numerical study and simulation in comsol multiphysics of

Numerical Study and Simulation in COMSOL Multiphysics of theDilution Process during Dust’s sampling in Dry Machining.

1University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS*Corresponding author

Abstract:during the dust’s measurement has risen in recentyears with the interests of researchers andengineers woroccupational safety sector. In fact, the study ofmachining process recommended adequatedevices with best sampling. Furthermore, theexcellent measurement of fine and ultrafineparticle passed through the dilution ofconcentpropose a numerical study and graphicsimulationduring dry machining. The constitutiveStokesin COMSOL Msimulation of dilutionwhich wasdirectionmean of dilution ratio

Keywords:Mult

1. Introduction

principacaused by airborne particles in workplace. Thequantitative evaluation ofparticle emitted duringseriouslyZimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc weldinggrindingPMmaterials (6061and different cuttingfeed, metal removal ratein [12]level of pThconcentration in the sampling and themaintenance of air quality device(Laser photometer_


University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS*Corresponding author

Abstract:during the dust’s measurement has risen in recentyears with the interests of researchers andengineers woroccupational safety sector. In fact, the study ofmachining process recommended adequatedevices with best sampling. Furthermore, theexcellent measurement of fine and ultrafineparticle passed through the dilution ofconcentpropose a numerical study and graphicsimulationduring dry machining. The constitutive

tokesin COMSOL Msimulation of dilutionwhich wasdirectionmean of dilution ratio

Keywords:Multiphysics, D

1. Introduction

Metallic’sprincipacaused by airborne particles in workplace. Thequantitative evaluation ofparticle emitted duringseriouslyZimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc weldinggrindingPM2.5

materials (6061and different cuttingfeed, metal removal rate

turning, Zaghbani &[12] in milling permitted tolevel of pTheir works proofed the badly influence of highconcentration in the sampling and themaintenance of air quality device(Laser photometer_



Abstract:during the dust’s measurement has risen in recentyears with the interests of researchers andengineers woroccupational safety sector. In fact, the study ofmachining process recommended adequatedevices with best sampling. Furthermore, theexcellent measurement of fine and ultrafineparticle passed through the dilution ofconcentrationpropose a numerical study and graphicsimulationduring dry machining. The constitutive

tokes equations and CFD kin COMSOL Msimulation of dilutionwhich wasdirection. The experimental setupmean of dilution ratio

Keywords:iphysics, D

1. Introduction

Metallic’sprincipal responsible of health effectscaused by airborne particles in workplace. Thequantitative evaluation ofparticle emitted duringseriously Zimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc weldinggrinding [4]. Songmene &al. [5,

2.5 concmaterials (6061and different cuttingfeed, metal removal rate

turning, Zaghbani &in milling permitted to

level of peir works proofed the badly influence of high

concentration in the sampling and themaintenance of air quality device(Laser photometer_



Abstract: The importance of dilution’s issueduring the dust’s measurement has risen in recentyears with the interests of researchers andengineers woroccupational safety sector. In fact, the study ofmachining process recommended adequatedevices with best sampling. Furthermore, theexcellent measurement of fine and ultrafineparticle passed through the dilution of

rationpropose a numerical study and graphicsimulation for the best choice ofduring dry machining. The constitutive

equations and CFD kin COMSOL Msimulation of dilutionwhich was the

. The experimental setupmean of dilution ratio

Keywords: iphysics, D

1. Introduction

Metallic’sl responsible of health effects

caused by airborne particles in workplace. Thequantitative evaluation ofparticle emitted during

interestZimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc welding

[4]. Songmene &al. [5,concentration

materials (6061and different cuttingfeed, metal removal rate


level of particle concentrationeir works proofed the badly influence of high



WengaUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

*Corresponding author

The importance of dilution’s issueduring the dust’s measurement has risen in recentyears with the interests of researchers andengineers working in environmental andoccupational safety sector. In fact, the study ofmachining process recommended adequatedevices with best sampling. Furthermore, theexcellent measurement of fine and ultrafineparticle passed through the dilution of

ration. The aim of this paper ispropose a numerical study and graphic

for the best choice ofduring dry machining. The constitutive

equations and CFD kin COMSOL Multiphysicssimulation of dilution

the inlet and outlet in the. The experimental setup

mean of dilution ratio

Mixing, iphysics, Dilution

1. Introduction

Metallic’s particle wasl responsible of health effects


interestZimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc welding

[4]. Songmene &al. [5,entration

materials (6061-T6, A356, AZ91E, 70and different cuttingfeed, metal removal rate


article concentrationeir works proofed the badly influence of high



WengaUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

*Corresponding author

The importance of dilution’s issueduring the dust’s measurement has risen in recentyears with the interests of researchers and

king in environmental andoccupational safety sector. In fact, the study ofmachining process recommended adequatedevices with best sampling. Furthermore, theexcellent measurement of fine and ultrafineparticle passed through the dilution of

The aim of this paper ispropose a numerical study and graphic


equations and CFD kultiphysics

simulation of dilutioninlet and outlet in the

. The experimental setupmean of dilution ratio

ixing, ilution

1. Introduction

particle wasl responsible of health effects


interested byZimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc welding

[4]. Songmene &al. [5,entration

T6, A356, AZ91E, 70and different cuttingfeed, metal removal rate



concentration in the sampling and themaintenance of air quality device(Laser photometer_DUSTTRAK,


Wenga NtchepingUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

*Corresponding author: 1100






simulation of dilution and choiceinlet and outlet in the

. The experimental setupmean of dilution ratio with 95% confidence.

ixing, ilution factor



ed byZimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc welding

[4]. Songmene &al. [5,entration during drilling for various

T6, A356, AZ91E, 70and different cutting conditions (feed, metal removal rate



concentration in the sampling and themaintenance of air quality device

DUSTTRAK,


NtchepingUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

: 1100






and choiceinlet and outlet in the

. The experimental setupwith 95% confidence.

ixing, Simulafactor



ed by researchZimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc welding

[4]. Songmene &al. [5,during drilling for various

T6, A356, AZ91E, 70conditions (

feed, metal removal rate...). turning, Zaghbani &al [

in milling permitted toarticle concentration

eir works proofed the badly influence of highconcentration in the sampling and themaintenance of air quality device

DUSTTRAK,


NtchepingUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

: 1100, Notre





equations and CFD k-ɛultiphysics to obtain

and choiceinlet and outlet in the

. The experimental setupwith 95% confidence.

imulafactor, D

particle was considered as thel responsible of health effects

caused by airborne particles in workplace. Thequantitative evaluation of fine and ultrafineparticle emitted during dry

researchZimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc welding

[4]. Songmene &al. [5,during drilling for various


). Khettabi &al [11]

in milling permitted to article concentration


DUSTTRAK,


Ntcheping1

University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS, Notre




for the best choice of dilution’sduring dry machining. The constitutive

ɛ modelto obtain

and choice inlet and outlet in the

. The experimental setup with 95% confidence.

imulation, COMSOLDry

considered as thel responsible of health effects

caused by airborne particles in workplace. Thefine and ultrafine

dry machiningresearch

Zimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc welding

[4]. Songmene &al. [5, 6] during drilling for various


Khettabi &] and Kouam &al

in milling permitted to evaluate the high in the experiment


DUSTTRAK,


1*, University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

, Notre-Dame Ouest Montréal (Québec) H3C 1K3




dilution’sduring dry machining. The constitutive

ɛ modelto obtain the gra

and choice the inlet and outlet in the

. The experimental setup confirmed thewith 95% confidence.

tion, COMSOL machining.



machiningresearchers.

Zimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the numberaerosol size distribution in arc welding

6] quantified theduring drilling for various

T6, A356, AZ91E, 70conditions (cutting speed,

Khettabi &and Kouam &al

evaluate the highin the experiment


Aero


KamguemUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

Dame Ouest Montréal (Québec) H3C 1K3




dilution’sduring dry machining. The constitutive

model was usedthe gra

the alternativeinlet and outlet in the same

confirmed thewith 95% confidence.

tion, COMSOLmachining.



machining. In 2002,

Zimmer &al. have studied the influence ofoperating parameters on the number-weightedaerosol size distribution in arc welding [3], and

quantified theduring drilling for various

T6, A356, AZ91E, 70-30 Brass)cutting speed,

Khettabi &al [and Kouam &al



Aero-dyn





king in environmental andoccupational safety sector. In fact, the study ofmachining process recommended adequatedevices with best sampling. Furthermore, theexcellent measurement of fine and ultrafineparticle passed through the dilution of high


dilution’s issuesduring dry machining. The constitutive Navier

was usedthe graphicalternative

sameconfirmed the

with 95% confidence.


considered as thel responsible of health effects [1,


machining In 2002,

Zimmer &al. have studied the influence ofweighted[3], and


30 Brass)cutting speed,

al [7and Kouam &al



dynamic





king in environmental andoccupational safety sector. In fact, the study ofmachining process recommended adequatedevices with best sampling. Furthermore, theexcellent measurement of fine and ultrafine

highThe aim of this paper is to

propose a numerical study and graphicissuesavier-

was usedphic

alternativesame jet

confirmed the


considered as the[1, 2]


wasIn 2002,

Zimmer &al. have studied the influence ofweighted[3], and



7-10]and Kouam &al

evaluate the highin the experiment.


amic


Kamguem1

University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPSDame Ouest Montréal (Québec) H3C 1K3

The importance of dilution’s issue during the dust’s measurement has risen in recent years with the interests of researchers and

king in environmental and occupational safety sector. In fact, the study of machining process recommended adequate devices with best sampling. Furthermore, the excellent measurement of fine and ultrafine

high to

propose a numerical study and graphic issues

-was used

phic alternative

jet confirmed the

tion, COMSOL

considered as the 2]

caused by airborne particles in workplace. The fine and ultrafine

was In 2002,

Zimmer &al. have studied the influence of weighted [3], and

quantified the during drilling for various


] and Kouam &al

evaluate the high .

eir works proofed the badly influence of high concentration in the sampling and the maintenance of air quality device

amic


1, University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS



KouamUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS


ParticleUniform Deposit Impactor_Low Pressure impactor_Mobility Particle Sizer_And Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation ParticleCounter_Sizer_negative phenomena was caused by particle’scollision [13electrical attraction between particles in motion[18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],aggregation [20],[22], condensation and sedimentation [23].

was proposed in this study. A simple diluteradapteddesigned in CATIA V5 and linked in COMSOLMThe present paper wasGoverningnumerical mDiscu

2.

used to modeling the fluid transport and themixing rate.composed ofmomentum equation (conservation equation (

∂∂

Where:of heat, acceleration,volumetric mass of the air,mixture,

ρ

∂∂

t∂∂ ρH


KouamUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS


ParticleUniform Deposit Impactor_Low Pressure impactor_Mobility Particle Sizer_And Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation ParticleCounter_Sizer_negative phenomena was caused by particle’scollision [13electrical attraction between particles in motion[18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],aggregation [20],[22], condensation and sedimentation [23].

Twas proposed in this study. A simple diluteradapteddesigned in CATIA V5 and linked in COMSOLMultiThe present paper wasGoverningnumerical mDiscu

2. Governing

Theused to modeling the fluid transport and themixing rate.composed ofmomentum equation (conservation equation (ρ +

∂∂

t

Where:of heat, acceleration,volumetric mass of the air, mixture,

j

t

uρ+

∂

t+H


Kouam1

University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPSDame Ouest Montréal (Québec) H3C 1K3

Particle Uniform Deposit Impactor_Low Pressure impactor_Mobility Particle Sizer_And Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation ParticleCounter_Sizer_DMnegative phenomena was caused by particle’scollision [13electrical attraction between particles in motion[18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],aggregation [20],[22], condensation and sedimentation [23].

To reduce these effects, the dilution issuewas proposed in this study. A simple diluteradapted designed in CATIA V5 and linked in COMSOL

ultiphysicsThe present paper wasGoverningnumerical mDiscussions; and Conclusion

Governing

The used to modeling the fluid transport and themixing rate.composed ofmomentum equation (conservation equation (

ρ

∂∂

i

i

x

u

Where: Hof heat, acceleration,volumetric mass of the air, mixture,

ρ

∂∂

+

(∂ ρ


1 University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS


Particle Size Spectrometer_Uniform Deposit Impactor_Low Pressure impactor_Mobility Particle Sizer_And Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation ParticleCounter_CPC, Diffe

DMPS) available in the laboratory. negative phenomena was caused by particle’scollision [13electrical attraction between particles in motion[18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],aggregation [20],[22], condensation and sedimentation [23].

o reduce these effects, the dilution issuewas proposed in this study. A simple diluter

to designed in CATIA V5 and linked in COMSOL

physicsThe present paper wasGoverning numerical m

ssions; and Conclusion

Governing

The Navierused to modeling the fluid transport and themixing rate.composed ofmomentum equation (conservation equation (

0=

H: total enthalpy per mass unit,of heat, τij: viscous stress tensor, acceleration,volumetric mass of the air, mixture, ui: displacement

i

ji

x

uuρ

∂

x∂ρH


andUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS


Size Spectrometer_Uniform Deposit Impactor_Low Pressure impactor_Mobility Particle Sizer_And Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation Particle

CPC, DiffePS) available in the laboratory.

negative phenomena was caused by particle’scollision [13-15], particle’s leakage lose [16, 17],electrical attraction between particles in motion[18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],aggregation [20],[22], condensation and sedimentation [23].


the sampling during machining wasdesigned in CATIA V5 and linked in COMSOL

physics to simulate the dilution process.The present paper wasGoverning equations; Methods; Theorynumerical m


