objectives diabetes celiac disease · what is celiac disease? • also known as coeliac disease and...

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1 Diabetes & Celiac Disease Laurie A. Higgins MS, RD, LDN, CDE Pediatric Nutrition and Diabetes Educator Pediatric/Adolescent and Young Adult Section © Joslin Clinic, Boston October 19, 2015 Objectives To be able to identify symptoms, diagnostic guidelines, and nutrition for celiac disease & diabetes To have understanding of GlutenFree Diet (GFD) To be able to obtain GlutenFree information and resources Diabetes Mellitus (Greek) diabetes: “to flow through” + mellitus: “sweet” A chronic metabolic disorder resulting from genetic and environmental factors Characterized by hyperglycemia due to reduced insulin secretion and/or response to insulin Diagnostic criteria for diabetes (American Diabetes Association) Any one of the following is diagnostic: 1. HbA 1c 6.5% * Need to repeat A1c in accredited lab; point of care testing not to be used for diagnosis 2. Fasting plasma glucose 126 mg/dL * Minimum 8h with no eating or drinking 3. 2h Plasma glucose 200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test 4. Symptoms of hyperglycemia (thirst, urination, weight loss) and random plasma glucose 200 mg/dL In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, abnormalities in any of these should be confirmed by repeat testing. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jun;34(6):e6199. Classification of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Insulin Dependent (~1020%) Type 2 Insulin Resistance (~8090%) Gestational (25% of pregnancies ) “Goes away” but 4050% will develop type 2 diabetes Secondary and other forms Surgically or medically induced, e.g. cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) MODY (Maturityonset Diabetes of Youth) Neonatal diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Absolute insulin deficiency resulting from the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells Environmental factors seem to trigger an autoimmune process that destroys the islets of Langerhans Accounts for 9095% of diabetes in <18 yrs Can be diagnosed at any age ~0.4 % of population

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Page 1: Objectives Diabetes Celiac Disease · What is Celiac Disease? • Also known as coeliac disease and celiac sprue, gluten‐sensitive enteropathy, and non‐tropical sprue • CD is

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Diabetes & Celiac Disease

Laurie A. Higgins MS, RD, LDN, CDE

Pediatric Nutrition and Diabetes Educator

Pediatric/Adolescent and Young Adult Section

© Joslin Clinic, Boston

October 19, 2015

Objectives 

• To be able to identify symptoms, diagnostic guidelines, and nutrition for celiac disease & diabetes

• To have understanding of Gluten‐Free Diet (GFD) 

• To be able to obtain Gluten‐Free information and resources 

Diabetes Mellitus

• (Greek) diabetes: “to flow through” + mellitus: “sweet”

• A chronic metabolic disorder resulting from genetic and environmental factors

• Characterized by hyperglycemia due to reduced insulin secretion and/or response to insulin

Diagnostic criteria for diabetes (American Diabetes Association)

Any one of the following is diagnostic: 1. HbA1c ≥ 6.5%  

* Need to repeat A1c in accredited lab; point of care testing not to be used for diagnosis

2. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL* Minimum 8h with no eating or drinking

3. 2‐h Plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test

4.  Symptoms of hyperglycemia (thirst, urination, weight loss) and random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL

In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, abnormalities in any of these should be confirmed by repeat testing. 

Diabetes Care. 2011 Jun;34(6):e61‐99.

Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

• Type 1 ‐ Insulin Dependent (~10‐20%) 

• Type 2 ‐ Insulin Resistance (~80‐90%)

• Gestational (2‐5% of pregnancies )– “Goes away” but 40‐50% will develop type 2 diabetes

• Secondary and other forms– Surgically or medically induced, e.g. cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD)

– MODY (Maturity‐onset Diabetes of Youth)

– Neonatal diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes

• Absolute insulin deficiency resulting from the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells

• Environmental factors seem to trigger an autoimmune process that destroys the islets of Langerhans

• Accounts for 90‐95% of diabetes in <18 yrs

• Can be diagnosed at any age

• ~0.4 % of population 

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Differentiating Between T1D and T2D

Type 1 Diabetes Type 2 DiabetesNot usually overweight; proportionate

to obesity in general population 85% are overweight

Short course Slow and long course

35%-40% present with ketoacidosis 33% with ketonuria; 5%-25% may have ketoacidosis

5% with 1st or 2nd degree relative with T1D

74%-100% with 1st or 2nd degree relative with T2D

Increased incidence of other autoimmune d/o: thyroid, adrenal,

vitiligo, celiac

Increase in PCOS; Acanthosis nigricans (in up to 90%)

Decreased C-peptide and insulin;No increase with glucose challenge

Nl or increased C-peptide and insulin; Increase with glucose challenge

Caucasians predominate NA, AA, Latino, Asian, Pacific Islander

What is Celiac Disease? 

