Objective:Objective:

I will review Cell Structure I will review Cell Structure and function for NJ ASK and function for NJ ASK

review by participating in a review by participating in a power point presentation, power point presentation,

filling in a note-taking filling in a note-taking guide and answering NJ guide and answering NJ

ASK questions.ASK questions.

Cell Structure & FunctionCell Structure & Function

All living organisms on Earth are made up All living organisms on Earth are made up of microscopic structures called of microscopic structures called cellscells. . 

There are many types of cells, including There are many types of cells, including plant cells and animal cells.plant cells and animal cells.

Cells consist of smaller pieces, Cells consist of smaller pieces, called called organellesorganelles. Organelles are like the . Organelles are like the "organs" of a cell; they are groups of "organs" of a cell; they are groups of complex molecules that help cells survive. complex molecules that help cells survive.

Different cells can have different organelles.Different cells can have different organelles.

cytoplasmcytoplasm  

  is the suspension fluid that contains all of is the suspension fluid that contains all of the organelles of the cell located between the organelles of the cell located between the nucleus and the cell membrane, as the nucleus and the cell membrane, as well as the support structures that help well as the support structures that help give the cell its shape.give the cell its shape.

  It is also the site of most of the chemical It is also the site of most of the chemical reactions that take place in the reactions that take place in the cell. Cytoplasm is made up mostly of cell. Cytoplasm is made up mostly of water.water.

VacuoleVacuole stores water and ingested food in a fluid sack stores water and ingested food in a fluid sack

and helps remove waste from the cell.and helps remove waste from the cell. the vacuoles found in animal cells are very the vacuoles found in animal cells are very

smallsmall plant cells have one large, central vacuole. plant cells have one large, central vacuole.  The central vacuole in plants produces The central vacuole in plants produces

pressure against the cell wall (this is known as pressure against the cell wall (this is known as turgor pressure) for cellular support.turgor pressure) for cellular support.

The The cell membranecell membrane (or plasma  (or plasma membrane)membrane)

acts as a boundary layer around the acts as a boundary layer around the cytoplasm that separates a cell from its cytoplasm that separates a cell from its outside environment.outside environment.

  able to recognize chemical signalsable to recognize chemical signals is selectively permeable to chemicalsis selectively permeable to chemicals and controls which molecules enter and and controls which molecules enter and

leave the cell.leave the cell.   Nutrients first enter the cell through the Nutrients first enter the cell through the

cell membranecell membrane

NucleusNucleus

The The nucleusnucleus is the control center of the  is the control center of the cell. It contains chromosomal information cell. It contains chromosomal information composed of long, thin strands of DNA composed of long, thin strands of DNA that control cell metabolism and heredity.that control cell metabolism and heredity.

ribosomesribosomes  

The are RNA and protein complexes that The are RNA and protein complexes that are found in all cells.are found in all cells.

  These complexes help cells during protein These complexes help cells during protein translation by joining amino acids together to translation by joining amino acids together to form polypeptides.form polypeptides.

mitochondriamitochondria  

The take in nutrients, break them down and The take in nutrients, break them down and create energy (or ATP) for the cell.create energy (or ATP) for the cell.

endoplasmic reticulumendoplasmic reticulum

  transports proteins within the cell. transports proteins within the cell. 

It also makes lipids and several other It also makes lipids and several other materials used inside and outside of the cell.materials used inside and outside of the cell.

The The Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus

  processes and transports wastes (and processes and transports wastes (and other materials) out of the cell.other materials) out of the cell.

processes, sorts, and modifies proteins in processes, sorts, and modifies proteins in the cell.the cell.

Plant vs. Animal CellsPlant vs. Animal Cells While plant and animal cells share many organelles, While plant and animal cells share many organelles,

there are a few organelles that are specific to plant there are a few organelles that are specific to plant cells. These organelles include the cell wall and cells. These organelles include the cell wall and chloroplasts.chloroplasts.

Unlike animal cells, plant cells have chloroplasts and a Unlike animal cells, plant cells have chloroplasts and a cell wall.cell wall.

The The cell wall cell wall is a secretion of the cell membrane; it is a secretion of the cell membrane; it provides protection from physical injury and, with the provides protection from physical injury and, with the vacuole, it provides structural support. Since it is made vacuole, it provides structural support. Since it is made primarily of cellulose, it gives plant cells a structure that primarily of cellulose, it gives plant cells a structure that is more rigid than that of animal cells.is more rigid than that of animal cells.

The The chloroplastschloroplasts are the food producers in a plant  are the food producers in a plant cell. These small green organelles use energy from the cell. These small green organelles use energy from the Sun to produce glucose sugar in a process called Sun to produce glucose sugar in a process called photosynthesis. Both plants and animals use glucose as photosynthesis. Both plants and animals use glucose as a source of energy.a source of energy.

