Nuclear Medicine in Psychiatry

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

The Editors dedicate this book

To Professor Peter]. Ell for his outstanding life's work in nuclear medicine, especially in functional brain imaging

To Professor Herman M. van Praag for his enduring effort on pointing to the importance of functional psychopathol­ogy to generations of psychiatrists

ANDREAS 0TTE, KURT AUDENAERT,

KATHELIJNE PEREMANS, KEES VAN HEERINGEN,

RUDI A. DIERCKX (EDS.)

clear Medici Psyc iat y

With 79 figures and 33 tables

Springer

• e n

Prof. Dr. Andreas Otte Division of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Ghent De Pintelaan 185 9000 Gent, Belgium

Prof. Dr. Kurt Audenaert University Department of Psychiatry University Hospital Ghent De Pintelaan 185 9000 Gent, Belgium

Dr. Kathelijne Peremans Department of Medical Imaging Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Salisburylaan 133 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

Prof. Dr. Kees van Heeringen University Department of Psychiatry University Hospital Ghent De Pintelaan 185 9000 Gent, Belgium

Prof. Dr. Rudi A. Dierckx Division of Nuclear Medicine University Hospital Ghent De Pintelaan 185 9000 Gent, Belgium

ISBN 978-3-642-62287-8 ISBN 978-3-642-18773-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-18773-5

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nuclear medicine in psychatry I [edited by) Andreas Otte ... [eta!.). p.; em. Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Brain- Imaging. 2. Mental illness - Diagnosis. 3. Nuclear medicine. 4. Psychatry.I. Otte, Andreas P., 1967-[DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders- radionuclide imaging. 2. Nuclear Medicine. WM 141 N964 2004) RC473.B7N83 2004 616.8'04754- dc22

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Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2004

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In bunten Bildern wenig Klarheit, Viel Irrtum und ein Funkchen Wahrheit, So wird der beste Trank gebraut, Der aile Welt erquickt und auferbaut.

In motley pictures little clarity, Much error and a spark of verity, Thus can the best of drinks be brewed To cheer and edify the multitude.

Goethe, Faust I

Preface

In a most timely fashion the editors have assembled in this volume the combined expertise of some 40 authors whose dedication to the investigation of psychiatric disease through nuclear medicine technology has achieved international recogni­tion. It would have been hard to imagine some 10 or 15 years ago what impressive advances would soon be made in understanding the underlying mechanisms of psychiatric disease, in developing effective interventions and in monitoring drug efficacy and mechanisms of action.

It is befitting of this progress that one of the first chapters in this volume dis­cusses the molecular aspects of psychiatry. Major developments have occurred in this field, and further advances are expected. In a sign of modern times, psychi­atric disturbances of the child are also individually discussed. According to the WHO (World Health Organization 2001), some 450 million people suffer from mental and neurological disorders. As pointed out in a recent Lancet editorial (Reynolds 2003 ), this equates to 12.3% of the global burden of disease, and within the next 20 years the figure is likely to rise to a staggering 15%!

Progress in this specialized field reflects both the technological advances - in instrumentation, data processing and modelling, and ligand development - and, above all, the increased commitment of dedicated researchers. It is these scien­tists and doctors who are best placed to pose and test appropriate hypotheses, to develop experimental protocols and to acquire and analyse the data obtained from these complex technologies.

There is rapid change. New radio labelled ligands have appeared for the investi­gation of a number of neuroreceptor systems, pharmacological challenge has been introduced into the investigative instrumentarium, parkinsonian syndromes are now routinely investigated with nuclear medicine technologies, and the day may not be far off when an effective imaging ligand will emerge for the investigation of the extent and severity of the dementias (Alzheimer's in particular).

There is much to be explored- the tip of an enormous iceberg has just emerged.In this volume the attentive reader will find much to impress andmuch to stimulate. With due care, he or she will find the cracks in the iceberg that deserve further study and scrutiny. A day hardly goes by without a clinician or a representative from indus­try describing scenarios in which a nuclear medicine approach would appear to provide unique information not obtainable using other methodologies. There is

X Preface

great enthusiasm and dedication in this field, and hope that improved patient care will ultimately be delivered.

