ntsmarika2063

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!#Eliminating Corruption makes irreversible brain drain reversible- Classic Quote


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

AN ERA OFAN ERA OFAN ERA OFAN ERA OFAN ERA OF

CUSTOMER CARECUSTOMER CARECUSTOMER CARECUSTOMER CARECUSTOMER CARE

“Customer Care is a solution that takes all interactionswith customers, analyses them, delivers them, integratesand uses them to provide a single view of the customer

from all aspects of the business.” This may mean product/ service warranty or promptly addressing customer

complaints or providing various other services.

Shiv Bhushan LalM.E. in Comp. Sc.,

M.Tech. in Mgt. & Systems (Marketing)

Manager ONP, Babar Mahal, Kathmandu

and staff motivation—to ensure successful results. In

Customer Care we must also know how to deliver an

excellent service at the front line, covering personal

service, and delivery speed and service recovery.

As strategic concepts, customer driven quality and

service have moved to the top of the list for most

organizations and their managers. A day does not go by

without some reminder of how important these factors

have become. One has to examine and develop these

concepts to all concerned as these are familiar and

critical. Market research, quality systems and

performance measures are an essential part of a sound

strategy to deliver the best that can be achieved for any

customer.

Customer Management (CM) is essential for

businesses, and major investments have been made in

new systems, strategies and channels for managing

customers. The results, however, have often been

disappointing and companies are now looking closely

at how to make their customer relationship management

(CRM) initiatives profitable.

Sometime during the last 30 years, the service

economy (service sector) emerged as the dominant

Tomorrow’s profitability is determined by today’s

customer service. Satisfied customers return and send

others; dissatisfied people do not. Frontline staffs are

given an opportunity to practice the communication

skills needed to deal with the day-to-day challenges of

any service environment and an insight into how they

can improve the standard of customer care dramatically

whilst at the same time increasing customer loyalty. This

challenging work is highly participative and examines

the principles of excellence in providing quality service

through a well organized challenge for making a real

difference to customer service.

Today’s consumers are sophisticated, well informed

and have high expectations of the services they want to

receive. Companies that do not live up to these changes

will lose their market share.

Organization and employees must recognize these

trends and demonstrations, in a clear and practical way,

how to develop and sustain a customer-service focus.

One has to place emphasis on the importance of the

strategic aspects of customer care-- gaining commitment,

listening to customers, developing customer-care ethos

!$


engine of economic activity. At first, critics who were

uncomfortable with the intangible nature of services

bemoaned the decline of the goods-based economy,

which, thanks to many factors, had increasingly become

commoditized. Successful companies, such as

Nordstrom, Starbucks, Saturn, and IBM, discovered that

the best way to differentiate one product from another--

clothes, food, cars, computers--was to add service.

But the bar of economic offerings is being raised

again. In The Experience Economy, the service economy

is about to be superseded with something that critics

will find even more ephemeral (and controversial) than

services ever were: experiences. In part because of

technology and the increasing expectations of

consumers, services today are starting to look like

commodities. The author writes that, "Those businesses

that relegate themselves to the diminishing world of

goods and services will be rendered irrelevant”.

In the case of Nepal Telecom (NT) as a service sector,

we have to consider the mission, vision and goal of the

organization, which are listed below:

NT MISSION:“Nepal Telecom, as progressive, customer-spirited

and consumer responsive entity, is committed to provide

nation-wide reliable telecommunication services to serve

as an impetus to the social, political and economic

development of the country.”

NT VISION:“Vision of Nepal Telecom is to remain a dominant

player in telecommunication sector in the country while

also extending reliable and cost effective services to all.”

NT GOAL:“Goal of Nepal Telecom is to provide cost effective

telecommunication services to every nook and corner

of the country.”

These statement clearly state that Nepal Telecom

needs a clear cut customer care services to stay as a leading

& effective telecom service provider in the country.

As “Great companies do things differently” we have

to make a commitment, and stick to it for the long-haul,

to the continuous improvement and development of

relationships with employees & customers.

We at NT understand that employees aren't just

"humans doing" and customers aren't just "humans

buying." We acknowledge that they're all human beings

with feelings, and they put their money where our mouths

are by investing time and energy in ongoing training for

employees and in constantly fine-tuning the customer

experience.

We train our employees to support customer care

system for leaders who have the courage to commit full-

throttle to continuously improving themselves, our

employees and our customer relationships. It's for our

managers who have the guts to stand out by empowering

themselves and their employees to improve customer care:

– Be fully and actively engaged in their work.

– Understand how and why feelings do belong in

the work place.

– Sharpen their skills, grow and advance.

– Identify and eliminate obstacles that cause

customer dissatisfaction and defection.

– Put customer-centric practices into action!

– Continuously create more value for internal and

external customers.

– Build customer loyalty and create profits!

By understanding above, we improve our cutting-edge

leadership, creating powerful customer-focused cultural

changes from the inside out at our pace and on our schedule.

Therefore, we have to start from our own staffs:

All staff who provide service and support to internal

and external customers and for whom successful and

effective interaction is a key requirement of their role.

We know that significances of Customer Service are:

1. Support Sales

2. Assist and advise internal functions

3. Help increase company profitability

4. Resolve complaints quickly

5. Enter orders accurately and completely

6. Respond promptly and cheerfully to customer

requests

7. Handle returns and adjustments efficiently and

courteously

8. Give correct information

9. Show concern and understanding

10. Communicate caring

If we fail to do above, we will have dissatisfied

customers, who will fail to complain about significance

of customer service because:

– They feel it is too much trouble

– They are afraid to be hassled

– They think it will not do any good

!%


– They don’t know where and how to complain

– Be weary of the “fine” answers

In result, we will have a bad customers pool, which will

result to poor customer relations as research shows that:

– Sixty-eight percent of customers who stop

patronizing a store do so because an indifferent

employee treated them poorly.

– Customers are five times more likely to leave

because of poor service than they are for product

quality or price.

– Ninety-six percent of dissatisfied customers never

complain about rude or discourteous service.

– Ninety-one percent will not buy from the

business again.

– One hundred percent of those unhappy

customers will tell their “horror stories” to at

least nine other people.

– Thirteen percent of those unhappy customers

will tell their stories to at least 20 other people.

Telecommunications sectors are doing better than

any other industry when it comes to winning customer’s

loyalty according to most recent survey by an

international research and consulting firm. This is done

by giving more focus on the customer through:

– Treat your own employees well.

– Encourage customer complaints, set up a 24/7

toll-free “hotline” (by phone, fax or e-mail).

– Encourage front line feedback; front-line employees

can predict 90% of customer complaints.

– Customer Feedback

– Significance of Customer Service

– Without customers, there would be no business.

– Without satisfying them, there would be no

future for a business.

– We MUST welcome, invite, and solicit Feedback!

How do we focus on the customer?

– Reward employees “caught” providing

exceptional service.

– Deliver on customer service promises.

– Be honest with your customer.

– Make it easy for your customers to buy your

product or service; catalogs, phone orders, fax

orders, on-line orders etc…

– Establish a clear return and refund policy that

provides customer satisfaction.

Most important factor is our ATTITUDE, which is very

significant to Customer Service

– Influences our behavior.

– We cannot always camouflage how we feel.

– Determines the level of our job satisfaction

– Affect everyone who comes in contact with us,

either in person or on the telephone

– This means our attitude affects the attitude of

other employees who are also offering service

to customers.

– Is not only reflected by our tone of voice, but

also by the way we stand or sit, our facial

expressions; and in other non-verbal ways.

– Is not fixed. We can choose!

!^


– Start each day with thoughts about the positive

aspects of our job.

– When negative events occur, we take a deep breath

and re-establish a positive attitude by focusing on

activities that allow us to regain our perspective.

– Whenever possible we avoid people and

situations that are predictably negative.

– We share our attitude when things are going

well. We know attitudes are caught, not taught.

Knowing above, we at Nepal Telecom trying to

understand that we can:

– Developed the ability to treat the customer with

consideration, devotion, congeniality and sincerity.

– Understood the importance and concepts of

Customer care and Excellent Service.

– Recognized basic behavioral patterns of

different Customer profiles and how to deal with

them in a multi-cultural environment with focus

on Difficult Customers.

– Gained critical skills for serving customers and

handling their complaints.

– Manage their time and communicate effectively.

– Draw an individual Action Plan for providing

superior service to customers.

By implementing customer care services, we and our

organization benefits to:– Understand how to build customer loyalty and

meet customer needs and expectations

– Achieve excellence in the service provided and

maintain professionalism when under pressure

– Use proven interpersonal skills to persuade and

influence positive outcomes

– Project an image of professionalism and

competence when dealing with customers

– Handle difficult people and challenging

situations successfully

– Consider the practical issues of developing and

maintaining a Customer Care Programme.

Therefore we regularly conduct training programme for

our employees about:

– What is Customer Care? Who are the

Customers? Getting to Know Them

– The meaning of Quality Service: What is it

really like? Meeting Expectations and Needs;

– How Customer Care can benefit the business:

Achieving Loyalty through excellence in customer

service; Examples of good and bad initiatives

– Building Customer Relations: Managing the

Key Impression Points; Overcoming

Barriers; Managing Different Types of People

– Communicating Positively with

Customers: What to Say and How to Say It – in

person, by telephone, in writing; Projecting

Professionalism and Confidence; Giving bad

news and saying “No” constructively

– Turning Complaints into Opportunities: Defusing

a difficult situation; Influencing and Persuading

– Developing a Customer Care Programme:

Objectives; Measuring Feedback and Success.

As growing number of service experts and research-

ers are talking about employee and customer feelings and

relationships as being the heart and soul of business suc-

cess, yet most business schools still don't offer classes on

'customer emotions.' Managers who 'get it' on their own

often lack the ability to articulate what they know - to

start new conversations in the workplace that lead to cus-

tomer-focused cultural shifts. Our training programs are

committed to being there to help our employees. For last

!&


few years we are improving our customer and employee

relationships.

As we regularly conduct training, a Customer Care

trainee will become a master of 'relationship

management,' fluent in the language of employee

engagement and customer 'obsession,' a critical skill in

today's work world. Using that language we'll build trust,

change the conversation and create positive changes right

from the start. Over time, we'll create a workforce that's

more competent, conscious and caring.