Governing

Navier-used to modeling the fluid transport and themixing rate. composed of momentum equation (conservation equation (

0

: total enthalpy per mass unit, : viscous stress tensor,

acceleration, volumetric mass of the air,

: displacement

−=

x

P

i

+


and University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS



CPC, DiffePS) available in the laboratory.

negative phenomena was caused by particle’s15], particle’s leakage lose [16, 17],

electrical attraction between particles in motion[18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],aggregation [20], coalescence [21], coagulation[22], condensation and sedimentation [23].



to simulate the dilution process.The present paper was

quations; Methods; Theorynumerical model;


Governing equations

-Stokesused to modeling the fluid transport and the

The constitutive equation wascomposed of continuity equation (momentum equation (conservation equation (


qi: diffusion heat flow,volumetric mass of the air,

: displacement

jx

P

∂∂−

)u i


University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

Dame Ouest Montréal (Québec) H3C 1K3, [email protected]


CPC, Differential Mobility ParticlePS) available in the laboratory.


electrical attraction between particles in motion[18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],

coalescence [21], coagulation[22], condensation and sedimentation [23].



to simulate the dilution process.The present paper was

quations; Methods; Theoryodel;


quations

Stokesused to modeling the fluid transport and the

The constitutive equation wascontinuity equation (

momentum equation (conservation equation (


: diffusion heat flow,volumetric mass of the air,

: displacement

∂∂

+

+=


SongmeneUniversity of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

[email protected]

Size Spectrometer_Uniform Deposit Impactor_Low Pressure impactor_Mobility Particle Sizer_SMAnd Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation Particle

rential Mobility ParticlePS) available in the laboratory.






to simulate the dilution process.The present paper was organized

quations; Methods; TheoryExperimental r


quations

Stokes constitutive equationused to modeling the fluid transport and the


momentum equation (conservation equation (eq.



: displacement

i

ji

x ,

∂∂τ

i

∂∂ ,τ



[email protected]

Size Spectrometer_APS, MicroUniform Deposit Impactor_MOUDI, ELow Pressure impactor_

SMPS, Light DetectionAnd Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation Particle







to simulate the dilution process.organized


ssions; and Conclusion.

quations

constitutive equationused to modeling the fluid transport and the


momentum equation (eq.eq.3) [24]



gρ+

x

u

i

jj,



[email protected]

APS, MicroMOUDI, E

Low Pressure impactor_ELPI, SPS, Light Detection

And Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation Particlerential Mobility Particle

PS) available in the laboratory. negative phenomena was caused by particle’s

15], particle’s leakage lose [16, 17],electrical attraction between particles in motion[18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],




to simulate the dilution process.organized




eq.2), and energy[24]


: diffusion heat flow,volumetric mass of the air, P: pressure in the

jg

+ ρ


Songmene1 University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS

[email protected]

APS, MicroMOUDI, EELPI, S

PS, Light DetectionAnd Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation Particle







to simulate the dilution process.organized in six sections




), and energy[24]:


: diffusion heat flow,: pressure in the

ug iiρ


University of Quebec/École de technologie Supérieure/Mechanical engineering/LIPPS [email protected]

APS, MicroMOUDI, EELPI, S








to simulate the dilution process.in six sections




), and energy

: total enthalpy per mass unit, S: viscous stress tensor, gi: gravity


i ∂∂−

Numerical Study and Simulation in COMSOL Multiphysics of the

[email protected]

APS, Micro-OrificeMOUDI, ElectricalELPI, Scanning


rential Mobility ParticlePS) available in the laboratory. These







quations; Methods; Theory Experimental results;


The constitutive equation wascontinuity equation (eq.

), and energy

S: source: gravity


x

q

i

i +∂∂


[email protected]

rificelectricalcanning


rential Mobility ParticleThese



coalescence [21], coagulation




andesults;

constitutive equation wasused to modeling the fluid transport and the

The constitutive equation waseq.1

), and energy

: source: gravity

: diffusion heat flow, ρ

: pressure in the

S+

(1)

(2)

(3)


[email protected]

rifice-lectrical canning

PS, Light Detection And Ranging_LIDAR, Condensation Particle

rential Mobility Particle These

negative phenomena was caused by particle’s 15], particle’s leakage lose [16, 17],

electrical attraction between particles in motion [18], agglomeration of particles in the pipe [19],

coalescence [21], coagulation

o reduce these effects, the dilution issue was proposed in this study. A simple diluter

the sampling during machining was designed in CATIA V5 and linked in COMSOL

to simulate the dilution process. in six sections:

and esults;

was used to modeling the fluid transport and the

The constitutive equation was 1),

), and energy

: source : gravity

ρ: : pressure in the

(1)

(2)

(3)

© The author(s). URL: https://www.comsol.dk/paper/numerical-study-and-simulation-in-comsol-multiphysics-of-the-dilution-process-du-13157

∂∂ρε

t

∂+∂

∂ρ

3. Methods

ThemechaniccombinedGenerally, Navierfluid withDynamic (CFD) was proposed to solvenumerically the problem and simulate itgraphically. Themade in CATIA V5 and liveMultiphysicsCOMSOL Mulfollowing

−

−

−

−

−

4.

equation was solved and solution convergencewas given with kthe two following equationsturbulent kinetic energy andof turbulent energy.

Gk

Gb

forces;fluctuation in turbulence for (1.92, σε: turbulent Prandtl number forσε

Triangular meshelements and profreedomimplemented by[25

t

k

∂∂ρ

εx

u

i

i

∂∂ρ

3. Methods

The dilution phenomenon wasmechaniccombinedGenerally,Navierfluid withDynamic (CFD) was proposed to solvenumerically the problem and simulate itgraphically. Themade in CATIA V5 and liveMultiphysicsCOMSOL Mulfollowing

− Inlet boundary conditions were setphysical ge

− Aerodynamic diameter of particle is less than2.5µ

− Properties of the fluid (air) were determinedat 25°C with atmospheric pressu

− Inletbeen imposed

− Fluid was considered incompressible;

. Theory

With the numerical methodequation was solved and solution convergencewas given with kthe two following equationsturbulent kinetic energy andof turbulent energy.

k: kinetics energy due to the velocity gradient;b: �

forces;fluctuation in turbulence for (1.92, C

: turbulent Prandtl number for = 1.3.

Triangular meshelements and profreedomimplemented by25] using

k

∂∂+ ρ

∂+=

3. Methods

dilution phenomenon wasmechanic combined Generally, Navier-Stokes equation modelling thefluid withDynamic (CFD) was proposed to solvenumerically the problem and simulate itgraphically. Themade in CATIA V5 and liveMultiphysicsCOMSOL Mulfollowing

nlet boundary conditions were setphysical ge

erodynamic diameter of particle is less than2.5µm;

roperties of the fluid (air) were determined25°C with atmospheric pressu

nlet velocity of pollute and clean air havebeen imposed

luid was considered incompressible;

Theory


: kinetics energy due to the velocity gradient;� energy due to detachment and volume

forces; Yfluctuation in turbulence for (

C3ε= 0, : turbulent Prandtl number for= 1.3.

