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NUSG 109Module 2

Discuss the following:

1. Sampling Design

This allows making inferences to indicate that the measurement obtained from a

small sample can be generalized to a larger population from which the sample has been

drawn. For instance, one is buying mangoes. He picks up one mango from a crate of

mangoes and tastes it. If the mango is sweet, then he concludes and says that the mangoes

in the crate are sweet although he has tasted only one mango.

2. Probability Sampling Design

In probability sampling design, the sample is a proportion (a certain percent) of

the population and such sample is selected from the population by means of some

systematic way in which every element of the population has a chance of being included

in the sample.

3. Non-Probability Sampling Design

In non-probability sampling design, the sample is not a proportion of the

population and there is no system in selecting the sample. The selection depends upon the

situation.

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4. Differentiate Sample from Population

The word population refers to the groups or aggregates of people, animals,

objects, materials, happenings or things of any form. This means that there are

populations of students, teachers, supervisors, principals, laboratory animals, trees,

manufactured articles, birds, insects, and many others. Your concerns are the properties

descriptive of the group or aggregate rather than the properties of particular members.

If your interest is on the few members of the population to represent their

characteristics or traits, these members constitute a sample. The measures of the

population are called parameters, while those of the sample are called estimates or

statistics.

5. How will the Researcher Establish Validity and Reliability of an Instrument?

The following must be observed to make observation more valid and reliable:

a. Use observation where and when other data gathering devices cannot be used.

There are behavioral activities where only observation can be used for collecting

data. Examples are school subjects such as vocational education construction;

physical education, say running; music, say singing; dramatics, say acting;

speech, say oration; etc. In farming, the farmers may be observed in actual work

for some data.

b. Use appropriate observation forms. Use the checklist if every objective data are

to be gathered; the rating scale, if activities or things are to be evaluated or rated;

and the anecdotal record if the activity is a complex one and it has to be observed

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in action. Use replayable mechanical devices for a more in-depth and accurate

analysis of the aspect of behavior observed.

c. Record immediately. The purpose of recording immediately what have been

observed is to insure that the things observed are recorded accurately. If things

observed are not recorded at once, distortions may occur in the recording and this

makes the data gathered inaccurate and unreliable. Forgetting sets in immediately

after an activity and the observer has to record first before he forgets.

d. Be as objective as possible. Record exactly what occurred and rate or evaluate the

person or activity observed without bias or preconception. The results of

observation and the study as a whole will be faulty if biases or stereotyped

conceptions are allowed to interfere in the evaluation.

e. Base evaluation on several observations. In science, the average of several

measurements or trials is generally used as a basis for a conclusion. This should

also be in observation. The average of several observations is admittedly more

accurate, valid, and reliable than the result from one observation alone.

6. What are the different types of Research Design?

a. Historical method. To reconstruct the past objectively and accurately, often in

relation to the tenability of a hypothesis.

b. Descriptive method. To describe systematically a situation or area of interest

factually and accurately.

c. Developmental method. To investigate patterns and sequences of growth and/or

change as a function of time.

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d. Case and Field method. To study intensively the background, current status, and

environmental interactions of a given social unit: an individual, a group, an

institution, or a community.

e. Correlational method. To investigate the extent to which variations in one factor

correlate with variations in one or more other factors based on correlation

coefficient.

f. Causal-comparative or Ex post facto method. To investigate possible cause

and effect relationships by observing some existing consequence and looking

back through the data for plausible causal factors.

g. True experimental method. To investigate possible cause and effect relationships

by exposing one or more experimental groups to one or more treatment conditions

and comparing the results to one or more control groups not receiving the

treatment, random assignment being essential.

h. Quasi-experimental method. To approximate the conditions of the true

experiment in a setting which do not allow the control or manipulation of all

relevant variables. The researcher must clearly understand what compromises

exist in the internal and external validity of his design and proceed within these

limitations.

i. Action research. To develop new skills or new approaches and to solve problems

with direct application to the classroom or other applied setting.

7. What are the different types of Descriptive Research Design

a. The Survey. Survey, other known as Normative survey, is a fact finding study

with adequate and accurate interpretation. It is used to collect demographic data

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about peoples behavior, practices, intentions, beliefs, attitudes, opinions,

judgements, interests, perceptions, and the like and then such data are analyzed

organized, and interpreted.

b. The Case Study. Case study is a comprehensive, complete, detailed, and in-depth

study and analysis of an individual, institution, group, or community, the aim of

which is to identify causal factors to some abnormality or deficiency and to find

and recommend a solution, a treatment, or developmental procedures.

c. Content Analysis. Content analysis as a research technique deals with

documentary materials that are already existing and available. It is a research

technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of the

manifest content of communication. Since content analysis deals with

documentary materials, content analysis and documentary analysis is one and the

same thing.

8. What are the major types of Variables?

a. The Independent Variables. The Independent variables are the conditions or

characteristics the experimenter manipulates in his or her attempts to ascertain

their relationship to observed phenomena.

b. The Dependent Variables. The Dependent variables are the conditions or

characteristics that appear, disappear, or change that the experimenter introduces,

removes or changes independent variables.