Our trainees get results as they complete lesson,

apply what they learn and share When we commit to

our success by joining this training, which is called, 'The

Art & Science of Exquisite Customer Care’, we will:

– Create a solid framework for keeping us and our

team engaged, motivated and focused on our goals.

– Shift our team's mindset from outdated models of

'customer service' to a proactive model of 'customer care.'

– Develop a practice of providing consistent and

positive 'customer experiences.' As we say,

"Practice makes profits!"

– Increase customer loyalty and get increased

wallet share - and more referrals!

Our employees are provided with training based on

the 'best of the best' work and research in the field of

customer care, we provide the commitment and elbow grease

to make it happen! By the time we complete the training

program, including the quizzes to reinforce what we've

learned, we'll be masterful at doing even the smallest things

in brilliant, outstanding ways. We'll know how to consistently

inspire our employees and delight our customers.

As applying these customer caring principles

becomes second nature to us, everyone who works for,

buys from or does business with us will be able to trust

us and to count on us - to 'do the right thing' on their

behalf. We know that we'll be rewarded with our loyalty

- less employee turnover and absenteeism. Less customer

defection. More engaged enthusiastic employees. More

raving fans who are happy to spread the word about the

magical customer experiences we gave them!

We are sure as we have the desire and the guts to

create the sharp competitive edge we need to thrive in

today’s competitive environment. And we can expect

to see results like these:

It's strengthening our culture and expediting its

transformation into higher and higher levels of 'customer

intimacy' - our number one company value.

"Our whole focus on customer loyalty, of which the

Customer Care training is a vital component, has taken

us to another business level in terms of profitability.

“Customer Care is a solution that takes all interactions

with customers, analyses them, delivers them, integrates

and uses them to provide a single view of the customer

from all aspects of the business.” This may mean product/

service warranty or promptly addressing customer

complaints or providing various other services.

There is a famous saying “Once a customer, always

a customer.” But it is not an easy task to satisfy and

retain a customer and this cannot happen overnight. For

this a positive attitude has to be developed in the

organization and it should come right from the top and

flow downwards. And this effort has to happen on a

continuous basis day after day.

Nepal Telecom is moving for Customer care from

"Customer Satisfaction" to "Customer Delight" to "Customer

Bond Relationship – Customer Loyalty".

!* Limit your desires and increase your happiness-Better life Quote


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rfdTsfl/s glthf cfp“5.

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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

k|aGwsJofkf/ Joj:yfkg ljefu

!=!=!=!=!= k[i7e"ldk[i7e"ldk[i7e"ldk[i7e"ldk[i7e"ld

!=! ljZjJofkL ?kdf b"/;~rf/ ahf/sf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf;

x'g' tyf ahf/sf] gofF :j?k lrq0f x'g'df k|lt:kwf{sf]

cxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ If]qnfO{ pbf/Ls/0f u/L

k|lt:kwf{Tds b"/;~rf/ ahf/ ;[hgf ug]{ ;/sf/L gLltcg'?k

cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jftk{m ;]K6]Da/ @))# tyf df]afOn

;]jftk{m cS6f]a/ @))% df g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] Psflwsf/

ljlwjt ?kdf cGt ePsf] lyof] . oBlk ljBdfg

k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/df cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jftk{m tf/;lxt

(Wired Network) tyf tf//lxt (Wireless Network)

k|0ffnLaf6 2063 ;fn d+l;/ dlxgfsf] cGt;Dd cfk\mgf]

u|fxs cfwf/ sl/a %,%),))) nfOg k'¥ofP/ ahf/sf]

sl/a *% k|ltzt lx:;f tyf df]afOn ;]jftk{m sl/a

&,)),))) nfOg ljt/0f u/]/ df]afOn ahf/sf] &% k|ltzt

lx:;f cfk\mgf] kIfdf /fv]/ g]kfn 6]lnsd ahf/ cu|0fLsf]

?kdf :yflkt 5 .

!=@ ;g\ !(() af6 df]afOn ;]jfsf] k|f/De ePkl5 cfwf/e"t

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;+t[Kt ahf/ /x]sf ljsl;t d'n'sx?df

df]afOn ;]jfsf] b|'tQ/ ;+VofTds j[l4 ePsf] lyof] eg]

6]lnkmf]g 3gTj sd ePsf ljsf;zLn tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v

b]zx?df df]afOn ;]jfsf] ljsf;n] cfwf/e"t ;]jfnfO{ w]/}

k5fl8 5f]8]sf] 5 . Dff]afOn ;]jfsf] nf]slk|otf, o;sf]

rfdTsfl/s ;+VofTds j[l4 / rsf]{ k|lt:kwf{n] ljZjJofkL

?kdf g} b"/;~rf/ ahf/ k|efljt ePsf] 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sx?

Eff/t, rLg tyf kfls:tfgdf ePsf] df]afOn ;]jfsf] ljsf;

ljZjsf] nflu g} pbfx/0fLo ePsf] 5 . ef/tdf ;g\ @))$

df df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;+Vof / df]afOn 3gTj -k|lt !))

JolQm df]afOn ;+Vof_ qmdzM $ s/f]8 *) nfv / $=%

/x]sf]df ;g\ @))& sf] cGtdf pQm cf+s8f qmdz @)

s/f]8 / !*=^ k'Ug] k|If]k0f 5 . To:t} u/L kfls:tfgdf ;g\

@))$ df df]afOn ;+Vof %) nfv / df]afOn 3gTj #=@

dfq lyof], h'g ;g\ @))& cGt;Dddf qmdzM ̂ s/f]8 %&

nfv / df]afOn 3gTj $!=# x'g] k|If]k0f /x]sf] 5 . To:t}

;g\ @))& sf] cGt;Dddf rLgdf df]afOn ;+Vof sl/a

%$ s/f]8 tyf df]jfOn 3gTj $! k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 . xfd|f]

h:tf] ;dfg cfly{s cj:yf ePsf] d'n's a+unfb]zdf klg

;g\ @))! df @ nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /x]sf] df]afOn ;+Vof

;g\ @))^ sf] cGt;Dddf ! s/f]8 ^) nfv / df]afOn

3gTj !@ k'Ug] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . ljZjJofkL ?kdf eO/x]sf]

of] ljsf;qmd;Fu xfd|f] d'n's dfq c5'tf] /xg ;Q}mg .

d'n'ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds ahf/ ;dosf] b[li6n] k|f/lDes

r/0fdf 5 t/ k|lt:kwf{sf nIf0fx? :ki6?kdf b]lvg yfn]sf

5g\ . cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfdf k|lt:kwf{sf] ult ;fdfGo

5 eg] df]afOn ;]jfsf] k|lt:kwf{ s8f tyf o;sf] ult

5l/tf] x'g] lglZrt b]lvPsf] 5 . ahf/sf] lx:;f j[lå ug{

k|lt:kwL{ ;]jfk|bfosx? cfqmfds ?kdf k|:t't ePsf 5g\ .

of] kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fnfO{ ;fdgf u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b'j}

ahf/df /x]sf] cfk\mgf ahf/ cu|0fLsf] l:yltnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'

cTofjZos tyf ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 .

@= ahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt / /0fgLltsf] cfjZostfahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt / /0fgLltsf] cfjZostfahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt / /0fgLltsf] cfjZostfahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt / /0fgLltsf] cfjZostfahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt / /0fgLltsf] cfjZostf

@=! d'n'ssf] ljBdfg b"/;~rf/ ahf/df cfwf/e"t tyf df]afOn

;]jf b'j}df ahf/ cu|0fL /xg' g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] nflu cToGt

!(


;sf/fTds kIf xf] . cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g ;]jftk{m d'n'ssf]

6]lnkmf]g 3gTj sl/a @=% tyf df]afOn 3gTj $ dfq

/x]sf] 5 . t/ 5f]6f] ;dodf g} df]afOn ;]jfn] cfwf/e"t

6]lnkmf]g ;]jfnfO{ ;+VofTds b[li6n] k5fl8 5f]l8;s]sf] 5

/ eljiodf of] ce}m km/flsnf] x'g] k|:6 lbzf sf]l/+b} 5 .

d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] nflu

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ckl/xfo{tf, ;]jfsf] 36\bf] d"No / l5d]sL

d'n'sx?df ePsf] b"/;~rf/ ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/

ubf{ d'n'ssf] b"/;~rf/ j[l4b/ pRr x'g] ;lhn} cf+sng ug{

;lsG5 . d'n'sdf lbuf] zflGt sfod x'g] ck]Iffaf6 d'n'sn]

cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|z:t ;Defjgf af]s]sf] 5 . d'n'ssf]

ef}uf]lns agf]6sf sf/0f k|z:t r'gf}tL eP tfklg cfly{s

ljsf; / b"/;~rf/ ljsf; Ps–cfk;df kl/k"/s rqm ePsf]n]

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] tLj| dfu a9\g] oy]i6 cj;/ 5 . df]afOn

;]jfsf] ljBdfg cTolws dfu / u|fdL0f If]qdf c-phone

sf] dfu o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] .

@=@ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfk\mgf] ahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt sfod /fVg

ahf/ lj:tf/;DaGwL # j6f kIfx?sf] plrt ;Daf]wg ug{'

kb{5 . sDkgLn] ljBdfg ahf/sf] cltl/Qm ;du| ahf/nfO{

g} lj:tf/ ug{'k5{ . ;]jfsf] gofF–gofF k|of]usf] ?kdf d"Nok/s

;]jfx? (value added service) lbP/ ahf/ lj:tf/ ug{ /

;]jfsf] k|of]u cTolws ug{ k|f]T;fxg u/]/ sDkgLn] ;du|

ahf/ lj:tf/ ug{'k5{ . To:t} u/L sDkgLn] k|lt:kwL{x?nfO{

cj;/ lbg] sdhf]/Lx? lg?k0f u/]/, k|lt:kwL{sf] cfqmd0faf6

Joj;fo ;+/If0f u/]/, u|fxsju{;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod u/]/,

;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / d"No l:y/tfnfO{ dha't u/]/ sDkgLn]

ljBdfg ahf/ lx:;fnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . o; cltl/Qm

sDkgLn] ljBdfg ahf/sf] cfkm\gf] lx:;fnfO{ yk j[l4 ug{

lg/Gt/ k|of; ug{'k5{ . k|lt:kwf{df æ;a}eGbf pQd k|lt/Iff

eg]sf] pQd cfqmd0f xf]Æ eGg] egfOnfO{ dgg u/L pkef]Qmfdf

d"No k|efjsf/L Pjd\ ljZj;gLo ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{af6 g} sDkgLn]

ahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt sfod /fVg ;S5 .