Triangular meshelements and profreedom. Theimplemented by

using

i

i

x

ku

∂ρ

xj

∂∂

3. Methods

dilution phenomenon was problem which

combined analyticalGenerally, it’s

Stokes equation modelling thefluid with turbulenceDynamic (CFD) was proposed to solvenumerically the problem and simulate itgraphically. Themade in CATIA V5 and liveMultiphysics COMSOL Mulfollowing assumptions

nlet boundary conditions were setphysical ge

erodynamic diameter of particle is less thanm;


velocity of pollute and clean air havebeen imposed


Theory and numerical model


: kinetics energy due to the velocity gradient;energy due to detachment and volume

YM: contribution of the expansionfluctuation in turbulence for (

= 0, : turbulent Prandtl number for

Triangular meshelements and pro

. Theimplemented by

using generalized minimal residual method

∂+=

σµµ

+

dilution phenomenon wasproblem whichanalyticalit’s

Stokes equation modelling theturbulence

Dynamic (CFD) was proposed to solvenumerically the problem and simulate itgraphically. The made in CATIA V5 and live

[25COMSOL Multiphysics was used

assumptionsnlet boundary conditions were set

physical geometry of dilutererodynamic diameter of particle is less than


velocity of pollute and clean air havebeen imposed


and numerical model



: contribution of the expansionfluctuation in turbulence for (

= 0, Cµ : turbulent Prandtl number for

Triangular meshingelements and pro

. The implemented by

generalized minimal residual method

jx

∂∂

σµ

xk

t

∂∂

dilution phenomenon wasproblem whichanalytical

usuallyStokes equation modelling the

turbulenceDynamic (CFD) was proposed to solvenumerically the problem and simulate itgraphically. The 2D or 3Dmade in CATIA V5 and live

25]. Thetiphysics was used

assumptionsnlet boundary conditions were set

ometry of dilutererodynamic diameter of particle is less than


velocity of pollute and clean air havebeen imposed by experimental conditions;


and numerical model

With the numerical methodequation was solved and solution convergencewas given with k-ɛ modelthe two following equationsturbulent kinetic energy andof turbulent energy.



= 0.09;: turbulent Prandtl number for

ing elements and pro

momentumimplemented by a stationary nonlinear solver


+µ

εxj

+

∂∂

dilution phenomenon wasproblem whichanalytical and numerical

usually Stokes equation modelling the

turbulence. TheDynamic (CFD) was proposed to solvenumerically the problem and simulate it

2D or 3Dmade in CATIA V5 and live

. The tiphysics was used

assumptions: nlet boundary conditions were set



velocity of pollute and clean air haveby experimental conditions;


and numerical model

With the numerical methodequation was solved and solution convergence

ɛ modelthe two following equationsturbulent kinetic energy and



= 0.09;: turbulent Prandtl number for

ing [27]elements and providing 89368 degrees of

momentuma stationary nonlinear solver


k

t

+

σµ

εεk

C+ 1

dilution phenomenon wasproblem which c

and numericalusually difficult

Stokes equation modelling the. The

Dynamic (CFD) was proposed to solvenumerically the problem and simulate it

2D or 3D made in CATIA V5 and live

experimentaltiphysics was used

nlet boundary conditions were set





and numerical model


ɛ model the two following equationsturbulent kinetic energy and



= 0.09; Sk

: turbulent Prandtl number for

] was appliedviding 89368 degrees of

momentuma stationary nonlinear solver


jx

k

∂∂

(εG

k k +

dilution phenomenon wascould

and numericaldifficult

Stokes equation modelling the. The


design of diluter wasmade in CATIA V5 and live-linked in COMSOL


nlet boundary conditions were setometry of diluter

erodynamic diameter of particle is less than




and numerical model


model [26the two following equations (eq.4, eq.5)turbulent kinetic energy and ɛ the dissipation rate


: contribution of the expansionfluctuation in turbulence for (ε

k, Sε: source terms;: turbulent Prandtl number for

was appliedviding 89368 degrees of

momentum a stationary nonlinear solver


G+

εGC+ 3

dilution phenomenon was defineould be solved using

and numericaldifficult

Stokes equation modelling the. The Computer Fluid


design of diluter waslinked in COMSOL


nlet boundary conditions were setometry of diluter;





and numerical model

With the numerical method, the constitutiveequation was solved and solution convergence

26] represented by(eq.4, eq.5)ɛ the dissipation rate


: contribution of the expansionfluctuation in turbulence for (ε); C

: source terms;: turbulent Prandtl number for ε and

was appliedviding 89368 degrees of

momentum equationa stationary nonlinear solver


k GG +

) CGb −

definebe solved using

and numerical to

Stokes equation modelling theComputer Fluid



experimental tiphysics was used

nlet boundary conditions were set


roperties of the fluid (air) were determined25°C with atmospheric pressure;



and numerical model

, the constitutiveequation was solved and solution convergence

represented by(eq.4, eq.5)the dissipation rate


: contribution of the expansionC1ε=1.44,

: source terms;: turbulent Prandtl number forε and

was applied with 18846viding 89368 degrees of

equationa stationary nonlinear solver


bG − ρε

εGC b3

defined asbe solved using

and numerical methodsto solve the

Stokes equation modelling the Computer Fluid



experimental dilution intiphysics was used with the

nlet boundary conditions were set with the


roperties of the fluid (air) were determinedre;




represented by(eq.4, eq.5)the dissipation rate


: contribution of the expansion=1.44,

: source terms;ε and �,

with 18846viding 89368 degrees of

equationa stationary nonlinear solver


Y−ρε

εCb − 2

as fluidbe solved using

methodssolve the

Stokes equation modelling themixingComputer Fluid



dilution inwith the

with the


roperties of the fluid (air) were determined



represented by(eq.4, eq.5): k thethe dissipation rate


: contribution of the expansion=1.44, C

: source terms;, σk


equation a stationary nonlinear solver


MY +

εερk

2

fluidbe solved using

methods.solve the

mixingComputer Fluid



dilution inwith the

with the





represented byk the

the dissipation rate


: contribution of the expansionC2ε=

: source terms; σk, = 1,


wasa stationary nonlinear solver


kS+

εS+

fluid be solved using

. solve the

mixing Computer Fluid

Dynamic (CFD) was proposed to solve numerically the problem and simulate it

design of diluter was linked in COMSOL

dilution in with the

with the



velocity of pollute and clean air have

, the constitutive equation was solved and solution convergence

represented by k the

the dissipation rate

: kinetics energy due to the velocity gradient; energy due to detachment and volume

: contribution of the expansion = k,

= 1,

with 18846 viding 89368 degrees of

was a stationary nonlinear solver


(4)

(5)

(4)

(5)

(GMRESconsumption of computer.

