Nutrition through the Life Span

Unit OnePrenatal and

Through the 1st Year (FNL 2, 3, 4)

FNL 1

Standards FCS-FNL-2. Students will discuss the requirements of

maternal and fetal nutrition during pregnancy. FCS-FNL-3. Students will discuss the proper feeding of

newborns by analyzing nutritional requirements and potential deficiencies of mother and child during the first weeks after birth.

FCS-FNL-4. Students will develop and analyze a nutritionally balanced diet for infants from birth through the first year of life.

FCS-FNL-1. Students will design and demonstrate a nutritious diet.

NUTRITION & EXERCISE DURING

PREGNANCY

Preparation for pregnancy

A mother brings to her pregnancy, all of her previous life experiences; diet, food habits, attitudes.

Birth defects occur before the 10th week of pregnancy.

The outcome of her baby’s health depends on mother’s nutritional state.

Prepare body 2 years ahead. If nutrients are lacking the mother suffers first and

then the baby suffers.

Bad diet can cause:

Premature birth Low birth weight Feeble, weak Inability to breast feed Deformed babies complications at birth Depression Babies have fewer brain cells

Weight Gain

25-30 pounds Total (average weight)

Two and five pounds in the first trimester

About one pound per week for the rest of your pregnancy.

Distribution o f Weight GainWEIGHT GAIN In POUNDS

7.5 – 8.57.54

2.72

1.81.510

28-29 Pounds Total

AREA Fetus Stores of Fat & Protein Blood Tissue Fluids Uterus Amniotic Fluid Placenta & Cord Breasts

Affect on body

Increased clumsiness Backache are the most common. Many women complain of leg- and ankle-

swelling (edema), but this symptom is actually caused by the extra amount of blood in your body, not fat.

Food Pyramid

Fatssparingly

Milk Meat3-4 2-3

Vegetables Fruit 4-5 3-4

Bread / Grain9-11

Food GroupsAnd Serving Amounts

Recommended Daily Allowance:

Normal Pregnant

F MCalories 2,200 2,800 +300

Bread 9 11 9-11

Vegetables 4 9 4-5

Fruit 3 4 3-4

Milk 3 3 3-4

Meat 2 (6oz) 3 (7oz) 2-3

Milk-Cheese Group - 3 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)Count as 1 serving: 1 cup milk, 1 1/2 cup cottage cheese; 2 cups ice cream; 2, 1-inch cubes cheese.

Meat, Poultry, Fish and Beans - 3 servingsCount as one serving: 2 to 3 ounces meat, fish or poultry; 2 eggs; 2 slices lunch meat; 4 Tbls. peanut butter; 1 cup kidney, pinto or garbanzo beans

Fruit Group - 3 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)

Count as 1 serving: 3/4 cup juice; 1 medium banana, apple or orange.

Vegetable Group - 4 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)Count as 1 serving: 1/2 cup cooked vegetables; 1 cup raw leafy vegetables; 3/4 cup juice. Include every day:

1 rich Vitamin C source such as citrus fruit and 1 dark green leafy vegetable.

Bread and Cereals Group - 9 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 to 2 servings)Count as 1 serving: 1 slice bread; 1-ounce ready-to-eat cereal; 1/2 to 3/4 cup cooked cereal or pasta.

Fats, Oils and Sweets Group - Use Sparingly Count as 1 serving: 1 Tbl. corn, safflower or cottonseed oil used in cooking or in salad dressing; 1 Tbl. butter or margarine.Cakes, pies, cookies, soft drinks, sugar, honey, candy, jams, jellies, gravies, butter, sour cream - Save these to eat only if you need extra calories after eating the basic needed foods.