##### /0fgLltsf txx? / ;+:yfut ;+:sf//0fgLltsf txx? / ;+:yfut ;+:sf//0fgLltsf txx? / ;+:yfut ;+:sf//0fgLltsf txx? / ;+:yfut ;+:sf//0fgLltsf txx? / ;+:yfut ;+:sf/

#=!#=!#=!#=!#=! /g0fLltljgf s'g} klg Jofkfl/s ;+:yfn] cfk\mgf] p2]Zo

kl/eflift tyf xfl;n ug{ ;Sb}g . o:t} u/L /0fgLltljgf

s'g} klg ;+:yfn] kl/jlt{t jftfj/0faf6 ;[lht r'gf}tL

Pjd\ cj;/sf] plrt k|To'Q/ lbg ;Sb}g . plrt /0fgLltsf]

cefjdf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfk\mgf] ahf/ cu|0fL l:ylt u'dfpg'

kg]{ vt/f x'G5 . ljBdfg kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fsf] ;xL klxrfg

tyf ljZn]if0f u/L cfk\mgf] p2]Zo kl/eflift ug]{ tyf xfl;n

ug]{ km/flsnf sfo{qmdx? g]kfn 6]lnsdn] tof/ ug'{

cTofjZos 5 . clxn] bzf}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf clGtd jif{df

/x]sf] 5 / cfufdL P3f/f}+ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -cf=j=

@)^$.)^%–@)^(.)&)_ ;Dddf ljBdfg dfu–cfk"lt{sf]

cj:yf, u|fdL0f If]qdf ;]jfsf] kxF'r k'¥ofpg] pQ/bfloTj

Pjd\ d'n'ssf] ;"rgf ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/

tyf d'n'ssf] cfly{s pTyfgnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L b"/;~rf/

;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ /0fgLlt lgdf{0f ug{ cTofjZos ePsf] 5 .

#=@#=@#=@#=@#=@ ;fdfGotof /0fgLlt th{'df ug{ lhDd]jf/L dflyNnf]

Joj:yfkgsf] dfq xf] eGg] unt wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . Ps

hgf sd{rf/L cfk\mgf] 3/af6 sfof{no;Dd k'Ug klg /0fgLlt

to u/]/ lxF8]sf] x'G5 . uGtJo;Ddsf] b"/L, ljleGg k|sf/sf

;jf/L;fwgsf] pknAwtf, af6f] tyf 6«flkms cj:yfh:t}

;a} kIfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L 7Ls ;dodf sfof{no k'Ug] /0fgLlt

agfPsf] x'G5 . of] :jt:km"t{ x'G5, t;y{ k|ToIf b]lvFb}g .

plrt /0fgLlt gePsf] cj:yfdf Tof] sd{rf/L sfof{no

;dodf gk'Ug ;S5, ;8s b'3{6gfdf klg kg{ ;S5 .

o:tf] Pp6f ;fdfGo gd'gf pbfx/0fdf /0fgLltsf] cfjZostf

emlNsG5 eg] g]kfn 6]lnsdh:tf] d'n'se/ ;]jf lj:tf/

u/]sf] ;+:yfdf /0fgLltsf] lhDd]jfl/tf dflyNnf] Joj:yfkgsf]

dfq xf] eGg] ;f]r oyfy{k/s, o'lQm;+ut / Jofjxfl/s 5}g .

t;y{ ;+:yfsf] pkNnf] txb]lv tNnf] tx;Dd /0fgLlt aGg' h?/L

5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfcGtu{tsf ljleGg

txx?df lgDg k|sf/sf /0fgLltx? ckgfpg h?/L x'G5 .

#=@=! skf]{/]6 /0fgLlt#=@=! skf]{/]6 /0fgLlt#=@=! skf]{/]6 /0fgLlt#=@=! skf]{/]6 /0fgLlt#=@=! skf]{/]6 /0fgLlt

sDkgLsf] pRr Joj:yfkgaf6 cjnDag ul/g] /0fgLlt

skf]{/]6 /0fgLlt xf] . ljBdfg ahf/df /x]sf] cfkm\gf] lx:;f

tyf ;+:yfsf] cfGtl/s agf]6nfO{ b[[li6ut u/L pRr

Joj:yfkgaf6 ;+:yfsf] k|To]s Jofkfl/s PsfOsf] d"Nof+sg

u/L skf]{/]6 /0fgLlt to ul/G5 . d'n'ssf] b"/;~rf/ ahf/

pRr j[l4b/sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] cfk\mgf] ahf/ cu|0fL

l:yltnfO{ dha't ub}{ ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{nfO{ ;xh agfpg]

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|d'v k|fyldstf ePsf] 5 . ljz]if u/L

df]afOn ;]jfdf gj ;]jfk|bfos a9L cfqmfds ?kdf k|:t't

ePsf] cj:yfdf k|lt/Iffsf] ?kdf cfk\mgf] ahf/ ;'b[9 ug{

df]afOn 6]lnkmf]gsf] lj:tf/sf nflu ljz]if kxn ug{'

cfjZos ePsf] 5 . ljutsf s]xL dlxgfx?df sDkgLsf]

df]afOn ;]jf ljt/0fdf v8]/L nfu]sf] 5, h'g k|lt:kwL{nfO{

@)


cfk\mgf] ahf/ j[l4 ug{] cj;/ ePsf] 5 . cfufdL lbgx?df

cem rsf]{ k|lt:kwf{ x'g] lglZrt ePsf]n] df]afOn ljt/0fdf

s'g} lsl;dsf] Jojwfg cfpg lbg' x'Fb}g . lgZro klg

pRr j[l4b/ ePsf] ahf/df cfk\mgf] ahf/ k|e'Tj sfod

/fVg a[xt\ cfly{s nufgL ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . h;df hf]lvdsf]

plQs} ;Defjgf /xG5 t/ s'g} klg hf]lvd glng] ;+:yf

ahf/ ljhoL aGg ;Q}mg . To:t}u/L skf]{/]6 /0fgLlt to

ubf{ ;fdflhs bfloTjnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ;+:yfut ;+:sf/sf]

ljsf; ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ug{' cfjZos x'G5 .

#=@=@ Jofkfl/s PsfO /0fgLlt#=@=@ Jofkfl/s PsfO /0fgLlt#=@=@ Jofkfl/s PsfO /0fgLlt#=@=@ Jofkfl/s PsfO /0fgLlt#=@=@ Jofkfl/s PsfO /0fgLlt

s'g} ljz]if Jofkf/sf] p2]Zo k"lt{ ug{ ckgfOg] /0fgLlt

Jofkfl/s PsfO /0fgLlt xf] . cfwf/e"t ;]jf, lnld6]8

df]laln6L ;]jf, df]afOn ;]jf, 8f6f ;]jf, OG6/g]6–Od]n

;]jf OToflb u/L g]kfn 6]lnsddf ljleGg Jofkfl/s PsfOx?

5g\ . k|To]s Jofkfl/s PsfOn] ahf/sf] cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut

u/L cfk\mgf] Jofkf/ s;/L k|j4{g ug{] eGg]tk{m ljz]if Wofg

/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . ljBdfg ahf/ cj:yfdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ s'g}

klg ;+:yfsf] Ifdtf Tof] ;+:yfsf] k|fljlws tyf cfly{s

;|f]t–;fwgsf] cltl/Qm $ j6f dxTjk"0f{ jftfj/0fLo

zlQmx? M– -!_ yk gj ;]jfk|bfossf] cfudg -@_ k|bfg

u/]sf] ;]jfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug{ ;Sg] ;]jfsf] cfudg -#_

pkef]Qmfju{sf ] df ]ntf ]n ug] { zlQm -$_ pks/0f

cfoftstf{x?sf] df]ntf]n ug]{ zlQmn] k|efljt u/]sf]

x'G5 . cfly{s tyf k|fljlws Ifdtfsf] afah'b klg oL

rf/j6f jftfj/0fLo zlQmaLr ;fd~h:otf sfod ug{

;lsPg eg] Jofkfl/s /0fgLltdf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{

x'G5 . t;y{ oL $ j6f jftfj/0fLo zlQmx?sf] ljZn]if0f

u/L k|lt:kwL{x?aLr cfkm\gf] kmfObfsf] l:ylt agfO{ /fVg]

kfFrf}+ zlQm ;[hgf ug{ Jofkfl/s PsfO k|of;/t x'g'k5{ .

#=@=# sfo{ut /0fgLlt#=@=# sfo{ut /0fgLlt#=@=# sfo{ut /0fgLlt#=@=# sfo{ut /0fgLlt#=@=# sfo{ut /0fgLlt

s'g} ljz]if sfo{ut If]qaf6 Jofkfl/s /0fgLlt sfof{Gjog

ug{ cNksfnLg sfo{qmdx? to ug]{ sfo{ sfo{ut

/0fgLltcGtu{t kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu df]afOn ;]jf

lgb{]zgfnonfO{ Pp6f Jofkfl/s PsfOsf] ?kdf k|:t't ubf{

OlGhlgol/ª, hgzlQm, cy{, dfs]{l6ª, ;~rfng OToflb

;a} sfo{ut PsfOx? x'g\ . oL k|To]s sfo{ut PsfOsf

cf–cfkm\gf km/s sfo{If]qx? ePsf]n] k|To]ssf] k|fyldstf

km/s–km/s x'g ;S5 . t;y{ sfo{ut PsfOx?aLr cfpg

;Sg] åGåsf] cj:yf Go"gLs/0f u/L ;+:yfut p2]Zo xfl;n

ug{ sfo{ut /0fgLltdf klg ;fd~h:otf Nofpg plQs}

h?/L x'G5, h;sf] nflu ;sf/fTds ;+:yfut ;+:sf/sf]

cfjZostf kb{5 .

