object oriented abap guide

8/3/2019 Object Oriented ABAP Guide

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CLASSES

Classes are the central element of object-orientation. A Class describes a

general element or a general concept. Classes realize an abstract data type. Classes

contain components like: Attributes, Methods and Events. These components are

described later in this document. In ABAP Objects classes are made up of a definition

and an implementation part.CLASS CL_CLASSNAME DEFINITION.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS CL_CLASSNAME IMPLEMENTATION.

ENDCLASS.

OBJECTS / INSTANCES

An object is nothing more than an instance of a Class.

Object - A person, place, thing, concept, or event that is applicable to the

system at hand. Objects both know things (i.e., they have data) and they do things

(i.e. they have functionality).

In ABAP Objects, objects are created with the command CREATE OBJECT. The

developer receives an object reference as a result of its creation:

DATA: instance TYPE REF TO CL_CLASSNAME.

START-OF-SELECTION.

CREATE OBJECT instance.

ATTRIBUTES

Attributes can take on values within an object at runtime. The sum of all

attributes and their values describes the state of an object.

Attributes can be defined as instance dependent as well as Class dependent.

Class attributes (Class attributes are also called static attributes.) are not tied to a

single instance, rather they "belong" to all instances of the Class. These attributes

exist only once in main memory. Instance-dependent attributes exist once per

instance and are tied to a single instance.

In ABAP Objects you differentiate between instance-dependent and class-

dependent attributes by means of the ABAP keywords DATA or CLASS-DATA to be

used in the definition part:


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Report : 001

Code listing for: Z_001_SIMPLE_CLASS

Description: SIMPLE CLASS WITH ATTRIBUTES

REPORT Z_001_SIMPLE_CLASS.

TYPES: TY_NAME(50) TYPE C.

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_NAME DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_NAME DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.

CLASS-DATA I_COUNT TYPE I. " Class Dependent Attribute

" Will have same value in all objects

DATA NAME TYPE TY_NAME. " Instance Dependent Attribute

" Will have different values in different objects

ENDCLASS. "CL_NAME DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_NAME IMPLEMENTATION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_NAME IMPLEMENTATION.

" We will use this portion in next examples.

ENDCLASS. "CL_NAME IMPLEMENTATION

" CREATE REFERENCE VARIABLES

DATA: INSTANCE1 TYPE REF TO CL_NAME,

INSTANCE2 TYPE REF TO CL_NAME,

INSTANCE3 TYPE REF TO CL_NAME.

START-OF-SELECTION.

" CREATE OBJECTS (INSTANCES)

CREATE OBJECT: INSTANCE1,

INSTANCE2,

INSTANCE3.


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" SET ATTRIBUTES OF INSTANCE1

INSTANCE1->I_COUNT = INSTANCE1->I_COUNT + 10.

INSTANCE1->NAME = 'NARESH'.



INSTANCE2->NAME = 'SAMEER'.



INSTANCE3->NAME = 'RAJESH'.

" DISPLAY ATTRIBUTES OF INSTANCE1

WRITE: 'ATTRIBUTES OF INSTANCE 1 :::',

/ 'COUNT : ', INSTANCE1->I_COUNT,

/ 'NAME : ' , INSTANCE1->NAME.

SKIP.

SKIP.





SKIP.

SKIP.





" CLEAR MEMORY OCCUPIED BY OBJECTS

CLEAR: INSTANCE1,

INSTANCE2,


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INSTANCE3.

Report Output : 001

ATTRIBUTES OF INSTANCE 1 :::

COUNT : 30

NAME : NARESH


COUNT : 30

NAME : SAMEER


COUNT : 30

NAME : RAJESH

METHODS

As well as attributes, Classes have so-called Methods. While attributes

describe the static structure of a class and its objects, Methods describe the behavior

of objects within a class. With the help of methods, the system provides operations,

services and functions. Via methods, a user can manipulate the objects in a class or

also the class itself. As for attributes, there are instance-dependent as well as class-

dependent (static) methods. ABAP Objects differentiate between instance-dependent

and class-dependent methods via the ABAP keywords METHODS or CLASS-METHODS

used in the definition part.

In order to carry out instance-dependent (or instance-dependent) methods,

the calling program needs a specific instance of the class. That is, the calling

program must have a defined reference variable that points to a specific instance.

Class methods are not instance-dependent. They can be called at any time by a user.

To see how the syntax calls the various method types, see the following example.

Report : 002

Code listing for : Z_002_METHODS

Description: EXAMPLE SHOWING USE OF METHODS

REPORT Z_002_METHODS.

TYPES: TY_NAME(50) TYPE C,

BOOLEAN(1) TYPE C.

CONSTANTS: CO_TRUE TYPE C VALUE 'X',


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CO_FALSE TYPE C VALUE ' '.

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


PUBLIC SECTION.





CLASS-METHODS IS_CLASS_INITIATED

EXPORTING VALUE(RE_BOOL) TYPE BOOLEAN.

METHODS: SET_NAME IMPORTING VALUE(IM_NAME) TYPE TY_NAME,

GET_NAME EXPORTING VALUE(EX_NAME) TYPE TY_NAME.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


METHOD IS_CLASS_INITIATED.

IF I_COUNT > 0.

RE_BOOL = CO_TRUE.

ELSE.

RE_BOOL = CO_FALSE.

ENDIF.

ENDMETHOD. "IS_CLASS_INITIATED

METHOD SET_NAME.NAME = IM_NAME.

ENDMETHOD. "SET_NAME

METHOD GET_NAME.

EX_NAME = NAME.


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ENDMETHOD. "GET_NAME


START-OF-SELECTION.

DATA BOOL TYPE BOOLEAN.