Figure 1

COMSOL Multiphysicsevolution of the mixing ichoose theexperiment in workplace.

was the location of adequate test in the choice’salternative which was favorable for best dilution.

5

picture of dilution’s simulation whichvisually analyse bycolorlevel of dilutionphenomenacomputer screen

Figure

GMRESconsumption of computer.

Figure 1

TCOMSOL Multiphysicsevolution of the mixing ichoose theexperiment in workplace.

Secondly, the reason justified the numericalwas the location of adequate test in the choice’salternative which was favorable for best dilution.

5. Experimental r

COMSOL Multiphysicspicture of dilution’s simulation whichvisually analyse bycolorlevel of dilutionphenomenacomputer screen

Figure

GMRESconsumption of computer.

Figure 1.

The dilutionCOMSOL Multiphysicsevolution of the mixing ichoose theexperiment in workplace.


Experimental r

COMSOL Multiphysicspicture of dilution’s simulation whichvisually analyse bycolor of these pictures presented visuallylevel of dilutionphenomenacomputer screen

Figure 2

GMRES) consumption of computer.

. Meshing of the diluter in COMSOL

he dilutionCOMSOL Multiphysicsevolution of the mixing ichoose the experiment in workplace.


Experimental r

COMSOL Multiphysicspicture of dilution’s simulation whichvisually analyse by

of these pictures presented visuallylevel of dilutionphenomena computer screen

2. Picture of

wasconsumption of computer.

Meshing of the diluter in COMSOL

he dilutionCOMSOL Multiphysicsevolution of the mixing ichoose the practicalexperiment in workplace.


Experimental r


of these pictures presented visuallylevel of dilutionphenomena werecomputer screen

Picture ofCOMSOL during dilution

was chosen to minimize memoryconsumption of computer.


he dilution process was implemented inCOMSOL Multiphysicsevolution of the mixing i

practicalexperiment in workplace.


Experimental r


of these pictures presented visuallylevel of dilution. The vortex and the turbulence

were computer screen.

Picture of COMSOL during dilution

chosen to minimize memoryconsumption of computer.


process was implemented inCOMSOL Multiphysicsevolution of the mixing i

practical experiment in workplace.


Experimental results

COMSOL Multiphysicspicture of dilution’s simulation whichvisually analyse by experimenter. The

of these pictures presented visuallyThe vortex and the turbulence directly

Picture of velocity magnitudeCOMSOL during dilution



process was implemented inCOMSOL Multiphysics evolution of the mixing i

practical alternative adapted forexperiment in workplace.


esults

COMSOL Multiphysicspicture of dilution’s simulation which

experimenter. Theof these pictures presented visually

The vortex and the turbulencedirectly

velocity magnitudeCOMSOL during dilution



process was implemented into firstly observe the

evolution of the mixing in twoalternative adapted for


esults

COMSOL Multiphysics permitted to obtainpicture of dilution’s simulation which


The vortex and the turbulencedirectly


chosen to minimize memory



two alternative adapted for


permitted to obtainpicture of dilution’s simulation which


The vortex and the turbulencedirectly observed in the





alternativealternative adapted for




The vortex and the turbulenceobserved in the





alternativealternative adapted for



experimenter. The of these pictures presented visually


velocity magnitude simulated




alternativesalternative adapted for



experimenter. The differentof these pictures presented visually


simulated



s andalternative adapted for


permitted to obtainpicture of dilution’s simulation whichcould

differentof these pictures presented visually the


simulated


process was implemented in to firstly observe the

and alternative adapted for

Secondly, the reason justified the numerical was the location of adequate test in the choice’s alternative which was favorable for best dilution.

permitted to obtain could

different the

The vortex and the turbulence observed in the

in

The singular evolution of the test done inCOMSOL MultiphysicsThis table present the test in two alternatives:Alternative «A» presented the situation wherethe two inlet jets and the outletsame direction; Alternative «B»situation where the two inlet jets were in theopposite direction.

Table 1:

The different tests have shown that alternative«A» was more excellentalternative «B». The number of vortex directlyobserved has confirmed this situation of bestturbulence in the mixing rate.

6.

Thebest dilution because ofduring the entrance ofand inlet polluted air) inof diluterdue to the wide variation between thediameter ofof thethe turbulence andIn additionremains low even when theequal. The twoin the

The singular evolution of the test done inCOMSOL MultiphysicsThis table present the test in two alternatives:Alternative «A» presented the situation where

e two inlet jets and the outletsame direction; Alternative «B»situation where the two inlet jets were in theopposite direction.

Table 1:


. Discussions

he number of vortex was the principal reason ofbest dilution because ofduring the entrance ofand inlet polluted air) inof diluterdue to the wide variation between thediameter ofof the the turbulence andIn additionremains low even when theequal. The twoin the



Table 1: Pictures


Discussions

number of vortex was the principal reason ofbest dilution because ofduring the entrance ofand inlet polluted air) inof diluterdue to the wide variation between thediameter ofof the chamberthe turbulence andIn additionremains low even when theequal. The twoin the chamber



Pictures


Discussions

number of vortex was the principal reason ofbest dilution because ofduring the entrance ofand inlet polluted air) inof diluter. Tdue to the wide variation between thediameter of inlet

chamberthe turbulence andIn addition, remains low even when theequal. The two

chamber



Pictures of dilution


Discussions

number of vortex was the principal reason ofbest dilution because ofduring the entrance ofand inlet polluted air) in

. The relaxation and turbulence weredue to the wide variation between the

inlet chamber (40mm). This

the turbulence andthe recirculation

remains low even when theequal. The two-phase

chamber



of dilution


number of vortex was the principal reason ofbest dilution because ofduring the entrance ofand inlet polluted air) in

he relaxation and turbulence weredue to the wide variation between the

tube (4 mm) and(40mm). This

the turbulence and easilythe recirculation

remains low even when thephase

chamber so as to obtain the desired


e two inlet jets and the outletsame direction; Alternative «B»situation where the two inlet jets were in the

of dilution


number of vortex was the principal reason ofbest dilution because ofduring the entrance of and inlet polluted air) in



easilythe recirculation

remains low even when thephase of

so as to obtain the desired

The singular evolution of the test done inCOMSOL Multiphysics, was observed in table1.This table present the test in two alternatives:Alternative «A» presented the situation where


of dilution’s process

The different tests have shown that alternative«A» was more excellent in dilution process thanalternative «B». The number of vortex directlyobserved has confirmed this situation of bestturbulence in the mixing rate.

number of vortex was the principal reason ofbest dilution because of

two jetsand inlet polluted air) in the cylindrical



easily mixingthe recirculation

remains low even when theof mixture


The singular evolution of the test done inwas observed in table1.