#=# ;+:Yffut ;+:sf/#=# ;+:Yffut ;+:sf/#=# ;+:Yffut ;+:sf/#=# ;+:Yffut ;+:sf/#=# ;+:Yffut ;+:sf/

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfkm\gf] bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo tyf lehg

xfl;n ug{ oL ljleGg txsf /0fgLltaLr ;dGjo ug{

;+:yfleq Pp6f ;sf/fTds ;+:yfut ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;

x'g' h?/L x'G5 . g]kfn 6]lnsddf ;+:yfut ;+:sf/sf]

ljsf;sf] nflu o;leq sfo{/t ;a} sd{rf/Lju{df æ;femf

s'/fÆ, æ;femf egfOÆ, æ;femf sfo{Æ tyf æ;femf efjgfÆ

h:tf ;sf/fTds kIfx?sf] ljsf; x'g'k5{ . pRr pQ/bfoL

u'0f:t/Lo u|fxs ;]jf k|bfg ug]{, sfo{x? zL3| tyf bIf

tl/sfn] ;DkGg ug]{, v'Nnf tyf cgf}krfl/s tl/sfn] sfo{

ug]{ k/Dk/f k|f/De ug]{, sDkgLnfO{ kl/jf/sf] Ps c+u

;lDemg] tyf /rgfTds lj/f]wnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ;sf/fTds

jftfj/0f tof/ ug{' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . lgZro g}

;+:sf/;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] o;sf] kl/jt{g t'?Gt cfpF5

eGg' ts{;+ut x'Fb}g t/ lgZro klg ;+:yf / ;Dk"0f{

sd{rf/Lju{af6 o:tf] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ lbzftk{m kxn

ug{'k5{ .

$= cGtdf$= cGtdf$= cGtdf$= cGtdf$= cGtdf

d'n'ssf] s'gf–sGb/f;Dd b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; u/L

;"rgf ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfwf/e"t tyf

df]afOn b'j} ;]jfsf] ljBdfg ahf/ k|e'TjnfO{ lg/Gt/tf

lbg ;+:yfsf] ljleGg txdf pko'Qm /0fgLltx? th{'df tyf

sfof{Gjog ug{' h?/L 5 . jftfj/0f kl/jt{g eO;s]sf]

cj:yfdf g]kfn 6]lnsd klg ;f]xL cg'?k kl/jt{g x'g'

h?/L 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] kl/jt{gsf] ;+jfxs of] ;+:yfdf

sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lju{ g} xf] . gofF kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf

;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lju{n] Psflwsf/jfbL, oyfl:yltjfbL tyf

k'/ftgjfbL ;f]r TofUg' h?/L 5 . k|lt:kwf{ ;d:of xf]Og,

k|lt:kwL{ x'g g;Sg' d"n ;d:of xf] eGg] oyfy{tfnfO{

c+ufNg'k5{ . a[xt\ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, ;an cfly{s Ifdtf,

lgk"0f k|fljlws Ifdtf ePsf] sDkgLdf sfo{/t ;a}

sd{rf/Lju{n] Ps kfOnf cufl8 dfq a9]sf] v08df klg

rfdTsfl/s glthf cfpF5, o;df s'g} b'O{ dt 5}g . t;y{

k|lt:kwf{df s;/L ljho x'g] eGg] s'/fdf s]Gb|, ljefu,

zfvfdf j}rfl/s ax; cfh}b]lv k|f/De u/f}+ .

@!The Greatest pleasure in life is to do what people say you cannot do.- Walter Bagehot


æd ltdLnfO{ ljrf/ lbg ;S5', a'l4 lbg ;lSbgF .Æ I can

give you ideas, not the brain.

clxn]sf] a9\bf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fdf xfd|f ^ xhf/sd{rf/LnfO{ cem a9L pTkfbgzLn agfpg tflnd s]Gb|n]cu|udgsf/L ljz]if e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . ;+u7gsf] ;a}eGbf7"nf] ;+;fwg sd{rf/Lju{nfO{ ;+u7gleq a9L pQ/bfoL,cg'zfl;t / k|efjsf/L agfpg ;f+u7lgs ;+:s[ltn] 7"nf] e"ldsfv]Ng] x'gfn] ;f]tkm{ ca xfd|f] Wofg hfg'k5{ .

tflnd s]Gb|k|lt sd{rf/Lx?sf] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg'kg{] Mtflnd s]Gb|k|lt sd{rf/Lx?sf] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg'kg{] Mtflnd s]Gb|k|lt sd{rf/Lx?sf] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg'kg{] Mtflnd s]Gb|k|lt sd{rf/Lx?sf] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg'kg{] Mtflnd s]Gb|k|lt sd{rf/Lx?sf] cjwf/0ffdf kl/jt{g Nofpg'kg{] M;j{k|yd ;sf/fTds lje]b (Positive Discrimination)sf]

dfWodåf/f tflnd s]Gb|k|ltsf] Negative ;f]r x6fpg'kg{] x'G5 .– b"/;~rf/leqsf ljleGg If]qsf Gold Medalist x?dWo]af6

Fertile Brainy JolQmx? b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|df lglZrtcjlw;Dd tf]lsPsf p2]Zox? xfl;n ug{ v6fOg] Joj:yf x'g'kg{] .

– tflnd s]Gb|df k|lzIfssf ?kdf vl6Psf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ z'?tnasf] sDtLdf %)% k|lzIf0f eQf lbg]. ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{a9L pTkfbgzLn agfpg of] clt cfjZos 5 . b}lgs Routine

sfd ug{] JolQmeGbf tflnd s]Gb|df k|lzIfs eO{ sfd ug{]nfO{u|fXotf glbg] xf] eg] xfdLn] ;f]r]sf] h:tf] :t/Lo tflnd k|bfgug{ ;lsFb}g . tflnd s]Gb|df sfo{/t k|lzIfsn] sfof{no ;doeGbfcl3–kl5 klg cWoog ug{'kg{] / ljleGg kf7\o;fdu|Lx? tof/ug{'kg{] x'gfn] klg ;sf/fTds lje]b h?/L 5 .

– tflnd s]Gb|df sfo{/t k|lzIfsx?nfO{ b"/;~rf/n] k|of]udfNofpg] ljleGg gofF–gofF System tyf k|ljlwaf/] cfjlwstflnd÷uf]i7L÷;]ldgf/÷Educational Fair/Trade Fair

x?df s]Gb|df sfo{/t sd{rf/LeGbf a9L k|fyldstf lbO{;dfj]z u/fpg] gLlt c+ufNg'kg{] x'G5 .

– k|lzIfsx?n] sfof{no ;dodf a9L ;do Co–ordinator

sf] ?kdf÷kf7oqmd ljsf;÷kl/dfh{g÷ tyf :t/Los/0fdfsfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ljleGg ljefux?af6 k|lzIfsx?af]nfpg clt g} cg'go–ljgo ug{'kg{]÷ /fd|f k|lzIfsx?nfO{Trainers' Training lbg] gu/]sf]n] tflndx?sf] ;dfof]hgtyf Joj:yfkgd} a9L Jo:t /xg'kg{] clxn]sf] cj:yf 5 .pko'Qm k|lzIffyL{x? rogsf ;fy} k|df0fkq tof/Lsf ;fy}Opening / Closing sfo{qmdsf] /]vb]v klg k|lzIfsx?n]g} u5{g\ . o:tf] uxg pQ/bfloTj axg ug{] k|lzIfsx?nfO{Co-ordinator eQf pknAw u/fpg jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .

– k|lzIfsx?n] ;f+u7lgs ;+:s[ltsf] kl/jt{g tyf kl/dfh{gdf7"nf] ;+jfxssf] ?kdf sfd ug{ ;Sg] x'gfn] pgLx?k|lt

jt{dfgdf b]vfpFb} cfPsf]pk]Iff efjn] tflnd s]Gb|nfO{Center of Excellenceagfpgs;/L d2t ug{ ;S5 <xfdLn ] tflnd s]Gb |nfO {

k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Sof}+ eg] o;sf];sf/fTds k|efj b"/;~rf/leqb]zel/ g} km}lng]5 / o;sf] nfeb"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|of]u ug{] ;a}n]cg'e"lt ug{]5g\ . xfdLn] b"/;~rf/tflnd s]Gb|sf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf]kfg{ ;Sof}+ eg] ;du|df b"/;~rf/s+=ln=sf] ;+u7gfTds ;Defjgfx? emg\ a9L v'nf / ;LdfljxLgx'g]5g\ . b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb| HRD sf] Pp6f k|d'v lx:;fxf] t/ s]Gb|af6 tflnd s]Gb|k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/af6 pQm cg'ejtflnd s]Gb|sf sd{rf/Ln] ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . HRD leqk/:k/df ;xof]u÷;xsfo{ cfjZos 5 . tflnd s]Gb| s;/Lrnfpg]÷lgisif{ lgsfNg] / cufl8 s;/L a9\g] lg?k0f ug{]a]nf 3ls{/x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] hgzlQm ljefun] ;Ifd hgzlQmsf]ljsf;df tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ kof{Kt ;xof]u h'6fpg ;ls/x]sf]5}g . hgzlQmnfO{ k'FhLsf] ?kdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ tflnd s]Gb|n];zQm e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 .