Guide to Good Eating During Pregnancy

Sample Menu? 2000 Calories BREAKFAST

½ grapefruit¾ cup oatmeal1 tsp raisins1 whole wheat

English muffin1 tsp margarine

LUNCHSalad with:

1 cup romaine lettuce½ cup kidney beans,

cooked½ fresh tomato1 oz skim mozzarella

cheese2 tbsp low calorie Italian

dressing1 bran muffin½ cup cantaloupe chunks

AFTERNOON SNACK2 rice cakes6 oz low-fat yogurt, plain½ cup blueberries

DINNER¾ cup vegetables soup with

¼ cup cooked barley3 oz chicken, w/o skin1 baked potato½ cup cooked broccoli1 piece whole wheat bread1 tbsp margarine1 fresh peach

BEDTIME SNACK 1 apple

2 cups popcorn, plain¼ cup peanuts

“fast” food

1. Single serve fruit bowls

2. Soy milk

3. Tuna fish

4. Raisins

5. Yogurt

6. Easy-to-make trail mix

7. Salad Bar

8. Baby carrots

9. String Cheese

10. Boxed, calcium fortified orange juice

11. Single-serve boxes of cereal

12. Single-serve cottage cheese bowl

Foods to avoid:

1. Ramen Noodles

2. Sodas

3. Pre-packaged lunches

(like lunchables)

4. Almost all prepared, frozen meals

5. Iceberg lettuce

Exercise during Pregnancy

Reduces fatigue and helps manage stress Increases endurance and strengthening

muscles Help relieve back pressure Improve posture and balance Improve circulation & lowers

blood pressure Helps prepare for the strain of labor. Improve self image. Regain figure faster.

Exercises

1. Stretches for lower back

2. Upper back stretch

3. Pelvic Tilts

4. Kegels

Promoting a Healthy Teenage

Pregnancy

Jennifer Hillan, MSH, RD, LD/N

Family, Youth, and Community Sciences

University of Florida/IFAS

Facts and Figures

Teenage birth rates are declining in U.S. U.S. rates are highest among developed countries. Nearly 12% of all U.S. births in 2000 were to teens. Florida teen birth rate higher than U.S. average.(53.5 vs. 49.6 births per 1000 15-19 year olds in 1999) Poor and low-income teens have highest birth rates.National Center for Health Statistics, 2001Lenders et al, 2000

Behaviors of Teen Moms

Compared to pregnant adults, pregnant teens are more likely to: Receive late or no prenatal care Use tobacco

National Center for Health Statistics, 2002

Prenatal Care is Important

Best way to have a healthy baby. Manages both preexisting and

pregnancy-related health

conditions. Evaluates risk of poor pregnancy outcome. Health risks to mother and baby increase if late

or no prenatal care.

Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drugs

Use can lead to low birth weight, premature delivery, growth retardation, learning disorders, birth defects, miscarriage, or infant death.No “safe” level of smoking; even 1-5 cigarettes per

day can have harmful effects.

National Center for Health Statistics, 2002

Risks for Mom

Pregnant teens are at increased risk for health complications such as: Anemia High blood pressure Premature labor

Risks for Baby

Babies born to teens are twice as likely to be premature and of low birth weight.

Increased risk of developmental delays, serious and long-term illnesses, and death.

Infant death rate is three times higher in teen than in adult pregnancies.

Rees, Lederman, Kiely, 1996

Weight Gain Recommendations

Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) Weight Gain

Low (<19.8) 28-40 pounds

Normal (19.8-26) 25-35 pounds

High (>26-29) 15-25 pounds

Obese (>29) At least 15 pounds

Teens should strive for weight gain at upper end of ranges to support own and baby’s needs for growth and development.Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1990

Weight Loss During Pregnancy

Teenagers are often worried about weight gain. Pregnancy is not the time for dieting or weight loss,

even for obese females.Dieting deprives the body of important nutrients needed for

growth & development. Focus should be on adapting a healthy lifestyle,

including the right amount of healthful foods.

Pregnant Teens at Nutritional Risk

Mom is still growing and her needs for growth & development are compromised by baby’s needs for growth & development.

