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Graphical Reports

4.1 SAS Bar and Pie Charts4.2 Enhancing SAS Graphics Output4.3 SAS Plots4.4 Minitab Bar and Pie Charts4.5 Minitab Plots

SAS Bar and Pie Charts

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ObjectivesProduce high-resolution bar and pie charts.Control the statistics displayed in the chart.

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Graphically Summarizing DataYou can use bar or pie charts to graphically display the

distribution of a variable’s valuesaverage value of a variable for different categoriestotal value of a variable for different categories.

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Vertical Bar Chart

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Horizontal Bar Chart

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Pie Chart

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Specifying a ChartWhen using the GCHART procedure,

specify the physical form of the chartidentify a chart variable that determines the number of bars or pie slices to createoptionally identify an analysis variable to use for calculating statistics that determine the height (or length) of the bar or the size of the slice.

By default, the height, length, or size represents a frequency count (N).

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Chart Variable The chart variable

determines the number of bars or slices produced within a graphcan be character or numeric.

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The GCHART ProcedureGeneral form of the PROC GCHART statement:

Use one of these statements to specify the desired type of chart:

PROC GCHART DATA=SAS-data-set;PROC GCHART DATA=SAS-data-set;

HBAR chart-variable . . . </options>;

VBAR chart-variable . . . </options>;

PIE chart-variable . . . </options>;

HBAR chart-variable . . . </options>;

VBAR chart-variable . . . </options>;

PIE chart-variable . . . </options>;

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Vertical Bar Chart

JobCode is the chart variable.

proc gchart data=ia.crew;vbar JobCode;

run;

Produce a vertical bar chart that displays the number of employees in each job code.

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Vertical Bar Chart

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Horizontal Bar Chart

JobCode is the chart variable.

proc gchart data=ia.crew;hbar JobCode;

run;

Produce a horizontal bar chart that displays the number of employees in each job code.

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Horizontal Bar Chart

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Pie Chart

JobCode is the chart variable.

proc gchart data=ia.crew;pie JobCode;

run;

Produce a pie chart that displays the number of employees in each job code.

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Pie Chart

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If the chart variable is character, a bar or slice is created for eachunique variable value.The chart variable is JobCode.

Character Chart Variable

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Numeric Chart VariableFor numeric chart variables, the variables are assumed to be continuous unless otherwise specified.

Intervals are automatically calculated and identified by midpoints.

One bar or slice is constructed for each midpoint.

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Numeric Chart Variable

Salary is the chart variable.

proc gchart data=ia.crew;vbar Salary;

run;

Produce a vertical bar chart on the numeric variable Salary.

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Numeric Chart Variable

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The DISCRETE OptionTo override the default behavior for numeric chart variables, use the DISCRETE option in the HBAR, VBAR, or PIE statement.

The DISCRETE option produces a bar or slice for each unique numeric variable value; the values are no longer treated as intervals.

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Numeric Chart Variable

Salary is the chart variable, but the DISCRETE optionmodifies how SAS displays the values.

proc gchart data=ia.crew;vbar Salary / discrete;

run;

Produce a vertical bar chart that displays a separate bar for each distinct value of the numeric variable Salary.

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The DISCRETE Option

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By default, the statistic that determines the length or height of each bar or size of pie slice is a frequency count (N).

Summary Statistic

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To override the default frequency count, you can use the following HBAR, VBAR, or PIE statement options:

SUMVAR=analysis-variable

TYPE=MEAN | SUM

SUMVAR=analysis-variable

TYPE=MEAN | SUM

Analysis Variable

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SUMVAR= and TYPE= Options

If an analysis variable isspecified, the default value of TYPE is SUMnot specified, the default value of TYPE is FREQ.

specifies that the height or length of the bar or size of the slice represents a mean or sum of the analysis-variable values.

TYPE=

identifies the analysis variable to use for the sum or mean calculation.