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9. What are the methods in gathering Research Data?

A. Clerical Tools. Clerical tools are used when the researcher studies people and gathers

data on the feelings, emotions, attitudes, and judgements of the subjects. Examples are

the following:

a. The Questionnaire Method. Is a set of questions which, when answered properly

by a required number of properly selected respondents, will supply the necessary

information to complete a research study. The questionnaire is commonly used in

behavioral research or social research.

b. The Interview Method. Is a purposeful face to face relationship between to

persons, one of whom called the interviewer who asks questions to gather

information and the other called the interviewee or the respondent who supplies

the information asked for.

c. The Empirical Observation Method. Is a perceiving data through the senses: sight,

hearing, taste, touch and smell. The sense of sight is the most used among the

senses. Observation is the most direct way and the most widely used in studying

behavior.

d. The Registration Method. Is a process of listing down items of the same kind in

some systematic manner for record purposes. Registered matter maybe classified

alphabetically, chronologically, qualitatively, quantitatively or otherwise.

e. The Testing Method. Is a specific type of measuring instrument whose general

characteristic is that, it forces responses from a pupils skill, knowledge, attitudes,

etc.

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f. The Experimental Method. Is a highly controlled procedure in which manipulated

treatments or actions from a factor or condition, called the experimental or

independent variable, are applied upon another factor or condition, called the

dependent variable, to determine the effect of the former upon the latter, all other

factors or variables being kept constant or equal so that any change in the

dependent variable is attributable only to the experimental or independent

variable.

g. The Library method. The library is the main source of both conceptual and

0prepared to spend considerable amount of his time and effort in performing this

essential phase of research process.

B. Mechanical Devices. In clued almost all tools (such as microscopes, telescopes,

thermometers, rulers, and monitors) used in the physical sciences. In the social sciences

and nursing, mechanical devices include such equipment as tape recorders, cameras, film,

and video tape.

10. Differentiate a Subject of the Study from the Respondents of the Study.

Subjectarecertain types of people, families, social clubs, and the like who are actually

selected to participate in the study.

Respondents are all kinds of people, whether literate or illiterate, rich or poor, laborer or

capitalist, etc who can make replies to questions of an interview or questionnaires.

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11. What is the Sample size of a Population of Nursing Students = 1,980?

Given:

Population, N = 1,980

Margin of Error, e = 3% (assumed)

Required:

Sample Size, n

Solution:

n = N / (1 + Ne

2

)

n = 1,980 / [1 +1980(.03)2]

n = 1,980 / [1 +1.782]

n = 711.72

n = 712 answer

12. What is the Title of your Study?

The Degree of Satisfaction and the Problems Encountered by the Clients and

Implementors of the Children Immunization Program of the City Health Office in

Bacolod, Negros Occidental: Baseline Study for an Enriched Program.

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13. State the Objectives, Hypotheses, and Scope

Objectives

This study will be conducted in order to gather valuable information as to the

degree of satisfaction and the problems encountered by the clients and implementors of

the Children Immunization Program of the City Health Office in Bacolod, Negros

Occidental.

Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is the degree of satisfaction of the clients in the availment of the program as to

dissemination of technologies, technical services, and the distribution of vaccines

when they are taken as a whole and when they are grouped according to the clients

childrens age, sex, and the kinds of vaccines availed of?

2. Is there a significant difference in the degree of satisfaction with regards to the

implementation of the program when they are grouped as to clients childrens age,

sex, and the kinds of vaccines availed of?

3. What are the problems encountered by the clients with regards to the services

rendered through the Children Immunization Program?

4. What is the degree of satisfaction of the Implementors with regards to the

implementation of the Children Immunization Program?

5. What are the problems encountered by the implementors in the implementation of the

Children Immunization Program?

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Hypotheses

The following hypotheses are formulated by the Researcher:

1. The degree of satisfaction of the clients in the availment of the program when

grouped as to the dissemination of technologies, technical services, and the

distribution of vaccines when taken as a whole, and when grouped according to the

clients childrens age, sex, and the kind of vaccines availed of from the Children

Immunization Program is average.

2. There is no significant difference in the degree of satisfaction of the clients when

they are grouped according to clients childrens age, sex, and the kind of vaccines

availed of.

3. The problems encountered by the clients centered on the technical services, and the

distribution of vaccines.

4. The degree of satisfaction of the implementors in the implementation of the Children

Immunization Program is average.

5. The problems encountered by the implementors centered on the management aspect,

availability of stock of vaccines, and the attitudes of the clients.

Scope

This study is limited to the evaluation on the degree of satisfaction of the clients

and the implementors when taken as a whole or when they are grouped according to the

dissemination of technologies, technical services, and the distribution of vaccines, as well

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as the problems they may encounter in the implementation of the Children Immunization

Program of the City Health Office in Bacolod, Negros Occidental from 2000 to 2004.