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U.S. States, Capitals, and Abbreviations

State Capital City Standard Abbreviation

Postal Abbreviation

Alabama Montgomery Ala. AL

Alaska Juneau Alaska AK

Arizona Phoenix Ariz. AZ

Arkansas Little Rock Ark. AR

California Sacramento Calif. CA

Colorado Denver Colo. CO

Connecticut Hartford Conn. CT

Delaware Dover Del. DE

Florida Tallahassee Fla. FL

Georgia Atlanta Ga. GA

Hawaii Honolulu Hawaii HI

Idaho Boise Idaho ID

Illinois Springfield Ill. IL

Indiana Indianapolis Ind. IN

Iowa Des Moines Iowa IA

Kansas Topeka Kans. KS

Kentucky Frankfort Ky. KY

Louisiana Baton Rouge La. LA

Maine Augusta Maine ME

Maryland Annapolis Md. MD

Massachusetts Boston Mass. MA

Michigan Lansing Mich. MI

Minnesota St. Paul Minn. MN

Mississippi Jackson Miss. MS

Missouri Jefferson City Mo. MO

Montana Helena Mont. MT

Nebraska Lincoln Nebr. NE

Nevada Carson City Nev. NV

New Hampshire Concord N.H. NH

New Jersey Trenton N.J. NJ

New Mexico Santa Fe N.M. NM

New York Albany N.Y. NY

North Carolina Raleigh N.C. NC

North Dakota Bismarck N.D. ND

Ohio Columbus Ohio OH

Oklahoma Oklahoma City Okla. OK

Oregon Salem Ore. OR

Pennsylvania Harrisburg Pa. PA

Rhode Island Providence R.I. RI

South Carolina Columbia S.C. SC

South Dakota Pierre S.D. SD

Tennessee Nashville Tenn. TN

Texas Austin Tex. TX

Utah Salt Lake City Utah UT

Vermont Montpelier Vt. VT

Virginia Richmond Va. VA

Washington Olympia Wash. WA

West Virginia Charleston W.Va. WV

Wisconsin Madison Wis. WI

Wyoming Cheyenne Wyo. WY

US Districts, Territories, and Possessions

Subdivision Standard Abbreviation

Postal Abbreviation Capital City

American Samoa n/a AS Pago Pago

District of Columbia D.C. DC Washington

Federated States of Micronesia FSM FM Palikir

Guam Guam GU Hagatna

Marshall Islands n/a MH Majuro

Northern Mariana Islands n/a MP Saipan

Palau Palau PW Koror

Puerto Rico P.R. PR San Juan

Virgin Islands V.I. VI Charlotte Amalie

Harris, English III

U.S. Presidents # Years Served

1 George Washington 1789-97

2 John Adams 1797-1801 3 Thomas Jefferson 1801-09 4 James Madison 1809-17 5 James Monroe 1817-25 6 John Quincy Adams 1825-29 7 Andrew Jackson 1829-37 8 Martin Van Buren 1837-41 9 William Henry Harrison 1841 (died in office)

10 John Tyler 1841-45 11 James K. Polk 1845-49 12 Zachary Taylor 1849-50 (died in office) 13 Millard Fillmore 1850-53 14 Franklin Pierce 1853-57 15 James Buchanan 1857-61 16 Abraham Lincoln 1861-65 (assassinated) 17 Andrew Johnson 1865-69 18 Ulysses S. Grant 1869-77 19 Rutherford B. Hayes 1877-81 20 James A. Garfield 1881 (assassinated) 21 Chester A. Arthur 1881-85 22 Grover Cleveland 1885-89 23 Benjamin Harrison 1889-93 24 Grover Cleveland 1893-97 25 William McKinley 1897-1901(assassinated) 26 Theodore Roosevelt 1901-09 27 William Howard Taft 1909-13 28 Woodrow Wilson 1913-21 29 Warren G. Harding 1921-23 (died in office) 30 Calvin Coolidge 1923-29 31 Herbert Hoover 1929-33 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933-45 (died in office)

33 Harry S. Truman 1945-53 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1953-61 35 John F. Kennedy 1961-63 (assassinated) 36 Lyndon B. Johnson 1963-69 37 Richard M. Nixon 1969-74 (resigned) 38 Gerald R. Ford 1974-77 39 Jimmy Carter 1977-81 40 Ronald Reagan 1981-89 41 George Bush 1989-93 42 Bill Clinton 1993-2001 43 George W. Bush 2001-09 44 Barack H. Obama 2009-Present

Name Period

Harris, H English III 1

The Colonial Period

1607-1765 Significance of the dates of the Colonial Period: 1607: English settlers found Jamestown, Virginia 1765: The passing of the Stamp Act by the English parliament enrage the colonists in

America, sparking opposition that leads to the American Revolution some eleven years later in 1776.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

1492

1565: - first permanent European settlement in

present-day United States (established by Spain).