• Also known as coeliac disease and celiac sprue, gluten‐sensitive enteropathy, and non‐tropical sprue 

• CD is an immune‐mediated enteropathy triggered in genetically susceptible individuals 

History of Celiac Disease 

• 1888 ‐ First described by Samuel Gee, MD

• Late 1940’s – during WW II – Willem Karl  Dicke, MD noticed that his patients improved during the war but relapsed at during the restoration after the war

• 1949 – Dr. Paulley – 1st small bowel biopsy ‐ villous atrophy and crypt hyperplasia

• 1973‐ first report in Western Ireland that the prevalence was 1 in every 300 people BMJ 1973;3:703‐705

• 1970‐1980’s – a lot of research went into developing screening test– Anti‐gliadin antibodies (AGA)– IgA endomysial antibodies (EMA)

• 1997 – tTG – tissue transglutaminase 

Celiac Disease in London in 1938

Celiac Disease in the USA 80‐90’s  

Celiac Disease 

• Primary trigger is gluten (gliadin) containing grains wheat, rye and barley

• Sometimes the disease is triggered or becomes active for the first time– Surgery

– Pregnancy

– Childbirth

– Viral infection

– Severe emotional stress

GeneticsType 1 diabetes:

• HLA‐DR4 and DR3 are associated with T1D

– 30‐50% of patients being heterozygotes

• HLA‐DQ2 and DQ8 locus most important in determinant of diabetes susceptibility

– ~90% of individuals with T1D have either

• Highest risk for T1D is DR3‐DQ2 and DR4‐DQ8 

CamarcaME, et al. Celiac disease in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2012, 38:10

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Celiac disease:

• HLA‐DQ2 and HLA‐DQ8 facilitate the initiation of the autoimmune response to gluten

• 30% ‐ 40% of the U.S. population have HLA‐DQ2 and HLA‐DQ8 

• HLA association 

• HLA‐DQ2 is found in 95% patients

• HLA‐DQ8 in the remainder 5%

• Family members who test positive HLA‐DQ2 and HLA‐DQ8 have risk of 2‐20% depending on the degree of the relative with CD

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Prevalence of Celiac Disease in the US

• In not at risk people: 1 in 133

– Adults 1:105

– Children 1:320

• In people with related symptoms: 1 in 56

• In people with first‐degree relatives (parent, child, sibling)who are celiac: 1 in 22

• In people with second‐degree relatives (aunt, uncle, cousin) who are celiac: 1 in 39

• Estimated prevalence for African‐, Hispanic‐, Asian‐Americans: 1 in 236

A multi‐center study on sero‐prevalence of celiac disease in the United States among both at risk and not at risk groups.  Fasano et.al., Archives of Internal Medicine. February 2003

Prevalence of Celiac Disease in the US

• Estimated to be prevalent in 1% of the population 

• CD is estimated to affect >3 million Americans – 97% undiagnosed

• 2014 Estimated Census – MA census was 6,745,408

• ~67,454 people in MA have CD

– Boston was 655,884– ~6,559 people in Boston have CD

• New England Celiac Organization (NECO) membership ~1000

• 6 ‐ 16% of children & adults with Type 1 diabetes also have celiac disease

http://censusviewer.com/city/MA/Boston

Rubio‐Tapia A et al. Predictors of family risk for CD: a population‐based study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol2008:6:983‐7  

CELIACPRESENTATION

classicceliac disease

symptomaticceliac disease

asymptomaticceliac disease

refractoryceliac disease

potentialceliac disease

Prevalence of Celiac Disease in World

Abadie V, Sollid LM, Barreiro LB, Jabri B. Integration of genetic and immunological insights into a model of celiac disease pathogenesis. Annu Rev Immunol 2011;29:493–525