Peter JEll, MD MSc PD FRCR FRCP FMedSci Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, UK

References

Reynolds EH (2003) Brain and mind: a challengeforWHO. Lancet 361: 1924-1925 World Health Organization (2001) The World Health Report 2001. Mental health: new under­

standing, new hope. WHO, Geneva

About this Book

A. 0TTE. K. AUDENAERT. K. PEREMANS. K. VAN HEERINGEN. R. DIERCKX

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI

Technical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII

Clinical Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XII

Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIII

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV

"Knowledge is knowing the Self. Additional knowledge is a way to Make us more humble and modest. The one, who makes himself the lowest, Knows everything, And he gets access to the Universal Consciousness of Eternal Life"

Proverb from India

Introduction

A book on a broad field such as nuclear medicine in psychiatry will always be subject to limitations. These include technical limitations regarding space and timely constraints with deadlines, which make editorial decisions necessary to exclude chapters of interest in the field. Also, a book chapter can not always cover all detailed aspects in the field in only the one chapter, and often other detailed books exist on these special aspects. Although we have tried to make this book comprehensive, there may be topics which are not or only generally addressed or which are not explicitly dealt with in a separate chapter but included in a chapter with a different title.

The index can, of course, be a useful tool to find such topics. The following brief sections will provide further assistance, with explanations as to why particular chapters were not included.

XII About this Book

Each chapter has a short Summary and a section entitled Clinical Aspects, which may help the clinician on his or her way through the book. The book was globally structured into a technical section and a clinical section.

Although we know that we cannot change the wind, we nevertheless hope that the readers can at least adjust their sails using the information this book gives to them.

Technical Section

The technical section includes discussions on aspects of nuclear medicine tools (in­strumentation), the voice from the pharmaceutical industry on functional brain imaging and drug development; molecular imaging and ligand tracers are in­cluded. The chapter 'Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine' includes a section on image analysis from visual interpretation to region-of-interest technique to statis­tical parametric mapping (SPM), precluding the need for a separate chapter on SPM. A general overview on the importance and relevance of animal research and some examples in canine functional neuroimaging rounds off this technical sec­tion.

Clinical Section

In the clinical section, an overview of functional neuroimaging in psychiatric dis­eases is given. Chapters are presented in the DSM-suggested order. First, a sum­mary on functional brain imaging in child psychiatry is given. This is one of the most intriguing and fastest-moving topics in the field. Next, chapters that are re­lated to cognitive disorders and that are neuropsychiatric in nature are included. Dementia, behavioural disorders in Parkinson's disease, but also systemic lupus erythematosus and the much debated issue of the late whiplash syndrome are cov­ered in detail. In addition, the topics mild traumatic brain injury and fibromyalgia - included in the aforementioned chapter on the late whiplash syndrome - are also discussed in this section. The section on fibromyalgia - which apart from the rheumatological symptoms, such as widespread musculoskeletal pain and tender points at characteristic sites, is characterized by the presence of chronic, sustained or fluctuating debilitating fatigue and unrefreshing sleep - is supplemented by the chapter on chronic fatigue syndrome.

There is also the broad field of psychotic disorders. The chapter on schizo­phrenia in this clinical section is supplemented by the chapter in the technical section entitled 'Neuroreceptor Imaging Studies and the Mechanism of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs'. In the section on mood disorders, there are two separate chapters on depression, covering the perfusion- and metabolism-related stud­ies and the neurotransmitter ligand studies, and one chapter focuses on bipo-

About this Book XIII

lar disorders. From a clinical and a research point of view, the importance of functional brain imaging in mood disorders cannot be underestimated, since it becomes clear that these techniques can contribute to the diagnosis, treatment planning and follow-up of these disorders and contribute to the understanding of the (patho )physiology of mood and mood disorders. In the section on anxiety disorders, data on social phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive­compulsive disorder are presented. The biological basis of these anxiety disorders was long neglected, until the last decade, and is now extensively being explored by functional brain imaging.

Furthermore, there are chapters on eating disorders, sleep disorders and the DSM Axis II personality disorders.

The organization of these chapters is based on the prevailing nosological clas­sification of psychiatric disorders. This is still the cornerstone of research in the field. However, as was stated in the introduction ('Functional Imaging and Func­tional Psychopathology: an Introductory Chapter') and in the chapter by Herman van Praag ('Functional Psychopathology: A Diagnostic Approach to Enhance the Return of Human Brain and Behaviour Research'), there is a growing number of researchers who believe that functional psychopathology provides a better alter­native for biological research in pathology. Therefore, some authors were asked to describe their findings on this matter. We included chapters on suicidal behav­iour and impulsive-aggressive behaviour. Indeed, these are symptoms that occur across the boundaries of nosological entities and seem to have a solid biological base of their own. Further, we included chapters on apathy, hysteria and catatonia. They again serve the idea of research into symptomatology instead of nosological entities.

