nutritional evaluation and mineral elements analysis of...

Current Trends in Biotechnology and PharmacyVol. 10 (4) 324-333 October 2016, ISSN 0973-8916 (Print), 2230-7303 (Online)

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Nutritional Evaluation and Mineral Elements Analysis ofThreatened Medicinal Plants Boucerosia indica (Wight &Arn.) Plowes and Caralluma adscendens (Roxb.) R.Br.

var. fimbriata Gravely & Mayur.

M. Naveen, M. Chandraasekhar and T. Pullaiah*Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur- 515055, A.P, India.

*For Correspondence - [email protected]

AbstractPlants are the rich source of all the

nutrients, minerals and elements essential forhuman beings. Explorations of less known edibleplants should be carried out and their cultivation,using modern agricultural practices, maysupplement our requirement of food. Technicalstudies on their nutritional values are neededbefore they can be suggested as sources of nonconventional foods to boost food supply.Boucerosia and Caralluma species arexerophytic succulents belonging to theApocynaceae family with approximately 100species distributed worldwide. These plants arefound in drier regions of India and used as a partof famine food and for antiobeity. Boucerosiaindica and Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata,being succulent, showed high percentage ofmoisture content, minimizing the amount of totalsolids to a meager. Ash content was found to bemoderate. By the present research we foundconsiderable concentrations of various major andminor mineral elements such as: Sodium,Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorous,Zinc, Manganese, Iron, but low levels ofChromium and Lead respectively. The above twoplants contained low levels of Fat, moderateamounts of Protein and Fibre, rich source ofCarbohydrate. Finally the Nutritive value is veryhigh in both the plants.

Key words: Boucerosia indica and Carallumaadscendens var. fimbriata, nutritional value,mineral elements

IntroductionPlants have been used as the source of

food from the time when human existence startedon earth. Since time immemorial, traditionalknowledge and indigenous evidences suggestthat a variety of wild edible plant species in Indiahave played a prominent role in providing foodand medicine for human beings as well asanimals. Edible plants may have different usesin different areas of the same country. Cultivatedplants are widely used today although wild edibleplants have the significant medical and the othereconomical properties. During the recent past,wild edibles have featured outstanding in thediscussions and framework of rural developmentand biodiversity conservation. Poor rural andtribal people depend on a wide variety of plants,animals and fungi for their own consumption andfor income generation. The South Indian regionis well known for these plants which are beingutilized by local inhabitants for various purposes,i.e., medicine, fuel, food, timber etc. The nutritivevalue of plant plays great role in plant and humanbeing, so material extracted from the natural plantthrough chemical or biotechnology method waselucidated by Chapman (1).

All human beings require a number ofcomplex organic compounds as added calorificrequirements to meet the need for their allmuscular activities. Humans require a suite ofmineral elements in varying amounts for propergrowth, health maintenance and general well-being. Human body comprises chemical

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compounds such as water, proteins, fatty acids,nucleic acids and carbohydrates; these in turnconsist of elements such as carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus etc. andminerals. Majority of the wild edible plants havingcarbohydrates, fats, fibre and proteins form themajor portion of the diet, while minerals andvitamins form comparatively a smaller part (2).Plants are capable of absorbing a wide range ofmineral ions with relevance to human nutritionand health. Well balanced diet that includesmixed sources of grains, fruits and vegetables,plant foods can make a significant contributionto daily nutritional and mineral needs at all stagesof the life cycle. Unfortunately, consumptionpatterns are not always ideal, and manyindividuals both in developed and developingcountries are failing to attain recommendednutritional and mineral intakes.

There are some important reports regardingmineral and nutritional analysis of plants. Jain etal. (3) have studied the analysis for mineralelements of some medicinal plants. Duhan et al.(4) extensively reported the value of some nonconventional plant foods of India. Gopalan et al.(5) worked out on nutritive value of Indian foods.Indrayan et al. (6) worked on determination ofnutritive value and analysis of mineral elementsfor some medicinally valued plants like,Artocarpus heterophyllus, Nelumbo nucifera etc.Nile and Khobragade (7) studied nutritive valueand mineral elements of important medicinalplants like Tinospora cordifolia, Gymnemasylvestre etc. Umar et al. (8) studied nutritionalcomposition of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)leaves. Sridhar and Bhat (9) have revealed aboutLotus a potential nutraceutical source.Aberoumand and Deokule (10) have alsofocused on nutritional values of some wild edibleplants like Asparagus officinalis, Alocacia indicaetc.