Mother and baby compete for nutrients. Pregnant teens often have diets low in iron, zinc,

calcium, folate, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin E.

Giddens at al, 2000

Nutrition for Pregnant Teens

Increased energy needs (+300 Kcals) Increased protein needs (+14-16 g)

This amount is usually met by average American diet. Increased need for many vitamins and minerals Focus on nutrient-dense foods

Nutrients of Special Concern

Calcium (1300 mg/day for all girls 9-18) Calcium absorption is increased during pregnancy,

so recommendations are same for pregnant and nonpregnant teens.

Teens often have low calcium intakes. Increased calcium intakes have been associated

with lower rates of pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature delivery.

Ortega et al, 1999; Repke and Villar, 1991

Nutrients of Special Concern

Folate (600 g/day for pregnant teens and adults)

Teens often have low folate intakes. Helps prevent neural tube defects. Good sources include oranges and orange

juice, lentils and dry beans, green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals.

Nutrients of Special Concern

Iron (27 mg/day for pregnant teens and adults) Teens often have low iron intakes. Needs are greatly increased during pregnancy. Most common deficiency in pregnancy. Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with premature

delivery, low birth weight, and increased rates of infant death.

Supplement recommended.

Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences, 2000

Food Guide Pyramid

With the exception of iron and possibly folate, nutrient needs can be met through smart food choices from the FGP.

FGP Recommendations for Pregnant Teens

Food GroupNo. of Servings Daily

Bread, cereal, rice & pasta 9 or more

Vegetable 4 or more

Fruit 3 or more

Milk, yogurt & cheese 4

Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans, eggs & nuts 2-3

Fats, oils & sweets Use sparingly

Food Safety During PregnancyPregnant women are at high risk for

listeriosis, a foodborne illness caused by Listeria monocytogenes.

Listeriosis can have serious effects, including miscarriage.

Food Safety During Pregnancy Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite

Toxoplasma gondii, is also a special concern during pregnancy.

Toxoplasmosis can be passed to the fetus and cause blindness and retardation.

In addition to raw meat, Toxoplasma can also be present in soil and cat litter.

Food Safety During PregnancyTo reduce the risk of foodborne illness, pregnant women

should avoid: unpasteurized milk and milk products soft cheeses such as feta, Brie, Camembert, blue-

veined, and Mexican-stylePasteurized processed cheese slices and spreads, cream cheese, and

cottage cheese are OK. cold, ready-to-eat hot dogs & luncheon (deli) meatsThese meats are OK if they are heated until steaming hot.

Food Safety During Pregnancy

More foods to avoid: raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or seafood refrigerated smoked seafood or seafood

spreads, and pateCanned meat and seafood are OK. UNWASHED fruits and vegetables

Additional Precautions Against Toxoplasmosis

Pregnant women should: wear gloves if handling soil have someone else clean cat litter

If that’s not possible, wear gloves and immediately wash hands afterwards.

Clean cat box daily, since infection can only occur a few days after feces is passed.

Breastfeeding

Many benefits for both mom and baby. More teens try breastfeeding after receiving

breastfeeding education. Teens who become pregnant shortly after

first menstruation may have immature mammary glands and/or not enough breast tissue for successful lactation.

Volpe and Bear, 2000

Recommendations for a Healthy Pregnancy

Teens should be encouraged to: seek medical care as soon as pregnancy is suspected avoid the use of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs follow weight gain recommendations take supplements as prescribed by health care provider follow the Food Guide Pyramid and eat a variety of foods receive breastfeeding education

Prenatal Assignments

Find out the current rate of teenage pregnancies in Telfair County? Georgia?

http://www.georgiastats.uga.edu/crossection.html

What is your family history of teen births? Would you like to share a story?

Nutrition

You are taking care of an expectant mother on bed rest.

Plan a meal. Write the menu including nutritional facts. Cook the meal.

Pregnancy resources

Create a tip book for pregnant moms that includes region and area resources for assistance.