We had planned to include a chapter on neuro-imaging in drug abuse in this book. This would have been indeed very interesting and timely. However, given the great variety of drugs causing addiction, this topic was considered too ex­tensive to be covered in a single chapter. Therefore, we would like to refer to the comprehensive literature in this field elsewhere (an overview of the literature on the field of, for example, alcohol, stimulant and opiate misuse can be found, among many others, in the review by Lingford-Hughes et al. 2003, or the case report from Brandli et al. 2000). .

The clinical section ends with two intriguing chapters, one on hypnosis and one on the use of functional brain imaging in court.

Concluding Remarks

We are very happy that this book is published by one of the premier publishers in the field. This guarantees a high quality of production and allows for the inclusion of many colour figures, which is essential in the field of functional neuro-imag­ing.

XIV AbouttlllsBook

We are intrigued by the enthusiastic response from the book contributors from all over the world who made this endeavour successful. Last but not least, the book was finalized in less than 1 year from first concept to submission, which guaran­tees that the research work and reviews presented are timely and state of the art.

Acknowledgements. We would like to thank Sonja van Haesebrouck and Ursula Gottschall for their invaluable and untiring administrative and technical support. We also are very grateful to Pieter Peremans for contributing the artwork on page VI. Finally we would like to thank Dr Ute Heilmann from Springer for her continuous help and input during the development of this book.

References

Briindli M, Otte A, Miiller-Brand J (2000) Kortikale Blindheit nach Heroinintoxikation [Cortical blindness after heroin intoxication]. Nuklearmedizin 39:37-55 (Nl6-Nl9)

Lingford-Hughes AR, Davies SJ, Mciver S, Williams TM, Daglish MR, Nutt DJ (2003) Addiction. Br Med Bull65:209-222

Contents

Introduction

1 Functional Imaging and Functional Psychopathology: An Introductory Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 K. AUDENAERT, A. 0TTE, K. PEREMANS,

K. VAN HEERINGEN, R. DIERCKS

Technical Section

2 Instrumentation in Nuclear Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 F. JAcoBs, Y. D'AssELER, J. DICKSON,

I. LEMAHIEU, R. VAN DE WALLE

3 Perfusion Tracers: Biological Bases and Clinical Implications . . . . . . . . . . 33 D.O. SLOSMAN, L. PELLERIN

4 Molecular Aspects of G-protein Coupled Receptor Signalling of Relevance for Nuclear Medicine Imaging in Psychiatry . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 CH. VAN DE WIELE, I. GOETHALS, K. AUDENAERT,

A. 0TTE, N. MERTENS

5 Radio ligands for Central Neuroreceptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 M. VANDECAPELLE, G. SLEGERS, F. DEVos, F. DuMONT

6 Ligand Tracer Kinetics: Theory and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 M. SLIFSTEIN, w. G. FRANKLE, M. LARUELLE

7 Functional Brain Imaging and Drug Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 A.M. CATAFAU, E. MERLO-PICH, A. BYE

8 Neuroreceptor Imaging Studies and the Mechanism of Action of Antipsychotic Drugs .......................................... 109 V. BIGLIANI, L.S. PILOWSKY, G. BUSATTO

9 Functional Brain Imaging and Large Animal Research ............... 127 K. PEREMANS, K. AUDENAERT, F. VERSCHOOTEN,

A. 0TTE, G. SLEGERS, R. DIERCKX

XVI Contents

10 Functional Brain Imaging in the Dog: Perfusion and Serotonin-2A Receptor Imaging in Physiological and Pathophysiological Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 K. PEREMANS, K. AUDENAERT, A. OTTE,

H. VAN BREE, K. VAN HEERINGEN, R. DIERCKX

Clinical Section Introductory Chapter

11 Functional Psychopathology: A Diagnostic Approach to Enhance the Return of Human Brain and Behaviour Research ................. 161 H. M. VAN PRAAG

Nosological Psychopathology 12 Nuclear Neuroimaging in Child Psychiatry ......................... 177

A. PIEPSZ, H. HAM

13 ~-Amyloid Imaging In Vivo and Its Possible Implications for Alzheimer's Disease .......................................... 191 N.P.L.G. VERHOEFF, A.A. WILSON, H.F. KUNG,

D. HussEY, L. TROP, S. HouLE

14 Psychiatric Disorders in Parkinsonian Syndromes -Nuclear Medicine Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 J. StAWEK, P. LASS

15 Neuropsychiatric Involvement in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ~ ..... 233 S.M. WEINER, A. OTTE

16 The Late Whiplash Syndrome: Current Aspects of Functional Neuroimaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 A. 0TTE, K. AUDENAERT, K. PEREMANS,

