NY CULTURE CLUB TOPIC: EYGPT

THE NILE RUNS FOR 4,163 MILES

Amr bin Al-aas’s tent became Cairo

Greco-Roman Egypt

Ptolemaic Egypt: 332 to 30 BC

Roman Egypt: 30 BC to AD 395

Byzantine Egypt: 395 to 645

Ptolemy I built the library of Alexandria

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Encaustic on limewoodAncient Egypt, Roman Period

A.D. 100-150During the 1st to 3rd century AD in Egypt, painted panel portraits (more commonly referred to as Fayoum or Fayum portraits) were bandaged over the heads of mummies. These portraits depict

the inhabitants of Greco-Roman ancient Egypt in exacting detail. They were finely executed in encaustic paint on wood or stuccoed linen.Across the neckline of the boy's tunic is a Greek inscription: "Eutyches, freedman of Kasanios", then either "son of Herakleides, Evandros" or "Herakleides, son of Evandros".

EGYPTIANS CONVERTED TO CHRISTIANITY WITHOUT A HITCH

COUNCIL OF CHALDEON SPLITS THE COPTIC CHURCH FROM THE BYSZANTINE ORTHODOX AND ROMAN CHURCHES

CHRISTIANS IN EGYPT INDENTIFY THEMSELVES WITH A BLUE CROSS

Medieval Egypt

Arab Egypt: 639 to 1250Mamluk Egypt: 1250 to 1517Ottoman Egypt: 1517 to 1805

AMR BIN AL-AAS

CCALIPH UMAR SUCESSOR TO MOHAMMED STARTED IT ALL

• 640 - 646• Amr Ibn Al-Aas• Former emir of Syria. Secluded by Rashidun Caliph.• 640 - 641• The invasion of Egypt begins in the later months of 640. A victory at the Battle of Heliopolis delivers much of

the country to the Arabs, but the Babylon Fortress (in the region of modern-day Coptic Cairo) has to be besieged for several months before it surrenders. The Eastern Roman capital at Alexandria, capital of Egypt for a thousand years, surrenders a few months later and a peace treaty is signed in late 641 in the ruins of a palace in Memphis.

• 645• Egypt is briefly re-conquered by Eastern Roman forces, but their victory is short-lived. They are defeated at

the Battle of Nikiou and Egypt is secured by the Arabs for good.• 646 - 656• Abdullah Ibn Sa'ad• Foster brother of Uthman. Deposed by his replacement.• 655 - 661• The First Islamic Civil War is triggered when Ali ibn Abi Talib becomes the Rashidun caliph. The Sunni/Shia

split in Islam is created by his rule, with Sunni Muslims counting Abu Bakr as the first legitimate caliph, while the Shi'a count Ali as the first truly legitimate caliph. For two decades around these years the civil war rages in Arabia, and Ali is assassinated in 661.

Amr bin Al-aas’s tent became FUSTAT which became CAIRO

NOTICE THE TURNOVER• 656• The first stages of the civil war see Rashidun Caliph Uthman ibm Affan replaced by Ali ibn Abi Talib. Soon afterwards, Uthman's foster brother in Egypt, Abdullah Ibn Sa'ad, is also deposed.• 656 - 657• Muhammad Ibn Abi Huzayfa• In office for one year before he was killed.• 657• Qays Ibn Sa'ad• In office for six months but secluded.• 657• Malik Ibn Al-Harith• Died before he could take office.• 658• Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr• Son of Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr. In office for 5 months. Killed.• 658• Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the adopted son of Rashidun Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib, had been appointed governor of Egypt. However, Muawiyah I, governor of Syria (and soon to be the first Umayyad caliph), sends his

general, Amr ibn al-As and six thousand troops to take control. Ibn Abi Bakr is easily defeated, and is captured and killed.• 659 - 664• Amr ibn al-Aas• 661• Hasan, son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, is regarded as a righteous Rashidun caliph by Sunni Muslims, is recognised by only half the Islamic empire. He is challenged and ultimately defeated by Mu'awiya, the Umayyad governor

of Syria. Mu'awiya ensures he has a loyal governor in Egypt, which remains under firm Islamic control.• 664 - 665• Utba ibn Abi Suffyan Ibn Harb• Died in office.• 665 - 667• Oquba ibn Amir al-Gahny• Removed from office.• 667 - 682• Muslima ibn Makhlad al-Ansari• 682 - 684• Sa'id ibn Yazid ibn al-Qama al-Azdi• Removed from office.• 684• Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba ibn Gahdam• Removed from office.• 685 - 705

• Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam• 705 - 709• Abdullah ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan• Nephew. Removed from office.• 706• The Arabic language is made the official language of the government of Egypt, beginning the formation of Egyptian Arabic that is still the country's national language today.• 709 - 714• Qurra Ibn Sharik al-Absi• 714 - 717• Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi• Removed from office.• 717 - 720• Ayyub ibn Sharhabil• 720 - 721• Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi• Became Wali of Ifriqiyya and the Maghreb (720-728).• 721 - 724• Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi• Brother.• 724• Despite being a successful governor, Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi is replaced when the new Umayyad caliph, Hisham, succeeds in Damascus. The caliph sends his own brother to govern Egypt, but the new governor

swiftly proves to be a disappointment, beginning a run of poor governors.• 724• Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan• Brother of Umayyad Caliph Hisham. Left post during epidemic.• 724 - 727• Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf• Died in office.• 725 - 727• The resentment of the Copts (the unconverted Christian population of Egypt) against rising taxation triggers a revolt. Two years later, in order to strengthen Arab representation, a colony of 3,000 Arabs is set up near

Bilbeis.• 727• Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi• 727 - 735• Al-Walid ibn Rifa'a ibn Thabit al-Fahmi• Removed from office.• 735 - 737• Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi

• Removed from office.• 737• Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi is the latest in a string of bad governors. The Umayyad caliph, Hisham, removes him and finally decides to reinstate Handhala ibn

Safwan al-Kalbi to the post.• 737 - 741• Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi• Second term. Became Wali of Ifriqiyya and the Maghreb (742-745).• 741 - 744• Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami• Requested that he be replaced.• 744• Hasan ibn Atahiya• Abandoned his post.• 744 - 745• Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami• 745 - 749• Al-Hawthala ibn Sohayl al-Bahili• Removed from office.• 749• Al-Mughira ibn Unayd al-Fazari• Died in office.• 749• Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan Musa ibn Nussayr• Removed from office by the Abbasids.• 747 - 749• The Abbasids under Abu Muslim begin an open revolt in the Islamic Emirate of Khorasan against Umayyad rule. Khorasan quickly falls and an army is sent westwards.

Kufa falls in 749 and in November the same year Abu al-Abbas is recognised as caliph. The Umayyads are overthrown and massacred in the revolution, with the survivors fleeing to Spain where they rule independently. Caliph Marwan flees to Egypt, where he is captured and killed. This signals the end of the Arab empire, but loyal Abbasid governors are installed in Egypt.

MAMLUKS WERE ORGINALLY SLAVE BOYS FROM RUSSIA AND TURKEY