SUMVAR=

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Using an Analysis Variable

proc gchart data=ia.crew;vbar JobCode / sumvar=Salary type=mean;

run;

Produce a vertical bar chart that displays the average salary of employees in each job code.

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GCHART Output

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RUN-Group ProcessingPROC GCHART supports RUN-group processing, which means

the procedure executes the group of statements following the PROC statement when a RUN statement is encounteredadditional statements followed by another RUN statement can be submitted without resubmitting the PROC statementthe procedure stays active until a PROC, DATA, or QUIT statement is encountered.

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Pie Chart

proc gchart data=ia.crew; pie JobCode / sumvar=Salary type=sum;format Salary dollar8.;

run;

Produce a pie chart that displays the total salary of employees in each job code.

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Pie Chart

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Pie ChartYou can use the FILL= option to specify whether to fill the pie slices in a solid (FILL=S) or crosshatched (FILL=X) pattern.

pie JobCode / sumvar=Salary type=sumfill=x;

format Salary dollar8.;run;

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Pie Chart

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Exploding a Pie SliceYou can highlight individual slices of a pie chart by moving them away from the rest of the pie with the EXPLODE= option.

pie JobCode / sumvar=Salary type=sum fill=x explode='PILOT3';

format Salary dollar8.;run;quit;

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Exploding a Pie Slice

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SummaryPROC GCHART is used to produce vertical or horizontal bar charts and pie charts of categorical or continuous variables.

Charts based on character are assumed to be categorical, whereas charts based on numeric variables are assumed to be continuous.

The MEAN or SUM of numeric variables may be charted.

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Enhancing SAS Graphics Output

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ObjectivesSpecify a graphics device.Incorporate titles and footnotes with graphs.Enhance graphs using color, fonts, and different size titles and footnotes.

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Defining the Graphics DeviceTo specify the graphic device, use the GOPTIONS statement.

General form of the GOPTIONS statement:

GOPTIONS graphics-options;GOPTIONS graphics-options;

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Graphics Device OptionThe DEVICE= (or DEV= ) graphics option in the GOPTIONS statement specifies the graphics device.Examples:

Graphics Device GOPTIONS Statement

HP Deskjet Printer goptions dev=HPD

HPLaserJet Driver goptions dev=HPL…

GIF Driver goptions dev=GIF

Tektronix Driver goptions dev=TK1

Portable Document goptions dev=PDF

PostScript Driver goptions dev=PSL

Windows Metafile Driver goptions dev=WMF

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Adding Titles and FootnotesYou can use TITLE and FOOTNOTE statement options to modify the characteristics of text strings.

Selected Options:

COLOR=color | C=colorFONT=type-font | F=type-fontHEIGHT=n | H=n

COLOR=color | C=colorFONT=type-font | F=type-fontHEIGHT=n | H=n

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Title and Footnote OptionsExamples:

title color=green 'Number of Pilots by Job Level';

title font=brush color=red 'March Flights';

title height=3 in font=duplex 'Flights to RDU';

footnote height=3 "IA's Gross Revenue by Region";

footnote height=3 cm 'Average Salary by Job Level';

footnote height=3 pct 'Total Flights by Model';

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SummaryGOPTIONS statements with the DEVICE= option can be used to override the default graphics drivers in SAS.

TITLES and FOOTNOTES can be enhanced with the COLOR=, FONT=, and HEIGHT= options…

SAS Plots

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ObjectivesProduce plots.Define plotting symbols.Control appearance of the axes.

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The GPLOT ProcedureYou can use the GPLOT procedure to plot one variable against another within a set of coordinate axes.

General form of a PROC GPLOT step:

PROC GPLOT DATA=SAS-data-set;PLOT vertical-variable*horizontal-variable </options>;

RUN;QUIT;

PROC GPLOT DATA=SAS-data-set;PLOT vertical-variable*horizontal-variable </options>;

RUN;QUIT;

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Default GPLOT Output

proc gplot data=ia.flight114;where date between '02mar2001'd and

'08mar2001'd;plot Boarded*Date;title 'Total Passengers for Flight 114';title2 'between 02Mar2001 and 08Mar2001';

run;

Produce a plot of number of passengers by date for flight number 114 over a one-week period.