K. 0TTE, R.A. DIERCKX

17 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 D.C. COSTA, A. GRECO

18 Schizophrenia and Psychotic Disorder ............................. 301 J. STONE, L. PILOWSKY

19 Nuclear Brain Imaging in Mood Disorders .......................... 311 D. VAN DEN ABBEELE, K. AUDENAERT, K. PEREMANS,

A. 0TTE, R. DIERCKX, K. VAN HEERINGEN

20 Neuro-SPECT and Its Application in Bipolar Affective Disorders . . . . . . . 331 I. MENA, R. CORREA, A. NADER

21 Radioligand Studies in Depression H. D'HAENEN

349

Contents XVII

22 Functional Neuroimaging in Social Anxiety Disorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 J.M. WARWICK, D.J. STEIN, P. CAREY

23 Functional Neuroimaging in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder .......... 373 P.D. CAREY, D.J. STEIN, J. WARWICK, s. SEEDAT

24 Nuclear Neuroimaging and Psychosurgery in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder ................................ 391 J.S. KwoN, J.-S. CHOI, M. CHUL LEE

25 Nuclear Brain Imaging in Eating Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 F. VAN DEN EYNDE, s. DE SAEDELEER, K.H. NAUDTS, M. VERVAET, A. 0TTE, K. PEREMANS, I. GOETHALS, C. VAN HEERINGEN, R. DIERCKX, K. AUDENAERT

26 Functional Neuroimaging in Sleep Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 E.A. NOFZINGER

27 Functional Brain Imaging in Personality Research and Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 K. AUDENAERT, I. GOETHALS, K. PEREMANS, A. OTTE, F. VAN DEN EYNDE, K. NAUDTS, M. VERVAET, R. DIERCKX, K. VAN HERRINGEN

28 Functional Brain Imaging of Suicidal Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 K. VAN HEERINGEN, K. AuDENAERT, K. BERNAGIE, M. VERVAET, F. JACOBS, A. 0TTE, R. DIERCKX

Functional Psychopathology 29 Functional Brain Imaging of Impulsive Aggression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487

K. BERNAGIE, I. GOETHALS, K. AUDENAERT, F. ]ACOBS, K. PEREMANS, R. DIERCKX, C. VAN HEERINGEN

30 Brain Function During Hypnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 s. LAUREYS, P. MAQUET, M.-E. FAYMONVILLE

31 Functional Neuroimaging in Hysteria and Catatonia ................. 521 X. DE Tr:EGE, S. GoLDMAN, S. LAuREYs

32 Functional Neuro-imaging in Apathy .............................. 531 0. MIGNECO, P.M. KouLIBALY, M. BENOIT, J. DARCOURT, P. RoBERT

33 Functional Brain Imaging in Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 S. SHERGILL, K. NAUDTS, J. GUNN

Background Informations on the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

Subject Index ................................................... 551

List of Contributors

YvEs n' AsSELER

ELlS Research Group, University Ghent, Sint Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 Gent, Belgium

KURT AUDENAUERT

Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185,9000 Gent, Belgium

M.BENOIT

Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Medicale, Pavillon J, Hopi tal Pasteur, 30, avenue de la Voie Romaine, 06002 Nice Cedex 1, France

KATRIEN BERNAGIE

Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

VALERIA BIGLIANI

Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos s/n, 05403-010 Sao Paulo, Brazil

GERALDO BUSATTO

Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos s/n, 05403-010 Sao Paulo, Brazil

ALAN BYE

Clinical Pharmacology Discovery Medicine, Psychiatry CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline SpA, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy

P.D.CAREY

MRC Research Unit for Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505 South Africa

XX List of Contributors

ANA M. CATAFAU Centre for Imaging in Psychiatry, Clinical Pharmacology Discovery Medicine, Psychiatry Centre for Excellence of Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline SpA, Torre Mapfre, Villa Olimpica, La Marina, 16-18, pl.9, 08005 Barcelona, Spain

}UNG-SEOK CHOI Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea 110-744

D.C. CosTA HPP Medicina Molecular, Sa and IBILI, University of Coimbra, Portugal

RODRIGO CORREA Clinica Las Condes, Lo Fontecilla 441, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile

J.DARCOURT Laboratoire de Biophysique et de Traitement de l'Image, 28, avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France

S. DE SAEDELEER Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185,9000 Gent, Belgium

XAVIER DE TIEGE PET /Biomedical Cyclotron Unit and Department of Psychiatry, Erasrne University Hospital, 108 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

HuGo D'HAENEN Psychiatric Department, Academic Hospital, Free University of Brussels (V.U.B.), Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Brussels, Belgium