Normal vs. Damaged Villi 

High Resolution Endoscopy Disorders Associated with Celiac Disease 

• Endocrine– Type 1 diabetes – Autoimmune thyroid 

disorders – Addison disease– Reproductive disorders– Alopecia areata

• Neurologic– Cerebellar ataxia– Neuropathy – Epilepsy– Migraine

• Cardiac– Idiopathic dilated 

cardiomyopathy– Autoimmune mycarditis

• Hepatic – Primary biliary cirrhosis– Autoimmune hepatitis– Autoimmune cholangitis

• Other– Anemia– Osteoporosis– Turner Syndrome– Down Syndrome

Alaedini A, Green PHR, Narrative review: celiac disease: understanding a complex autoimmune disorder. Ann Intern Med;142:289‐298.

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Recommendations to Screen The American Diabetes Association recommends screening select patients based on symptoms and treating patients with biopsy‐confirmed celiac disease with the gluten‐free diet.  Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes—2011. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(suppl 1):S4‐10.

The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes recommends treating patients with symptomatic celiac disease and comments on the controversy and uncertainty over treating asymptomatic celiac disease in type 1 diabetes. Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006‐2007. Other complications and associated conditions. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(3):171‐176.

The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition recommends routine screening of all children with type 1 diabetes but notes that the treatment may not have an effect on glycemic control.Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40(1):1‐19.

The National Institute of Health Consensus Conference on celiac disease recommends screening of type 1 diabetes patients with symptoms and treating biopsy proven celiac disease.NIH Consensus Development Conference on Celiac Disease. NIH Consens State Sci Statements. 2004;21(1):1‐23.

The Canadian Diabetes Association recommends screening patients with symptoms and notes that for those with no symptoms, treatment is controversial.Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Canadian J Diabetes. 2008;32(suppl 1):22‐35.

Recommendations to Screen The American Diabetes Association recommends screening select patients based on symptoms and treating patients with biopsy‐confirmed celiac disease with the gluten‐free diet.  Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes—2011. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(suppl 1):S4‐10.

The International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes recommends treating patients with symptomatic celiac disease and comments on the controversy and uncertainty over treating asymptomatic celiac disease in type 1 diabetes. Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2006‐2007. Other complications and associated conditions. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007;8(3):171‐176.

The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition recommends routine screening of all children with type 1 diabetes but notes that the treatment may not have an effect on glycemic control.Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40(1):1‐19.

The National Institute of Health Consensus Conference on celiac disease recommends screening of type 1 diabetes patients with symptoms and treating biopsy proven celiac disease.NIH Consensus Development Conference on Celiac Disease. NIH Consensus State Sci Statements. 2004;21(1):1‐23.

The Canadian Diabetes Association recommends screening patients with symptoms and notes that for those with no symptoms, treatment is controversial.Canadian Diabetes Association 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Canadian J Diabetes. 2008;32(suppl 1):22‐35.

When to Screen For Celiac Disease

• Classic symptoms/problems 

• Are part of a high‐risk group

• Family history

Symptoms/Related Problems

• Abdominal distension• Abdominal pain• Anemia• Anorexia• Ataxia• Bloating• Bone pain• Constipation • Cramping• Dental enamel hypoplasia• Diarrhea• Failure to grow• Fatigue• Folate deficiency

• Foul smelling stools• Inability to concentrate• Infertility • Irritability • Iron deficiency• Muscle cramps• Osteopenia • Osteoporosis• Short stature• Sleep disturbance• Weakness• Weight loss• Vomiting

N Engl J Med 2012:367:2419‐26.

Celiac Disease Classification 

• Classical CD – presents with signs & symptoms of malabsorption, weight loss, or growth failure is required. 

• Non‐classical CD – presents without signs & symptoms of malabsorption (constipation or abdominal pain)

• Subclinical CD – below the threshold for clinical detection without signs or symptoms sufficient trigger CD testing in routine practice. 

• Symptomatic CD – is characterized by clinically evident GI and/or extraintestinal symptoms attributed to gluten intake. 

• Refractory CD – is persistent or recurrent malabsorptivesymptoms & signs with villous atrophy despite a strict GFD for > 12 months.

Ludvigsson JF et al. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms.  Gut. 2013;62:42‐52.