Cell FunctionsCell Functions Cells of multicellular organisms must Cells of multicellular organisms must grow grow

and divideand divide as the organism grows. as the organism grows. This is because the size of individual cells This is because the size of individual cells

does not change very much. does not change very much.  When an organism needs to grow bigger, When an organism needs to grow bigger,

it must make more cells. The body of a it must make more cells. The body of a multicellular organism can also repair itself multicellular organism can also repair itself by using cell division to make more cells.by using cell division to make more cells.

obtain nutrientsobtain nutrients

  The cell membrane of a cell allows the The cell membrane of a cell allows the cell to take in nutrients (or food molecules) cell to take in nutrients (or food molecules) while keeping out things that are bad for while keeping out things that are bad for the cell. the cell. 

Plant cells that contain chloroplasts can Plant cells that contain chloroplasts can also make their own food by using energy also make their own food by using energy from the Sun.from the Sun.

extract energyextract energy. . 

  The mitochondria found in both plant and The mitochondria found in both plant and animal cells use nutrients to make ATP. animal cells use nutrients to make ATP. 

Cells use ATP as their main source of Cells use ATP as their main source of energy.energy.

dispose of waste materialsdispose of waste materials

During waste removal, the cell membrane During waste removal, the cell membrane works with other cell organelles to move works with other cell organelles to move waste products from an area of higher waste products from an area of higher concentration (inside the cell) to an area of concentration (inside the cell) to an area of lower concentration (outside the cell.)lower concentration (outside the cell.)

Cells & WaterCells & Water

All organisms need water to survive and to All organisms need water to survive and to maintain normal functions. maintain normal functions. 

Cells need water for most life processes, Cells need water for most life processes, such as getting energy from food and such as getting energy from food and transporting materials between cells. transporting materials between cells. 

The cells of all living things contain The cells of all living things contain water. In fact, water accounts for about water. In fact, water accounts for about two-thirds of a typical cell's mass.two-thirds of a typical cell's mass.

photosynthesisphotosynthesis. . 

Plants receive their energy from the Sun in Plants receive their energy from the Sun in a process known as a process known as photosynthesisphotosynthesis. . 

The cycle of photosynthesis combines The cycle of photosynthesis combines water, carbon dioxide (the gas that water, carbon dioxide (the gas that humans and other animals exhale) and humans and other animals exhale) and light energy to produce energy and light energy to produce energy and oxygen.oxygen.

osmosisosmosis

Diffusion of water through a semi-Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membranepermeable membrane

cellularcellular  respirationrespiration

Animals go through a process Animals go through a process of of cellularcellular  respirationrespiration to receive energy  to receive energy from foodfrom food

Single-celled & Multi-celled Single-celled & Multi-celled OrganismsOrganisms

All living things contain at least one cell. All living things contain at least one cell.  Single-celled organisms perform all of their Single-celled organisms perform all of their

life processes within a single cell, while multi-life processes within a single cell, while multi-celled organisms can have specialized cells celled organisms can have specialized cells for different functions.for different functions.

Cells contain everything that is necessary for Cells contain everything that is necessary for life. They have a variety of parts, and each life. They have a variety of parts, and each part has a different set of functions. Cells part has a different set of functions. Cells may be part of a multi-celled organism, or may be part of a multi-celled organism, or they may be single-celled organisms.they may be single-celled organisms.

Single-celled OrganismsSingle-celled Organisms

Single-celled, or unicellular, organisms Single-celled, or unicellular, organisms may live alone or as part of a colony. may live alone or as part of a colony. 

For single-celled organisms, each cell by For single-celled organisms, each cell by itself can get food and air.itself can get food and air.

  Many single-celled organisms can move Many single-celled organisms can move themselves through their themselves through their environments. Single-celled organisms environments. Single-celled organisms can reproduce themselves, although some can reproduce themselves, although some do reproduce sexually.do reproduce sexually.

Multi-celled OrganismsMulti-celled Organisms Multi-celled, or multicellular, organisms may Multi-celled, or multicellular, organisms may

have many different kinds of cells.have many different kinds of cells. Each kind of cell has its own purpose and Each kind of cell has its own purpose and

specialized parts that help the cell to carry specialized parts that help the cell to carry out its function. Cells from multi-celled out its function. Cells from multi-celled organisms cannot survive on their own. The organisms cannot survive on their own. The cells must work together in order to get food cells must work together in order to get food and air and to help the organism reproduce.and air and to help the organism reproduce.

Multi-celled organisms may be very small Multi-celled organisms may be very small and made up of only a few cells, or very large and made up of only a few cells, or very large and made up of trillions and trillions of and made up of trillions and trillions of cells. All plants and animals are multi-celled cells. All plants and animals are multi-celled organisms. organisms.