" CHECK IF ANY INSTANCE OF THIS CLASS HAS BEEN CREATED BEFORE

CALL METHOD CL_NAME=>IS_CLASS_INITIATED

IMPORTING

RE_BOOL = BOOL.

IF BOOL = CO_FALSE.

" CREATE INSTANCE OF THIS CLASS, IF NO INSTANCE EXIST

DATA: INSTANCE TYPE REF TO CL_NAME,

NAME TYPE TY_NAME.

CREATE OBJECT INSTANCE.

" SET VALUE FOR NAME ATTRIBUTE

CALL METHOD INSTANCE->SET_NAME

EXPORTING

IM_NAME = 'NARESH PATEL'.

" GET VALUE OF NAME ATTRIBUTE

CALL METHOD INSTANCE->GET_NAME

IMPORTING

EX_NAME = NAME.

WRITE: / 'NAME : ' , NAME.


CLEAR: INSTANCE.

ENDIF.

Report Output : 002

NAME : NARESH PATEL

CONSTRUCTOR


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Objects must be created at runtime (using CREATE OBJECT). With their

creation they also get their own identity. However, there are no fixed attribute

values linked to the identity. You are probably already wondering how objects get to

their initial state. How do objects recognize their initial attribute values?

TheConstructor concept exists specifically to answer this question. The

constructor is a method which runs automatically during the creation of an object.

The constructor allows you to define IMPORTING-parameters.

In ABAP Objects you differentiate between instance-dependent and class-dependent

constructors via the language elements METHODS{{ }}and CLASS-METHODS to be

used in the definition part and via their namesconstructor and

CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR:

The class constructor is called by the first access to a class element (method,

attribute, event, and object), the (instance) constructor by the creation of an object

(CREATE OBJECT).

Report : 003

Code listing for: Z_003_CONSTRUCTOR

Description: EXAMPLE OF USING CONSTRUCTOR

REPORT Z_003_CONSTRUCTOR.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


PUBLIC SECTION.





CLASS-METHODS CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.

METHODS: CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING VALUE(IM_NAME) TYPE TY_NAME,



*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------



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METHOD CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR.

I_COUNT = I_COUNT + 10.

ENDMETHOD. "IS_CLASS_INITIATED

METHOD CONSTRUCTOR.

NAME = IM_NAME.


METHOD GET_NAME.

EX_NAME = NAME.



START-OF-SELECTION.

" CREATE INSTANCE OF THIS CLASS, IF NO INSTANCE EXISTS.

DATA: INSTANCE1 TYPE REF TO CL_NAME,

INSTANCE2 TYPE REF TO CL_NAME,

NAME1 TYPE TY_NAME,

NAME2 TYPE TY_NAME.

CREATE OBJECT INSTANCE1

EXPORTING



EXPORTING

IM_NAME = 'SAMEER V. PATEL'.


CALL METHOD INSTANCE1->GET_NAME

IMPORTING

EX_NAME = NAME1.

CALL METHOD INSTANCE2->GET_NAME

IMPORTING

EX_NAME = NAME2.


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WRITE: 'ATTRIBUTES OF INSTANCE 1 : ',


/ 'NAME : ' , NAME1.

SKIP.

SKIP.


WRITE: 'ATTRIBUTES OF INSTANCE 2 : ',


/ 'NAME : ' , NAME2.


CLEAR: INSTANCE1,

INSTANCE2.

Report Output : 003

ATTRIBUTES OF INSTANCE 1 :

COUNT : 10

NAME : NARESH PATEL

ATTRIBUTES OF INSTANCE 2 :

COUNT : 10

NAME : SAMEER V. PATEL

OBJECT IDENTITY AND REFERENCE SEMANTICS

With the help of the previous examples, you have established that objects

belonging to a class are not created by the simple definition of the class. Neither

does the instruction DATA: instance ref to CL_NAME creates an object. This

instruction only creates a Reference, which in its initial state has the logical value

INITIAL. Only with the instruction CREATE OBJECTinstance is the memory area for anew object requested from the system. The reference instance then refers to the

object which has just been created. (The command CLEAR{{ instance. }}at this

point means that the object, to which the reference variable refers, cannot be

referenced. Therefore it can no longer be addressed in this program run. A Garbage

Collector running in the background ensures that the object is removed from

memory.


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This separates object-oriented implementation from classic implementation.

With the classic DATA instruction, main memory is reserved (which might never be

used) and is pre-allocated the initial state of the relevant variable. With the "object-

oriented" instruction DATA-x-TYPE-REF-TO, only the intention to create an object is

expressed. The only storage space occupied is for an object reference.

In addition, every object has its own identity. Two references, which refer to

objects, are only identical if they refer to the same object. Similarity between the

attribute values of these objects is not the deciding factor. To get more idea about

this see the following example.

Report : 004

Code listing for: Z_004_OBJECT_IDENTI TY

Description: OBJECT IDENTITY & REFERENCE SEMANTICS

REPORT Z_004_OBJECT_IDENTITY.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


PUBLIC SECTION.

METHODS: CONSTRUCTOR IMPORTING VALUE(IM_NAME) TYPE TY_NAME.

DATA: NAME TYPE TY_NAME.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


METHOD CONSTRUCTOR.

NAME = IM_NAME.

ENDMETHOD. "CONSTRUCTOR


DATA: INSTANCE1 TYPE REF TO CL_NAME.




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START-OF-SELECTION.


EXPORTING

IM_NAME = 'NARESH'.


EXPORTING

IM_NAME = 'NARESH'.

" Reference semantics !!!

IF INSTANCE1 = INSTANCE2.

WRITE 'This will never print, as instance1 refers to a

different object than instance2.'.

ENDIF.

" Attribute values are the same !!!

IF INSTANCE1->NAME = INSTANCE2->NAME.