Training, a "source of added valued of employee's and

employers". must be viewed as an investment rather than an

expense, since it affects company performance just as much

as equipment does. Training helps to bring about change

and is a means of improving internal communication in the

company and of increasing efficience and productivity.

casf] gofF xfFsnfO{ k"/f ug{ ablnPsf] kl/j]zdf caxfdL k'/fg} k/Dk/f, k|s[lt / kf/fn] cl3 a9\g ;Sb}gf}+ . l;+ufk'/tyf blIf0f sf]l/ofdf tflnd vr{nfO{ b"/ufdL nufgLsf ?kdflnPsfn] tyf jif{df sDtLdf & lbg ;a} sd{rf/Ln] tflndclgjfo{ ?kdf lng}kg]{ cu|ufdL gLlt–lgodn] tL b]zx?sf]cfZro{hgs k|ult ePsf] lgisif{ ;+;f/el/sf Joj:yfkg;+sfox?df 5nkmn ul/G5 . ctM b"/;~rf/ Joj:yfkgn] klgo;tkm{ ;sf/fTds kfOnf rfNg] g} 5 eGg] ck]Iff /fVg' zfobcltzof]lQm gxf]nf . cGTodf, l/6f–d]–a|fpgsf] egfO æ;b}j sfo{x?pxL k'/fg} k/Dk/fut 9+uaf6} ug]{ t/ kl/0ffd cnu–cnu tyfgofF vfnsf] vf]Hg] cj:yf jf k|j[lQnfO{ kfunkg eG5g\– .Æ

b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|sf] ?kfGt/0f

;'wL/ k|;fb cof{nk|aGws

b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|

@@


○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

ljZjJofkLs/0f, pbf/Ls/0f Pjd\ k|lt:kwf{sf] r'gf}tL af]s]/

cfPsf] of] @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf …;"rgf k|ljlwÚ ;jf{lws rlr{t

ljifo ag]sf] 5 . ;~rf/ ;]jfdf ePsf] ljsf;;Fu;Fu} ;]jfsf]

kx'Fr g]kfnh:tf] e"agf]6 ePsf d'n'sdf jfo/n]; k|ljlwafx]s

cGo k|ljlw ;xh, ;'ne, ;:tf] Pjd\ k|fljlws b[li6sf]0fn]

pko'Qm x'g ;Sb}g .

jfo/n]; k|ljlwdf df]afOn ;]jfdf xfd|f] sDkgLafx]s cGo

k|lt:kwL{ sDkgLx?n] ;d]t GSM Pjd\ CDMA k|ljlwdf

cfwfl/t ;]jf ;~rfng ul//x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf u|fxsk|lt cem

a9L ;+j]bgzLn eO{ ljZj;gLo Pjd\ :t/Lo ;]jf lbg' o;

sDkgLsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ x'g hfG5 .

clw/fHoe/df df]afOn ;]jfsf] dfuaf/] lgDg a'Fbfx?af6

;dofg';f/ s;/L j[l4 ePsf] xf], k|:6 x'G5 .

s_ tTsfnLg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] @&cf}+ jflif{sf]T;jsf]

:d f l /sfsf ] k |yd n ]v …bzf } + o f ]hgf Ú

-n]vsM >L ;'ut/Tg s+;fsf/Ho", tTsfnLg gfoa

pk–k|aGwsdf]afOn ;]jf, lgb]{zgfno

lk|k]8 l;dsf8{sf]xfxfsf/ lsg<

;do, kl/l:ylt Pjd\ cGo ;DalGwt kIfx? cg's"n ePsf] v08df

d'n'se/df ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf $% nfv df]afOn nfOg ;~rfng

x'g]5 / xfd|f cfb/0fLo u|fxsju{x¿n] lk|k]8 df]afOnsf] l;dsf8{

lngnfO{ si6 ef]Ug' kb}{g .

/ljGb| emf

dxfk|aGws_sf] k[i7 g+= @ df æbzf} + of]hgfsf]

cGTo;Dddf df]afOn u|fxs sl/a ! nfv %) xhf/

k'Ug]Æ egL pNn]v 5 . To; a]nfsf] df]afOn lng ltg'{kg]{

dx;'n b/, rflh{ª, df]afOn ;]6sf] d"No Pjd\ To;

a]nfsf] kl/l:yltcg';f/ pQm cg'dfg ;fGble{s lyof] .

v_ @)^@÷^# df GSM df]afOnsf] b/vf:t btf {

ug{ bdsdf cfb/0fLo u|fxsx?sf] v'6 \6f ef FlRrg'

-n8]/_, hn]Zj/df /flt ! ah]b]lv kfgLdf ?e]m/

nfOg a:g', kf ]v/fdf /fltb]lv nfOg a:g' tyf

cfwf lsnf]ld6/ hlt nfOg nfdf] x'g', sf7df8f} +df

nfOgn] ubf{ lqk'/ ]Zj/df af6f ] cj?4 x'g' cflbaf6

5n{Ë x'G5 .

sDkgLsf] of]hgf ljefuaf6 ul/Psf] cg'dfgcg';f/ ;g\

@)!) ;Dddf ljsf; If]qcg';f/ nueu $% nfv df]afOn

nfOgsf] cfjZostf x'g] b]lvG5 . o;;Fu ;DalGwt tflnsf

lgDgfg';f/ 5 .

;g\ @)!) ;Dddf df]afOnsf] cg'dflgt cfjZostf

ljsf; If]q Dff]afOn nfOg t/fO{ If]q kxf8L If]q lxdfnL If]qk"jf{~rn 8,10,4588,10,4588,10,4588,10,4588,10,458 6,01,1706,01,1706,01,1706,01,1706,01,170 1,87,1011,87,1011,87,1011,87,1011,87,101 22,18722,18722,18722,18722,187

dWodf~rn 21,76,87521,76,87521,76,87521,76,87521,76,875 7,43,9997,43,9997,43,9997,43,9997,43,999 14,00,75214,00,75214,00,75214,00,75214,00,752 32,12332,12332,12332,12332,123

klZrdf~rn 8,21,1798,21,1798,21,1798,21,1798,21,179 3,36,2463,36,2463,36,2463,36,2463,36,246 4,83,3554,83,3554,83,3554,83,3554,83,355 1,5781,5781,5781,5781,578

dWoklZrdf~rn 4,29,1834,29,1834,29,1834,29,1834,29,183 236,758236,758236,758236,758236,758 1,74,4241,74,4241,74,4241,74,4241,74,424 18,00118,00118,00118,00118,001

;'b"/klZrdf~rn 3,26,5873,26,5873,26,5873,26,5873,26,587 209,847209,847209,847209,847209,847 93,42093,42093,42093,42093,420 23,32023,32023,32023,32023,320

s'n hDdfs'n hDdfs'n hDdfs'n hDdfs'n hDdf 45,64,28245,64,28245,64,28245,64,28245,64,282 21,28,02021,28,02021,28,02021,28,02021,28,020 23,39,05323,39,05323,39,05323,39,05323,39,053 97,20997,20997,20997,20997,209

gf]6 Mgf]6 Mgf]6 Mgf]6 Mgf]6 M df]afOn 3gTjM t/fO{ If]qsf] nflu !%% , kxf8L If]qsf] nflu !)%, lxdfnL If]qsf] nflu %%, sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] nflu %)%

tyf kf]v/f pkTosfsf] nflu %)%

@#


xfn ;~rflnt nueu & nfv nfOg Pjd\ ;~rfng x'g]

qmddf /x]sf] # nfv nfOg u/L hDdf !) nfv nfOg 36fO{

nueu #% nfv nfOgsf] nflu pks/0f Pjd\ ;]jf cfk"lt{

ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

o;af6 sf7df8f}+ Pjd\ kf]v/fdf df]afOnsf] 3gTj %)%

x'g]5 Pjd\ k"/} b]zdf ;/b/ !^% df]afOn 3gTj k'Ug] x'G5 .

clxn] hgdfclxn] hgdfclxn] hgdfclxn] hgdfclxn] hgdfg;df df]afOn;DaGwL p7\g] u/sf k|Zgx?Mg;df df]afOn;DaGwL p7\g] u/sf k|Zgx?Mg;df df]afOn;DaGwL p7\g] u/sf k|Zgx?Mg;df df]afOn;DaGwL p7\g] u/sf k|Zgx?Mg;df df]afOn;DaGwL p7\g] u/sf k|Zgx?M

!_ d'n'ssf] ;aeGbf a9L /fh:j a'emfpg] tyf gfkmfdf

;~rflnt sDkgLn] lk|k]8 df]afOnsf] l;dsf8{ lbg

g;s]sf] sf/0f s] < s] sDkgL;Fu nufgL ug]{ ;|f]tsf]cefj xf] <

@= ;~rflnt df]afOnsf] u'0f:t/df ck]Iffs[t ;'wf/ x'gg;SGf'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <

o:tf ljleGg k|Zgx? p7\g] u/]sf] / sDkgL cfnf]lrt

eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 .

pko'{Qm ljrf/nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ xfd|f] sDkgLn] GSM

df]afOn ;]jfdf Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ k|yd r/0fdf !) nfv nfOgPjd\ bf];|f] r/0fdf @% nfv nfOg cfk"lt{ ug{nfO{ cfjZossf/afxL z'? ul/;s]sf] 5 .

k|Zg g+= ! sf] yk hjfkm lbg'cufj} s]xL k|fljlws s'/fnfO{a'e\mg' ;fGble{s x'g]5 .

6«flkms M– b"/;~rf/ If]qdf Pp6f lglZrt ;dodf Pp6fvf; ;dofjlwsf] ;+VofTds 6]lnkmf]g snnfO{ ;f] PS;r]Gh÷aL=6L=P;=÷r}gnsf] 6«flkms elgG5 .

6«flkmssf] 3gTj gfKg] PsfOnfO{ P/nfª (Erlang) elgG5 .

Erlang zAb 6]lg; OlGhlgo/ A.K. Erlang sf] gfpFaf6lnOPsf] xf] . Erlang af/] ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] lgofNbf 6]lnkmf]g

k|ljlwdf ! 306f -#^)) ;]s]08_sf] ;dofjlwdf x'g] 6«flkmsnfO{

hgfpF5 .

pbfx/0f M olb rfalxnaf6 ! 306fdf ;/b/ # ldg]6 cjlwsf]

!)) j6f sn x'G5 eg] ToxfFsf] 6«flkms

!)) sn x # ldg]6= .................................. = % Erlang 6«flkms x'G5 .

^)

%

olb u|fxs;+Vof #)) 5 eg] k|ltu|fxs ---------- =

#))

)=)!^& Erlang 6«flkms x'G5 .

ca pko'{Qm k|Zgx?sf] hjfkmlt/ nfuf}+ M

df]afOn ;]jfsf] pks/0f cfk"lt{ ubf{ To; a]nfsf] k|fljlws

ljj]rgfcg';f/ 6«flkms k|ltu|fxs )=)!!^ Erlang (11.6 mErl)

/fv]/ s'n !),)),))) nfOg Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{ Pjd\ &,%),)))

df]afOn nfOg ljt/0f ug]{ u/L ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] lyof] .

t/ df]afOn ;]jfdf k|lt:kwL{sf] cfudg Pjd\ p;sf] ahf/

/0fgLltnfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ "Preemptive defence" ub}{ sDkgLn]

ldlt @)^@÷)#÷@# b]lv cfudg sn lgMz'Ns u¥of], h;n]

ubf{ 6«flkmsdf cTolws j[l4 -nueu 52.5%) eO{ xfn 0.022

Erlang (22 mErl) k|ltu|fxs 6«flkmsdf pks/0fx? ;~rflnt

5 . h;n] ubf{ cfb/0fLo u|fxsx?nfO{ slxn]sfxLF sn ug{

c;lhnf] x'g] u/]sf] 5 / o;} sf/0fn] ubf{ yk l;dsf8{ lbgnfO{

klg sDkgLnfO{ cK7\of/f] dx;'; eO/x]sf] 5 .

t/ klg cfb/0fLo u|fxsx?sf] dfunfO{ b[li6uTf ub{} rfF8} @

nfv hlt l;dsf8{ af8\g] tof/L clGtd r/0fdf k'u]sf] 5 .

o;n] pkTosfsf u|fxsx?nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd /fxt k'Ug]5 .

pkTosfaflx/sf] xsdf l;dsf8{ pknAw u/fpgnfO{ pks/0f

cfk"lt{ ug]{tk{m cfjZos sf/afxL z'? eO;s]sf] 5 .