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Algorithm for diagnosing celiac disease

Alaedini A, Green PHR, Narrative review: celiac disease: understanding a complex autoimmune disorder. Ann Intern Med;142:289‐298.

Screening for Celiac Disease 

• IgA Deficiency • 0.2% of the population

• 2‐3% of people with CD

• The antibodies (TTG & DGPs) are dependent on the ingestion of gluten.  – 6‐12 months on a strict GFD, 80% will test negative 

– 5 years, more than 90% will test negative

• The “Gold Standard” for confirming the diagnosis is a small bowel biopsy

Rashtak S et al. Comparative usefulness of deamidated gliadin antibodies in the diagnosis of celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:426‐32Zanini B et al. Five year time course of CD serology during GFD: results of a community based “CD‐Watch program. Dig Liver Dis 2010;42:865‐70.

Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH)• DH is a cutaneous manifestation of small 

intestine immune‐mediated enteropathy precipitated by gluten.  It is characterised by hepetiform clusters of the pruritic urticated papules and vesicles on the skin and IgA deposits in the dermal.

• Usually have milder enteropathy• 47% of people can stop medication therapy

• Medications often used to help with the rash (Dapsone)

• Occurs most commonly in individuals of European origin 

Ludvigsson JF et al. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms.  Gut. 2013;62:42‐5Salmi TT et al. Prevalence and incidence of  DH: a 40‐year prospective study from Finland. Brit J Dermatol 2011. 165:354‐359. 

Non Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS)

• Prevalence unknown in general population

• Characterized by symptoms soon after eating gluten, disappear after withdrawal of gluten and reoccur following a gluten challenge

• Absence of celiac specific antibodies and of villous atrophy

Catassi C et al. Non‐Celiac Sensitivity: the New Frontier of gluten related disorders. Nutrient 2013;5:3839‐3853

Once diagnosed ‐ where to start?

•Transitioning to the gluten‐free diet:

• Label reading

• Finding foods that work

• Gluten‐free meal by meal 

• Gluten‐free household

• Parties and family events 

• School/college

• Individualize the plan 

•Nutritional quality of diet 

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Treatment 

• Meet with a Dietitian knowledgeable in the gluten‐free diet (GFD)

• Gluten‐Free Diet for Life – avoidance of all sources of:– Wheat

– Barely 

– Rye

• Antibodies should return to normal levels in 6 to 12 months 

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Healthy Gluten‐Free Diet

• Fresh fruits and vegetables

• Fresh meat, fish, poultry, and eggs

•Milk and cheese

– Check flavored products and look for words indicating it is not gluten‐free, including: wheat, barley, rye, oats, and  malt

• Rice –White, brown, wild, and risotto

• Legumes, nuts and seeds

• Starchy vegetables – Potatoes, corn, peas, cassava, yucca, taro, etc.

Shopping the perimeter of the grocery storeGluten‐Free Grains/Flours

Nut Flours

• Almond, chestnut, hazelnut, pecan

Potato

Flour, starch 

Quinoa

Rice

• Brown, white, wild, etc.

Sago

Seed Flours

Sesame 

Sorghum (Milo)

Soy

Tapioca (cassava) 

Tef (Teff)

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AmaranthArrowrootBuckwheatChia (Salba)CornFlaxLentilsLegume Flours• Garfava, fava, 

lentil, pea, garbanzo

Indian Grass• Montina™MesquiteMillet

Unsafe Gluten‐Containing Grains•Wheat

•Bulgur

•Couscous

•Durum

•Semolina

•Barley

•Rye

•Triticale (a hybrid of wheat and rye)

•Spelt & Kamut

•Dinkle

•Farro

•Einkorn 

Oats

•Oats have a different protein then the other three grains and preliminary studies suggest that oats are fine

• Issue of cross‐contamination in milling and manufacturing processes

• If incorporating oats into diet use only oats that are labeled pure, uncontaminated or certified gluten‐free

• Some clinics suggest to avoid gluten‐free oats for the first six months to one year after diagnosis until all symptoms have resolved and antibodies are normal

Other Sources of Gluten

• Dextrins

• Flavoring (malt)

• Modified food starch

• HVP, HPP, TVP

• Mono/Diglycerides

• Natural and artificial flavorings

• Seasonings

• Vegetable gums

• Soy sauce 

• Marinates 

• Salad dressings

• Communion wafers

• Broth (flour bones)