WRITE 'Attribute values of instance1 and instace2 are same.'.

ENDIF.

INSTANCE3 = INSTANCE1.

IF INSTANCE3 = INSTANCE1.

WRITE 'Both references instance1 and instace3 refer to the

same object and are therefore identical.'.

ENDIF.

Report Output : 004

Attribute values of instance1 and instace2 are same.

Both references instance1 and instace3 refer to the same object and are

therefore identical.

In the above program, the first IF-Query (IF }}INSTANCE1 = INSTANCE2{{.)

via the object reference produces the value false, although both objects have the

same attribute value "NARESH". Note that in object-oriented languages the reference

semantics apply for classes and their objects. Both objects have the attribute value

{{NAME = }}NARESH, but they are independent objects with their own identity. The

references therefore refer to two different objects, although their attribute values are

completely identical.


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VISIBILITY

An important feature of object-orientation is the encapsulation of attributes

and methods - ultimately of functionality - in classes. A class guarantees its user

specific properties and specific behavior. The sum of these properties is called the

class interface. The Visibility mechanism defines the class interface which is available

to the users.

There are three commonly defined types of visibility in object-oriented technology:

Publ ic

The relevant class component (attribute, method, event etc.) is visible to all classes.

Protec ted

The relevant class component (attribute, method, event etc.) is visible to the class

itself and all inheritors. (We will return to the terms Inheritor and Inheritance later in

this document.)

Pr iva te

The relevant class component (attribute, method, event etc.) is only visible to the

class itself.

Report : 005

Code listing for: Z_005_VISIBILITY

Description: COMPONENT VISIBI LITY

*---------------------------------------------------------------

* In this example the PRIVATE attribute NAME is hidden from the

* users. Access to the information it contains is realized via

* the PUBLIC method SET_NAME & GET_NAME.

*---------------------------------------------------------------

*

* TYPES OF VISIBILITY :

* (1) PUBLIC : class component is visible to all classes.

* (2) PRIVATE : class component is visible to the class itself.

* (3) PROTECTED : class component is visible to class itself and

* all inheritors (sub class).

*

*---------------------------------------------------------------

REPORT Z_005_VISIBILITY.


*----------------------------------------------------------------



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*----------------------------------------------------------------


PUBLIC SECTION.

METHODS: SET_NAME IMPORTING VALUE(IM_NAME) TYPE TY_NAME,


PRIVATE SECTION.

DATA NAME TYPE TY_NAME.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


METHOD SET_NAME .

NAME = IM_NAME.


METHOD GET_NAME.

EX_NAME = NAME.



START-OF-SELECTION.

" CREATE INSTANCE OF THIS CLASS, IF NO INSTANCE EXIST


NAME TYPE TY_NAME.


" SET VALUE FOR NAME ATTRIBUTE

CALL METHOD INSTANCE->SET_NAME

EXPORTING



CALL METHOD INSTANCE->GET_NAME

IMPORTING


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EX_NAME = NAME.

WRITE: / 'NAME : ' , NAME.


CLEAR: INSTANCE.

Report Output : 005

NAME : NARESH PATEL

EVENTS

Events are recognized in particular by programming interfaces of the GUIs

(Windows, Motif, etc.), for example, you can "ask" the GUI to trigger an event if the

user moves the mouse over a specific part of the screen. When the event occurs you

are telling the GUI to change the shape of the mouse pointer.

Events allow for the loose coupling of components (classes or objects) in a

system. The event trigger does not normally know at the time of coding who is goingto react to the event. Those components, which want to react to the event, register

at the event runtime, in that they tell the runtime environment which method is to

be executed when the event is raised. In this way many components can register for

an event.

Event handler methods can proceed synchronously as well as asynchronously.

At present, ABAP Objects only supports synchronous calling of the event handler

method.

Report : 006

Code listing fo r: Z_006_EVENTDescription: EXAMPLE OF EVENTS

*---------------------------------------------------------------

* THIS EXAMPLE SHOWS THE USE OF EVENTS.

*---------------------------------------------------------------

*

* The event trigger does not normally know at the time of

* coding who is going to react to the event. Those components,

* which want to react to the event, register at the event

* runtime, in that they tell the runtime environment which

* method is to be executed when the event is raised. In this way

* many components can register for an event.

*

*---------------------------------------------------------------


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REPORT Z_006_EVENT.

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_NAME

*----------------------------------------------------------------


PUBLIC SECTION.

" DEFINE EVENT

EVENTS OBJECT_CREATED

EXPORTING VALUE(EX_OBJ) TYPE REF TO CL_NAME.

METHODS: CONSTRUCTOR,

" DEFINE EVENT HANDLER METHOD

PROCESS_EVENT FOR EVENT OBJECT_CREATED OF CL_NAME.

PRIVATE SECTION.

DATA MSG(16) TYPE C.

" register method with runtime will be executed

" when event OBJECT_CREATED fires.

ENDCLASS. "CL_NAME

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


METHOD CONSTRUCTOR.

MSG = 'OBJECT CREATED'.

" Register the event handlers for the corresponding/all

" instance/s.

SET HANDLER PROCESS_EVENT FOR ALL INSTANCES.

" Raise event OBJECT_CREATED.

RAISE EVENT OBJECT_CREATED EXPORTING EX_OBJ = ME.

"ME refers to current instance

ENDMETHOD. "CL_NAME

" EVENT HANDLER

METHOD PROCESS_EVENT.


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WRITE: 'EVENT FIRED :', ME->MSG.

ENDMETHOD. "PROCESS_EVENT


DATA INSTANCE TYPE REF TO CL_NAME.

START-OF-SELECTION.


CLEAR INSTANCE.

