nucleic acids
DESCRIPTION
Nucleic Acids. Nucleic Acids Structures of Nucleic Acids DNA Replication RNA and Transcription. Nucleotides. Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides that have a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate nucleoside. Base. PO 4. Sugar. Nitrogen-Containing Bases. Sugars. Nucleosides in DNA. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Structures of Nucleic Acids
DNA Replication
RNA and Transcription
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Nucleotides
Nucleic acids consist of nucleotides that have a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate
nucleoside
Sugar
Base
PO4
3
Nitrogen-Containing Bases
N
N
N
N
H
NH2
N
N
O
CH3
O
H
H
N
N
N
N
O
H
NH2
H
N
N
NH2
CH3
O
H
N
N
O
CH3
O
H
H
adenine (A) thymine (T)
guanine (G) cytosine (C) uracil (U)
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Sugars
O OHCH2
OHOH
HO HO O OHCH2
OH
ribose deoxyribose
(no O)
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Nucleosides in DNA
Base SugarNucleoside
Adenine (A) Deoxyribose Adenosine
Guanine (G) Deoxyribose Guanosine
Cytosine (C) Deoxyribose Cytidine
Thymine (T) Deoxyribose Thymidine
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Nucleosides in RNA
Base SugarNucleoside
Adenine (A) ribose Adenosine
Guanine (G) ribose Guanosine
Cytosine (C) ribose Cytidine
Uracil (U) ribose Uridine
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Example of a Nucleoside
O
OH
N
N
NH2
O
CH2OP
O
O-
O-
deoxyctyidine monophosphate (dCMP)
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Nucleotides in DNA and RNA
DNAdAMP Deoxyadenosine monophosphatedGMP Deoxyguanosine monophosphatedCMP Deoxycytidine monophosphatedTMP Deoxythymidine monophosphate
RNAAMP adenosine monophosphateGMP guanosine monophosphateCMP cytidine monophosphateUMP uridine monophosphate
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Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Polymers of four nucleotides• Linked by alternating sugar-phosphate bonds• RNA: ribose and A, G, C, U• DNA: deoxyribose and A,G,C,T
nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide
P sugar
base
P sugar
base
P sugar
base
P sugar
base
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Nucleic Acid Structure
3,5-phosphodiester bond
O
N
N
NH2
O
CH2OP
O
O-
O-
OH
O
N
N
NH2
CH2OP
O
O-
OH
O
N
N
AMP
CMP
3
5
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Double Helix of DNA
• DNA contains two strands of nucleotides• H bonds hold the two strands in a double-
helix structure• A helix structure is like a spiral stair case• Bases are always paired as A–T and G-C• Thus the bases along one strand
complement the bases along the other
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Complementary Base Pairs
•Two H bonds for A-T•Three H bonds for G-C
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Double Helix of DNA
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Learning Check NA1
Write the complementary base sequence for the matching strand in the following DNA section:
-A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-G-C-
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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Solution NA1
Write the complementary base sequence for the matching strand in the following DNA section:
-A-G-T-C-C-A-A-T-G-C- • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • •
-T-C-A-G-G-T-T-A-C-G-
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DNA Replication
• DNA in the chromosomes replicates itself every cell division
• Maintains correct genetic information• Two strands of DNA unwind• Each strand acts like a template• New bases pair with their complementary base• Two double helixes form that are copies of
original DNA
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DNA Unwinds
G- -C
A- -T
C- -G
T- -A
G-CA-TC-GT-A
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DNA Copied with Base Pairs
Two copies of original DNA strand
G-C G-CA-T A-TC-G C-GT-A G-A
Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Where the info is…interpreting the blueprint
Central Dogma
DNA ---------------- RNA-------------- protein
Replication
transcription translation
Central Dogma
• Replication– DNA making a copy of itself
• Making a replica
• Transcription– DNA being made into RNA
• Still in nucleotide language
• Translation– RNA being made into protein
• Change to amino acid language
Replication
• Remember that DNA is self complementary
• Replication is semiconservative– One strand goes to next generation– Other is new
• Each strand is a template for the other– If one strand is 5’ AGCT 3’– Other is: 3’ TCGA 5’
Replica
• Write the strand complementary to:
3’ ACTAGCCTAAGTCG 5’
Answer
Replication is Semiconservative
Replication
• Roles of enzymes– Topoisomerases– Helicase– DNA polymerases– ligase
• DNA binding proteins– DNA synthesis
• Leading strand• Lagging strand
Replication
Replication
• Helix opens– Helicase
• Causes supercoiling upstream– Topoisomerases (gyrase)
• DNA Binding Proteins– Prevent reannealing
Replication
Replication
• Leading strand– 3’ end of template– As opens up, DNA polymerase binds– Makes new DNA 5’ - 3’
• Same direction as opening of helix• Made continuously
Replication
Replication
• Lagging strand– 5’ end of template
• Can’t be made continuously as direction is wrong
– RNA primer– New DNA made 5’ 3’
• Opposite direction of replication• Discontinuous
– Okazaki fragments
• Ligase closes gaps
Transcription• DNA template made into RNA copy
– Uracil instead of Thymine
• One DNA strand is template– Sense strand
• Other is just for replication – Antisense (not to be confused with
nonsense!)