• Cross‐contamination

– Toaster

– Condiments

– Butter/peanut butter

– Colander

Reading Labels ‐sources of all ingredients

Non GF Alcohol Beverages 

• Fermented alcohols

– beer 

• Rootbeer (naturally made)

• Fruit Ciders with barley enzymes

• Distilled alcohols with flavoring added back that has gluten

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Gluten‐Free Beer• Anheuser‐Busch, Inc. – Redbridge 

http://www.redbridgebeer.com

• Bard’s Tale Beer, Buffalo NY www.bardsbeer.com

• Les bieres de la Nouvelle France – La Messagere – www.lesbieresnouvellefrance.com

• New Gist GF Beer ‐ http://www.newgrist.com

• Glutenator ‐http://epicbrewing.com/component/k2/itemlist/category/39‐glutenator

• Shakparo ‐ http://www.sprecherbrewery.com/index.php

• New Planet ‐ http://www.newplanetbeer.com

• Harvester Brewing ‐http://www.harvesterbrewing.com/home

• Green ‐http://glutenfreebeers.co.uk/en/page/index.html

The Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Act (FALCPA)

• Passed in the U.S. House of Representatives July 21, 2004 

• This landmark legislation will require the top 8 food allergens (milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, wheat and soy) to be listed on food labels by January 1, 2006.

• The bill also requires the FDA to develop rules for the use of the term 'gluten‐free' on product labels by January 2008.

Gluten‐Free Labeling Rule 

• The GF labeling is a voluntary – manufacturers are not required to list “gluten” in their food products

• If the food is labeled gluten free it must meet the FDA’s requirements:– Inherently does not contain gluten(e.g., almonds, bottled water)

OR– Meets the following criteria

• Does not contain wheat, rye, barley or cross bred hybrids of these grains• May contain an ingredient that is derived from a gluten‐containing grain and has been processed to remove the gluten (e.g., wheat starch) as long as the food product contains less than 20 ppm

• Does not contain 20 ppm or more of gluten

AND– any unavoidable gluten in the food due to cross‐contact or migration of 

gluten from packaging material is less than 20 ppm gluten.

http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Allergens/ucm362510.htm

Gluten‐Free Labeling Rule 

• Does apply to dietary supplements (vitamin & minerals)

• The rule does not apple to: 

– Foods regulated by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)

– Alcohol beverages regulated by the alcohol and Tabacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB)

– Prescription and non‐prescription drugs

– Pet food

– Cosmetics

http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Allergens/ucm362510.htm

What does 20 ppm Mean?

• If a 1‐ounce (28.35 grams) slice of gluten‐free bread containing 20 parts per million gluten would contain 0.57 milligrams of gluten

• If you could take a one‐ounce slice of regular bread and break it into 7,030 tiny pieces, one of these tiny pieces would contain the same amount of gluten found in an entire one‐ounce slice of gluten‐free bread

Tricia Thompson, MS, RD, Owner/Founder Gluten Free Watchdog, LLC

Before challenge

After challenge

Placebo  (n = 13)

10 mg gluten/d  (n = 13)

50 mg gluten/d  (n = 13)

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How Much Gluten is safe?

• Multicenter, double‐blind, placebo controlled randomized trial– 49 adults biopsy proven CD

– GF diet > 2 years

– Background gluten intake < 5 mgs (followed strict diet for 1‐month)

• Baseline Evaluation – Clinical Evaluation 

– Dietary interview

– Serum anti‐tTG antibody and antigliadin AGA

– Endosocpy and small‐intestinal biopsy

Catassi,C.; Fabiani,E.; Iacono,G.; D'Agate,C.; Francavilla,R.; Biagi,F.; Volta,U.; Accomando,S.; Picarelli,A.; De,Vitis,I; Pianelli,G.; Gesuita,R.; Carle,F.; Mandolesi,A.; Bearzi,I.; Fasano,A. A prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to establish a safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease Am J Clin Nutri 2007;85:160‐6. 

• Three arms of the study – Ingest daily for 90 days 

• 10 mg purified gluten 

• 50 mg purified gluten 

• 50 mg cornstarch 

• After completion of 90d pts repeated the baseline evaluation 

• Or before the 90 days if any pts had symptoms or CD relapse the protocol was stopped and they then had a baseline evaluation. 