Report Output : 006

EVENT FIRED : OBJECT CREATED

In the previous program, instances of the Class CL_NAMEcreate an event

OBJECT_CREATED. The class method PROCESS_EVENT processes this event. With

the help of the constructor the class registers the method PROCESS_EVENT at the

event OBJECT_CREATED for all instances of the class CL_NAME. When an object is

created for the class CL_NAME (CREATE OBJECT instance.), the event

OBJECT_CREATED is raised in the constructor. The consequence is that the method

PROCESS_EVENT{{ }}is executed.

Report : 007

Code listing for : Z_007_EVENT2

Description: EVENT OF ONE CLASS HANDLED BY ANOTHER CLASS

REPORT Z_007_EVENT2.

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_CLASS1 DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_CLASS1 DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.

EVENTS OBJECT_CREATED. " DEFINES EVENT

METHODS CONSTRUCTOR.

ENDCLASS. "CL_CLASS1 DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_CLASS1 IMPLEMENTATION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_CLASS1 IMPLEMENTATION.


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METHOD CONSTRUCTOR.

RAISE EVENT OBJECT_CREATED. " RAISES EVENT

ENDMETHOD. "CONSTRUCTOR

ENDCLASS. "CL_CLASS1 IMPLEMENTATION

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


PUBLIC SECTION.

CLASS-METHODS INITIALISE.

PRIVATE SECTION.

CLASS-METHODS PROCESS_EVENT FOR EVENT OBJECT_CREATED

OF CL_CLASS1. " REGISTERS METHOD


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


METHOD INITIALISE.

"SET HANDLER FOR ALL INSTANCES

SET HANDLER PROCESS_EVENT FOR ALL INSTANCES.

ENDMETHOD. "INITIALISE

" EVENT HANDLER

METHOD PROCESS_EVENT.

WRITE 'EVENT FIRED.'.

ENDMETHOD. "PROCESS_EVENT


DATA INSTANCES TYPE REF TO CL_CLASS1.

START-OF-SELECTION.

CALL METHOD CL_CLASS2=>INITIALISE.

CREATE OBJECT INSTANCES.


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CLEAR INSTANCES.

Report Output : 007

EVENT FIRED.

In the above program, with the help of the class method initialize, the class

CL_CLASS2 registers the method PROCESS_EVENT at the event OBJECT_CREATED

for all instances of the class CL_CLASS1. When an object is created for the classCL_CLASS1 (CREATE OBJECT instance.), the event OBJECT_CREATED is raised in the

constructor. The consequence is that the method PROCESS_EVENT{{ }}belonging to

the class CL_CLASS2 is executed.

INHERITANCE

Inheritance defines the relationship between classes, in which a class

(subclass) uses the structure and behavior that has already been defined in one or

more other classes (superclasses). So simply this means "Inheritance is about

reuse!".

Allow me to use a concrete example to explain inheritance: Collection.

A collection is any number of objects (more precisely object references).

However, there could be many types of collection. Therefore, I will implement each

type of collection as a class. In principle this approach is correct. However, you will

soon establish that all collections have several components in common like:

1. Each class requires a method in order to add objects to a collection.

2. Each class requires a method in order to delete objects from a

collection.

3. Each class has a method which identifies the number of objectreferences in the collection and so on.

Inheritance is the solution to this situation. You implement all of the

similarities in the class which is Superclass. You then implement the individual types

of collection in their own classes which are Subclassesof the Superclass. As a

subclass, these classes inherit all of the components of the Superclass. Attributes,

methods and events are inherited. In addition, you can implement additional

attributes, methods and events in the subclass.

POLYMORPHISM Polymorphism occurs, where classes implement the same functionality with

different methods (one functionality, several methods but the same name). This can

occur via an inheritance relationship, in that the methods belonging to the superclass

are redefined in the subclasses and implemented differently. ABAP Objects requires

the method names to be the same and the signature to be the same (signature =

method interface).

Polymorphism can be achieved in 2 ways:


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(1) Two independent classes implement methods with the same names and the same

signature with the intention, that the methods should be called dynamically from a

third location.

(2) A superclass implements a method, and in a subclass you want to re-implement

the same method, as the superclass implementation is not suitable for the subclass.

The first scenario will not occur very often in ABAP Objects, as the interface concept

was created precisely for such cases.

Report : 008

Code listing for: Z_008_INHERIT_POLY

Description: EXAMPLE OF INHERITANCE & POLYMORPISM

REPORT Z_008_INHERIT_POLY.

TYPES: BEGIN OF TY_NAME,

NAME(50) TYPE C,

END OF TY_NAME.

TYPES: TY_NAMES TYPE TY_NAME OCCURS 0.

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_COLLECTION DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_COLLECTION DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.

METHODS: ADD IMPORTING IM_NAME TYPE TY_NAME,

DISPLAY.

PROTECTED SECTION.

DATA IT_NAMES TYPE TY_NAMES.

ENDCLASS. "CL_COLLECTION DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_COLLECTION IMPLEMENTATION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_COLLECTION IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD ADD.

APPEND IM_NAME TO IT_NAMES.

ENDMETHOD. "ADD

METHOD DISPLAY.


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DATA: CNT TYPE I.

DESCRIBE TABLE IT_NAMES LINES CNT.

IF CNT > 0.

DATA WA_NAME LIKE LINE OF IT_NAMES.

ULINE.

WRITE 10 'DISPLAYING DATA'.

ULINE.

WRITE 10 'NAMES'.

ULINE.

LOOP AT IT_NAMES INTO WA_NAME.

WRITE /10 WA_NAME-NAME.

ENDLOOP.

ENDIF.

ENDMETHOD. "DISPLAY

ENDCLASS. "CL_COLLECTION IMPLEMENTATION

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_NAME DEFINITION INHERITING FROM CL_COLLECTION.

