:~o o report no. · 2018. 11. 8. · of pershing missile-403, which was launched on 14 february...
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:~o o REPORT NO. RR-TR-63-i30 d( ' iCOPY 7
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT FORflih PERSHING MISSILE 403
-M
15 April 1963
SAORU S ARMYMISSILE COMMANREDSTONE ARSENAL, ALABAMA*
RSA FORM 1385. 1 JAN 63 PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
DDC Availability Notice
Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from theDefense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information,Arlington Hall Station, Arlington 12, Virginia.
Destruction Notice
Destroy; do not return.
15 April 1963 Report No. RR-TR-63-13
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT FOR PERSHING MISSILE 403
byHubert D. Bagley
Novella S. Billions
Department of the Army Project No. I-B-2-79191-D-678Army Materiel Command Management Structure Code No. 5292-.12.127
AEROPHYSICS BRANCHPHYSICAL SCIENCES LABORATORY
DIRECTORATE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTU. S. ARMY MISSILE COMMANDRedstone Arsenal, Alabama
ABSTRACT
This report presents the atmospheric environment for the flightof PERSHING Missile-403, which was launched on 14 February 1963, at1945 EST, from the Atlantic Missile Range, Cape Canaveral, Florida.The general synoptic situation for the flight area, surface obser-vations at launch time, and upper air conditions as measured byrawinsondes released as close to missile launch time as possible aregiven. High altitudewind data over the launch area as determinedfrom a meteorological rocket flight are also presented.
Relative deviations of thermodynamic quantities from the PatrickAir Force Base Annual Reference Atmosphere are presented in graphicalform for easy reference.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I* INTRODUCTION . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
I. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA .. .. .. .. .. 1
A. Source ofData. ............ .. .. ..... 1
B. Methods of Computation and Presentation. . .. 1
C. General Synoptic Situation at Missile Firing
Time............................2
D. Surface Weather Observations. ............... 3
E. Upper AirObervations. ................ 4
II. CONCLUSIONS........................6
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1. Surface Weather Map at 1800Z, 14 February 1963,0645 Pre-T .......... .................... 7
2. Surface Weather Map at 0600Z, 15 February 1963,0515 Post-T ...... ................... 8
3. 500-Millibar Height Map at OOOOZ, 15 February 1963,0045 Pre-T ....... ..................... 9
4. Rawinsonde Measured Wind Speed, Cape Canaveral,Florida, and Grand Bahama Island .... ......... 10
5. Rawinsonde Measured Wind Direction, Cape Canaveral,Florida, and Grand Bahama Island .. ......... . 11
6. Range Direction Wind Components (Wx ), Cape Canaveral,
Florida, and Grand Bahama Island .......... .. 12
7. Cross-Range Wind Components (Wz), Cape Canaveral,Florida, and Grand Bahama Island .......... . 13
8. Rawinsonde Measured Wind Shears, Cape Canaveral,Florida, and Grand Bahama Island .......... . 14
9. Wind Speed, Meteorological Rocket Measured, CapeCanaveral, Florida .... ................. . 15
10. Wind Direction, Meteorological Rocket Measured, CapeCanaveral, Florida .... ... ............. . 16
11. Ambient Temperature, Cape Canaveral, Florida, andGrand Bahama Island .... .............. . 17
12. Relative Deviations of Temperature, Pressure, andDensity from the Patrick Air Force Base ReferenceAnnual Atmosphere .... ................. . 18
13. Virtual-Potential Temperature, Cape Canaveral,Florida, and Grand Bahama Island .......... .. 19
14. Temperature Lapse Rate, Cape Canaveral, Florida . . . 20
15. Relative Humidity, Cape Canaveral, Florida, andGrand Bahama Island .... ............... 21
iv
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS (Concluded)
Figure Page
16. Index of Refraction, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and
Grand Bahama Island .... .............. . 22
17. Reference Annual Atmosphere, Patrick Air Force BaseFlorida ....... .................... 23
18. Absolute Deviation of the Index of Refraction fromthe Patrick Air Force Base Reference AnnualAtmosphere ....... ...................... 24
v
SYMBOLS, UNUSUAL TERMS AND NON-STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS
C - degree Celsius
K - degree Kelvin or absolute
kg - kilogram
kp - kilopond - kilogram force
km - kilometer
m - meter
mb - millibar
mps or m/sec - meters per second
T-0 or T-Time - missile launch time
n - index of refraction
WS N - meridional wind component
WW E - zonal wind component
Wx - range'direction wind component relative tomissile flight path
Wz - cross-range wind component relative to missileflight path
T* - virtual temperature
e* - virtual-potential temperature
GCT or Z - Greenwich civil time
Standard - refers to the Patrick Air Force Base (PAFB)Reference Annual Atmosphere
vi
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT FOR PERSHING MISSILE-403
I. INTRODUCTION
This report presents the more important portions of availableatmospheric information pertinent to the missile flight at 1945 ESTon 14 February 1963, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Surface and upperair observations were made as close to missile launch time as possi-ble at the launch site and downrange at Grand Bahama Island.
