NURSING RESEARCH

A Scientific process that validates and refines the existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly influences nursing practice.

Delphi Technique

A flexible survey that aims to transform individual opinions into group consensus

Hawthorne Effect

The tendency of some individuals to perform better due to the attention they get as participants in an experiment.

Variable

2 types: Dependent Variable – the presumed “effect” Independent Variable – the presumed “cause”

Hypothesis

It is a statement of the anticipated or expected relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

1. There is a relationship between frequency of prenatal visit and infant birth weight.

IV: Frequency of prenatal visit DV: infant birth weight

2. Perceived social support is positively related to psychosocial adjustment to breast cancer.

IV: Perceived social support DV: Psychosocial adjustment to breast

cancer

3. There is a relationship between nurses’ length of service and job performance.

IV: length of service DV: Job performance

2 TYPES OF RESEARCH

Quantitative – collection of numerical data- Involves statistical analysis and

control of research conditions Qualitative – collection of narrative data

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Experimental True Experimental design - manipulation - control group-randomization Quasi-experimental – no randomization Pre-experimental – no manipulation

TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH Non-experimental Survey Studies – facilitate identification of certain

population based on data gathered on certain variables

Ex. Most commonly used herbal remedies in Brgy. Sto. Nino

Correlation – examine the degree of relationship

between variablesEx. The relationship between the grades in

RLE and lectures of 4TH YR Nrsg Students

Comparative – examine the differences between

groups on a specific dependent variable Ex. A research study comparing the

differences in the self-esteem of battered women and non-battered women

Methodological – develop, test and evaluate research

instruments and methods Ex. The construction of a valid and

reliable rapport scale

TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEACH Phenomenological – provides of human experiencesEX. Lived experience of Filipino Nurses

working as caregivers in AmericaEthnographic – involves in gathering and analysis of

data about a specific cultural group EX. The child birth practices of Aetas

Historical – involves in gathering, evaluation and

synthesis of data from the pastEX. Nurses and unions:Evolution of Filipino

Nurses’ perception towards unionism Grounded Theory – involves in the development of a

theory from collected and analyzed data. The theory is grounded in the data.

EX. The experience of pre-menstrual menopause in women in early stage breast cancer.

Case Study – involves in depth analysis of a

person, a group of persons or institutions

EX. “Till death do us part”, caring for a spouse with AIDS

INDICATE QN OR QL:1.Deductive reasoning- QN1.Naturalistic Paradigm – QL1.Subjective Approach – QL1.Cause-effect relationship – QN1.Logical Positivism - QL

TYPES OF RESEARCH ACCDG TO METHODOLOGY Descriptive – exploration and description

- questionnaire, interview, observation Correlation – examines the linear relationship between two or

more variables- (-) or (+) relationship

Quasi-experimental – cause and effect Experimental – Independent variable is manipulated Historical – study conducted regarding the past

COMPUTER-ASSISTED RESEARCH CINAHL Rndex MEDLINE Healthstar ERIC Nursing Research Index Online Journals

SAMPLING

Process of identifying and selecting participants suitable for a study

TYPES OF SAMPLING PROBABILITY SAMPLING Simple random sampling – each element of the population has

an equal chance of being selected Stratified random sampling – population is subdivided into

subgroups upon which random samples are chosen

Proportional stratified sampling – population is divided into stratum

and a sample that is proportion with the size of that stratum in the total population is taken

Disproportional stratified sampling – ensures adequate sampling when a strata are unequal in size

Cluster random/multi-stage sampling - large groups “clusters” are considered as sampling units

Systematic random sampling – utilizes sampling interval in the selection of samples like every 5th,10th, 15th, 20th.

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING Convenience/Accidental/Incidental –

readily available subjects are used Snowball/network sampling – the

subject themselves refer individuals they know who meets the criteria for the study

Quota sampling – convenience sampling is used to arrive at the desired number of sample for each stratum

Purposive – selection of subjects based on a specific set of criteria identified by research

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY Mean- Average sum of a set of scores Median- Middle score in a group of data Mode- Most frequent occurring score in a

group of data

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

T-Test - To examine the difference between

the means of two groups of values Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) - To examine the difference among

more than two means Chi-square test- To compare sets of data that are in

the form of frequencies or percentages

PRACTICE DRILLSituation: Jane dela Cruz is a clinical

instructor in the neurology unit. She supervises a group of nine students who got the following scores in their 20 item post-test: 12,15,15,18,17,15,19,20,16.

1.Mean – 161.Median – 171.Mode - 15