PUBLIC SECTION.

METHODS: ADD REDEFINITION. " THIS IS CALLED POLYMORPISM.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


METHOD ADD.

" NO DOUBLE ENTRIES ARE ALLOWED.READ TABLE IT_NAMES WITH KEY NAME = IM_NAME-NAME

TRANSPORTING NO FIELDS.

IF SY-SUBRC 0.

CALL METHOD SUPER->ADD

EXPORTING


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IM_NAME = IM_NAME.

ENDIF.

ENDMETHOD. "ADD



ST_NAME TYPE TY_NAME.

START-OF-SELECTION.


ST_NAME-NAME = 'NARESH PATEL'.

CALL METHOD INSTANCE->ADD

EXPORTING

IM_NAME = ST_NAME.

WRITE / 'ADDED NARESH PATEL FOR THE 1ST TIME.'.

ST_NAME-NAME = 'SAMEER PATEL'.


EXPORTING

IM_NAME = ST_NAME.

WRITE / 'ADDED SAMEER PATEL FOR THE 1ST TIME.'.

ST_NAME-NAME = 'RAJESH PATEL'.


EXPORTING

IM_NAME = ST_NAME.

WRITE / 'ADDED RAJESH PATEL FOR THE 1ST TIME.'.

ST_NAME-NAME = 'NARESH PATEL'.


EXPORTING

IM_NAME = ST_NAME.

WRITE / 'ADDED NARESH PATEL FOR THE 2ND TIME.'.

ST_NAME-NAME = 'SAMEER PATEL'.


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EXPORTING

IM_NAME = ST_NAME.

WRITE / 'ADDED SAMEER PATEL FOR THE 2ND TIME.'.

ST_NAME-NAME = 'RAJESH PATEL'.


EXPORTING

IM_NAME = ST_NAME.

WRITE / 'ADDED RAJESH PATEL FOR THE 2ND TIME.'.

SKIP.

SKIP.

CALL METHOD INSTANCE->DISPLAY.

Report Output : 008

ADDED NARESH PATEL FOR THE 1ST TIME.

ADDED SAMEER PATEL FOR THE 1ST TIME.

ADDED RAJESH PATEL FOR THE 1ST TIME.

ADDED NARESH PATEL FOR THE 2ND TIME.

ADDED SAMEER PATEL FOR THE 2ND TIME.

ADDED RAJESH PATEL FOR THE 2ND TIME.

-----------------------------------------------------------------

DISPLAYING DATA

-----------------------------------------------------------------

NAMES

-----------------------------------------------------------------

NARESH PATEL

SAMEER PATEL

RAJESH PATEL

In the above example, I have partially implemented the class

CL_COLLECTION and its inheritor class CL_NAME. The method ADD{{ }}belonging to

the class CL_COLLECTION is redefined by the method ADD{{ }}belonging to the

class CL_NAME. In the method ADDbelonging to the CL_NAME the method ADD

belonging to the superclass CL_COLLECTION is called via CALL METHOD SUPER-


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>ADD.

INTERFACES

TheInterface concept describes a class interface. You can define the same

components in an interface that you can in classes, however without implementing

them.

Classes can implement interfaces, and subsequently be addressed via theseinterfaces. This opens an additional mechanism of polymorphism, however without

being dependent on inheritance. This combination of classes with simple inheritance

and interfaces is more highly regarded by many experts than full multiple

inheritances.

In addition to object references (DATA: instance TYPE REF TO CL_CLASS)

there are also Interface References (DATA: reference TYPE REF TO CL_INTERFACE).

A class which implements a specific interface can be addressed via this interface

reference. Using such an interface reference, you can access the components defined

in the interface. In this way a user can view different classes through the 'spectacles'

of an interface and address them in a uniform manner.

Interfaces therefore define specific, generic functionality. In contrast toclasses, interfaces generally have not only many users, but also many implementers.

Report : 009

Code listing for: Z_009_INTERFACE

Description: EXAMPLE OF I NTERFACE

*---------------------------------------------------------------

* Report Z_009_INTERFACE

*---------------------------------------------------------------

*

* The Interface concept describes a class interface. You can

* define the same components in an interface that you can in

* classes, however without implementing them. Classes can

* Implement interfaces, and subsequently be addressed via these

* interfaces.

*

*---------------------------------------------------------------

* IN THIS EXAMPLE : The Interface IF_INTERFACE is implemented

* via the classes CL_CLASS1 And CL_CLASS2.

*---------------------------------------------------------------

REPORT Z_009_INTERFACE.


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*----------------------------------------------------------------

* INTERFACE IF_INTERFACE

*----------------------------------------------------------------

INTERFACE IF_INTERFACE.

METHODS DISPLAY.

ENDINTERFACE. "IF_INTERFACE

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


PUBLIC SECTION.

INTERFACES IF_INTERFACE.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


METHOD IF_INTERFACE~DISPLAY.

WRITE / 'METHOD IMPLEMENTED IN CLASS 1.'.

ENDMETHOD. "IF_INTERFACE~DISPLAY


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


PUBLIC SECTION.

INTERFACES IF_INTERFACE.ENDCLASS. "CL_CLASS2 DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


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METHOD IF_INTERFACE~DISPLAY.

WRITE / 'METHOD IMPLEMENTED IN CLASS 2.' .

ENDMETHOD. "IF_INTERFACE~DISPLAY


DATA: INSTANCE1 TYPE REF TO CL_CLASS1,

INSTANCE2 TYPE REF TO CL_CLASS2,

INTERFACE TYPE REF TO IF_INTERFACE.

START-OF-SELECTION.

CREATE OBJECT INSTANCE1.

