nuclear matter has exotic properties nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 million tons per cm 3...

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Nuclear matter has exotic properties lear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 ugh we know nuclear matter nuclear matter only in small portions inside atoms, ists in nature also in big portions: - Neutron Stars have a diameter of typically 10 km d normal nuclear ground state density the compressibility can be mined from Giant Monope Resonances - Compressibility k=200-400 MeV 3 15 27 3 0 p 3 p m 10 2 . 1 3 4 kg 10 67 . 1 r 3 4 m R 3 4 Am 3 / 2 0155 . 0 98 . 1 : A A Z nuclei stable 209 Bi 115 In 3 / 166 . 0 fm nucl

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Page 1: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Nuclear matter has exotic properties

Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm3

Although we know nuclear matternuclear matter only in small portions inside atoms, it exists in nature also in big portions: - Neutron Stars have a diameter of typically 10 km

Around normal nuclear ground state density the compressibility can be determined from Giant Monope Resonances - Compressibility k=200-400 MeV

315

27

30

p

3

p

m102.134

kg1067.1

r34

m

R34

Am

3/20155.098.1:

A

AZnucleistable

209Bi115In

3/166.0 fmnucl

Page 2: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Nuclear matter has exotic properties

''globalglobal properties' properties'e.g. binding energies, radii,charge density distributions

nucleon-nucleoninteraction

Nuclear matter properties

317 /103 mkg

Page 3: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Element Production in the Universe

Eta Carinae

SunRgDs

Big Bang nucleosynthesisHydrogen burning/CNOHelium burningCarbon burningNeon burningOxygen burning

Silicon burningphotodesintegrationspallation on ISMs-process / p-process in AGB starsr-process in supernovea

Page 4: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Big Bang

Solar abundance (Si28 = 106)fusion reactions neutron reactions

Mass number

Solar Abundances of Elements

• Why is Fe more common than Au ?

• Why do the heavy elements exist and how are they produced?

• Can we explain the solar abundances of the elements?

open questions:

Page 5: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Table of Nuclides

Today's definition:„superheavy“ are nuclei withZ ≥ 104 (Rutherfordium, Rf)

Stabile Kerneβ+, ε Zerfall

β_ Zerfall

p Zerfallα ZerfallSpontanspaltung

Page 6: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Super Heavy Elements (SHE)Super Heavy Elements (SHE)

Übersicht Synthese: Neutronenbestrahlung (1940-1952)

Heiße Fusion (1952-1974)

Kalte Fusion (ab 1974) Nachweis von superschweren Elementen mit dem Geschwindigkeitsfilter SHIP

Ablenkung im elektrischen und magnetischen Feld

Implantationsdetektor und Alpha-Zerfall

Coulomb-Barriere Q-Wert der Fusionsreaktion Wirkungsquerschnitt der Reaktion Alpha-Zerfall

2003-07-02 Thomas Bauer

Page 7: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Neutronenbestrahlung (~1940)

Schwere Elemente werden mit Neutronen beschossen

eAmPunPu 24195

24194

23994 2

ePuNp 23994

23993

eNpnU 23993

23892

Strategie erfolgreich bis Element 100 (Fermium)

Fermium besitzt kein Isotop mit β_

-Zerfall!kurze Lebensdauer aufgrund α-Zerfall und Spaltung

23 min

2.355 d

Page 8: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Heiße Fusion (~1952)

Leichtes Projektil wird auf schweres Target geschossen

Strategie erfolgreich bis Element 106 (Seaborgium)

"Heiße" Fusion20-40X + ActinideE*CN ≈ 45MeV4n-5n Kanal"n-reiche" Isotope

“Hot Fusion”

Page 9: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Kern-Fusion

r

Reaktion: a + A → C ∗ → B + b >

Δm = ma + mA - mCN

Herausforderung:

● Coulomb-Barriere VC zwischen Projektil und Targetkern muss überwunden werden

● Anregungsenergie des Compoundkerns E*=Ekin+Δm·c2 muss reduziert werden (Abdampfung von Neutronen), um Spontanspaltung zu verhindern.