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Default GPLOT Output

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SYMBOL StatementYou can use the SYMBOL statement to

define plotting symbolsdraw lines through the data pointsspecify the color of the plotting symbols and lines.

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SYMBOL StatementGeneral form of the SYMBOL statement:

The value of n can range from 1 to 99.

If n is omitted, the default is 1.

SYMBOLn options;SYMBOLn options;

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SYMBOL StatementSYMBOL statements are

specifying the value of one option does not affect the values of other options.

additive

once defined, they remain in effect until changed or until the end of the SAS session.

global

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SYMBOL Statement OptionsYou can specify the plotting symbol you want with the VALUE= option in the SYMBOL statement:

Selected symbol values are

VALUE=symbol | V=symbolVALUE=symbol | V=symbol

NONE (no plotting symbol)SQUARE

TRIANGLESTARDIAMONDPLUS (default)

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SYMBOL Statement OptionsYou can use the I= option in the SYMBOL statement to draw lines between the data points.

Selected interpolation values:

draws vertical lines from the points to the horizontal axes.

NEEDLE

joins the points with a smooth line.SPLINE

joins the points with straight lines.JOIN

I=interpolationI=interpolation

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SYMBOL Statement Options

plot Boarded*Date;symbol value=square i=join;

run;

Use a square as the plotting symbol and join the points with straight lines.

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SYMBOL Statement Options

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Additional SYMBOL Statement OptionsYou can enhance the appearance of the plots with the following selected options:

specifies the color of the line.COLOR=colorC=color

specifies the thickness of the line.WIDTH=widthW=width

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Color and Width Options

plot Boarded*Date;symbol c=red w=2;

run;

Show the line in red with double thickness.

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Color and Width Options

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Modifying the SYMBOL StatementSet the attributes for SYMBOL1.

Modify only the color of SYMBOL1, not the V= option setting.

symbol1 c=blue v=diamond;

symbol1 c=green;

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Cancel SYMBOL StatementsYou can cancel a SYMBOL statement by submitting a null SYMBOL statement.

To cancel all SYMBOL statements, submit the following statement:

symbol1;

goptions reset=symbol;

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Controlling the Axis AppearanceYou may modify the appearance of the axes that PROC GPLOT produces with

PLOT statement optionsthe LABEL statementthe FORMAT statement.

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PLOT Statement OptionsYou can use PLOT statement options to control the scaling and color of the axes, and the color of the axis text.

Selected PLOT statement options for axis control:

specifies the color of the text on both axes.

CTEXT=color

specifies the color of both axes.CAXIS=color

scales the vertical axis.VAXIS=values

scales the horizontal axis.HAXIS=values

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PLOT Statement OptionsDefine the scale on the vertical axis and display the axis text in blue.

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plot Boarded*Date / vaxis=100 to 200 by 25ctext=blue;

run;

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PLOT Statement Options

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Adding Labels

plot Boarded*Date / vaxis=100 to 200 by 25ctext=blue;

label Boarded='Passengers Boarded' Date='Departure Date';

run;

Place labels on the axes.

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Adding Labels

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SummaryPROC GPLOT is used to create scatter plots in SAS.

SYMBOL statements can be used to control plotting symbols and interpolation in SAS Plots.

Default axes can be modified using various options to the plot statement. Minitab Bar and Pie Charts

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ObjectivesProduce high-resolution bar and pie charts.Control the statistics displayed in the chart.

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%PIE Command Syntax%PIE C COUNTS C START KEXPLODE K...KORDER KCOMBINE KNOMISSLABEL KLINES

Slice attributes:TYPES CCOLORS CNOCOLORTITLE "text"GSAVE"file"

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FLTAT1 (14, 20.3%)

PILOT3 ( 8, 11.6%)

PILOT2 ( 9, 13.0%)PILOT1 ( 8, 11.6%)

FLTAT3 (12, 17.4%)

FLTAT2 (18, 26.1%)

Pie Chart of JobCode

Pie Chart%PIE ‘Jobcode’.

