.

– Observe the scene for 1 minute and then answer some questions afterward.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 56: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 57: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 58: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions about the previous scene.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 59: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–How many vehicles were driving?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 60: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–How many vehicles were driving?

• Two were driving, two were parked.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 61: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 62: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What type of vehicles were they?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 63: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What type of vehicles were they?

• Utility van with no labels and small 4 door SUV.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 64: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 65: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What colors were they?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 66: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What colors were they?

• Utility van was white, SUV was dark blue

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 67: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 68: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–Was it raining?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 69: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–Was it raining?

–Answer: No. But the SUV’s wipers were on, conditions were overcast and the SUV could have just possibly come from the rain or driven through a sprinkler.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Inference

Page 70: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 71: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What was the speed limit?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 72: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What was the speed limit?

• 35 mph

• What country is this picture in?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 73: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What was the speed limit?

• 35 mph

• What country is this picture in?

• The United States most likely because 35 mph is not Metric. The U.S. is one of the few countries to use the Old English System.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Inference

Page 74: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 75: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–How many witnesses were there, what were they doing?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 76: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–How many witnesses were there, what were they doing?

• One witness, mowing the lawn.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 77: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 78: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What season was it?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 79: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the street scene.

–What season was it?

• Summer, the leaves were well established and green.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 80: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 81: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 82: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions about the previous scene.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 83: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• What is this a picture of?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 84: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• What is this a picture of?

• What else?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 85: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• What is this a picture of?

• What else?

– A women (adult) with blonde hair, maroon shirt and wearing eyeglasses.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 86: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 87: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 88: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the ocean scene?

– Specifically, where was this photo taken?

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 89: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

• Questions for the ocean scene?

– Specifically, where was this photo taken?

– Picture taken by passenger on a bus or train (tinted windows). Image is of a women sitting by the window seat. No smoking sign can be seen in the reflection. Her left arm is against her cheek.

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy

Page 90: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear
Page 91: Observation vs. Inference - L. Frazier Banks Middle …...How do observations and inferences differ? •An observation is only what you can actually see, smell, taste, touch or hear

Copyright © 2010 Ryan P. Murphy


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