Rocket measured winds were determined from radar track of aLOKI II meteorological rocket flight provided by the PAFB AirWeather Service in support of PERSHING Missile-403.
This information is presented to document in detail the atmos-pheric conditions prevailing at time of missile launch and to providesupporting material for specific atmospheric investigations inconnection with missile design and/or missile flight-mechanicalperformance studies.
II. PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF DATA
A. Source of Data
The general synoptic situation was taken from weather mapsmade by the U. S. Weather Bureau on missile firing date (Figs. 1, 2,and 3) and from data furnished by the Patrick Air Force Base Weatherstation.
Surface and upper air observations were made at the CapeCanaveral launch site and downrange stations under the supervisionof the U. S. Air Force. These observations were made as close tothe missile launch time as possible.
A LOKI II meteorological rocket furnished by the U. S. AirForce was fired in support of Pershing Missile-403.
B. Methods of Computation and Presentation
Wind speed and direction, temperature, pressure, and rela-tive humidity are measured by rawinsondes. Thermodynamic quantitiesare computed from the rawinsonde data by use of the hydrostaticequation and its modifications as given in the Smithsonian Meteoro-logical Tables (Ref. 1). Thermodynamic values are then determinedfor each 250 meters of altitude above sea level by interpolation.
1
Wind data are also interpolated at 250 meter intervals of altitudeusing the altitude references computed from the hydrostatic equation.Rawinsonde wind data are considered unreliable at high altitudes andlow elevation angles (less than 101). Wind shears are computed foreach 250 meter interval of altitude from the rawinsonde data.
Temperatures are fitted by logarithmic interpolation betweenthe ceiling of the rawinsonde temperature curve and the ARDC tempera-ture curve of 9.5C (282.66K) at the 1 mb pressure height. TabulatedARDC temperatures are used above the 1 mb pressure level and densityis computed as before.
The index of refraction is computed by use of the formulagiven in "Analysis of Refractive Index Errors", by Epstein (Ref. 2).
The rawinsonde measured atmospheric parameters are comparedto the Patrick Air Force Base Reference Atmosphere (Ref. 3), bysubtracting the reference atmosphere values from the rawinsonde valuesat corresponding altitudes.
C. General Synoptic Situation at Missile Firing Time
A very flat high pressure ridge extended from the vicinityof Brownsville, Texas across the Gulf of Mexico anu V.ii c!'n 1A.orida.A 1033 mb high was centered over northeastern North taiuti wit h ci
ridge extending south-southeastward. This immense high.covered theentire eastern two-thirds of the United States north of a cold frontwhich extended from a weak low (1002 mbs) over Massachusetts south-westward over eastern North Carolina, through central Georgia,southern Louisiana to southeast Texas where it became stationary andextended to the north-northwest along the eastern slopes of theRockies. This front was very weak through the Carolinas to southernLouisiana with no associated clouds. Cloudiness over Florida duringcountdown and launch consisted of a few scattered stratocumulusthrough central and south Florida with patchy middle and high cloudsover the Keys. Surface winds were west-southwesterly with speeds of5 m/sec or less. Visibilities were 10 miles or more. Impact areaconditions were clear to scattered cumulus with some patches of thincirrus,
Winds aloft were WNW to W up to 4 km; above 4 km winds werewest-southwesterly to approximately 21 km above which they becamevariable, Maximum speeds of 73 m/sec were observed at the 9.75 to10.25 km levels in the upwind release.