1607: (in what is now Virginia) - first permanent English settlement in present-day United States.

o led by

1692: Salem witchcraft trials result in the execution of twenty people. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- “[D]iscovery was mutual rather than one sided” (take notes) Why was America explored?

o o o

Who settled?

o – religious reasons o – move from corruptions of Europe o – find new territory

PILGRIMS AND PURITANS

The Pilgrims were Puritans who were critical of the Church of England and gave up hope of “purifying”

it from within.

Instead, they chose to withdraw from the church. Leaving the church gave them the name Separatists; , their eventual leader, later named them the Pilgrims.

Scrooby Separatists the Netherlands (1608) 100 people on the Mayflower (take

notes) 1620: The Pilgrims arrive in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts (their intended destination was

present-day New York). o “starving time” – harsh winter – ! die. You’ll read about this in Of Plymouth Plantation. o The colony never grew large, and eventually it was engulfed by the Massachusetts Bay

Colony, the much larger settlement to the north.

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1630: Another group of Puritans start Massachusetts Bay Colony o The members of the Massachusetts Bay Colony were also Puritans, but did not leave the

Church of England. They wanted to establish a “city upon a hill,” a theocracy guided in all aspects by the Bible.

o led by

Puritan beliefs: o Human beings exist for the glory of God. o The Bible is the sole expression of God’s will. o - John Calvin’s doctrine that God has already decided who

will achieve salvation and who will not. Nevertheless, those who are to be saved cannot take their salvation for granted. For that reason, all devout Puritans searched their souls with great rigor for signs of grace.

o puritan ideals: hard work, frugality, self-improvement, and self-reliance o Good can only be accomplished through continual hard work and self-discipline, a principle

known today as the “Puritan ethic.”

Decline of Puritanism By the early 1700s, Puritanism was in decline throughout New England, as more liberal Protestant

congregations attracted followers. o 1720: : A reaction against those new, liberal ideas.

led by ministers such as Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield attracted followers, but did little to revive old-fashioned Puritanism Nevertheless, the Puritan ideals of hard work are still regarded as basic American

virtues.

THE SOUTHERN PLANTERS

The Southern colonies differed from New England in , ,

, and . o had large plantations, not small farms

Despite its romantic image, the plantation was in fact a large scale agricultural enterprise. o Up to 1,000 people, many enslaved, might live and work on a single plantation

1619: first black slaves brought to the colonies

LITERATURE OF THE PERIOD

To say that an “American” literature existed during the Colonial Period is somewhat .

o England had a tremendous influence on every “American” institution; most colonial writers modeled themselves after English writers.

o Because the colonists came from different lands and religious backgrounds with few unifying influences, it was difficult to form any “national” literature.

PURITAN LITERATURE

Just as religion dominated the lives of the Puritans, it also dominated their literature. theological studies, hymns, histories, biographies, autobiographies

o PURPOSE: to provide spiritual insight and instruction

Journals and diaries o PURPOSE:

Puritans produced neither fiction nor drama because they regarded them both as . Poetry

o PURPOSE: vehicle of spiritual enlightenment o More focus was placed upon a poem’s message than its literary form.

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PURITAN STYLE – Puritans believed in a plain style of writing, one in which clear statement is the highest goal.

o An ornate or clever style would be a sign of vanity and, as such, would not be in accordance with God’s will.

o Cotton Mather – important Puritan writer His theory of writing was that the more information a work contains, the better its style. His works on witchcraft helped stir up the hysteria that led to the Salem witch trials.

SOUTHERN WRITERS

wrote works of a practical nature, like the Puritans Unlike the Puritans, southerners did not oppose fiction or drama. 1716: The first theatre in America opens in Williamsburg, Virginia. The first were written during this period.