Before challenge

After challenge

Placebo  n = 13

10 mg gluten/d  n = 13

50 mg gluten/d  n = 13

A significant difference in villous height/crypt depth (VhCd) between the placebo and the 50 mg/day group (P = 0.029)

No significance difference % changes in the intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL)

Results 

• Intake of 50 mg gluten/d can produce significant damage in the small intestines

• 20 ppm should keep the intake of gluten well below the 50 mg/d 

• However the sensitivity to trace amount of gluten is very individual 

• More studies are needed

What Does That Mean??

• 393 grams GF cereal product/day– Average grain intake 200‐500 g/day

• 200 ppm (20mg/100g)– = 20 X 3.93 = 78.6 mg gluten/day

• 100 ppm (10mg/100g)– = 10 X 3.93 = 39.3 mg gluten/day

• 20 ppm (2mg/100g)– = 2 X 3.93 = 7.86 mg gluten/day

Breakfast Kcals wt (grams)2 slices Glutino corn Bread 180 681 cup lowfat milk 120 02 tablespoons peanut butter 190 0

Am Snack pc fresh fruit 80 0

Lunch 2 slices Glutino Bread w/fiber 220 702 oz turkey 70 01 tsp mustard 3 01 cup fruit salad 80 01 cup low fat milk 120 0

Afternoon Snack1 serving GF pretzels 190 40

Dinner1 serving of Brown Rice Pasta 200 1101/4 cup sauce 50 01/2 cup broccoli 30 03 oz meatballs 150 101 slice of Rice Bread 110 354 chocolate GF cookies 160 60

1953 393

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Nutrient Concerns of a GFD

• Iron

• Folate

• Calcium (absorbed in the proximal small intestine)

• Fat Soluble Vitamins – A,D,E,K

• Vitamin B12• Fiber

What’s is the Difference? 

• Enriched grains are the primary source of iron, folic acid, B‐vitamins 

• Most GF grains are not fortified

• Many GF flours are refined 

• Other restrictions– Lactose

– FODMAP 

– Other food intolerances (soy, corn)

Type 1 Diabetes & Celiac DiseaseStarting the Gluten‐Free Diet:  What to Expect 

• Blood glucose changes • Carbohydrate counting 

•Glycemic index

•Fiber • Nutrients Concerns

– Iron, Folate, Calcium, Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), B12, and fiber 

–Vitamin D 

• T1D ‐ Insulin adjustments

• Decrease long acting• Increase short acting

• T2D – Medication adjustments

• Weight gain or weight loss

Insulin: Onset, Peak, Duration How Food Affects the Blood Glucose 

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Glycemic Index

White Bread or Glucose (standard) Legumes (beans)

1 hour 2 hour 1 hour 2 hour

A carb is not always a carb!

• 55g Carb • 7g Protein

• 16g Fat

• 25g Carb• 4g Protein

• 1g Fat

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1 Gluten‐Free English Muffin (105g) 1 English Muffin (57g)

Oatmeal & Blueberries Cornflakes, Banana & Milk

How to get 25‐30 grams Fiber in a Day! Breakfast Calories Fiber (g)1 cup GF oatmeal 166 41 cup lowfat milk 120 01 tbsp Ground Flax seed 37 1.9Raisins (0.5 oz small box) 42 0.5

Am Snack medium apple (3" diameter) 95 4.4

Lunch 2 slices Glutino Bread w/fiber 180 43 oz turkey 83 01 tsp mustard 3 0lettuce & 2 slice tomato 36 0.4Corn Chips 1 oz 141 1.51 Kiwi 42 2.11 cup low fat milk 120 0

Afternoon Snack1 serving lentil crackers (5) 110 1Vegetable Sticks (carrots & celery) 1 cup 13 1.11/2 cup hummus 100 3.6

Dinner1 serving of Quinoa Pasta (2 oz dry) 205 41/3 cup tomato sauce 74 2.21/2 cup broccoli 27 2.64oz salmon 206 01.5 cups salad (let, tom, carrot) 30 1.8Balsamic Vinegeratte (2 Tbsp) 20 0.1

1850 35.2

Choose whole-grain GF grains

•Include 2 cups of fresh fruit

•Include 2-3 cups of vegetables

Fiber Content of GF Grains & Flours(grams fiber per cup) 

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Recommendations

• Meet with a dietitian knowledgeable in the GFD1. Review GFD

2. Nutrition assessment 

• Multiple Vitamin

– Always check the label

• Suggest try whole GF grains

– Amaranth, buckwheat, millet, quinoa, tef, 

• Encouraged increase GF foods that are high in iron, fiber and nutritionally rich 

If Symptoms Continue?