;fwf/0f tl/sfn] lx;fa ubf{ jt{dfg 6«flkmssf] b/df $

nfveGbf a9L df]afOn nfOg ;~rfng ug{' pko'Qm x'Fb}gYof]

xf]nf, t/ k|Zg p7\5– oxL kl/l:yltdf nueu ̂ nfv &% xhf/

nfOg s;/L ;~rfngdf cfof] t <

o;df df]afOn k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf;nfO{ wGojfb lbg'k5{ .o; k|ljlwdf s'/f ug]{ r}gnnfO{ b'O{ efu u/L bf]Aa/ IfdtfagfO{ ;fwf/0ftof x'g] u|fxs;+Vofsf] b'O{ u'0ff u|fxsnfO{{ ;]jflbg ;lsg] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5, t/ o;df cfjfhsf] u'0f:t/dftyf s]xL k|fljlws kIfdf sl7gfO cjZo x'G5 . To;nfO{dWogh/ /fVb} xfn sDkgLn] s]xL r}gnsf] pkof]lutfnfO{ b'O{u'0ff u/]/ pks/0f ;~rfng ul//x]sf]n] u'0f:t/df s]xL x|f;ePsf] b]lvG5 .

xfn rfn" cf=j= df df]afOnsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]{tk{m sDkgL

o'4:t/df nflu;s]sf] 5 . dfly tflnsfdf b]vfPcg';f/ ;do,kl/l:ylt Pjd\ cGo ;DalGwt kIfx? cg's"n ePsf] v08dfd'n'se/df ;g\ @)!) ;Dddf $% nfv df]afOn nfOg ;~rfngx'g]5 / xfd|f cfb/0fLo u|fxsju{x?n] lk|k]8 df]afOnsf] l;dsf8{lngnfO{ si6 ef]Ug' kb}{g .

ctM lk|k]8 df]afOnsf] xfxfsf/ lgs6 eljiodf ;dfwfg

x'g]df xfdL cfzflGjt 5f}+ .

@$ Once the last tree is cut and the last river poisoned, you will find you cannot eat your money.-Joyce McLean


b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# ;+zf]wgsf]cfjZostf lsg <

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfnsaf6 sfg'gadf]lhd c;'npk/ug'{kg]{ b}–b:t'/ p7fpg s8f sfg'gL Joj:yf gePsf]n]] bkmf %( sf] k|rlntsfg'gadf]lhd x'g] eGg] Joj:yfcGtu{tsf] k|lqmof l9nf] / emGeml6nf] x'g]

ePsf]n] o:tf] b:t'/ l56f]–5l/tf] 9+un] p7fpg ;/sf/L af“sL;/x p7fOg]Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5, h'g @)%# sf] P]gdf cefj /x]sf] 5 .

s}nfz k|;fb Gof}kfg]

!=!=!=!=!= k[i7e"ldk[i7e"ldk[i7e"ldk[i7e"ldk[i7e"ld

g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# / b"/;~rf/ lgodfjnL,

@)%$ k|f/De -k|f/De ldlt @)%$.&.!*_ ePkl5 b"/;~rf/

;]jfdf lghL If]qsf -:jb]zL÷ljb]zL_ nufgLstf{n] b"/;~rf/

;]jf ;~rfngdf ;xeflutf kfPsf 5g\ . @)%$ ;fndf g]kfn

b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] u7g ePkl5 ;/sf/nfO{ klxnf] k6s

g]kfndf 5'§} b"/;~rf/ gLlt agfpg ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] . To;}

cg'?k @)%^ ;fndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ cem pbf/ / v'nf ug]{

p2]Zon] b"/;~rf/ gLlt, @)%^ th'{df u/L k|sfzg ul/of] /

nfu" klg eof] . b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf @@-!_ cg';f/

hf/L ul/g] df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] nflu k|ljlw GSM (Global

System for Mobile Communications) tf]lsof] . gLlt, @)%^ df

df]afOn b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] xsdf GSM k|ljlw ckgfO{ ;]jf ;~rfng

ug{sf nflu b'O{j6f cg'dltkq hf/L ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of] . b'O{j6f

cg'dltkqdWo] Pp6f af]nkq k|lqmofåf/f 5gf]6 ug]{ / ;f]xL ;]jf

;t{df csf]{ cg'dltkq tTsfnLg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg xfn g]kfn

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of] . gLlt, @)%^

n] cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/tkm{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 (Incum-

bent Operator) sf cltl/Qm Wireless Local Loop (WLL)

k|ljlwdf af]nkqsf] dfWodaf6 Pp6f lghL If]qnfO{ cg'dltkq lbOg]

pb\3f]if u¥of] . ;f]xL gLltn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ cfwf/e"t 6]lnkmf]g

;]jf, df]afOn 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf / b"/;~rf/sf cGo cltl/Qm ;]jf (Value

Added Service, VAS) df juL{s/0f u/L VAS cGtu{t tf]lsPsf

;]jfsf nflu bkmf @# -@_ adf]lhd cg'dltkq hf/L ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# n] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;j{;'ne

agfpg tyf To:tf] ;]jfnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{] p2]Zon]

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f u7g u/L P]g–lgod / gLlt, @)%^

sf] dfu{bz{gfg';f/ sfd–sf/afxL u/L ljleGg ;]jfsf nflu

!(@ j6f cg'dltkq hf/L eP klg xfn !%( j6f ;~rfngdf

/x]sf] tYofÍ kfOG5 . b"/;~rf/sf ljleGg ;]jfdf k|lt:kwf{ x'g

uO{ pkef]QmfnfO{ ;'ljwf / kmfObf x'g k'u]sf] eP tfklg s]xL

;]jf eg] ;~rfng x'g ;s]gg\ . g]kfndf df]afOn ;]jf z'? x'g'

s]xL ;dok"j{ k|of]udf cfPsf] /]l8of] k]lhª ;]jf xfn k"0f{?kdf

aGb ePsf] 5 . of] ;]jf aGb x'g'df df]afOn ;]jfsf] k|j]z,

df]afOn ;]jfn] lbPsf] ;'ljwf, df]afOn ;]jfk|lt a9]sf] nf]slk|otf

Pp6f sf/0f x'g ;S5 . tTsfnLg /]l8of] k]lhª ;]jfk|bfos eg]

cfwf/e"t ;]jf ;~rfns;Fu cfosf] a6jf/L (Revenue Shar-

ing) sf] dfupk/ Wofg glbP/ lg0f{o x'g g;s]sf], cg'dltkq

tyf gjLs/0f b:t'/ a9L ePsf] ;d]t sf/0f pNn]v u5{g\ .

k]lhª ;]jfsf] cg'dltkq tyf gjLs/0f b:t'/ @)^! d+l;/ !*

ut]b]lv &%% n] 36]sf] eP klg cg'dltkq gjLs/0f ePsf]

kfOFb}g . o; ;]jf ;~rfnsx?n] cfk\mgf] nufgL pk/ u/] jf

u/]gg\ / ;]jf aGb x'g'sf sf/0fx?sf] vf]hL Pp6f 5'§|} cWoogsf]

ljifo x'g ;S5 . To;} u/L OG6g]{6 ;]jf 8f6f k|;f/0fsf] nflu

dfq k|of]u x'g] k'/fgf] ;f]rfO / k'/fgf] k|ljlwdf kl/jt{g cfof] .

eL–:of6 g]6js{n] :of6nfO6dfkm{t g]kfnsf] cfsfz v'nf eof] .

cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfnssf] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g

;]jfsf] (ILD Traffic Volume) kl/df0f 36\g'sf] sf/0f eL–

:of6 g]6js{ v'nf ug'{ / OG6g]{6dfkm{t jf0fL ;Dk|]if0f g/f]Sg' xf]

eGg] d'Vo sDkgLx?sf] bfaL kfOG5 . t/ o;sf sf/0f ljZjdf

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

@%


l56f]–l56f] gofF–gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'g', To; k|ljlwnfO{ g]kfndf

;dod} sfg'gL bfo/fleq Nofpg g;Sg', k|ljlwnfO{ sfg'gL bfo/fn]

/f]Sg] sf]lzz ul/P klg k|fljlws sf/0fn] ;kmntf k|fKt gx'g',

gofF pks/0f ;:tf] d"Nodf kfpg', To;sf sf/0f cGt/f{li6«o

6]lnkmf]g dx;'n 36\g', / k|ljlwdf kl/jt{g x'g'h:tf cGo sf/0f

klg x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf o;;DaGwdf 5'§} cWoogsf] cfjZostf xf]nf .

ljZjd} b"/;~rf/sf] If]qdf cTolws kl/jt{g x'Fb} ljsl;t

xF'b} uPsf] 5 . gofF k|ljlwsf] cfljisf/ / k|of]u xF'b} cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] klg ljZjahf/df cfkm"nfO{ ;Ifd / lbuf] agfpg ljZjdf

cfPsf] pbf/ ljsl;t cjwf/0ff;Fu ;fd]n x'g' ckl/xfo{ 5 .

o;sf nflu b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# tyf lgodfjnL @)%$ Pjd\

gLlt @)%^ sf df}h'bf Joj:yf vf;u/L k|flws/0fsf] ;+u7gfTds

Joj:yf, clwsf/ / st{Jo, cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ k|lqmof, ;]jf

;~rfngdf k|ljlw ljz]if cg'dltkqsf] Joj:yf, cg'dltkq b:t'/,

gjLs/0f b:t'/, gjk|j]zLn] (New Entrant) n] ;]jf ;~rfngsf

nflu cfjZos kg]{ cGt/cfa4tf cflbsf sf/0f ck]lIft dfqfdf

cufl8 a9\g ;lsPsf] 5}g . To;sf/0f b"/;~rf/sf] If]qdf ljZjn]

cjnDag u/]sf] gLlt, dfu{bz{g tyf ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gn]