COLONIAL PERIOD QUIZ

We will study the following:

Narrative Accounts 56-57

Christopher Columbus 58-59 • from Journal of the First Voyage to America 60-62

John Smith 68-69 • from The General History of Virginia 70-75

William Bradford 68-69 • from Of Plymouth Plantation 76-83

Puritanism 2-13 Anne Bradstreet (poetry) 92-93

• “To My Dear and Loving Husband” Anne Bradstreet (AB) Packet • “The Author to Her Book” AB Packet • “In Memory of My Dear Grandchild,

Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being a Year and a Half Old” AB Packet

Jonathan Edwards (sermon) 100-101 • from “Sinners in the Hands of an

Angry God” 102-106

Name Period

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The Revolutionary Period (1765-1790)

1765 – The Stamp Act ignited the first serious opposition to English rule in the American

colonies.

1790 – after the implementation of the United States Constitution

During this period, the majority of American writing was politically motivated, whether supportive of English rule or revolutionary in character.

Poetry

• Most of the poetry was neoclassical, in imitation of English poet Alexander Pope. o neoclassical = characterized by simplicity, directness, order, decorum, balance,

unity, and an emphasis on reason o Poets used neoclassical forms and styles such as burlesque, satire, and epic for

political ends, especially the patriotic political end of independence. o Joel Barlow, Timothy Dwight, Philip Freneau, and John Trumbull wanted to

establish a classical standard for American literature. o Others were associated with the Graveyard School of Poetry and emphasized an

appreciation of nature, thereby foreshadowing romanticism. o Phillis Wheatley, an American slave and poet, inaugurated the African American

literary tradition with her volume Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773).

She became the first published African American poet.

Prose

• Revolutionary prose mostly promoted the movement for independence from England and the unification of the nation.

o Thomas Paine - Common Sense (1776) o Alexander Hamilton and James Madison - The Federalist Papers (1787-88) –

political theory underlying the U.S. Constitution o Benjamin Franklin - Autobiography (1771) o Thomas Jefferson - The Declaration of Independence (1776)

• The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy (1789), was written at the end of the Revolutionary Period.

Drama

• The first play written by an American and acted in America was Thomas Godfrey’s The Prince of Parthia (1767).

• Drama was the most influential and widespread outside of New England, where the Puritan suspicion of the medium remained strong.

• Dramas of the time were historical, didactic, and patriotic in nature.

Name Period

Harris, H English III

The Early National Period (1790-1828)

1790 – after the implementation of the United

States Constitution

1828 – election of Andrew Jackson as

President

• Unlike the writers of the Revolutionary Period, writers of the Early National Period began

to form distinctively American voices that developed with the formation of a new nation.

• William Cullen Bryant is perhaps the best known poet of the time.

• Washington Irving, and essayist and storyteller, became the first American prose writer to achieve international fame.

• North American Review – the first long-running American magazine

• During this period, the novel flourished.

o sentimental novels = “true” stories for moral instruction, warning young ladies of the perils of seduction

o gothic novels = focus on horror, suspense, doom, mystery, passion, and the grotesque and supernatural.

Charles Brockden Brown - Wieland (1798)

Revolutionary and Early National Quiz

We will study the following:

“On Being Brought from Africa to America” Phillis Wheatley 180 & notes; handout “An Hymn to the Evening” Phillis Wheatley 182 “To His Excellency, General Washington” Phillis Wheatley 185 from The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Olaudah Equiano 158; 161 “Speech in the Virginia Convention” Patrick Henry 200; 203 from The Age of Reason Thomas Paine 168 & notes; notes from Common Sense Thomas Paine 134 from The Crisis, Number 1 Thomas Paine 174 The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson 168; 170

The Romantic Period (1828-1865)

1828 – Andrew Jackson is elected President. 1865 – The Civil War ends.

The limits of American unity were tested during this period, due to the rapid rate of westward expansion and, more importantly, the issue of slavery. During this turbulent time, the first truly American literature was produced, with significant works appearing in all areas except drama, thereby giving rise to the name American Renaissance.

The Fireside Poets

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Oliver Wendell Holmes John Greenleaf Whittier James Russell Lowell

• The Fireside Poets gained their name from the popularity of their works, which were widely read as fireside

entertainment and in the schoolroom, where generations of children memorized them. • All four poets—all New England born and bred—chose uniquely American settings and subjects. • Their themes, meter, and imagery, however, borrowed heavily from the English tradition.