}OHN DICKSON Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK

Rum DIERCKX Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

FILIP DUMONT Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium

List of Contributors XXI

MARIE-ELISABETH FAYMONVILLE

Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Clinic, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sart Tilman, University of Liege, 4000 Liege, Belgium

W. GORDON FRANKLE

Division of Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive Unit 31, NewYork,NY 10021 USA

INGEBORG GOETHALS

Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185,

9000 Gent, Belgium

SERGE GOLDMAN

PET /Biomedical Cyclotron Unit and Department of Psychiatry, Erasme University Hospital, 108 Route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium

A. GRECO

MR Department, Princess Grace Hospital, Avenue Pasteur, 98000 Monaco

HAMPHREY HAM

Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

D. HUSSEY

PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada

FILIP JACOBS

Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

P.M. KOULIBALY

Service de Medecine Nucleaire, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice Cedex 2, France

H.F.KuNG

Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

JuN Soo KwoN

Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Yongon-don, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea 110-7 44

XXII List of Contributors

MARC LARUELLE Department of Radiology and Division of Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive Unit 31, New York, NY 10021, USA

PIOTR LASS Nuclear Medicine Department, Medical University, Ul. Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland

STEVEN LAUREYS Cyclotron Research Center and Department of Neurology (B30 ), University of Liege - Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium

MYUNG CHUL LEE Seoul National University Hospital, Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, Korea 110-744

PIERRE MAQUET . Cyclotron Research Center and Department of Neurology (B30}, University of Liege - Sart Tilman, 4000 Liege, Belgium

ISMAEL MENA Emeritus Professor of Radiological Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA

EMILIO MERLO-PICH Clinical Pharmacology Discovery Medicine, Psychiatry CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline SpA, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy

NICO MERTENS Molecular Biology, Ghent University and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium

O.MIGNECO Service de Medecine Nucleaire de la DOUA, rue du Tonkin, 69626 Villeurbanne, France

ARMANDO NADER Clinica Los Condes, Lo Fontecilla 441, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile

KRIS H. NAUDTS Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

List of Contributors XXIII

ERIC A. NOFZINGER Sleep Neuroimaging Research Program, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

ANDREAS OTTE Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

KARINA0TTE Legal Department, University Hospital Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 49, 79106 Freiburg, Germany

LUC PELLERIN Institute of Physiology, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland

KATHELIJNE PEREMANS Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Medical Imaging, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

AMYPIEPSZ Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Saint Pierre, Rue Haute 322, 1000 Brussels, Belgium

LYN S. PILOWSKY Institute of Psychiatry, DeCrespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK

PHILIPPE ROBERT Service de Psychiatrie et de Psychologie Medicale, Pavillon J, Hopital Pasteur, 30, avenue de la Voie Romaine, 06002 Nice Cedex 1, France

s. SEEDAT MRC Research Unit for Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505 South Africa

SUKHI SHERGILL Division of Psychological Medicine, Section of Brain Imaging, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK

MARK SILFSTEIN Division of Functional Brain Mapping, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive Unit 31, New York, NY 10021, USA

XXIV List of Contributors

GUIDO SLEGERS

Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium

JAROSLAW St.AWEK

Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Functional Neurosurgery and Movement Disorders, Medical University, Ul. Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland

DANIEL 0. SLOSMAN

Division of Nuclear Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland

D.J.STEIN

MRC Research Unit for Anxiety and Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505 South Africa

JAMES STONE

Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK

L. TROP

Kunin-Lunenfeld Applied Research Centre, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada

H. VANBREE

Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

MARLEEN VANDECAPELLE

Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium

DIRK VAN DEN ABBEELE

Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185,9000 Gent, Belgium

F. VAN DEN EYNDE

Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185,9000 Gent, Belgium

CHRISTOPH VAN DE WIELE

Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

List of Contributors XXV

KEES VAN HEERINGEN Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

HERMAN M. VAN PRAAG Scientific Advisor to the Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Aca­demic Hospital Maastricht and to the Brain and Behaviour Research Institute, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616,6200 MD Masstricht, The Netherlands

N.P.L.G. VERHOEFF Kunin-Lunefeld Applied Research Centre, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada

F. VERSCHOOTEN Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium

MYRIAM VERVAET Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium

FILIP DE Vas Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Gent, Belgium

JAMES M. WARWICK MRC Unit for Stress and Anxiety Disorders and Department of Nuclear Medi­cine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa

STEFAN M. WEINER Department of Medicine, Marienhospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Hoelkeskampring 40, 44625 Herne, Germany

A.A. WILSON PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, Ontario, M6A 2E1, Canada