• In nucleus– nucleoli
Transcription
• From following DNA strand, determine RNA sequence
3’ GCCTAAGCTCA 5’
Answer
Transcription
Transcription
• DNA opens up– Enzymes?
• RNA polymerase binds – Which strand?– Using DNA template, makes RNA
• 5’-3’• Raw transcript called hnRNA
TranscriptionHow does RNA polymerase know where to
start?
upstream promotor sequences
Pribnow Box
TATA box
RNA polymerase starts transcription X nucleotides downstream of TATA box
Introns and Exons
• Introns– Intervening sequences– Not all DNA codes for protein– Regulatory info, “junk DNA”
• Exons– Code for protein
Processing of hnRNA into mRNA
• 3 steps– Introns removed
• Self splicing
– 5’ methyl guanosine cap added– Poly A tail added
• Moved to cytosol for translation
Processing of hnRNA into mRNA
Translation
• RNA -- Protein– Change from nucleotide language to amino
acid language
• On ribosomes
• Vectorial nature preserved– 5’ end of mRNA becomes amino terminus
of protein– Translation depends on genetic code
Genetic Code
• Nucleotides read in triplet “codons”– 5’ - 3’
• Each codon translates to an amino acid• 64 possible codons
– 3 positions and 4 possiblities (AGCU) makes 43 or 64 possibilities
– Degeneracy or redundancy of code• Only 20 amino acids• Implications for mutations
Genetic Code
Genetic Code
• Not everything translated• AUG is start codon
– Find the start codon
• Also are stop codons• To determine aa sequence
– Find start codon– Read in threes– Continue to stop codon
Translation
• Steps:– Find start codon (AUG) – After start codon, read codons, in threes– Use genetic code to translate
Translate the following:
GCAGUCAUGGGUAGGGAGGCAACCUGAACCGAC
Answer
Translation Process
• Requires Ribosomes, rRNA, tRNA and, of course, mRNA– Ribosome
• Made of protein and rRNA• 2 subunits• Has internal sites for 2 transfer RNA molecules
Ribosome
Left is cartoon diagram Right is actual picture
Transfer RNA
• Mostly double stranded– Folds back on itself
• Several loops– Anticodon loop
• Has complementary nucleotides to codons
• 3’ end where aa attach
Transfer RNA
Translation
• Initiation– Ribosomal subunits assemble on mRNA– rRNA aids in binding of mRNA
• Elongation– tRNAs with appropriate anticodon loops bind to complex– have aa attached (done by other enzymes)– Amino acids transfer form tRNA 2 to tRNA 1– Process repeats
• Termination– tRNA with stop codon binds into ribosome– No aa attached to tRNA– Complex falls apart
Translation
Translation
• Happening of process (circa 1971)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9dhO0iCLww
Mutations
• Changes in nucleotide sequence
• Can cause changes in aa sequence– Degeneracy in genetic code can prevent
• Two types– Point mutations
• Single nucleotide changes
– Frame shift• Insertions or deletions
Point Mutations
• Single nucleotide changes
• Old sequenceAUG GGU AGG GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GAC
aa: G R E A T
New sequence
AUG GGU AGU GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GAC
aa: G S E A T
Point mutations
• Depending on change, may not change aa sequence
• Old sequenceAUG GGU AGG GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GAC
aa: G R E A T
New sequence
AUG GGU AGA GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GAC
aa: G R E A T
Point Mutations
• Change could make little difference– If valine changed to leucine, both nonpolar
• Change could be huge,– Could erase start codon
• Old sequenceAUG GGU AGG GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GACaa: G R E A T
New sequenceAUU GGU AGA GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GACaa: no start codon…protein not made
Point Mutations
• Other possibilities,– Stop codon inserted
• Truncated protein
– Stop codon changed• Extra long protein
• Bottom line,– Depends on what change is
Frame Shift mutations
• Insertions or deletions– Change the reading frame
• Insertion exampleOld sequence
AUG GGU AGG GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GACaa: G R E A T
New sequenceAUG GGU AGG AGA GGC AAC CUG AAC CGA Caa: G R R G N L N R
Frame Shift Mutations
• Deletion example
• Old sequenceAUG GGU AGG GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GAC
aa: G R E A T
New sequence Delete second A (Underlined above)
AUG GGU GGG AGG CAA CCU GAA CCG AC
aa: G G R Q P G P
Complementary DNA Strand
Template:
3’ ACTAGCCTAAGTCG 5’
5’ TGATCGGATTCAGC 3’
Back
RNA Transcript
DNA 3’ GCCTAAGCTCA 5’
RNA 5’ CGGAUUCGAGU 3’
Back
Translation AnswerFind start codon
GCAGUCAUGGGUAGGGAGGCAACCUGAACCGAC
Read in threes after that:
AUG GGU AGG GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GAC
Using Genetic code
AUG GGU AGG GAG GCA ACC UGA ACC GAC
G R E A T stop After stop codon…rest is garbage
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