The Age of Transcendentalism

• The Romantic Period is often called the Age of Transcendentalism. • Transcendentalism is most closely associated with the poet and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Harris, H English III

Romantics emphasize emotion over intellect.

the individual over society. inspiration, imagination, and

intuition over logic, discipline, and order.

the wild and natural over the tamed. American romantic novelists and poets were heavily influenced by English romanticism and yet produced the first truly

distinctive American works.

Tenets Important Figures Other notes

Each individual is innately divine. Ralph Waldo Emerson pp. 384-385 Each individual has the ability to

discover higher truths. Henry David Thoreau The Dial

Humans have near god-like powers in their creative

imaginations. Margaret Fuller New England

The natural goodness of the individual should be glorified.

Amos Bronson Alcott

Self-reliance should be praised.

• Gothicism first developed in England during the late eighteenth century. • It first appeared in American literature in the works of Early National writer Charles Brockden Brown. • Gothic literature emphasizes horror, suspense, doom, mystery, passion, and the grotesque and supernatural.

Edgar Allan Poe (obsession, madness, horror)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (evil, guilt, moral despair)

Herman Melville (philosophical quests, truths about human nature and the universe)

• Edgar Allan Poe pioneered detective fiction through works like “Murders in the Rue Morgue.”

• Edgar Allan Poe is credited with being America’s first literary critic. The “American Renaissance”: American Literature reaches its first significant maturity…

• It is thought that the “American Renaissance” began with the works of Emerson in the 1830s and reached its height in the 1850s with Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851), Emerson’s Representative Men (1850), Melville’s Moby-Dick (1851) and Pierre (1852), Thoreau’s Walden (1854), and Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass (1855).

• Emily Dickinson – Emily Dickinson packet

• Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) is not only credited as America’s first sociological novel, but it is also said to have instigated the Civil War by its depiction of slavery.

• Louisa May Alcott, who sold her first story in 1852 and published her first book in 1854, became world-famous for her novel Little Women (1868).

• Slave narratives and autobiographies also increased in number and became increasingly popular in the North, even as they were banned in the South. Frederick Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass,

an American Slave (1845) and Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) are two of the most well-known examples of the slave narrative genre. “The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls” Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 272; 275

“Old Ironsides” Oliver Wendell Holmes 272; 281

from “Nature” Ralph Waldo Emerson 388; 390

from “Self-Reliance” Ralph Waldo Emerson 393

from Walden Henry David Thoreau 402; 404; 407

from “Civil Disobedience” Henry David Thoreau 416

“The Raven” Edgar Allan Poe 310; 330

“The Cask of Amontillado” Edgar Allan Poe packet

“America” Walt Whitman handout; notes

from “Song of Myself” Walt Whitman 442

“When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer” Walt Whitman 446

“I Hear America Singing” Walt Whitman 448

“Success is counted sweetest” Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson packet

“Faith is a fine invention” Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson packet

“I know that He exists” Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson packet

“I never saw a Moor—” Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson packet

“Apparently with no surprise” Emily Dickinson Emily Dickinson packet

The Gothic

Other Important Authors and Developments during the Romantic Period

Quiz – The Romantic Period/Bryant, Longfellow, & Holmes Test – Transcendentalism & Gothicism Test – Walt Whitman & Emily Dickinson

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Name Period

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The Realistic Period 1865-1900

• 1865 - The Civil War ends. • Forces including capitalist industrialization, Reconstruction, northern

urbanization, and rapid advances in communications, science, and transportation change American literature, society, and politics.

• Romanticism continued, but realism dominated. • romantic realism - a term applied to literature that draws on both

romanticism and realism. Romantic realists presented their subject matter accurately but wrote only about subject matter that was pleasant or positive.

• Realist works aim to present life as it really is, but do not set out to emphasize the negative, distorted, or ugly.

• As you know, poets like Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson began writing during the romantic period and continued throughout the realistic period.

• Other realist poets such as Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Stephen Crane, Richard Hovey, Sidney Lanier, and Edwin Arlington Robinson wrote entirely during the Realistic Period.

• The realistic period was also a high water mark for the novel. Influential realistic novelists include William Dean Howells, Charles W. Chesnutt, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Mark Twain, Edith Wharton, and Kate Chopin.

• Local color literature (works that emphasize the setting, customs, dialects, and other features peculiar to a given region) developed and thrived during this period.

