Transformational Transformational Leadership in IndiaLeadership in India

Rashmi Sharma (49)Rashmi Sharma (49)Roshni Shetty (50)Roshni Shetty (50)

Saurabh Shrivastava (51)Saurabh Shrivastava (51)Neha Somai (52)Neha Somai (52)

Sonam Somaiya (53)Sonam Somaiya (53)Adarsh Kumar (54)Adarsh Kumar (54)

What is Transformational What is Transformational Leadership?Leadership?Introduced by James

MacGregor Burns“transformational leadership engages everyone in such a way that both leaders and followers raise one another to higher levels of motivation and morality”

Characteristics of Characteristics of Transformational LeadersTransformational Leaders

Lee Kuan YewLee Kuan YewFour unique aspects of his

leadership1.Strategist 2.Aversion to strong

ideologies3.Emphasis on meritrocracy in

government4.Unconventional and

practical approach related to human resources.

Multifactor Leadership Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireQuestionnaireMLQ is the most widely used tool for

assessing leadership behavior.It assesses leaders on 5

parameters:Idealized attributes.Idealized behaviors.Inspirational Motivation.Intellectual stimulation.Individualized consideration.The cross cultural validity of MLQ is

under apprehension.

The “Culture” Factor!!The “Culture” Factor!!Culture is a set of underlying assumptions, norms and beliefs shared by members of a group.Leadership is a social phenomenon.Need for culture specific theory:The existing theories did not capture the essence of other places of the world except the western world.India in leadership context: why culture should be considered?

Study 1 - Grounded Theory Study 1 - Grounded Theory For Item GenerationFor Item GenerationRaised the awareness of

followers about issues of consequence

Shifted them to higher level needs And

Influence them to transcend their self-interests.

The ProcessThe ProcessData collection :open ended

questionnaire.Coding procedure : people who had

experienced transformation were considered as valid information.

Data Analysis : observed behaviors recurring in respondents responses through iterative n inferential process.

Sorting process : deletion of items that seems to be conceptually inconsistent.

The ProcessThe ProcessItem Generation : At least three

items from current data, Totaling 51 items retained that had emerged from data.

StudyStudy 2 - Factor analysis2 - Factor analysis Factor analysis attempts to bring

intercorrelated variables together under more general, underlying variables.

The variables with high intercorrelations could well measure one underlying variable, which is called a ‘factor’.

This projection of the scores of the original variables on the factor leads to two results: factor scores and factor loadings

Factor Scoresthe scores of a subject on a […]

factor.

Factor Loadingfactor loadings are the

correlation of the original variable with a factor

Exploratory factor Exploratory factor analysisanalysis

Described as orderly simplification of interrelated measures.

Used to explore the possible underlying factor structure of a set of observed variables without imposing a preconceived structure on the outcome.

Study-2Study-251 items from Study-1 was

administered to 379 managers.Included 5 factor model of MLQ, as

in:◦Idealized influence.(attribute)◦Idealized influence.(behavior)◦Inspirational motivation.◦Intellectual simulation.◦Individual consideration.

Results after EFAResults after EFA9 factor emerged as a whole out

of which 6 were finalized as 3 factors had one item each.

Cross loadings were removed.The number of items fell form 51

to 32.

Confirmatory Factor Confirmatory Factor AnalysisAnalysis

is a statistical technique used to verify the factor structure of a set of observed variables.

to test the hypothesis that a relationship between observed variables and their underlying latent constructs exists.

Results after CFAResults after CFA6 factor model and 9 factor

model were compared together.GFI(Goodness of Fit Index) was

comparitively low in 9 Factor model.

Thus 6 Factor Model with modified item to total of 27 is selected.

6 Factor Model constituted of :

◦Performance oriented and humane;◦Open and nurturing ;◦Sensitive and conscientious;◦Personal touch;◦Conviction in self;◦Non-traditional.

Study 3 – Scale ValidationStudy 3 – Scale ValidationFinal Sample : 101 Manager-

Subordinate dyadsInstruments Used27 items from Study 2

+Laissez-faire, Satisfaction with

leader, Extra effort by subordinate, perception of leader’s

Effectiveness.

Capturing Subordinate Capturing Subordinate PerformancePerformanceActual measure of performance

rating (single item measure)

Contextual performance (mean of 16 items) – 5 pt Likert scale

Task performance (mean of 3 items) – 7 pt Likert scale

Validity of new scalesValidity of new scalesConvergent Validity : ITL positively correlates with

MLQ-TL and vice versa

Discriminant Validity : ITL negatively correlates with

factors like Laissez-faire

Validity of new scales Validity of new scales (contd…)(contd…)Criterion related validity :(a)ITL positively correlate with

Satisfaction, Extra Effort and Effectiveness

(b)ITL positively correlate with contextual and task performance.

Only ‘personal touch’ factor of ITL positively correlates with organization performance rating.

Data Co-relationData Co-relation

Comparisons between ITL Comparisons between ITL and MLQ-TLand MLQ-TL

“Personal touch”Sensitive and conscientiousObjective vs perceptual

ITL FactorsITL FactorsPerformance oriented and

humaneOpenness and nurturingSensitive and conscientiousPersonal touchConviction in self Non traditional

ConclusionConclusion

Influence of national culture on the organisation

Leadership- a dynamic social process

LimiFine tuning, need to be defined in specific languages

ITL- some aspects unique to India, others Universal

ReferencesReferenceshttp://www.let.rug.nl/nerbonne/te

ach/rema-stats-meth-seminar/Factor-Analysis-Kootstra-04.PDF

http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.pdf

http://www.adityabirla.com/media/features/transformational_leadership.htm