INTERFACE = INSTANCE1. " THIS ASSIGNATIN IS CALLED CASTING

CALL METHOD INTERFACE->DISPLAY.

CREATE OBJECT INSTANCE2.

INTERFACE = INSTANCE2.

CALL METHOD INTERFACE->DISPLAY.

Report Output : 009

METHOD IMPLEMENTED IN CLASS 1.

METHOD IMPLEMENTED IN CLASS 2.

ALV GRID CONTROL

The ALV Grid Control is a tool that you can use to display non-hierarchical

lists in a uniform format. The list data is displayed as a table on the screen. This tool

is very user-friendly: You only have to carry out a minimum number of programming

steps.

The ALV Grid Control has a number of interactive standard functions that list

users frequently use, for example, printing, and export. Developers can hide these

standard functions if they wish. However, you can modify the implementations on an

application-specific basis if required. You can also add your own functions to the

application toolbar.

Application controls like ALV Grid Control, Tree Controls, and Picture Controls

must be embedded in a Container Control, which in turn must be connected with the

screen. Container Controls form the technical connection between a screen and an

application control. There are different types of container controls. All of these types

encapsulate basic control functions (for example, scroll bars).


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In the following sections, we will work trough a standard case as an example:

Positioning an ALV Grid Control in a screen area with a fixed size. To do this, an

instance of each of the global classes CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CON-

TAINER and CL_GUI_ALV_GRID must be generated.

For a basic standard display, it is enough to program the following steps:

1. Define a custom control area on your screen using the screen painter's graphicalfull screen editor.

2.

Generate an instance of the CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER class and give theconstructor the name of the custom control area you have defined.

3. Generate an instance of the class CL_GUI_ALV_GRID and assign the constructorthe reference to the container control instance you have just generated.

4. Call the SET_TABLE_FOR_FIRST_DISPLAY method of the Grid Control instanceand assign it the internal standard table and application data.

If this method has a global line type, you can give it the name of this global

structure. The field catalog will then be set up by the grid control instance itself.

If the contents of the internal table change during the rest of the program run, it is

enough to call the method REFRESH_TABLE_DISPLAY in the corresponding dialog

step, to update the display accordingly.

Report : 010

Code listing for: Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL

Description: EXAMPLE OF ALV GRID CONTROL

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* SCREEN 101 : FLOW LOGIC

*----------------------------------------------------------------

PROCESS BEFORE OUTPUT.

MODULE STATUS_0101.

MODULE GET_DATA.

MODULE CREATE_OBJECTS.

MODULE SHOW_ALV.

PROCESS AFTER INPUT.

MODULE USER_COMMAND_0101.

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* MODULE POOL Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL

*----------------------------------------------------------------

INCLUDE Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL_TOP. " Global Data

INCLUDE Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL_O01. " PBO-Modules

INCLUDE Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL_I01. " PAI-Modules


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INCLUDE Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL_F01. " FORM-Routines

*----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* TOP INCLUDE Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL_TOP

*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

REPORT Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL.

TABLES: SFLIGHT.

DATA: OK_CODE TYPE SY-UCOMM,

IT_SFLIGHT TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF SFLIGHT,

R_CONTAINER TYPE REF TO CL_GUI_CUSTOM_CONTAINER,

R_GRID TYPE REF TO CL_GUI_ALV_GRID.

*-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* PBO INCLUDE Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL_O01

*--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Module SHOW_ALV OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE SHOW_ALV OUTPUT.

CHECK OK_CODE IS INITIAL.

CALL METHOD R_GRID->SET_TABLE_FOR_FIRST_DISPLAY

EXPORTING

I_STRUCTURE_NAME = 'SFLIGHT'

CHANGING

IT_OUTTAB = IT_SFLIGHT.

ENDMODULE. " SHOW_ALV OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Module GET_DATA OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE GET_DATA OUTPUT.


PERFORM GET_DATA

USING

SFLIGHT-CARRID.


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ENDMODULE. " GET_DATA OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Module CREATE_OBJECTS OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE CREATE_OBJECTS OUTPUT.


CREATE OBJECT R_CONTAINER

EXPORTING

CONTAINER_NAME = 'CC_ALV'.

CREATE OBJECT R_GRID

EXPORTING

I_PARENT = R_CONTAINER.

ENDMODULE. " CREATE_OBJECTS OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Module STATUS_0101 OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE STATUS_0101 OUTPUT.

SET PF-STATUS 'Z_010_STATUS'.

"SET TITLEBAR 'xxx'.

ENDMODULE. " STATUS_0101 OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------------------

* PAI INCLUDE Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL_I01

*----------------------------------------------------------------------------

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Module USER_COMMAND_0101 INPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE USER_COMMAND_0101 INPUT.CASE OK_CODE .

WHEN 'SEARCH'.

PERFORM GET_DATA

USING

SFLIGHT-CARRID.


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CALL METHOD R_GRID->REFRESH_TABLE_DISPLAY.

WHEN 'EXIT'.

LEAVE PROGRAM.

ENDCASE.

ENDMODULE. " USER_COMMAND_0101 INPUT

*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

* FORM INCLUDE Z_010_ALV_GRID_CONTROL_F01

*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* FORM : GET_DATA

* Created : 26.03.2008 12:34:09

*----------------------------------------------------------------

FORM GET_DATA USING VALUE(P_CARRID) TYPE SFLIGHT-CARRID.

IF P_CARRID IS INITIAL.

SELECT * FROM SFLIGHT INTO CORRESPONDING

FIELDS OF TABLE T_SFLIGHT.

ELSE.


FIELDS OF TABLE IT_SFLIGHT

WHERE CARRID = P_CARRID.

ENDIF.

ENDFORM. "GET_DATA

ALV GRID CONTROL USING EVENTS

An ALV Grid Control can react to a user double-clicking the mouse button.