This table present the test in two alternatives:Alternative «A» presented the situation where


’s process

The different tests have shown that alternativein dilution process than

alternative «B». The number of vortex directlyobserved has confirmed this situation of bestturbulence in the mixing rate.

number of vortex was the principal reason ofbest dilution because of relaxation’s effect

two jetsthe cylindrical


tube (4 mm) and(40mm). This geometry increased

mixingthe recirculation

remains low even when the two inletmixture




e two inlet jets and the outlet flowsame direction; Alternative «B» hassituation where the two inlet jets were in the

’s process


alternative «B». The number of vortex directlyobserved has confirmed this situation of best

number of vortex was the principal reason ofrelaxation’s effect

two jets (inlet clean airthe cylindrical


tube (4 mm) and geometry increased

mixing air and particle of

two inletmixture]




flow werehas

situation where the two inlet jets were in the

’s process in COMSOL




(inlet clean airthe cylindrical


greatgeometry increased

air and particle flow mixture

two inlet seems to flow




were shown the


in COMSOL




(inlet clean airthe cylindrical chamber


great diamgeometry increased

air and particleflow mixture

speeds areseems to flow




were in theshown the


in COMSOL




(inlet clean airchamber

he relaxation and turbulence weredue to the wide variation between the small

diamgeometry increased

air and particleflow mixture





in theshown the


in COMSOL




(inlet clean airchamber

he relaxation and turbulence weresmall

diametergeometry increased

air and particle.flow mixture



The singular evolution of the test done in was observed in table1.

This table present the test in two alternatives: Alternative «A» presented the situation where

in the shown the


The different tests have shown that alternative in dilution process than

alternative «B». The number of vortex directly observed has confirmed this situation of best

number of vortex was the principal reason of relaxation’s effect

(inlet clean air chamber

he relaxation and turbulence were small

eter geometry increased

. flow mixture

speeds are seems to flow


dilution for a possible extent. concentrationof color presented (quite clear that direct observation of thesimulationin the dilution processmade on both alternativespresented the best result in the dilution process.In this case, experimenter to validate in the dilution procesduring dry machining in the workplace. The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilutionfactor wasThis final result was applied with goodappreciation during samplingin dry machining.

7

This research’sstudyduring dry machining. Theused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain thegraphic simulation ofchoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future workcould beCOM

8

1.

2.

3.

dilution for a possible extent. concentrationof color presented (quite clear that direct observation of thesimulationin the dilution processmade on both alternativespresented the best result in the dilution process.In this case, experimenter to validate in the dilution procesduring dry machining in the workplace. The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilutionfactor wasThis final result was applied with goodappreciation during samplingin dry machining.

7. Conclusion

This research’sstudyduring dry machining. Theused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain thegraphic simulation ofchoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future workcould beCOM

8. References

1. Seaton A., MacNee W., Donaldsonal.,effects

2. Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,Ambient particle inhalcardiovasculJournal of Environmental HealthPerspect.

3. Zimmer Ainfluence of operating parameters on thenumbergenerated fromprocess,519

dilution for a possible extent. concentrationof color presented (quite clear that direct observation of thesimulationin the dilution processmade on both alternativespresented the best result in the dilution process.In this case,experimenter to validate in the dilution procesduring dry machining in the workplace. The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilutionfactor wasThis final result was applied with goodappreciation during samplingin dry machining.

Conclusion

This research’sstudy and the simulation of dilution processduring dry machining. Theused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain thegraphic simulation ofchoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future workcould beCOMSOL Multiphysics to make a comparison.

References

Seaton A., MacNee W., Donaldsonal., Particulate air pollution and acute healtheffects

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,Ambient particle inhalcardiovasculJournal of Environmental HealthPerspect.

Zimmer Ainfluence of operating parameters on thenumbergenerated fromprocess,519–

dilution for a possible extent. concentrationof color presented (quite clear that direct observation of thesimulation’s picturein the dilution processmade on both alternativespresented the best result in the dilution process.In this case, experimenter to validate in the dilution procesduring dry machining in the workplace.The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilutionfactor was This final result was applied with goodappreciation during samplingin dry machining.

Conclusion

This research’sand the simulation of dilution process

during dry machining. Theused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain thegraphic simulation ofchoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future workcould be

SOL Multiphysics to make a comparison.

References

Seaton A., MacNee W., DonaldsonParticulate air pollution and acute health

effects, Lancet

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,Ambient particle inhalcardiovasculJournal of Environmental HealthPerspect.

Zimmer Ainfluence of operating parameters on thenumber-generated fromprocess,

–31,

dilution for a possible extent. concentration levelof color presented (quite clear that direct observation of the

’s picturein the dilution processmade on both alternativespresented the best result in the dilution process.In this case, theexperimenter to validate in the dilution procesduring dry machining in the workplace. The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilutionfactor was obtainedThis final result was applied with goodappreciation during samplingin dry machining.

Conclusion

This research’s and the simulation of dilution process

during dry machining. Theused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain thegraphic simulation ofchoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future work

discussedSOL Multiphysics to make a comparison.

References


Lancet

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,Ambient particle inhalcardiovasculJournal of Environmental HealthPerspect.,Vol.

Zimmer A.Tinfluence of operating parameters on the

-weighted aerosol size distributiongenerated from

Journal of Aerosol Science (2002)

dilution for a possible extent. level

of color presented (quite clear that direct observation of the

’s picturein the dilution processmade on both alternativespresented the best result in the dilution process.

the alternative «A» was chosen byexperimenter to validate in the dilution procesduring dry machining in the workplace. The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilution

obtainedThis final result was applied with goodappreciation during samplingin dry machining.

Conclusion

This research’s workand the simulation of dilution process

during dry machining. Theused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain thegraphic simulation ofchoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future work


References


Lancet,

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,Ambient particle inhalcardiovascular system: potential mechanisms, Journal of Environmental Health

Vol. 109: 523

T., Baron Pinfluence of operating parameters on the

weighted aerosol size distributiongenerated from

Journal of Aerosol Science(2002)

dilution for a possible extent. level was represented

of color presented (light bluequite clear that direct observation of the

’s picture could help thein the dilution process. made on both alternativespresented the best result in the dilution process.

alternative «A» was chosen byexperimenter to validate in the dilution procesduring dry machining in the workplace. The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilution

obtained This final result was applied with goodappreciation during sampling

work and the simulation of dilution process

during dry machining. Theused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain thegraphic simulation of dilution which permitted tochoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future work



Vol

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,Ambient particle inhal

ar system: potential mechanisms, Journal of Environmental Health

109: 523

, Baron Pinfluence of operating parameters on the

weighted aerosol size distributiongenerated from a gas metal arc welding

Journal of Aerosol Science(2002).

dilution for a possible extent. was representedlight blue

quite clear that direct observation of thecould help the

. A made on both alternativespresented the best result in the dilution process.


obtained with 95% of confidenceThis final result was applied with goodappreciation during sampling

concerned the numericaland the simulation of dilution process

during dry machining. Theused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the

dilution which permitted tochoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future work

discussed and implemented inSOL Multiphysics to make a comparison.