• Review the GFD diet with RD– Use only GF products

• Other intolerances– Lactose– FODMAPS ‐ Fermentable, Oligo‐, Di‐, and Mono‐saccharides And Polyols are low‐fermentable, poorly absorbed, short chained carbohydrates

• Fructans – wheat, rye, onion, garlic, artichokes, inulin, etc.• Galactans – pulses and beans• Polyols• Some fruit (stone fruits) ‐ apple, prunes, etc.• Some vegetables ‐ cauliflower , mushrooms• Artificial sweeteners – isomalt, maltitol, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol • Fructose – fruits • Lactose ‐milk

24/7

• Inconvenience

• Bread Products 

• Expensive  

• Social Life 

– Parties

– Restaurants 

– School lunch 

• Be Prepared – planning ahead

Case Study ‐ AB

• 18‐6/12 yr old female 

• DM1 for 16 years (dx 2yr 4 mo)– Irregular menstrual cycle

– overweight (BMI 30) • Met with nutrition many times for weight loss

– Always hunger

• CSII and Metformin 

• Considering doing the glucose sensor study

• Struggled with DM control A1C’s always in the 8’s

• Going to college in the fall 

Case Study – AB  

• Labs

– Tissue Tranglutaminase (ttg) >200

– Antigliadin Antibody, IgG  149      

– Antigliadin Antibody IgA                       70

– IgA 343 (nl)

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Case Study ‐ AB

• 7/23/07– A1c = 8.1%

– TDD = 74.02, 0.92/kg/day

• 8/8/07 diagnosed with CD in PA

• 8/9/07 met with RD

• 1/15/08– Freshman in college (UMASS Amherst)

– A1c = 7.7%

– TDD = 60.2, 0.74 kg/day

– Weight up 1.6 kg (3.5 lbs)• BMI 30.6

– Over all well being 

Case Study ‐ AB

• 9/17/2012

– Graduated and employed 

– A1c = 6.7%

– TDD = 63.7 units/d, 0.79u/kg/d

– BMI 30.04 (BMI increased up to 32 now coming down) 

– Doing well 

• 1/27/2014

– Working FT as a coach for special needs adults 

– Living on her own 

– CSII, no CGM, Metformin 1000 mg BID

– GF MVI and Vitamin D supplementation, Fish oil 

– Now lactose intolerant, drinking almond milk 

– BMI 31.05

– Labs (A1C 6.3, Vitamin D (25‐OH) 37)

– TDD 59.2, 0.71 units/kg/day

Case Study ‐ LM• 69yr old male seen for celiac disease

• Diagnosed with celiac disease 2 months prior to the appointment and started of GF diet by PCP

• T2D, atrial fibrillation, abdominal pain, prostate cancer, Restless Leg Syndrome

• Hx of chronic anemia and sleep apnea

• T2D diagnosed at 47 years of age

• Medication

• Metformin 1000 mg am and 500 mg pm

• Glipizide 10 mg/day

• Does not check blood glucose- last A1c 6.4%, MD goal is 6.0%

• BMI 26.9

• “Gets shaky every morning between breakfast and lunch”

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Case Study ‐ LM 

• Eats six small meals a day

• Gained 10 lbs. since starting the GFD

• Sleep apnea is worsening 

• Diet Recall: ~1,600 calories/day

• Estimated Energy Needs  – 1,500 calories/day

• Feels he has an excellent understanding of the GFD

• Why are you here today?