One possible reaction is that a subsequent processing is triggered in which additional

information is displayed. The event DOUBLE_CLICK is caught using a handler

method. A handler method can be either a class method (static method) or an

object's instance method. If a class method is defined as a handler method, there isno need to instantiate an object of the handling class, to use the method. To create a

handler object for an event, you must first of all define a class. This class has a

public method (in the PUBLIC SECTION) that can react to an event. In the handler

method's implementation, create the source text that will run when you trigger the

event. The method receives the information delivered by the event from the position

of the mouse when the user executes a double-click, and in the control example,

generates an information message that displays the line and field where the mouse

is clicked.


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Report : 011

Code listing for: Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT

Description: EXAMPLE OF ALV GRID CONTROL

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


MODULE STATUS_0101.

MODULE GET_DATA.


MODULE SHOW_ALV.

PROCESS AFTER INPUT.

MODULE USER_COMMAND_0101.

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* MODULE POOL Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

REPORT Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT.

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_EVENT_HANDLER DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_EVENT_HANDLER DEFINITION.

PUBLIC SECTION.

METHODS: ON_DOUBLE_CLICK FOR EVENT

DOUBLE_CLICK OF CL_GUI_ALV_GRID

IMPORTING ES_ROW_NO E_COLUMN,

ON_RIGHT_CLICK FOR EVENT

RIGHT_CLICK OF CL_GUI_ALV_GRID.

ENDCLASS. "CL_EVENT_HANDLER DEFINITION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* CLASS CL_EVENT_HANDLER IMPLEMENTATION


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*----------------------------------------------------------------

CLASS CL_EVENT_HANDLER IMPLEMENTATION.

METHOD ON_DOUBLE_CLICK.

DATA: TEXT TYPE STRING,

ES_ROW_STRING TYPE STRING.

ES_ROW_STRING = ES_ROW_NO-ROW_ID.

CONCATENATE 'ROW : ' ES_ROW_STRING 'COLUMN : '

E_COLUMN-FIELDNAME INTO TEXT SEPARATED BY SPACE.

MESSAGE TEXT TYPE 'I'.

ENDMETHOD. "ON_DOUBLE_CLICK

METHOD ON_RIGHT_CLICK.

MESSAGE 'RIGHT MOUSE BUTTON HAS CLICKED !!!' TYPE 'I'.

ENDMETHOD. "ON_RIGHT_CLICK

ENDCLASS. "CL_EVENT_HANDLER IMPLEMENTATION

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* INCLUDE PROGRAMS

*----------------------------------------------------------------

INCLUDE Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT_TOP. " Global Data

INCLUDE Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT_O01. " PBO-Modules

INCLUDE Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT_I01. " PAI-Modules

INCLUDE Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT_F01. " FORM-Routines

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* TOP INCLUDE Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT_TOP

*----------------------------------------------------------------

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* TYPES AND DATA DECLARATION

*----------------------------------------------------------------TABLES: SFLIGHT.

DATA: OK_CODE TYPE SY-UCOMM,

IT_SFLIGHT TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF SFLIGHT,

R_HANDLER TYPE REF TO CL_EVENT_HANDLER,



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R_GRID TYPE REF TO CL_GUI_ALV_GRID.

*-------------------------------------------------------------------------

* PBO INCLUDE Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT_O01

*------------------------------------------------------------------------

*---------------------------------------------------------------

* Module SHOW_ALV OUTPUT

*---------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE SHOW_ALV OUTPUT.


CALL METHOD R_GRID->SET_TABLE_FOR_FIRST_DISPLAY

EXPORTING

I_STRUCTURE_NAME = 'SFLIGHT'

CHANGING

IT_OUTTAB = IT_SFLIGHT.

ENDMODULE. " SHOW_ALV OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------



PERFORM GET_DATA

USING

SFLIGHT-CARRID.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


IF R_HANDLER IS NOT BOUND. "CHECKS WHETHER A REFERENCE

"VARIABLE CONTAINS VALID REFERENCE

CREATE OBJECT R_HANDLER.

ENDIF.


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IF R_CONTAINER IS NOT BOUND. "CHECKS WHETHER A REFERENCE

"VARIABLE CONTAINS VALID REFERENCE


EXPORTING

CONTAINER_NAME = 'CC_ALV'.

ENDIF.

IF R_GRID IS NOT BOUND.

CREATE OBJECT R_GRID

EXPORTING

I_PARENT = R_CONTAINER.

SET HANDLER R_HANDLER->ON_DOUBLE_CLICK

R_HANDLER->ON_RIGHT_CLICK FOR ALL INSTANCES

ENDIF.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------





*------------------------------------------------------------------------

* PAI INCLUDE Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT_I01

*------------------------------------------------------------------------

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Module USER_COMMAND_0101 INPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------MODULE USER_COMMAND_0101 INPUT.

CASE OK_CODE .

WHEN 'SEARCH'.

PERFORM GET_DATA

USING


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SFLIGHT-CARRID.

CALL METHOD R_GRID->REFRESH_TABLE_DISPLAY.

WHEN 'EXIT'.

LEAVE PROGRAM.

ENDCASE.

ENDMODULE. " USER_COMMAND_0101 INPUT

*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

* FORM INCLUDE Z_011_ALV_GRID_EVENT_F01

*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* FORM : GET_DATA

* Created : 26.03.2008 12:34:09

*----------------------------------------------------------------

FORM GET_DATA USING VALUE(P_CARRID) TYPE SFLIGHT-CARRID.

IF P_CARRID IS INITIAL.


FIELDS OF TABLE IT_SFLIGHT.

ELSE.


FIELDS OF TABLE IT_SFLIGHT WHERE CARRID = P_CARRID.