Vol. 345: 176



109: 523

, Baron Pinfluence of operating parameters on the

weighted aerosol size distributiona gas metal arc welding

Journal of Aerosol Science

dilution for a possible extent. was representedlight blue


comparative study wasmade on both alternatives where alternative «A»presented the best result in the dilution process.


with 95% of confidenceThis final result was applied with goodappreciation during sampling


during dry machining. The CFD kused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the

dilution which permitted tochoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%confidence. In future work, the dilution

and implemented inSOL Multiphysics to make a comparison.


345: 176



109: 523–7,

, Baron P.Ainfluence of operating parameters on the



dilution for a possible extent. was representedlight blue or


comparative study waswhere alternative «A»

presented the best result in the dilution process.alternative «A» was chosen by

experimenter to validate in the dilution procesduring dry machining in the workplace. The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilution

with 95% of confidenceThis final result was applied with goodappreciation during sampling of metallic particle


CFD kused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the

dilution which permitted tochoose the best alternative where inlet and outlettest done during dry machining confirmed thesimulated mean of dilution factor with 95%

, the dilutionand implemented in



345: 176

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,Ambient particle inhalation and the

ar system: potential mechanisms,Journal of Environmental Health

7, (2001)

A., Biswas P.influence of operating parameters on the



dilution for a possible extent. was represented

or dark bluequite clear that direct observation of the

could help the experimentercomparative study waswhere alternative «A»



with 95% of confidenceThis final result was applied with good

of metallic particle


CFD k-ɛused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the





345: 176–8, (1995).

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,ation and the


(2001)

, Biswas P.influence of operating parameters on the



dilution for a possible extent. Howeverwas represented by

dark bluequite clear that direct observation of the

experimentercomparative study waswhere alternative «A»






ɛ model wasused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the





8, (1995).

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A.,ation and the


(2001).

, Biswas P.influence of operating parameters on the


Journal of Aerosol Science;

Howeverby the type

dark blue).quite clear that direct observation of the



experimenter to validate in the dilution proces

The dilution process was tested statisticallythe workplace where the mean value of dilution




ɛ model wasused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the


, the dilution modelsand implemented in


Seaton A., MacNee W., Donaldson K.,Particulate air pollution and acute health

8, (1995).

Donaldson K., Stone V., Seaton, A., andation and the


, Biswas P.,influence of operating parameters on the


; Vol.

Howeverthe type

). It quite clear that direct observation of the



experimenter to validate in the dilution proces

The dilution process was tested statistically the workplace where the mean value of dilution




model wasused in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the


modelsand implemented in


K., andParticulate air pollution and acute health

8, (1995).

and al.,ation and the


, Theinfluence of operating parameters on the


Vol.33:

However, the type

is quite clear that direct observation of the

experimenter comparative study was where alternative «A»

presented the best result in the dilution process. alternative «A» was chosen by

experimenter to validate in the dilution process

in the workplace where the mean value of dilution

with 95% of confidence. This final result was applied with good


concerned the numerical and the simulation of dilution process

model was used in COMSOL Multiphysics to obtain the

dilution which permitted to choose the best alternative where inlet and outlet test done during dry machining confirmed the simulated mean of dilution factor with 95%

models and implemented in

and Particulate air pollution and acute health

al., ation and the


The influence of operating parameters on the

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6.

7.

8.

9.

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Zimmer A.T., Maynard Aof the aerosols produced by

held grinder using various substrates. Journal of Ann. Occup. Hyg(2002).

SongmeneClean machiningon particle formation Part I: Influence of machining parameters Int. Journal of

ign and(2008).


Khettabi R., Songmene, V., Masounave, J.,and Zaghbani I., Understanding the formation of nano and micro pmetal cutting, and Engineering A

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Khettabi R., Songmene V., Zaghbani I., and Masounaveparticle emission during Orthogonal Cutting,

Journal of Materials EngineerPerformance

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geometry on metallic particle emission during orthogonal cutting, Materials Performance

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Formation Mode on Dust Emission in Dry Cutting, Int. Journal of Material Processing and Technology(2007).

Zaghbani I., Songmene V., andFine and ultrafine particle characterization and modeling in highT6 aluminum alloy, ASM International,Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance(2009).


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electric fields, accepted for publication in



10p. (2007).



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Kouam, J., Songmene, V., Djebara, A., and Khettabi, R., Effect of Friction Testing of

Int. Journal of Material Engineering and Performance


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699,(2003)

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. (2007).


, Life Science Market er, Application Note 81, 10p

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Aerosol Science 240, (2009).

J.; Kilpeläinen M.; Kauppinen, E.L.; Lehtinen, K.; and Jokiniemi, J.; Electrical agglomeration of aerosol particles in an alternating electric field, Journal of Aerosol Science and Technology



Journal of Aerosol Science and Technology



M., and Kussin J., Analysis of ollision effects for turbulent gas-particle

PartI-Particle Int. Journal of

699,(2003)

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Hallworth, M., An analysis of acceptable particle losses in transport tubing, Particle

, Life Science Market 10p, (2007).

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M., and Kussin J., Analysis of particle Particle

Int. Journal of 699,(2003).

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Hallworth, M., An analysis of acceptable Particle

, Life Science Market , (2007).

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Journal of Aerosol Science and Technology,

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

7.

financial support of Systems Engineering Laboratorylocated at University of Quebec

21. Plumlee, H.R.,on drop collision and coalesceCharged ParticleNo. CPRLof Illinois

22. Maisels A., Kruis F.E., and Fissan F.E.,Determination of Coagulation Coefficients and Aggregation Kinetics for ChargeAerosols, Science

23. Roelofs, G.J, and Jongen, S.,of the influence of aerosol size and chemical properties on precipitation formation in warm clouds, Research Utrecht (IMAU)University,

24. Violet, P.L., Chabard, J.P., Esposito, P., and Laurence D.,appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris,

25. PryorCOMSOL®: A First Principles Approach, Jones and Barlett publishers(USA), 852p

26. Mekhail, T.A., Aissa, W.A., Hassanein, S.A., and Hamdy, O.,gasEnergy and Power E252, (2011)

27. Crowe C.,Multiphase flows with droplets and particles, CRC Press

. Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Systems Engineering Laboratorylocated at University of Quebec

Plumlee, H.R.,on drop collision and coalesceCharged ParticleNo. CPRLof Illinois

Maisels A., Kruis F.E., and Fissan F.E.,Determination of Coagulation Coefficients and Aggregation Kinetics for ChargeAerosols, Science