• “I need a list of healthy, low fat, low carb, low calorie snacks and I do not like any fruits or vegetables”

Smartphone AppsShopping 

• Allergy & Gluten Free Diet Tracker by Fooducate ‐ www.fooducate.com ‐ $9.99 – can scan barcode to product or by category.  Can see if the product contains the following allergens: gluten, milk, lactose, tree nuts, peanuts, soy, , fish, shellfish, and soy ‐ iOS, Android

• Gluten‐Free Groceries by Triumph Dining – www.triumphdining.com/glutenfree/apps.php ‐ $17.99  ‐ app contains 30,000 gluten free products ‐ iOS, android

• Is That Gluten‐Free? – $7.99 ‐ has a database of 20,000 GF manufacturer verified GF products from more than 660 brand names.  Search by category, brands, ingredients or keywords. ‐ iOS, ipad

Eating Out 

• AllergyEats Mobile – www.allergyeats.com ‐ Free – Provides user‐based feedback on how a restaurants accommodation of diners with food allergies.  The search can be customized by allergen (gluten,dheat, corn, dairy, eggs, fish, peanuts, shellfish, soy and tree nuts), location, or the “Find Near Me” option. ‐ iOS, android

• Dine Gluten Free – www.glutenfreetravelsite.com – Free – Peer review of gluten‐free or friendly businesses in the USA or around the world.  Search by locations including restaurants, bakeries, markets, hotels, B&B’s, cruises, and colleges – iOS, Android

• Find Me Gluten Free – www.findmeglutenfree.com – Free – search gluten‐free dining options by entering specific locations or browse the “Popular Chains” option which also links you to the restaurants website and GF menu.  Has reviewer tips and share information ‐iOS, Android

• iCanEat OntheGo Gluten Free & Allergen Free – www.glutenfreepassport.com ‐$2.99 – has 34 USA food chains and can search by allergen ‐ iOS, Android 

• iEatOut Gluten & Allergen Free ‐ www.glutenfreepassport.com ‐$2.99 – searches seven ethnic cuisines including Chinese, French, Indian, Italian, Mexican, steak and seafood, and Thai ‐ iOS, Android

Traveling

• Gluten Free and Allergy Free Travel Dining Cards – www.glutenfreepassport.com/allergy ‐gluten‐free‐travel/gf‐translation‐cards ‐ Free ‐ dining cards is 13 different languages to help with dining out and communication your food concerns when ordering meals in a foreign‐speaking countries. ‐ iOS, Android

• Gluten Free Restaurant Cards from Celiac Travel.com – www.celiactravel.com – Free – has GF restaurant cards in 54 languages when dining out.  

Support Groups Organizations

• National – American Celiac Society Dietary Support Coalition– Celiac Sprue Association/USA  – Celiac Disease Foundation – Gluten Intolerance Group

• Massachusetts– New England Celiac Organization (NECO) formally known as 

Healthy Villi – www.healthyvilli.com

• Celiac Centers – BIDMC Celiac Center – Mass General Celiac Center – HCCR – Harvard Celiac Center of Research – Includes BIDMC, 

Mass General, Children’s Hospital, Joslin Diabetes Center, 

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www.celiac.com 

Cooking Classes 

• Culinary Institute of America‐http://www.ciachef.edu/newyork gluten‐free baking classes 

• Gluten Free Cooking With Oonagh – Oonagh Williams http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWLusJC8wu3aiY6FQCA00gQ

• Registration is now open for the All About Food Autumn Workshop Afternoon. This event will be held on Sunday November 2 at Four Points by Sheraton in Norwood, MA. Check-in begins at 12:30 p.m.

• Learn how to make delicious Indian dishes with Chef Shilpi Ranjan!• Bake wonderful Thanksgiving treats with Gillian O'Callaghan!• Discover safe gluten free dining out tips from Burtons Grill!• Attend the Newly Diagnosed workshop to learn about the gluten free diet,

reading labels, dining out and other tips!

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Celiac Program at Harvard Medical School 

Mass General Hospital Celiac Center – Alessio Fasano, MD

Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital – Ciaran Kelly, MD

Boston Children's Hospital, Alan Leichtner, MD 

Joslin Diabetes Center – Lori Laffel, MD 

Mission: “To increase knowledge and awareness of celiac disease and other gluten‐related disorders in order to improve healthcare delivery, quality of life, and support for the gluten‐free community.”

Activities: The Celiac Program at HMS will be engaged in education, training of health care professionals, and basic, clinical, and translational research focused on gluten‐related disorders 

Books & Cookbooks

20142010

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Thank you! 

Questions?Resources?