Boucerosia and Caralluma species aregrowing in India, Africa, Middle East, Spain andPakistan (11). Several species of these generaare found in India. Plants of these species are

edible and the medicinal properties include; anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anti-ulcer, anti-diabetic, anti-pyretic and anti-oxidant effects.Boucerosia and Caralluma extracts have alsobeen found to be appetite suppressant, a propertywhich is well known to Indian tribals and someCaralluma species are used in the treatment ofobesity. The extracts of Caralluma species in theform of capsules have been released underdifferent trade names like GENASLIM,SLIMALUMA etc. for body weight control orobesity (11).

Pharmacological review of Caralluma withspecial reference to appetite suppression andantiobesity was studied by Dutt et al. (12). Kunertet al. (13) researched on pregnane glycosidesof Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata.Quantitative determination of pregnanes fromaerial parts of Caralluma species using HPLC-UV and identification by LC-ESI-TOF was carriedby Avula et al. (14).

Obesity is a major global health problemand a risk factor for several chronic disorderssuch as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertensionand cardiovascular diseases. Kuriyan et al. (15)extensively researched on effect of Carallumafimbriata extract on appetite, food intake andanthropometry in adults. The huge benefits of theplant Caralluma well catered in Caralluma (16).Antiobesogenic and antiatheroscleroticproperties of Caralluma fimbriata extract foundby Soundararajan et al. (17). Plants belonging tothis genus are rich in esterified polyhydroxypregnane glycosides. The genus is alsocharacterized by the presence of flavoneglycosides (18). Caralluma umbellata has in vitroantibacterial activity and is used in traditionalmedicine by Indian tribes (19). Some selectedspecies of Caralluma and Boucerosia showedantiadipogenesis activity, cellular antioxidantactivity and pregnane steroid on cell lines (20,21). Evaluation of antiproliferative properties ofselected species of Caralluma and Boucerosiaon skin cancer cell lines was carried out by Vajhaet al. (22).

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Recent research has highlighted the needfor screening of nutritional and mineral propertiesof plants as they contain all the necessary mineraland nutrients which play a vital role in daily humandiet and activities. The present study is thereforeattempted to investigate the mineral and nutrientcomposition of two threatened medicinal plantspecies Boucerosia indica and Carallumaadscendens var.fimbriata (Fig. 1 and 2). Manyresearchers have tried to determine the nutritivevalues and mineral composition of manymedicinal plants, but to the best of our knowledgeno reports are available on the mineral andnutritional studies of Boucerosia and Caralluma.Fortunately, research in plant mineral nutrition isongoing globally and will continue to receive

much attention, because efforts to improve plantmineral status are important not only for thenutritional value of our food supply, but also forthe healthy and reproductive output of ouragronomic crops. However, more advanced,effective pharmacological and clinical studieswould be required to investigate in vivomechanism of nutraceutical effects of these veryimportant wild plant species.

Materials and MethodsMineral and Trace Elements Analysis: Plantmaterials (Fig. 1 and 2) were collected, washedwith lukewarm water and dried in shade. Toprepare the sample for mineral analysis, thewashed and dried materials were ground to finepowder and used for dried ashing. In each casethe powdered plant material was taken in a precleaned and constantly weighed silica crucibleand heated in a muffle furnace at 400oC till therewas no evolution of smoke. The crucible wascooled at room temperature in a desiccator andcarbon-free ash was moistened withconcentrated sulphuric acid and heated on aheating mantle till fumes of sulphuric acid ceasedto evolve. The crucible with sulphated ash wasthen heated in a muffle furnace at 600oC till theweight of the content was constant (~2–3 h). 1 gof sulphated ash obtained above was dissolvedin 100 ml of 5% HCl to obtain the solution readyfor determination of mineral elements throughatomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and flamephotometry (FPM). Standard solution of eachelement was prepared and calibration curveswere drawn for each element using AAS/FPM.

Proximate/ Nutritive Value Analysis: Fordetermination of nutritive value, variousparameters were studied using the crushed plantmaterial through (AOAC) Association of theOfficial Analytical Chemists methods 23. Moisturecontent, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, crude proteinand carbohydrate contents and overall nutritivevalue contents was analyzed by standardizedprotocols (24).