D. Surface Weather Observations
This information is given in the table on page 3.
2
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E. Upper Air Observations
1. Schedule of Upper Air Observations
This information is given in the table on page 4.
2. Wind Data
Launch site and downrange wind data are shown inFigures 4 and 5o Surface winds were west at 3.1 m/sec at the Capeand were calm at GBI0 Winds aloft at both the Cape and GBI werewest-northwest by 2 km altitude and backed slowly to become west-southwest by 10 km altitude, Reliable wind data terminated at 11 kmaltitude for GBIo Wind direction at the Cape continued from west-southwest from 10 km to 20 km and was variable from there to termi-nation of the data at 30.75 km altitude. Maximum wind speed at theCape was 73 m/sec at 9,75 km and 10.25 km altitude. GBI had amaximum wind speed of 78 m/sec, also at 9.75 km altitude.
The wind components are shown in Figures 6 and 7. Atailwind from the right was observed from the surface to 21 km atCape Canaveral and was variable in both the range direction andcross-range components above 21 km altitude. At GBI tailwinds fromthe right were observed from just above the surface to terminationof reliable data at 11 km altitude. Maximum range direction windcomponent at the Cape was a tailwind of 57.2 m/sec at 11.5 kmaltitude.
The rawinsonde measured wind shears computed at evenaltitude increments of 250 meters each are shown in Figure 8.
Wind data computed from radar data for the meteorologicalrocket flight are shown in Figures 9 and 10. Two maximum speedsare shown in the data. One at 43.5 km altitude of 36.5 m/sec andanother at 53 km altitude of 45°5 m/sec. The data above 50 km arequestionable.
3. Thermodynamic Quantities
Rawinsonde measured ambient temperatures (Fig. 11) werebelow the PAFB standard atmosphere at both the Cape and GBI from thesurface to 11 km altitude (Fig. 12). From 11 km to near 14 kmtemperatures were above standard at both stations. It was belowstandard from there to termination of the data for GBI. The Capehad another above-standard layer near 20 km, but with that exceptionwas below the standard from near 14 km to termination of the data.Maximum temperature deviation from the PAFB standard was 4.7 percentbelow standard at 1.25 km altitude for the Cape and 4,0 percentbelow standard at 17.5 km for GBI.
5
Pressure at both the Cape and GBI was below thestandard at all altitudes from 1 km to termination of the data(Fig. 12). Maximum deviation was at the highest altitude reached;31.5 km at the Cape with 5.7 percent below standard, and 28.75 kmat GBI with 6.4 percent below standard.
Density was above the standard from the surface to6.5 km at Cape Canaveral (Fig. 12). From there to termination ofmeasured data density was below the standard. Maximum deviation of5.8 percent above standard was measured at the surface at CapeCanaveral. The maximum density deviation for GBI was 3.6 percentabove standard at 1.5 km altitude.
The virtual potential temperatures for the Cape andGrand Bahama Island are shown in Figure 13. Figure 14 shows tempera-ture lapse rates for the Cape.
Relative humidity (Fig. 15) was slightly lower thanthat in the reference atmosphere from the surface to 500 metersaltitude for both the Cape and GBI. An increase in moisture contentbegan at near 500 meters and by 1.25 km altitude relative humidityat the Cape was near the reference atmosphere while that at GBIwas above. Above 2 km the relative humidity remained below 20percent except for a moist layer near 9 km altitude at GBI where itwent above 65 percent.
The index of refraction for Cape Canaveral and GrandBahama Island is shown in Figure 16. The Reference Atmosphere forPAFB is shown in Figure 17. Absolute deviations of the index ofrefraction (Fig. 18) for the Cape and GBI follow similar patterns,but with the largest deviations being at the Cape; (n-l)106 = 44.5units below the reference atmosphere at 1.75 km altitude.