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf;DaGwdf /fv]sf] cjwf/0ff cg's"n x'g] u/L

b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . o;} aLrdf g]kfnn]

;g\ @))$ clk|n @# -a}zfv !!, @)^)_ df ljZj Jofkf/

;+u7gsf] ;b:otf k|fKt u/L b"/;~rf/sf] cfk\mgf] ahf/ -s]xL

;fdfGo ;t{ aGb]h;lxt_ v'nf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;b:otf k|fKtug]{ l;nl;nfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf;DaGwL ljz]if k|lta4tf(Specific Commitment)sf ;fy} b"/;~rf/ ;Gbe{kq( Telecommunications Reference Paper) df x:tfIf/u/]sf] 5 . ;DalGwt P]g–lgod g]kfnn] WTO df u/]sf]k|lta4tf cg's"n agfpg cfjZos x'G5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g,@)$& sf] bkmf ( n] g]kfn kIf ePsf] s'g} ;lGwsf] s'/fk|rlnt sfg'g;Fu aflemPdf ;f] ;lGwsf] k|of]hgsf nfluaflemPsf] xb;Dd k|rlnt sfg'g cdfGo x'g] / ;lGwsf] Joj:yfg]kfn sfg'g;/x nfu" x'g] k|fjwfgn] WTO sf] ;b:otf u|x0fubf{ dGh'/ ul/Psf k|fjwfg b"/;~rf/ P]g ljk/Lt eP klgTo:tf k|fjwfg nfu" x'g] cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf5}g . To;sf/0f ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf u|x0f ubf{dGh'/ ul/Psf ;t{, ljZjdf cfPsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lgodg

ug]{ tl/sfdf ePsf] cfw'gLsLs/0f;d]tnfO{ cWoog u/L

b"/;~rf/ gLlt, @)%^ nfO{ k|lt:Yffkg ug]{ u/L gofF gLltsf]

;'emfj ul/Psf] / ;f]xL ;'emfjcg'?k b"/;~rf/ gLlt, @)^)

hf/L ePsf] 5 . ;f] cg'?k b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cufl8 a9\g P]g–

sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 .

@=@=@=@=@= ;+zf]wg s] / lsg<;+zf]wg s] / lsg<;+zf]wg s] / lsg<;+zf]wg s] / lsg<;+zf]wg s] / lsg<

-s_ lgofds ;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf tyf clwsf/;DaGwL

Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug{ M

;g\ !(*$ df a]nfotdf Office of Telecommunica-

tion (OFTEL) :yfkgf / la|l6«; 6]lnsd lghLs/0f ul/Psf]

lyof] . !(() sf] cGTolt/ cd]l/sf / Sofg8fn] z'? u/]kl5

ljZjsf !@) eGbf a9L d'n'sdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu pkef]usf

j:t'x? (Utility Services) sf] lgodg (Regulate) ug{ tyf

Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu klxnf] r/0fdf ;/sf/÷/fHoåf/f ;~rflnt

o:tf ;fj{hlgs pkef]usf (Public Utiltiy Services) sf j:t'x?,

-vfg]kfgL, lah'nL, b"/;~rf/, Uof;, oftfoft_nfO{ ;/sf/L lgoGq0f

/ :jfldTjaf6 cnu u/L lghLs/0f ub}{ To:tf If]qdf k"0f{ lghL

If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ :jfut ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] z'?cft

ubf{ /fHoåf/f ;~rflnt ;+:yfsf] lghLs/0fsf] k|lqmof ;/sf/åf/f

z'? ub}{ gofF P]g, lgod, gLltsf] th'{df u/L lghL If]qsf] nflu

cg'dlt lbg] sfo{ yfngL ePsf] kfOG5 . lghL If]qnfO{ cg'dltkq

k|bfg ug] {nufot lgodg ug{sf nflu k/Dk/fut?kdf

;/sf/L:t/af6 xF'b} cfPsf k|zf;sLo Joj:yfnfO{ ;dfog's"n

;DalGwt ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ k|zf;sLo sfo{nfO{ l56f]–

5l/tf] kf/bzL{ agfpgsf nflu Pp6f 5'§} :jzfl;t ;+:yfsf]

:yfkgf u/L pQm ;+:yfdfkm{t /fHon] pkef]Qmfsf 5gf]6sf clwsf/,

k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f km}ng lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df @)%#

;fnsf] P]gåf/f b"/;~rf/ If]qdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf]

:yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o:tf lgsfoaf6 x'g kg]{ cfly{s, k|zf;lgs,

sfg'gL kIfx? cfkm}+n] lgdf{0f / Jojl:yt ug]{ / ;/sf/n] To:tf]

sfo{df ;+:yfnfO{ cfjZos afwf–c8\sfp km'sfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb}

cfpg] x'G5 . o:tf lgsfon] ;DalGwt If]qdf /fHon] ckgfpg'kg]{

gLlt, sfo{of]hgf / k4ltsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], To;

If]qsf] ljsf; lj:tf/ u/fpg], :jR5 k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6

pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug]{nufotsf dxTjk"0f{ sfd ug]{ ub{5g\ .

o:tf lgofds lgsfon] ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn

kfg{ cfjZos kg]{ sfo{gLlt, lgb]{lzsf, ljlgod agfpg] / sfof{Gjog

ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ljZjsf clwsf+z d'n'sdf sfg'gåf/f g} k|:6

ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf lgsfon] P]g–sfg'gadf]lhd sfd ug'{kg]{ / To:tf

;+:yfåf/f Joj:yfkg x'g] sfddf nfuL ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf clwsf/ /

st{Jo tf]sL sfg'gL Joj:yf g} ljz]if k|sf/sf] agfOPsf] x'G5 .

@^


o:tf lgsfonfO{ cw{ljwflosL (Quasi- Legislative) / cw{Goflos

clwsf/ (Quasi- Judicial) ;d]t lbOPsf] x'G5 . o:tf lgsfodf

log} ljz]if k|s[ltsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf sf/0f pkef]Qmf tyf

nufgLstf{sf] ;+:yfk|lt ljZj;gLotf a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 .

o:tf ;+:yfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g] sfd–sf/afxL, lgikIf,

Jofj;flos, kf/bzL{, p2]Zod"ns, ljsf;f]Gd'v, l56f]–5l/tf] x'g'

ckl/xfo{ 5 . o;/L sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf nflu ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf]

:jfoQtf, thlahL clwsf/ Go"g tyf kf/bzL{ agfpg cfjZos

x'G5 . To;} u/L k|flws/0f af]8{df lgo'lQm ul/g] cfwf/df Ps?ktf

NofO{ :jfoQtf / :jtGqtfsf] cfwf/ alnof] agfpg cfjZos

5 . kbflwsf/Lsf] rog k|lqmof kf/bzL{ -;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf]

dfWodaf6 ul/g'_ ub}{ k|flws/0fsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] cfr/0f, Jojxf/

of]Uotf, cg'ej / sfd–st{JonfO{ sfg'gåf/f k|:6 kfg'{ cfjZos

5 . h'g df}h'bf P]gaf6 k"/f x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . bkmf %-@_

sf] lgo'lQm l;kmfl/z ;ldlt s'g txaf6 u7g ug]{< dGqL:t/Lo,

dlGqkl/ifb\:t/Lo jf ;+;b\:t/Lo v'Ng] b]lv+b}g . ;/sf/n] h'g;'s}

:t/sf] ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . cWoIf, ;b:osf] x}l;ot

lghfdtLtkm{sf] sd{rf/Lx?sf] k|yd >]0fL jf ljlzi6 jf

;+j}wflgs;/x x'g] k|:6 5}g . To;} u/L kbflwsf/L lgo'lQm ubf{

Cooling-off Period pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . s'g} ;+:yfdf sfd

u/]sf] JolQmsf] k|ToIf–ck|ToIf e'msfj (Bias) To; ;+:yfk|lt

x'g] x'Fbf tTsfn} lgofds ;+:yfdf lgo'lQm x'Fbf To:tf] JolQmaf6

lgikIf / Jofj;flos 9+usf] lg0f{osf] ck]Iff ug{ ;ls+b}g . g]kfnL

;dfhdf cem} a9L Jofks 9+un] k|s6 x'g] o; k|sf/sf] ;+:sf/nfO{

o:tf] lgsfodf k|j]z ug{ glbg g}lts cfwf/afx]s s'g} sfg'gL

pkfo b]lv+b}g . P]gsf] bkmf ( df cWoIf–;b:onfO{ kbaf6

x6fpg] Joj:yfcGtu{t v08 -ª_ df æb"/;~rf/ ;]jf jf k|0ffnL

;~rfng ug]{ s'g} kmd{ jf ;+ul7t ;+:yfdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf

?kdf :jfldTj jf lghL :jfy{ ePdfÆ eGg] /flvPsf] 5 . o;

Joj:yfn] kbflwsf/L lgo'lQmk"j{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfns ;+:yfdf

sfd ug]{ JolQmnfO{ x6fpg] eGg ;Sg] b]lv+b}g, t/ To:tf

kbflwsf/Lsf] k"j{sfo{ u/]sf] ;+:yfaf6 k]G;g -cfly{s nfe_

kfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL ;+:yfpk/ lgodg ubf{ j:t'lgi6 9+un]

sfd unf{ eGg] z+sf /xG5 . To;tkm{ P]g–sfg'g k|:6 x'g'kg]{ /

Jofj;flostfsf] z'?cft ug{ P]g ;+zf]wg cfjZos b]lvG5 .

o:tf] ;+:yfnfO{ cw{Joj:yfksLo / cw{Goflos clwsf/;d]t

/x]sf]n] tL clwsf/ k|of]u ug{sf nflu kbflwsf/Lsf] pd]/sf]

dxTj /xg] x'g hfG5 . pd]/sf] xbsf] k|fjwfg g/flvg'n] cGoq

;+:yfaf6 pd]/sf] xbaf6 lj>fd lnO;s]sf JolQmnfO{ lj>fd:yn

agfP/ lgo'lQm x'g] ;DefjgfnfO{ t'?Gt} ;Rofpg' cfjZos 5 .

cWoIf–;b:osf] ;]jf ;t{ tyf ;'ljwf tf]lsPadf]lhd

x'g]5 eGg] P]gsf] bkmf !! -@_ nfO{ bkmf @ sf] v08 -8_ sf]

kl/efiff / bkmf ^@ sf] ljlgod agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/sf]

k|fjwfgaf6 k|flws/0f af]8{n] ljlgod agfO{ nfu" ug'{ Tolt

pko'Qm xF'b}g . k|flws/0f af]8{af6 sd{rf/Lx?sf] kfl/>lds ;]jf

;t{ tyf cGo ;'ljwf;DaGwL ljlgodfjnL agfpg], nfu" ug]{

clwsf/ cw{ljwflosL clwsf/cGtu{t lbOPsf] eP klg To:tf]

clwsf/ :jod\ cfkm}+n] cfk\mgf] ;'ljwf tf]Sg lbOPsf] xf] egL

k|of]u ug'{ k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtcg's"n /fd|f] ;+:sf/ gx'g]

ePsf]n] To;;DaGwdf P]g–lgod k|:6 kfg{ cfjZos 5 .