ENDIF.

ENDFORM. "GET_DATA

ALV GRID CONTROL USING FIELD CATALOGS

The internal table with the data to be displayed can have a user-specific line

type. In order for the proxy instance to satisfactorily format the data it receives

during the screen output or when a print list is created, it requires relevant

information known as the field catalog.

You can have the proxy instance automatically generate the field catalog. For

line types that are defined in the ABAP Dictionary, you only need to inform the proxy

instance of the structure's name in the ABAP Dictionary.

Alternatively, or in addition to this, you can provide the proxy instance with

this display information using an additional internal table. For the sake of simplicity,

we will call this additional table a field catalog. The global data type of this internal

table is LVC_T_FCAT. Its line type is LVC_S_FCAT.

Typical examples of where you need to transfer a field catalog include:


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The internal table with data has a line type with a dictionary reference, but thedisplay of the column position or heading is different.

The internal table has (exclusive or additional) columns that are not contained ina dictionary structure.

For each column in the data table that deviates from an underlying dictionary

structure or is not available in a dictionary structure, the field catalog must contain a

line that determines the technical characteristics and other column format

information.

Report : 012

Code listing for: Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG

Description: EXAMPLE OF ALV USING FIELDCATALOG

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


MODULE STATUS_0101.

MODULE GET_DATA.


MODULE CREATE_FIELDCAT.

MODULE DISPALY_ALV.

*----------------------------------------------------------------------

* MODULE POOL Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG

*----------------------------------------------------------------------

INCLUDE Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_TOP. " Global Data

INCLUDE Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_O01. " PBO-Modules

INCLUDE Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_I01. " PAI-Modules

INCLUDE Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_F01. " FORM-Routines

*--------------------------------------------------------------------------

* TOP INCLUDE Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_TOP

*---------------------------------------------------------------------------

REPORT Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG.

TABLES SPFLI.

TYPES: BEGIN OF TY_SPFLI,

CARRID TYPE SPFLI-CARRID,


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CONNID TYPE SPFLI-CONNID,

COUNTRYFR TYPE SPFLI-COUNTRYFR,

COUNTRYTO TYPE SPFLI-COUNTRYTO,

END OF TY_SPFLI.

DATA: IT_SPFLI TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF TY_SPFLI,

IT_FIELDCAT TYPE LVC_T_FCAT,

WA_FIELDCAT LIKE LINE OF IT_FIELDCAT,


R_ALV TYPE REF TO CL_GUI_ALV_GRID.

*---------------------------------------------------------------------------

* PBO INCLUDE Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_O01

*---------------------------------------------------------------------------

*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------





*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


PERFORM GET_DATA.


*----------------------------------------------------------------


*----------------------------------------------------------------


PERFORM CREATE_OBJECTS.



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*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Module CREATE_FIELDCAT OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE CREATE_FIELDCAT OUTPUT.

PERFORM CREATE_FIELDCATALOG.

ENDMODULE. " CREATE_FIELDCAT OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Module DISPALY_ALV OUTPUT

*----------------------------------------------------------------

MODULE DISPALY_ALV OUTPUT.

PERFORM DISPLAY_ALV.

ENDMODULE. " DISPALY_ALV OUTPUT

*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

* FORM INCLUDE Z_012_ALV_FIELDCATALOG_F01

*-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* FORM : GET_DATA

* Created : 26.03.2008 17:24:39

*----------------------------------------------------------------

FORM GET_DATA.

SELECT CARRID CONNID COUNTRYFR COUNTRYTO FROM SPFLI

INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE IT_SPFLI.

ENDFORM. "GET_DATA

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* FORM : CREATE_FIELDCATALOG

* Created : 26.03.2008 17:30:03

*----------------------------------------------------------------FORM CREATE_FIELDCATALOG.

WA_FIELDCAT-FIELDNAME = 'CARRID'.

WA_FIELDCAT-REF_FIELD = 'CARRID'.

WA_FIELDCAT-REF_TABLE = 'SPFLI'.

WA_FIELDCAT-COL_POS = 0.


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WA_FIELDCAT-FIX_COLUMN = 'X'.

APPEND WA_FIELDCAT to IT_FIELDCAT.

CLEAR WA_FIELDCAT.

WA_FIELDCAT-FIELDNAME = 'CONNID'.

WA_FIELDCAT-REF_FIELD = 'CONNID'.





CLEAR WA_FIELDCAT.

WA_FIELDCAT-FIELDNAME = 'COUNTRY FROM'.

WA_FIELDCAT-REF_FIELD = 'COUNTRYFR'.





CLEAR WA_FIELDCAT.

WA_FIELDCAT-FIELDNAME = 'COUNTRY TO'.

WA_FIELDCAT-REF_FIELD = 'COUNTRYTO'.





CLEAR WA_FIELDCAT.

ENDFORM. "CREATE_FIELDCATALOG

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* FORM : DISPLAY_ALV

* Created : 26.03.2008 17:24:19

*----------------------------------------------------------------

FORM DISPLAY_ALV.

CALL METHOD R_ALV->SET_TABLE_FOR_FIRST_DISPLAY


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* EXPORTING

* I_STRUCTURE_NAME = 'SFLIGHT'

CHANGING

IT_OUTTAB = IT_SPFLI

IT_FIELDCATALOG = IT_FIELDCAT.

ENDFORM. "DISPLAY_ALV

*----------------------------------------------------------------

* Form CREATE_OBJECTS

*----------------------------------------------------------------

FORM CREATE_OBJECTS .


EXPORTING CONTAINER_NAME = 'CC_ALV'.

CREATE OBJECT R_ALV

EXPORTING I_PARENT = R_CONTAINER.

ENDFORM. " CREATE_OBJECTS

object oriented abap guide

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