III. CONCLUSIONS
Surface winds at the Cape at launch time were westerly 3.1 m/sec.Winds increased in speed aloft to become 73 m/sec at 9.75 km altitude.
Scattered cirrus clouds were reported at the Cape and clearskies at Grand Bahama Island.
6
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Cape Canaveral- .-- Grand Bahama Island
35--
20-
z20 _ ____ ___ __ _ ___
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Figure 4. RAWINSONDE MEASURED WIND SPEED, GAPE CANAVERAL,FLORIDA, AND GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND
10
Cape Canaveral- - Grand Bahama Island
4J 4J
0o~0
_ _ _ _ _ I _ _ _ _ _ _ _
00
z _______
4: 20 --- IU
4
IoI
0
5
I I
90 130 170 210 250 290 330 10 50
WIND DIRECTION - DEGREE
Figure 5. RAWINSONDE MEASURED WIND DIRECTION, CAPECANAVERAL, FLORIDA, AND GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND
11
- Cape Canaveral.
---- Grand Bahama Island
30- -~
0 2
20-
F-4
15-
04
1:)0
5.2 _____
01
-20 -10 0 t10 +20 +30 t40 +50 +60 m~sec
Figure 6. RANGE DIRECTION WIND COMPONENTS (Wx). CAPECANAVERAL, FLORIDA, AND GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND
12
-Cape Canaveral-------Grand Bahama Island
30.
O 25
20.
S 15-
04
0) 10
01
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 rn/sec
Figure 7. CROSS-RANGE WIND COMPONENTS (Wx), CAPE CANAVERAL,FLORIDA, AND GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND
13
Cape CanaveralG--- rand Bahama Island
35-
25
20
U
W4 -4
(n10._ _ _ - -
0
5
0.0 0. 01 0.02 0.03 0.o14 0.05 0.06 0. 07-WIND SHEAR -SEC-
1
Figure 8. RAWINSONDE MEASURED WIND SHEARS, CAPE CANAVERAL,FLORIDA, AND GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND
14
Loki II Launched 014i5z, 15 February 63
55
45-
U
01~
235-
20 -
0 10 20 30 4o0 50 60WIND SPEED - /SEC
Figure 9. WIND SPEED, METEOROLOGICAL ROCKET MEASURED,GAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA
15
Loki II - Launched 0145Z, 15 February 6355-
50-
45 -
>4
: U '
V 35-
V,30 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _0
25-
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120 160 200 240 280 32b 36oWIND DIRECTION - DEGREE
Figure 10. WIND DIRECTION, METEOROLOGICAL ROCKET MEASURED,
CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA
16
-Cape CanaveralGrand Bahama Island
35 /,30 /
/
25
20 -w)
d''
z
U) 1004; 1
180 200 220 24'0 260 20 300 320
TEMPERATURE - KELVIN
Figure 11. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE, CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA,
AND GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND
17
- Cape Canaveral - -- Grand Bahama Island
>4
En
U,)0~ 0
(-44
1:18
-Cape CanaveralGrand Bahama Island
30-
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20-
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0200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 KO
Figure 13. VIR TUAL -POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE, GAPE CANAVERAL,FLORIDA, AND GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND
19
Cape Canaveral- -Grand Bahama Island
30 -
z
14J
U 20 ~4)V
hi 414
4J,
S15-Observed Lapse Rate
SSmoothed Laps Rate
U) 10-
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Figure 14. TEMPERATURE LAPSE RATE, GAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA
20
- Cape CanaveralGrand Bahama Island
3 ~20_______
1315
~10(.4 ----V) -..
0 -r
020 4o0 60 8'0 100RELATIVE HUMIDITY - iERCENT
Figure 15. RELATIVE HUMIDITY, CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA,
AND GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND
Cape CanaveralGrand Bahama Island
3535-_____
30 309___L_
25 - - 25 ____
2a 20.