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FLTAT1 (14, 20.3%)

PILOT3 ( 8, 11.6%)

PILOT2 ( 9, 13.0%)PILOT1 ( 8, 11.6%)

FLTAT3 (12, 17.4%)

FLTAT2 (18, 26.1%)

Pie Chart of JobCode

Pie Chart (exploding a slice)%PIE ‘Jobcode’;Explode 3.

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CHART Command SyntaxCHART C*C

CLUSTER C [K]STACK CINCREASINGDECREASINGCPERCENTCUMULATIVE

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PILOT3PILOT2PILOT1FLTAT3FLTAT2FLTAT1

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JobCode

Coun

t of J

obCo

de

Vertical Bar ChartCHART ‘Jobcode’.

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20100

PILOT3

PILOT2

PILOT1

FLTAT3

FLTAT2

FLTAT1

Count of JobCode

JobC

ode

Horizontal Bar ChartCHART ‘Jobcode’;Transpose.

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PILOT3PILOT2PILOT1FLTAT3FLTAT2FLTAT1

100000

90000

80000

70000

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

JobCode

Mea

n of

Sal

ary

Vertical Bar Chart with an Analysis VariableCHART MEAN(‘Salary’)*’Jobcode’.

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HISTOGRAM Command SyntaxHISTOGRAM C

FREQUENCYPERCENTDENSITYCUMULATIVECUTPOINT [K...K or C]MIDPOINT [K...K or C]NINTERVAL K [K]

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HISTOGRAM Graphics Options

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1100001000009000080000700006000050000400003000020000

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0

Salary

Freq

uenc

y

HistogramHISTOGRAM ‘Salary’.

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110000950008000065000500003500020000

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10

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Salary

Freq

uenc

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HistogramHISTOGRAM ‘Salary’;Ninterval 7.

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SummaryMinitab can produce pie charts on categorical data using the %PIE macro (implementation varies for different versions of Minitab).

The CHART command in Minitab is used to produce vertical and horizontal bar charts.

Minitab charts can be enhanced with a variety of graphics options.

Minitab Plots

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ObjectivesProduce plots.Define plotting symbols.Control appearance of the axes.

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PLOT Command SyntaxPLOT C * C basic form for a single graphPLOT C*C ... C*C form for multiple graphs

JITTER [K K]NOJITTERLOGSCALE K

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PLOT Graphics Options

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Prepare Data with SUBSET

MTB > SUBSET;SUBC> include;SUBC> Where "'Date'>=DATE(""03/02/2001"") AND 'Date'<=DATE(""03/08/2001"")".

NOTE: an error results if you try a continuation (&) in the middle of the quoted statement…

First we must subset the original flight data (done with a WHEREstatement in SAS)

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3/8/20

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3/7/20

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3/6/20

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3/5/20

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3/4/20

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3/3/20

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3/2/20

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Date

Boar

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Default PLOT PLOT ‘Boarded’* ‘Date’.

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PLOT (similar to the SAS plot)MTB > Plot 'Boarded'*'Date';SUBC> Symbol;SUBC> Type 11;SUBC> Color 2;SUBC> Axis 1;SUBC> TColor 4;SUBC> Axis 2;SUBC> TColor 4;SUBC> Tick 1;SUBC> TColor 4;SUBC> Tick 2;SUBC> TColor 4;SUBC> Connect;SUBC> Color 2. 3/8

/2001

3/7/20

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3/6/20

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3/5/20

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3/4/2001

3/3/2001

3/2/2001

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Date

Boar

ded

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SUMMARYThe PLOT command in Minitab is used to create bivariate scatter plots.

The SUBSET command in Minitab is used to create a new worksheet that contains observations that meet a specific logical criteria.

Minitab plots can be enhanced with a variety of graphics options.