• Short stories and historical novels also flourished during this period. Important Terms 12 romantic realism local color literature irony (review) - situational, dramatic, verbal muckraker/muckraking works (Save this one for the next period we will study.)

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The Naturalistic Period 1900–1914

• 1914 - World War I begins. • This period is called an “exaggerated form of Realism.” • Naturalistic writers drew on Social Darwinism, Friedrich Nietzsche’s doctrine of the

superman, and the pessimistic determinism of French writer Émile Zola. • Naturalism derives its name from the idea that human beings are part of nature and

subject to its laws. According to naturalists, o heredity and environment shape and control people’s lives; their behavior is

determined more by instinct than by reason. o there is no soul or spiritual world that ultimately distinguishes humanity from any

other form of life. • Characters in naturalistic works are generally portrayed as victims overwhelmed by

internal and external forces. • Stephen Crane is frequently credited with pioneering American naturalism.

o In Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893), Maggie, the heroine, becomes a prostitute in New York City after being abandoned by a man and eventually commits suicide.

• Other naturalistic novels include The Octopus (1901) by Frank Norris and The Call of the Wild (1903) by Jack London.

• Not all novelists of this period wrote naturalistic novels; many, such as Henry James and

Mark Twain, continued to write realistic novels. • Modern American poetry is often said to have begun during the Naturalistic Period.

o Imagism began to develop, although it flourished primarily during and after World War I.

Imagists rejected the sentimentalism of late-nineteenth-century verse in favor of a poetry that relied on concrete imagery.

Imagist poets regularly use everyday speech but avoid clichés, create new rhythms, address any subject matter they desire, and depict their subjects through precise, clear images.

The following is a famous imagist poem by modern poet William Carlos Williams:

so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens.

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• Significant American drama began to develop during this period. • Muckraking magazines and exposés began to develop during this period. Muckrakers

usually sought to expose the existence of an alliance between capitalist big business and corrupt politicians, who they believed created (and then covered up or ignored) numerous social problems.

o Ida Tarbell - The History of the Standard Oil Company (1904) o Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (1906) – a novel that exposed the disgusting conditions

and rampant corruption of Chicago’s meat-packing plants. The Jungle is perhaps the best-known muckraker work.

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Harris, English III H

The Modern Period 1914–1945

World War I begins. World War II ends.

• The United States, an isolationist nation before World War I (called the Great War by contemporaries), was characterized by significant tension between political isolationism and international involvement during the postwar period.

• As the country became increasingly isolationist, American authors marched to the beat of

a different drummer. They exhibited a growing interest in European authors, including the seventeenth century English metaphysical poets, the French Symbolists of the nineteenth century (who had themselves been influenced by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe), and writers of their own times, such as Irish expatriate author James Joyce.

• American writers of the period who felt disillusioned by the experience and aftermath of World War I quickly came to be termed the “Lost Generation.” These writers generally viewed the “traditional” American values of their youth as a sham and rejected American culture as hypocritical, given the senselessness of the war and its devaluation of human life.

o Their works reflected the pervasive sense of loss, disillusionment, and despair in the wake of the Great War.

o They sought to break away from tradition through experimentation with new literary devices and styles and challenged conventional ways of life.

o Their desire to break with tradition and their feeling that traditional literary conventions were no longer sufficient to reflect and make sense of their emotions and the drastically altered state of the world prompted modernist writers to experiment with form, syntax, and structure, creating works that are non-linear and non-traditional in discourse, narration, and overall structure.

o Many, including Gertrude Stein (around whom the others gathered), F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, e. e. cummings, Sherwood Anderson, and William Slater Brown, even became expatriates in Europe during the 1920s.

• Other modernist writers include W. H. Auden (born in England—became an American citizen), Edna St. Vincent Millay, H.D. (Hilda Doolittle), T.S. Elliot (who became a British subject), William Faulkner, Robert Frost, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams, Eleanor Wylie, and Richard Wright.

• The Harlem Renaissance – Flourishing during the 1920s, the Harlem Renaissance was the first time in American history that African American culture was deliberately highlighted for a diverse national audience via literature, theater, music, and dance.

o The Harlem Renaissance was centered in the almost exclusively African American area of Harlem in New York City.

o This period marked one of the high points of the Modern Period in American Literature.

o Arna Bontemps, Countee Cullen, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Jean Toomer are just a few figures associated with the Harlem Renaissance.