15- 15-
0 0l iO 4 6 o 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350INDEX OF REFRACTION ( n - 1) 106
Figu-re 16. INDEX OF REFRACTION, CAPE CANAVERAL, FLORIDA,AND GRAND BAHAMA I SLAND
IKmAAltitude
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t I7,41
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23
Cape CanaveralGrand Bahama Island
35-
30
0 25z
F4
141
.: 15
0
o 1i
5I
ni
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Figure 18. ABSOLUTE DEVIATION OF THE INDEX OF REFRACTION
FROM THE PATRICK AIR FORCE BASE REFERENCE
ANNUAL ATMOSPHERE
24
REFERENCEC
1. List, R. J.: Smithsonian Meteorological Tables, Sixth Edition,Revised 1951
2. Epstein, R. A.: Analysis of Refractive Index Errors, AFTR No. 2,1951
3. Smith, 0. E.: A Reference Atmosphere for Patrick Air Force Base,Florida (Annual), NASA Report TN-D-595, 1960
25
Report No. RR-TR-63-13
APPROVAL
DR. OSKAR M SEWNE
Chief, Aerophysics Branch
(JOHN P. HALLOWM, JR. Virector, Physical Sciences Laboratory
26
DISTRIBUTION
Commanding OfficerDetachment No. 11, 4th Weather GroupPAFB Weather Station, Florida
Commanding GeneralUSASRDLFt. Monmouth, New JerseyATTN: Mr. M. Lowenthal
Mr. A. Arnold
CommanderAir Force Cambridge Research LabL. G. Hanscom FieldATTN: Mr. N. Sissenwine
Chief, U. S. Weather BureauWashington 25, D. C.ATTN: Dr. H. E. Landsberg
Dir. of Climatology
Commanding GeneralU. S. Army White Sands Missile Range, New MexicoATTN: Missile Geophysics Division
Mr. H. ThompsonMr. W. Webb
Commanding General
U. S. Army Materiel CommandWashington 25, D. C.ATTN: AMCRD-RS-ES-A, Mr. Copeland
Chief, Air Defense DivisionOffice, Chief of Research and DevelopmentDepartment of the ArmyThe Pentagon, Room 3E 371Washington 25, D. C.ATTN: Dr. Lemons
Mrs. F. Whedon
The Atlantic Missile Range
Army Field OfficeU. S, Army Missile CommandPatrick Air Force Base, FloridaATTN: AMSMI-O
27
DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
Air Weather ServiceDirectorate of ClimatologySuitland, MarylandATTN: Mr. W. Spreen
Commanding GeneralArmy Electronics Research and Development ActivityFort Huachuca, ArizonaATTN: Chief, Meteorology Dept.
International Space CorporationP. 0. Box 395Melbourne, FloridaATTN: Dr. D. D. Woodbridge
NASA, George C. Marshall Space Flight CenterATTN: M-AERO-G, Mr. Vaughan
AMSMI-R-RG
DirectorMiss Elrod
-RF,Mr. ConardMr. Clugston
-RK-RB (5)-RR
Mr. HallowesMrs. Billions (2)Dr. EssenwangerMr. MumfordMr. BagleyMr. DudelDr. LacknerMrs. Wheeler (2)
-RAPAMCPM-PE-ETO
Defense Documentation Genter for Scientific andTechnical Information
Arlington Hall StationArlington 12, Virginia (10)
28
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AEROHY'S3lCS BRANCHPHYSICAL SCIZI '4CES LABORATORY
DIRECTORATE OF RES)EARCH AND DEVELOImENTU. S. ARY KI-SSILE COMMAND
Re~o A?, v.6,l, A14bsm
Report No. RR=TR-6.'-13, At. -f En -nt for PERSHING Missile 403,dated 1.5 April 1963, by Hub,'t D. 3gky extd NoveIla S. Billions.
Correction:
The legend for Figure 7, pagc 13, should read Cross-Range Wind
Components (Wz), Cape Cane.veral, '±orida, and Grand Bahama Island.
APPROVED
OSKAR M. ESSENWANGERChief, Aerophysics Branch
SJOHN P. HALLOWES, JR.Director, Physical Sciences Lab-ratorY