nutrition in animals
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Nutrition in AnimalsNutrition – A basic need
2Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
1 Different types of Animals – A brief Introduction• 1.1 Flowchart• 1.2 Food Intake
2 The food chain
3 Dietary categories• 3.1 Dietary categories
4 Why do animals require nutrition?• 4.1 Balanced diet
• 4.1.1 Obesity• 4.1.2 Malnourishment
• 4.2 Essential Nutrition
5 The digestive system• 5.1 Digestion• 5.2 Continuation
Contents
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6 Modes of Digestion• 6.1 Intracellular Digestion• 6.2 Extracellular Digestion• 6.3 Digestive Systems in Different Animals• 6.3.1 AVES • 6.3.2 REPTILIA• 6.3.3 MOLLUSCA
7 Nutrition• 7.1 Nutrition and digestion chart
8 Modes of Nutrition• 8.1 Autotrophic mode of nutrition• 8.2 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition• 8.3 Examples • 8.4 Composition
9 Conclusion
Thank you
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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1 Different types of Animals – A brief IntroductionAnimalia
Pisces
Reptilia
Mammalia
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Mollusca
Amphibia
Aves
Nutrition in Animals – Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
1.1 Flowchart
Fig 1.1
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1.2 Food Intake
Porifera •Bacteria•Plankton
Arthropoda •Insects•Other insects
Mammalia •Meat•Vegetables
Reptilia •Chicken•Waxworms
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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• Bug larvae• BacteriaNematode• Small Animals• AlgaeMollusca• Other Fish • PlanktonPisces• Worms• Small AnimalsAves• Worms• FliesAmphibia
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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2 The food chain
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Fig 2.1
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3 Nutrition Based Division of Animals
• Animals eat whenever they get the opportunity.
• The categories of their diets are :
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Animals
OmnivoresEx : Humans
HerbivoresEx : Cows
CarnivoresEx : Bengal tiger
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3.1 Nutrition Based Division of Animals
Ex : Humans, Bears, RaccoonsOmnivores• Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals or even algal
matter
Ex : Cows, Hares, Gorillas Herbivores• They are animals that mainly eat autotrophs, i.e. Plants
Ex : Sharks, Snakes, Lions, TigersCarnivores• They are animals that eat other animals and meat
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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4 Why do animals require nutrition?
• Animals are heterotrophs that require food for various reasons. Three of them are :
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Chemical EnergyFuel
•The cells in the body require energy to work. Nutrition provides the energy required for cellular action to take place.
BiosynthesisBone Growth
•Bone cells grow rapidly during the growth of an animal. Nutrition provides energy for Biosynthesis in which the carbon cells make new cells.
Ready-made formNutrients
•Animals cannot make all the nutrients required all by itself using raw materials. These nutrients are fed to the animal in a readymade form.
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4.1 Balanced diet
• It is important to consume the right amount of nutrition or calories.
• Consuming too much can lead to Obesity.
• Consuming calories less than the required amount can lead to Malnourishment.
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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4.1.1 Obesity• Obesity is the result of
excessive consumption of Nutrients or calories, especially fats and cholesterol.
• Obesity is a growing problem in Humans. It is important to control it for a healthy living.
• Instead of using the excessive fat cells, the body stores it.
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Fig 4.1 Obese lab rats
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4.1.2 Malnourishment
• Malnourishment is the result of deficiency of calories
• It is important to consume enough nutrition for the body to function properly.
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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4.2 Essential Nutrition
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish TembhurneFig 4.1
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5 The digestive system
• Digestion begins in the mouth where food is
chewed with the teeth. The process stimulates
exocrine glands in the mouth to release
digestive enzymes such as salivary amylase,
which aid in the breakdown of food, particularly
carbohydrates. Chewing also causes the release
of saliva, which helps condense food into a
bolus that can be easily passed through the
oesophagus.
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
5.1 Digestion
Fig 5.1
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5.2 Continuation
• The food enters the stomach upon passage
through the cardiac sphincter. In the stomach,
food is churned and thoroughly mixed with a
digestive fluid, composed chiefly of hydrochloric
acid, pepsin and mucus ,to further decompose it
chemically for a few hours. As the acidic level
changes in the stomach and later parts of the
digestive tract, more enzymes are activated or
deactivated to extract and process various
nutrients.Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Fig 5.2
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6 Modes of Digestion
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
6.1 Intracellular DigestionIntracellular Digestion takes place in the cytoplasm of an organism. This type of nutrition is observed in Amoeba and Paramecium
Fig 6.1
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6.2 Extracellular Digestion
• In this type of digestion, digestion takes place outside the cell.