Determination of Moisture Content: Fordetermination of moisture content, the sample

Fig. 2. Natural habitat of Caralluma adscendensvar. fimbriata

Fig. 1. Boucerosia indica



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materials were taken in a flat-bottom dish andkept overnight in an air oven at 100–110oC andweighed. The loss in weight was regarded as ameasure of moisture content.

Determination of Ash Content: Fordetermination of ash content, 10 g of eachsample was weighed in a silica crucible. Thecrucible was heated first over a low flame till allthe material was completely charred, followed byheating in a muffle furnace for about 3–5 h at600oC. It was cooled in a desiccator and weighedto ensure completion of ashing. To ensurecompletion of ashing, it was heated again in thefurnace for half an hour, cooled and weighed.This was repeated till the weight becameconstant (ash became white or greyish white).Weight of ash gave the ash content.

Determination of Crude Fat: Crude fat wasdetermined by extracting 2 g moisture freesample with petrol in a Soxhlet extractor, heatingthe flask on a sand-bath for about 6 h, till a droptaken from the drippings left no greasy stain onthe filter paper. After boiling with petrol, theresidual petrol was filtered using Whatman No.40 filter paper and the filtrate was evaporated ina pre weighed beaker. Increase in weight ofbeaker gave crude fat.

Determination of Crude Protein: The crudeprotein was determined using micro Kjeldahlmethod. 2 g of oven-dried material was taken ina Kjeldahl flask and 30 ml conc. H

2SO

4 was

added followed by the addition of 10 g potassiumsulphate and 1 g copper sulphate. The mixturewas heated first gently and then strongly oncethe frothing had ceased. When the solutionbecame colourless or clear, it was heated foranother hour, allowed to cool, diluted with distilledwater and transferred to an 800 ml Kjeldahl flask,washing the digestion flask. 3 or 4 pieces ofgranulated Zn and 100 ml of 40% caustic sodawere added and the flask was connected withthe splash heads of the distillation apparatus.Next 25 ml of 0.1 N sulphuric acid was taken inthe receiving flask and distilled. When two-thirdsof the liquid had been distilled, it was tested for

completion of reaction. The flask was removedand titrated against 0.1 N caustic soda usingmethyl red indicator for determination of Kjeldahlnitrogen, which in turn gave the protein content.

Determination of Crude Fibre: Crude fibre wasdetermined to be reported along with the nutritivevalue. The estimation was based on treating themoisture and fat-free material with 1.25% diluteacid, then with 1.25% alkali. Then 2 g of moistureand fat-free material was treated with 200 ml of1.25% H

2SO

4. After filtration and washing, the

residue was treated with 1.25% NaOH. It wasthen filtered, washed with hot water and then 1%HNO

3 and again with hot water. The residue was

ignited and the ash weighed. Loss in weight gavethe weight of crude fibre.

Determination of Carbohydrate: Percentage ofcarbohydrate was given by: 100 – (percentageof ash + percentage of moisture + percentage offat + percentage of protein).

Nutritive Value was Finally Determined by:Nutritive value = 4 x percentage of protein + 9 Xpercentage of fat + 4 X percentage ofcarbohydrate. The percentage of various mineralelements and nutritive values were summarizedin tabular form.

Results and DiscussionThe sample solution for mineral analysis

was prepared first, then washed and driedmaterials were ground to fine powder and usedfor dried ashing. In each case the powdered plantmaterial was taken in a pre cleaned andconstantly weighed silica crucible and the samemethod was followed through, atomic absorptionspectroscopy (AAS) and flame photometry(FPM). Results of the mineral and trace elementsin two medicinal plants are given in Table- 1; Fig.3. The concentrations of these elements forBoucerosia indica and Caralluma adscendensvar. fimbriata are as follows; (w/w). Sodium (Na)is higher 65 mg/100 g in B. indica compared toC. fimbriata 40 mg/100 g. Sodium plays importantrole in transport of metabolites and takes part inionic balance of human body.

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Potassium (K) is higher with 260 mg/100 gin B. indica than C. fimbriata with 120 mg/100 g.Potassium regulates heart rhythms, important asa diuretic, maintain tissue excitability and normalmuscle contraction and helps in release ofchemicals which acts as nerve impulses. Itsdeficiency causes nervous irritability mentaldisorientation, low blood sugar, insomnia andcoma. Calcium (Ca) is also high in B. indica with4200 mg/100 g and moderate in C. fimbriata 2280mg/100 g. Calcium plays important role in buildingand maintaining strong bones, teeth and alsolarge part of human blood and extra cellular fluids.It is also necessary for normal functioning ofcardiac muscles, blood coagulation, milk clottingand regulation of cell permeability. Ca deficiencycauses rickets, back pain, osteoporosis,indigestion, irritability, premenstrual tension andcramping of the uterus.