Roelofs, G.J, and Jongen, S.,of the influence of aerosol size and chemical properties on precipitation formation in warm clouds, Research Utrecht (IMAU)University,

Violet, P.L., Chabard, J.P., Esposito, P., and Laurence D.,appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris,

Pryor COMSOL®: A First Principles Approach, Jones and Barlett publishers(USA), 852p

Mekhail, T.A., Aissa, W.A., Hassanein, S.A., and Hamdy, O.,gas-solid flow in 90° square beEnergy and Power E252, (2011)

Crowe C.,Multiphase flows with droplets and particles, CRC Press

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Systems Engineering Laboratorylocated at University of Quebec

Plumlee, H.R.,on drop collision and coalesceCharged ParticleNo. CPRLof Illinois

Maisels A., Kruis F.E., and Fissan F.E.,Determination of Coagulation Coefficients and Aggregation Kinetics for ChargeAerosols, Science,Vol 255:

Roelofs, G.J, and Jongen, S.,of the influence of aerosol size and chemical properties on precipitation formation in warm clouds, Institute for Marine and AtmospherResearch Utrecht (IMAU)University,


R.W.COMSOL®: A First Principles Approach, Jones and Barlett publishers(USA), 852p

Mekhail, T.A., Aissa, W.A., Hassanein, S.A., and Hamdy, O.,

solid flow in 90° square beEnergy and Power E252, (2011)

Crowe C.,Multiphase flows with droplets and particles, CRC Press

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Systems Engineering Laboratorylocated at «École de Technologie SupérieureUniversity of Quebec

Plumlee, H.R.,on drop collision and coalesceCharged ParticleNo. CPRL-8-of Illinois, Urbana, USA, 101p.

Maisels A., Kruis F.E., and Fissan F.E.,Determination of Coagulation Coefficients and Aggregation Kinetics for ChargeAerosols, Journal of Colloid and Interface

Vol 255:

Roelofs, G.J, and Jongen, S.,of the influence of aerosol size and chemical properties on precipitation formation in warm

Institute for Marine and AtmospherResearch Utrecht (IMAU)University, Utrecht,


W., COMSOL®: A First Principles Approach, Jones and Barlett publishers(USA), 852p. (2011).


solid flow in 90° square beEnergy and Power E252, (2011).

Crowe C., SommerfeldMultiphase flows with droplets and particles, CRC Press, 286p

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Systems Engineering Laboratory

École de Technologie SupérieureUniversity of Quebec

Plumlee, H.R., Effects of electrostatic forces on drop collision and coalesceCharged Particle

-64, Grant research, University , Urbana, USA, 101p.

Maisels A., Kruis F.E., and Fissan F.E.,Determination of Coagulation Coefficients and Aggregation Kinetics for Charge

Journal of Colloid and Interface Vol 255:


Institute for Marine and AtmospherResearch Utrecht (IMAU)

Utrecht,

Violet, P.L., Chabard, J.P., Esposito, P., and Laurence D., appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris,

Multiphysics Modeling Using COMSOL®: A First Principles Approach, Jones and Barlett publishers

. (2011).


solid flow in 90° square beEnergy and Power E

SommerfeldMultiphase flows with droplets and particles,

, 286p

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of Systems Engineering Laboratory

École de Technologie SupérieureUniversity of Quebec

Effects of electrostatic forces on drop collision and coalesceCharged Particle, Res

64, Grant research, University , Urbana, USA, 101p.


Journal of Colloid and Interface Vol 255:332



Utrecht,

Violet, P.L., Chabard, J.P., Esposito, P., and Mécanique des fluides

appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris,


. (2011).

Mekhail, T.A., Aissa, W.A., Hassanein, S.A., and Hamdy, O., CFD simulation of dilute

solid flow in 90° square beEnergy and Power E


, 286p. (1998)

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of ProductsSystems Engineering Laboratory

École de Technologie SupérieureUniversity of Quebec-Montreal Canada.

Effects of electrostatic forces on drop collision and coalesce

Research64, Grant research, University

, Urbana, USA, 101p.


Journal of Colloid and Interface 332–340



Netherlands,


appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris,


. (2011).

Mekhail, T.A., Aissa, W.A., Hassanein, S.A., CFD simulation of dilute

solid flow in 90° square beEnergy and Power Engineering


. (1998)

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Products

Systems Engineering LaboratoryÉcole de Technologie Supérieure

Montreal Canada.


earch64, Grant research, University



Journal of Colloid and Interface 340, (2002)



Netherlands,


appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Paris, 66p.



solid flow in 90° square bengineering

Sommerfeld M., and Tsuji, Y.,Multiphase flows with droplets and particles,

. (1998).

The authors would like to acknowledge the Products


Montreal Canada.


earch Lab64, Grant research, University



Journal of Colloid and Interface , (2002)

Roelofs, G.J, and Jongen, S., A model study of the influence of aerosol size and chemical properties on precipitation formation in warm


Netherlands,


appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des 66p.

Multiphysics Modeling Using COMSOL®: A First Principles Approach, Jones and Barlett publishers, LLC,


solid flow in 90° square bengineering

M., and Tsuji, Y.,Multiphase flows with droplets and particles,

The authors would like to acknowledge the Products, Processes and


Montreal Canada.

Effects of electrostatic forces on drop collision and coalescence in air,

Laboratory64, Grant research, University

, Urbana, USA, 101p. (1964)


Journal of Colloid and Interface , (2002).

A model study of the influence of aerosol size and chemical properties on precipitation formation in warm

Institute for Marine and AtmospherResearch Utrecht (IMAU), Utrecht

Netherlands, 25p


appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des (1998

Multiphysics Modeling Using COMSOL®: A First Principles Approach,

, LLC,


solid flow in 90° square bend, ngineering,


The authors would like to acknowledge the Processes and

Systems Engineering Laboratory École de Technologie Supérieure

Montreal Canada.

Effects of electrostatic forces nce in air,

oratory64, Grant research, University

(1964)


Journal of Colloid and Interface


Institute for Marine and Atmospher, Utrecht 25p.


appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des 1998).


, LLC, Sudburry


nd, Journal of ,Vol



(LIPPS): École de Technologie Supérieure

Montreal Canada.


oratory. Rep. 64, Grant research, University

(1964).




Institute for Marine and Atmospher, Utrecht

. (2004)


appliquées, Presses de l’École Nationale des .


Sudburry


Journal of Vol.3:24



(LIPPS): École de Technologie Supérieure


. Rep. 64, Grant research, University

Maisels A., Kruis F.E., and Fissan F.E.,Determination of Coagulation Coefficients and Aggregation Kinetics for Charged



Institute for Marine and Atmospheric , Utrecht

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8 Table

8. Appendix Table

Appendix

Table 2:

Appendix

: Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL

Appendix

Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL

Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL

Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL Numerical test of dilution in COMSOL

numerical study and simulation in comsol multiphysics of

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