• It takes place either in the lumen of the digestive system or the gastric cavity or other digestive organs, or even outside the body
• It is found in annelids, arthropods and vertebrates
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Fig 6.2
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6.3 Digestive Systems in Different Animals
• 6.3.1 AVES
• Birds have no teeth so digestion does not begin in the mouth, all of the food
breakdown must occur within the digestive system. Food enters through the
mouth where it passes down the oesophagus into the crop. This organ is
where the food is stored and begins to soften. From here it moves into the
stomach, which churns the food and makes it more simpler to digest.
• The food moves into the intestine, first into the small intestine and then
onto the large intestine. At the point where the small and large intestine
meet are two pouches or caeca, which absorb the water from the food. The
food becomes harder and enters into a chamber called the cloaca. It then
passes out of the body through a lining called proventriculus.
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Fig 6.3
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6.3.2 MOLLUSCA• The mollusc digestive system has millions of microscopic hair
like fibres along the main digestive tract and has several
divisions for the different organs. The first section contains
the mouth and oesophagus and is the site of the initial
breakdown of food. There is a specialised file like radula
found in the mouth, which acts like teeth or a tongue in the
food breakdown. In many molluscs the stomach has a flexible
rod, which is made up of mucus and proteins in a crystalline
structure. This secretes the digestive juices and enzymes and
acts as a kind of stirring stick, mixing up the stomach
contents to aid digestion. The final section of the digestive
tract contains the intestine and anus, from which the waste is
removed.
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Fig 6.5
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7 Nutrition
• There are six major classes of nutrients
carbohydrates, fats, minerals, proteins,
vitamins, and water.
• Nutrition is the process of breaking
down food and substances taken in by
the mouth to use for energy in the body.
• All these components are essential for
living animals for their everyday work
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Fig 7.1Nutrition sources
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7.1 Nutrition and digestion chart
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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8 Modes of Nutrition• Modes of nutrition mean methods of procuring food or obtaining food by
an organism.
• All the organisms do not obtain their food in the same way.
• Different organisms have different methods of procuring food or obtaining food. In other words, organisms differ in their modes of nutrition
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Mode of nutrition
Autotrophic
Heterotrophic
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8.1 Autotrophic mode of nutrition
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
• In autotrophic nutrition, the organism synthesizes its own food from the inorganic
raw materials like carbon dioxide and water present in the surroundings by using the
sunlight energy.
• Organic material (food) is made from inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and
water by utilizing the sunlight energy. The green plants have an autotrophic mode of
nutrition. The autotrophic bacteria also obtain their food by the autotrophic mode of
nutrition (though most bacteria are not autotrophic). The organisms having
autotrophic mode of nutrition are called autotrophic organisms or just autotrophs.
• Those organisms which can make their own food from carbon dioxide and water are
called autotrophs.
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8.2 Heterotrophic mode of nutrition • In heterotrophic nutrition, the organism cannot make its own food from the inorganic raw
materials like carbon dioxide and water, and uses the food made by autotrophic organisms
directly or indirectly. Heterotrophic nutrition is that mode of nutrition in which an organism
cannot make its own food from simple inorganic materials like carbon dioxide and water, and
depends on other organisms for its food.
• A heterotrophic organism is a consumer which derives its nutrition from other organisms. That
is, a heterotrophic organism has to eat other organisms for its nutrition. All the animals have a
heterotrophic mode of nutrition. Most bacteria and fungi also have heterotrophic mode of
nutrition. The organisms having heterotrophic mode of nutrition are called heterotrophic
organisms or just heterotrophs.
• Those organisms which cannot make their own food from inorganic substances like carbon
dioxide and water, and depend on other organisms for their food are called heterotrophs.
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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8.3 Examples
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
Fig 8.3
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8.4 Composition
Fats Protein Carbohydrate Other0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Nutrition composition in a regular diet
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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9 Conclusion
• There is a diversity in animals and each type of animal intakes different type of food to satisfy their nutrition requirements.
• Not all animals gain nutrition from the same source.
• Different animals require nutrition in Various amounts.
• Therefore, Animal Nutrition is a basic need.
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
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Presentation by
Jaideep Nalwade
Prathamesh Chavan
and Nimish Tembhurne
Sinhgad Public School , Kamalapur
Nutrition in Animals - Jaideep Nalwade , Prathamesh Chavan and Nimish Tembhurne
THANK YOU