The concentration of Magnesium (Mg) isslightly low in B. indica with 180 mg/100 g than

C. fimbriata with 200 mg/100 g. Magnesium ishighly required in plasma and extracellular fluid,maintains osmotic equilibrium and playsimportant role in formation and function of bones,muscles, prevents disorders, high blood pressureand depression, also plays important role inenzyme activity. Mg deficiency interferes withtransmission of nerve and muscle impulses,causing irritability and nervousness, prevent heartdiseases. Phosphorous (P) is low in B. indica with390 mg/100 g slightly high in C. fimbriata with420 mg/100 g. Phosphorous maintains bloodsugar level, normal heart contraction, cell growthand repair mainly needed for bone growth, acidbase balance and kidney function.

Zinc (Zn) is quite low in B. indica with 0.31mg/100 g compared to C. fimbriata whichcontains 0.40 mg/100 g. Zinc is a component ofmany metallo enzymes, including some enzymeswhich play a central role in nucleic acidmetabolism. In addition, Zn is a membrane

Fig. 3. Concentrations of various Mineral and trace elements



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stabilizer and a stimulator of the immuneresponse. Its deficiency leads to impaired growthand malnutrition. Manganese (Mn) is also low inB. indica is 0.40 mg/100 g and high in C. fimbriatawith 0.70 mg/100 g. Manganese is essential forhemoglobin formation, but excess is harmful. Iron(Fe) was comparatively low in B. indica with 20mg/100 g, and in C. fimbriata it was 22 mg/100g. Iron make body tendons and ligaments, certainchemicals of brain are controlled by presence orabsence of Iron, it is essential for formation ofhemoglobin, carries oxygen around the body. Fedeficiency causes anemia, weakness,depression, poor resistance to infection.

Chromium (Cr) was very low in comparisonwith all other mineral elements in both studiedplants. B. indica contains 0.02 mg/100 g, whereasC. fimbriata contains 0.01 mg/100 g. Chromiumis vital element as it works with insulin to stabilizeblood sugar level, help to absorb energy fromblood and increase muscle mass, reducing fatmass in human body, it plays a vital role in

metabolism of carbohydrates. Deficiency of Crresults in growth failure, cataract, hyperglycemia,neuropathy, atherosclerosis and leads todiabetes in human. Lead (Pb) is also lowestamong various biologically important elements.As it is 0.01 mg/100 g in B. indica and BDL (Belowdetectable level) in C. adscendens var. fimbriataLead is best known for its toxicological properties.Low levels of Pb in both plants suggested theirnon toxic nature.

Nutritive values of Boucerosia indica andCaralluma adscendens var. fimbriata were highon a dry matter (DM) basis. The percentages ofproximate analysis results (Table- 2; Fig. 4)revealed that dried part of B. indica has Moisturecontent 94.6 %, Ash content 22.52%, Crude Fat3.54%, Crude Protein 11.58%, Crude fibre15.00%, Carbohydrate 62.36% and finallyNutritive value 327.62 (cal/100gm). Where as inC. adscendens var. fimbriata, Moisture contentwas 95.10%, Ash content 15.81%, Crude Fat3.90%, Crude Protein 10.82%, Crude fibre

Fig. 4. Percentages of Proximate samples

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moisture concentration of these two plantsagrees with definitions of vegetables, which werecharacterized with high water content. Theprotein contains all of essential amino acids andforms the building blocks of bones, teeth,muscles, skin and blood. In addition, it helps toregulate fluid balance and acts as enzymestransporters. As an antibody, protein also helpsas a defense mechanism of the body againstdifferent diseases. The body can synthesizemany of the amino acids required for proteinsynthesis, but some amino acids must beobtained from the proteins in the diet. Plant food

Table 1. Mineral and trace elements composition of Boucerosia indica and Caralluma adscendensvar. fimbriata by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and flame photometry (FPM)

