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Objectives Explain how to implement green

fleets Learn about incentives for

converting to electric drive vehicles Learn about the availability and

cost of operating electric drive vehicles

Identify the advantages of using electric drive vehicles

Understand how to safely charge and operate electric drive vehicles

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Why use green fleets? Reduce operating costs Reduce greenhouse gas

emissions Improve corporate image

Greening of Fleets

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How to Implement Green Fleets Get buy-in Create long-term objectives Avoid setting reduction goals in

absolute numbers Anticipate obstacles Move slowly Improve vehicle use Track and report progress

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EVs = vehicles powered or assisted by electricity

Electricity is provided by grid or generated onboard

Stored in batteries Four types of EVs (HEVs, PHEVs,

BEVS, and FCEVs) Each types serves a different

purpose

Electric Drive Fleets

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HEV Most common EVs Utilize an ICE and one or more

electric motors Motor/generator captures or

produces energy

Figure 1: Hybrid commercial fleet vehicles. Source: NAFTC.

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PHEV Most PHEVs are modified HEVs Larger battery capacity, ability to

charge their batteries by plugging in to the grid

Can operate on all electric power

longer than HEV Limited all electric

rangeFigure 2: Toyota Prius, a popular plug-in hybrid

electric vehicle. Source: NAFTC.

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BEV Simplest EV design Batteries, motors, drivetrain Limited range depending upon

battery capacity

Figure 3: The Proterra BEV transit bus. Source: Proterra.

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FCEV Most advanced EVs Hydrogen gas powers the fuel

cell Large battery packs are not

required

Figure 4: Hydrogen fuel cell bus. Source: NREL.

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Incentives Partnership initiatives and pooled

resources Financial subsidiaries Informational tools

Initial cost vs. federal and state incentives

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)

Clean Cities Program

Incentives for Using Electric Drive Vehicles in Fleets

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Did You Know?

Argonne National Laboratory developed a graphical user interface-based calculator called AirCRED that calculates air pollutant emissions based on specific fleet variables. These emissions “credits” are used to determine excise tax credits.

To learn more, visit: www.transportation.anl.gov/modeling_simulation/AirCred

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Tax Incentives Federal and state tax rebates Research and production rebates

depending upon work done Rebates and incentives available

for use of hydrogen fueling equipment

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Federal Grant Funding Federal government = largest

grant provider U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) U.S. Department of Transportation

(DOT) Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) U.S. Department of Agriculture

(USDA)

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State Grant Funding State Energy Office (SEO) National Association of State

Energy Officials directory Alternative Fuels Data Center map

To find state-specific information, visitwww.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state

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Incentives for ElectricityProduction

Electricity is a domestically produced product

“Clean” electricity production Job opportunities and economic

benefits Increased demand will lead to a

continually expanding marketplace

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More than 6,800 public charging stations nationwide

Regional electrification programs

Increased demand will help build an expanding infrastructure

Onsite charging

Electricity Cost and Availability

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Figure 5: This map illustrates the number of public charging stations across the country. Source: AFDC.

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Cost Electricity production Installation of charging

infrastructure Cost-per-mile for electricity vs.

gasoline Long-term savings Production factors – source of

electricity, location of production, availability of raw materials

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Figure 6: A comparison of electricity and gasoline energy cost per mile. Source: AFDC.

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Cost Factors Fuel source for energy production Charging infrastructure Cost to process raw materials Seasonal weather affects on

energy consumption

Figure 7: Electricity and gasoline and diesel cost comparison, 2009-2012. Source: AFDC.

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HEV Advantages:

Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts

Lower emissions than conventional vehicles

Combines efficiency of EVs with range of gasoline fuel

Things to Consider: Capital cost/purchase price Battery life/disposal Fuel economy advantages highly

dependent upon driving conditions

Electric Drive Advantages

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PHEV Advantages:

Better fuel economy than gasoline/diesel counterparts

Lower emissions than conventional vehicles Combines efficiency of EVs with range of

gasoline fuel Extended battery only range when compared

to HEVs Things to Consider:

Capital cost/purchase price Battery life/disposal Fuel economy advantages highly dependent

upon driving conditions More limited availability than HEVs

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BEV Advantages:

Lower fuel costs No localized emissions Quiet operation At home ‘fueling’ by charging

Things to Consider: Capital cost/purchase price Battery life/disposal Limited driving range/public charging

stations Limited availability when compared to HEVs Emissions do occur at fossil fuel powered

plants used to produce electricity Charge time

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FCEV Advantages:

Lower fuel costs No localized emissions Quiet operation

Things to Consider: Capital cost/purchase price Limited driving range/public fueling

stations Limited availability Emissions and energy required to

produce hydrogen for use in FCEVs

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Similar performance and safety when compared to conventional vehicles

Each type poses unique issues Size and complexity of electrical

systems differ greatly

Electric Drive Performance and Safety

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Performance HEVs and PHEVs

Similar to conventional vehicles Reduced emissions High torque available from electric

motors Driving range is comparable to

conventional vehicles Available in light- and heavy-duty

applications

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Performance BEVs

Similar performance to conventional vehicles

Peak torque availability may allow for better acceleration

No onboard ICE or complex transmission system

Available for niche market applications Consistent routes that allow for onsite

charging

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Performance FCEVs

Performance is similar to conventional vehicles

Larger battery pack replaced with onboard hydrogen storage

Decreased cargo capabilities Usually only available through lease

programs

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Required downtime for charging PHEVs and BEVs

Three charging levels Specific equipment

requirements

Figure 8: The main levels of charging available for PHEVs and BEVs. Source: NAFTC.

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Level 1 = standard 120 volt three-prong cord

Wall mounted units available Most EVs sold with necessary cords At home Level 2 are available as

well

Figure 9 (left): Level 2 wall mount charging stations. Source: GE Industrial.

Figure 10 (right): Nissan Leaf charging cord. Source: NAFTC.

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Level 2 = 240 volt connection Typically used with BEVs and

some PHEVs Public, home, and onsite fleet

charging

Figure 11 (left): Free-standing Level 2 charging station. Source: NAFTC.

Figure 12 (right): Level 2 Minit-Charger private fleet charging infrastructure. Source: Minit-Charger.

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Level 3 = 480 volt connections “Quick charge” systems Reduce charge time to half an

hour or less depending uponthe equipment used

Valuable for use inthe heavy-duty sector

Figure 13: The Blink DC Fast Charger. Source: Blink Network.

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Electric Drive Performance Summary

• Similar vehicle performance• Lower

operating/maintenance costs• Quieter operation• Fewer local emissions

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Safety Same stringent NHSA and DOT

safety standards as conventional vehicles

Charging equipment safety standards

High-voltage disconnects within vehicles

Inertia switches

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Color coded high-voltage vehicle components

Bright orange or light blue insulation

EVs that are plugged in to charge will have more cords that may not be color coded

Different charging levels, equipment, charging can be done by anyone

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Electric Drive Safety Summary• Safety measures in charging

stations• Meet NHSA and DOT standards• High voltage cables are color

coded• Maintenance should be done by

trained technicians only

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1. List the four types of EVs presented for fleet managers in this section along with their acronyms.

2. True or False: The GGE price of electric has remained nearly unchanged between 2009 and 2012.

3. The fastest EV charging requires a Level _______ charger.

4. True or False: EVs must be charged by only trained professionals due to electric shock hazard.

Test Your Knowledge