Aa

AaC RR

eZZV

2

Page 10: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Kalte Fusion (~1974)

Ein schwerer und mittelschwerer Kern werden verschmolzenEinschussenergie: Kernen müssen gerade eben die Coulomb-Barriere überwinden

"Kalte" Fusion50-70X + Pb, BiE*CN ≈ 10MeV1n Kanal"n-arme" Isotope

„Soviel Energie wie nötig, aber so wenig Energie wie möglich.“

Page 11: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

UNILAC Experimental Area

Page 12: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Seperator for Heavy Ion Products (SHIP)

- 11 Meter lang

- Separationszeit 1-2μs

- Vakuumbedingungen

Page 13: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

SHIP – Target

Rad besteht aus Pb oder Bi-Folie

(100-500) g/cm2 und dreht sich mit 1000 U/min niedrige Schmelztemperaturen begrenzen

den maximalen Strahl auf 2x1012 Teilchen/s

- Kühlung durch Metallplatten

Page 14: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

SHIP – Quadrupol Linsen

Linsen fokussieren den Strahl

- nötig wegen Streuung am Target

- MaßeRadius: 7.5cm

Länge: 25cm

Page 15: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

SHIP – Velocity Filter

Reaktionsprodukte verlassen

das Target langsamer

E- und B-Feld stehen senkrecht

PTPPCN vmmmv ))/((

0

2

totelmag FFF

qe

vmE

qe

vmB

electric deflectors: ±330 kV dipole magnets: 0.7 T max

%2,2%3.10.. CNP vvBz

Page 16: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Wahl von E und B bestimmt die

durchzulassende Geschwindigkeit

Abgelenkter Strahl wird auf

gekühlter Kupferplatte gestoppt

B

Ev

SHIP – Velocity Filter

Page 17: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Strahl ist nun grob gefiltert, aber

- Teilchen mit hoher Geschwindigkeit werden aussortiert

- Teilchen mit zufällig gleicher Geschwindigkeit wie die SHE

passieren aber den Filter Lösung ist der 5. Dipolmagnet

SHIP – Velocity Filter

Page 18: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

SHIP – 5. Dipolmagnet

Lenkt den Strahl um 7.5° ab - sehr schnelle Teilchen werden weniger abgelenkt - zufällig gleichschnelle Teilchen werden aufgrund ihrer niedrigeren Energie mehr abgelenkt

Page 19: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

SHIP - Detectors

time of flight-detector (tof) - besteht aus dünnen C-Folien (2 oder 3 hintereinander)

stop-detector - besteht aus 7 identischen 16-Streifen Silizium-Detektoren und drei Germanium-Detektoren

Page 20: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

SHIP - tof

gibt an, wenn ein SHE-Kandidat den Geschwindigkeitsfilter passiert hat

grobe Massenbestimmung (±10%)

Page 21: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

SHIP – Stop-Detektor

ortsempfindliche Silizium-Sperrschichtzähler bestimmen Auftreffort und Energie

Fläche: 27*87mm2, Dicke: 0.3mm, bei Kühlung 260K ΔE=30keV

(FWHM), Δx=0.3mm (FWHM)

Zerfallsketten können dort beobachtet werden (Mutter-, Tochter, Enkelinkern usw.): Korrelationsmethode

Page 22: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Typische Beobachtung im Detekor

Page 23: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Synthesis of Heavy Elements

70Zn 208Pb 277112

n

Fusion

_1_1012

Page 24: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

The production cross section:fusion cross section and

survival probability

Earth:-Area 1.3x108 km2

1.3x1014 m2

Wetzlar:Area 75.67 km2

1.3x107 m2/2

Charlotte Buff‘s house: Area x 130 m2

1.3x102 m2

Nucleus: 1 barn = 10-24 cm2 = 10-28 m2

fusion cross section: < 1 barn

Production cross section 277112:

1 pbarn = 10-12 barn1:1012

1:1012

1:107 1:105

Page 25: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

Ereignisrate für SHE-Produktion

2·1012/s Projektile → 208Pb Target (0.5mg/cm2)

208g ≡ 6.02·1023 Atome 0.5mg ≡ 1.45·1018 Atome

Luminosität: Np·Nt=2.9·1030[s-1cm-2]SHIP Transmission: ε=40%Wirkungsquerschnitt: σ =1[pb] =10-36[cm2]

Ereignisrate: Np·Nt·ε·σ = 1·10-6[s-1] = 0.1[d-1]

xNNeNxN tpxN

ppt 010

Np Np(x)

Page 26: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

known

ER277112

273110

269Hs

265Sg

261Rf

257No

11.45 MeV280 s

11.08 MeV110 s

9.23 MeV19.7 s

4.60 MeV (escape)7.4 s

8.52 MeV4.7 s

253Fm8.34 MeV15.0 s

Date: 09-Feb-1996Time: 22:37 h

277112

70Zn 208Pb 277112

n

kinematical separation (in flight)

using electric deflectors and dipole magnets

velocity filter

Identification by - correlationsdown to known isotopes

Synthesis and identification of heavy elements with SHIP

12 m

8 cm

31 cm

B

Ev

Page 27: Nuclear matter has exotic properties Nuclear matter is extremely heavy 280 Million Tons per cm 3 nuclear matter Although we know nuclear matter only in

natural,stable

artificial,unstable

natural,unstable

discovered at GSI,unstable

not yet confirmed

Periodic Table of the Elements

Cn ≡ Copernicium