Minerals Boucerosia Caralluma adscendensmg/100 gm indica var. fimbriata

Sodium (Na) 65 40Potassium (K) 260 120Calcium (Ca) 4200 2280

Magnesium (Mg) 180 200Phosphorous (P) 390 420

Zinc (Zn) 0.31 0.40Manganese (Mn) 0.40 0.70

Iron (Fe) 20 22Chromium (Cr) 0.02 0.01

Lead (Pb) 0.01 BDL

Table 2. Proximate/Nutritive value composition of Boucerosia indica and Caralluma adscendensvar. fimbriata by Association of the Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods

Parameters Boucerosia Caralluma adscendensindica var. fimbriata

Moisture content (%) 94.61 95.10

Ash content (%) 22.52 15.81

Crude fat (%) 3.54 3.90

Crude protein (%) 11.58 10.82

Crude fibre (%) 15.00 16.82

Carbohydrate (%) 62.36 69.47

Nutritive value (cal/100gm) 327.62 356.26

16.82%, Carbohydrate 69.47% and lastlyNutritive value 356.26 (cal/100gm).

These two antiobesity plants containsconsiderable quantities of good source ofessential nutrients, which supports their use asfood, fodder and good source of variousimportant nutrients for humans as well as livestock. Boucerosia indica and Carallumaadscendens var.fimbriata with high vegetablecarbohydrate, fibre, sufficient protein and with lowfat. And also with suitable mineral elementsshowing high nutritive value. The elevated



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that provides more than 12% of its calorific valuefrom protein is considered as good source ofprotein. And mineral deficiency causes poorgrowth, impaired immune function and delayedmental development (25).

Adequate intake of dietary fibre (DF) playsan important role in decreasing the risks of manydisorders such as constipation, diabetes,cardiovascular diseases, diverticulosis, obesity,serum cholesterol level, hypertension, colon andbreast cancer (26). All the fractions (Cellulose,lignin, hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucilage)of dietary fibre are the major constituents of plantcell wall. As such, carbohydrate is the mostimportant source of food energy among themacronutrients, accounting between 40–80% oftotal energy intake (27). Fat is in tune with that adiet contain 1–2% of its calorific of energy as afat is said to be sufficient to human beings whileexcess fat consumption is implicated to certaincardiovascular disorders (28). However, thepresent findings suggest that B. indica and C.adscendens var. fimbriata could have greatpotential in nutritive value together with itsmedicinal properties.

Summary and ConclusionsPlants are complex organisms whose

mineral needs are determined by a number ofmolecular, cellular and whole-plant events.Boucerosia indica and Caralluma adscendensvar. fimbriata species have many medicinal andpharmaceutical uses and grow abundantly in theSouthern India, its sustainable harvest fromnature and cultivation may improve the localeconomy. Moreover, the xerophytic nature of thespecies may have advantages in cultivating indry slopes to protect the soil erosion. Thesepresent findings have important connotations inlight of upcoming organic foods, nutraceutical andpharmaceutical industries in the state. Ourresearch data show that both the plants containappreciable amount of proteins, fat, fibre,carbohydrate and calorific value, mineral, traceelements and generally low levels of toxicants.Thus, it can therefore be concluded that B. indicaand C. adscendens var. fimbriata can contribute

significantly to the nutrient requirements of manand should be used as a source of nutrients tosupplement other major sources. Chemicalanalysis however should not be the sole criterionfor judging the nutritional value of these twoplants. It is necessary to consider other aspectssuch as the biological evaluation of the nutrientcontents of these plants in order to determinethe bioavailability of the nutrients and also theeffects of processing on the chemical andnutritive value of the plants.

Mineral and Trace Elements Analysis: Theconcentrations of these elements for Boucerosiaindica and Caralluma adscendens var. fimbriata(Table- 1; Fig. 3) are as follows: w/w (mg/100 g)Sodium - 65 and 40, Potassium 260 and 120,Calcium 4200 and 2280, Magnesium 180 and200, Phosphorous 390 and 420, Zinc 0.31 and0.4, Manganese 0.4 and 0.7, Iron 20 and 22,Chromium 0.02 and 0.01 and Lead 0.01 and BDLrespectively.

Proximate or Nutritive Value Analysis:Boucerosia indica and Caralluma adscendensvar. fimbriata (Table- 2 & Fig. 4) contained94.61% and 95.81% of Moisture, 3.54% and3.90% Fat, 11.58% and 10.82% Protein, and15.00% and 16.82% Fibre, 62.36% and 69.47%Carbohydrate respectively. Finally nutritive valuewas calculated as 327.62 Cal/100g and 356.26Cal/100g for dry weight respectively.

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