-v_ lgofds ;+:yfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wg

;'wf/ ug{ M

P]gsf] bkmf !! sf] Joj:yf x]bf{ cWoIf k|d'v kbflwsf/L eGg]

Joj:yf eP klg sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/nfO{ lgodfjnLsf] lgod $

df nu]/ ;+s'lrt u/fOlbPsf] 5 . ;fy} ;b:ox? a}7sdf pkl:yt

eO{ sfo{ ug]{ ePsf]n] gLltut ljifosf cltl/Qm b}lgs k|zf;lgs

lqmofsnfksf ljifo / ljjfbdf ;d]t clNemg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

P]gsf] agf]6 / efiffsf] k|of]u x]bf{ clwsf+z sfd–sf/afxLdf k|flws/0f

af]8{nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfOPsf] kfOG5 . bkmf %^ n] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg

ug{ ;Sg] Joj:Yff eP klg af]8{n] grfx]df k|flws/0fsf clwsf+z

sfd–sf/afxLdf af]8{sf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{ b]lvG5 . bkmf !%

adf]lhd cfb]z jf lgb]{zg lbg], bkmf !^ adf]lhd ljjfb ;dfwfg

ug]{, bkmf !& adf]lhd ;]jfk|bfosn] u/]sf] sfd–sf/afxL jf

pknAw u/fPsf] ;]jf;DaGwdf lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfdx? b}lgs

sfo{cGtu{t lg/Gt/ ul//xg'kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf sfd;d]t k|flws/0f

af]8{af6 ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf 5g\ . Psftkm{ af]8{df ;b:ox?

a}7s af]nfPdf pkl:yt eO{ dt hfx]/ ug]{ k|s[ltsf /flvg' /

b}lgs k|zf;g ;~rfngsf ultljlw;d]t af]8{af6} x'g'kg]{ sfg'gL

k|fjwfgn] s]xL xbdf k|flws/0fsf] sfd–sf/afxL l9nf;':tL x'g]

b]lvPsf]n] l56f]–5l/tf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu P]gdf k|:6 x'g

h?/L ePsf] 5 .

-u_ k|ljlw t6:y cg'dltkq;DaGwL Joj:yf nfu" ug{ M

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; lj:tf/ ug{ tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf

;d]t pkef]Qmfsf] kxF'r k'¥ofpg, ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;]jf

;j{;'ne agfpgsf nflu ;]jf ;~rfng ug{ cg'dltkq lng'kg]{

@&


Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kl/efiff v08df Jofks?kn]

kl/eflift ePsf] kfOG5 . kl/efiffaf6 s'g} cfjfh, lrx\g, ;+s]t,

n]vf]6, cfs[lt, uf]Ko ;+s]t jf va/nfO{ pT;h{g (Emmission)

ug{ k|;f/0f (Transmission) / k|fKt (Receive) ug{sf nflu

s'g} klg tl/sfn] k'gJo{j:yf u0fgf jf kl/jt{g u/]/ jf gu/Lsg}

tf/sf] dfWod jf /]l8of] jf k|sfz jf ljB't\ r'DasLo (Electro

magnetic) dfWodaf6 cfbfgk|bfg Transreceive ug]{ sfo{nfO{

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf egL a'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ cg'dltkq k|bfg

ubf{ b"/;~rf/ gLlt, @)%^ n] df]afOnsf nflu GSM tf]lsPsf]

a]l;s -cfwf/e"t_ nflu lghL If]qnfO{ WLL k|ljlw tf]lslbPsf]n]

k|ljlw tf]s]/ cg'dltkq hf/L x'g uPsf] kfOG5 . k|ljlwnfO{

s]lGb|t agfP/ cg'dltkq lbg] Joj:Yffn] ljZjdf cfPsf] gjLgtd

k|ljlw ;]jf ;~rfngsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;:tf] / ;/n k|ljlwnfO{

leq\ofpg cj/f]w ePsf] kfOG5 . k|ljlw k|of]u;DaGwL ljjfb;d]t

k/]/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sdnk|;fb vgfnlj?4 g]kfn b"/;~rf/

k|flws/0f;d]tsf] d'2fdf ax'dtsf] /foaf6 P]gsf] bkmf @#-@_

sf] k|flws/0fsf] l;kmfl/zdf cfwf/;d]t v'Ng'kg]{ u/L lg0f{o

lbOPsf] 5 -g]=sf=k= @)^! k[i7 %!$_ . h;n] ubf{ @)^).!).!@

sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt Limited Mobility Service nfO{

cg'dltkq k|bfg ug{ /f]s nfu]sf] lyof] . ldlt @)^@.!!.@@ sf]

lnld6]8 df]laln6L;DaGwL] /fhkqsf] ;"rgfsf] csf]{ ljjfb ;jf]{Rr

cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] 5 . tyflk ljZjsf] cWoogaf6

cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmnfO{ ;]jf lbg] k|ljlw 5gf]6 ug{ :jtGqtf

lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . nufgLsf] lx;fan], lj:tf/sf] nflu ;dosf]

lx;fan], pkef]Qmfsf] gofF ;]jf / yk ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ OR5fsf]

k"lt{sf] lx;fan] / k|lt:kwf{sf] lx;fan] klg Techonology

Neutral cg'dltkq k|0ffnLdf k|j]z gu/L ;'v} 5}g . h'g @)%#

sf] P]gsf] bkmf @^ sf] ;+zf]wg;DaGwL k|lqmofaf6 ;+zf]wg ubf{

k|ljlw ljz]if cg'dltkqnfO{ v'nf ug'{ d"ne"t s'/fdf km/s

k/]sf] eGg] ljjfbn] df}sf kfpnf . t;y{ b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^)

n] ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf] k|0ffnLnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg hf/L

ul/Psf cg'dltkqsf ;t{ kl/dfh{g tyf ;+zf]wg ug{ sfg'gL

Joj:yf cfjZos ePsf] 5 .

-3_ cg'dltkq hf/L ul/g] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] cGTo ug{ M

g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pbf/Ls/0fsf] k|yd r/0fdf

nufgLstf{sf] lxt ;+/If0fsf nflu bkmf @@ sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] %

jif{;Dd Pp6} ;]jfsf] nflu csf]{ cg'dltkq ;fdfGotof glbOg]

Exclusivity Rights Joj:yf pko'Qm lyof] xf]nf, t/ b"/;~rf/sf]

pbf/Ls/0f @)%$ af6 z'? ePsf] sfuhL clen]v b]lvP klg

jf:tljs pbf/Ls0f cfwf/e"t b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] nflu lghL If]sf]

;~rfns o'gfO6]8 6]lnsd lnld6]8n] ldlt @)%(.^.!* df

cg'dltkq k|fKt u/L ;]jf ;~rfng u/]kl5 / df]afOndf lghL

If]qsf] ;~rfns :kfO; g]kfn k|f=ln=n] ldlt @)^!.%.!^ df

cg'dltkq lnO{ ;]jf z'? u/]kl5 dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L x]bf{

pbf/Ls/0fsf] dd{sf] sfof{Gjogdf l9nfO ePsf] dfGg} k5{ .

To;sf/0f ca ljZjJofkL dfGotf ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu rflxg]

Spectrum, Numbering / Right of Way n] ;Lldt ug]{ cj:yfdf

afx]s s'g} klg k|sf/sf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf cg'dltkqsf] ;+Vof

;Lldt ug'{ b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf] ult dGb ug'{l;jfo c? s'g}

p2]Zo xF'b}g . To:tf] Psflwsf/sf] Joj:yfnfO{ cGTo u/L

b"/;~rf/nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg P]g ;+zf]wg h?/L 5 .

-ª_ cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ 5gf]6;DaGwL Joj:yfdf

kl/jt{g ug{ M

k|lt:kwf{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] / pbf/Ls/0fnfO{ jf:tljs

cy{df ?kfGt/0f ug]{ xf] eg] df}h'bf P]gsf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf

-#_ / pkbkmf -$_ sf] cg'dltkq k|bfg ug]{ k|0ffnL ca cfP/

;fGble{s 5}g . s'g} klg Joj;foLn] cfk\mgf] Joj;fo 3f6fd}

rnfO/xg'k5{ eg]/ afWo u/fpg ;ls+b}g . Jofkfl/s l;4fGt

k|lts"n klg x'G5 . Jofkf/ Joj;fo Joj;foLsf] :j]R5fsf] ljifo

xf] . rfx]df lgodfg';f/ ;]jf lg/Gt/ ug{ ;S5, grfx]df ;]jf

aGb ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] Commercial Sovereignty sf ljifodf

cg'dltkqsf] cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 gjLs/0f ug{ klg ;Sg],

ug{ grfx]df s'g} sfg'gL afWotfsf] Joj:yf gePsf] ljifodf

cg'dltkq ln+b}sf avtdf saf]n ug{ nufpg] / saf]n u/]sf]

/sdnfO{ cg'dltkq hf/L ug{sf nflu ;d'Rr d"NofÍg ul/g]

sfg'gL Joj:yf Jofjxfl/s b]lv+b}g . /fHodf gofF ;]jf ;~rfnssf]

pkl:ylt /x]df pQm If]qdf ;]jf lj:tf/ x'g], /f]huf/Lsf] gofF

9f]sf v'Ng], lghL If]qsf] -:jb]zL jf ljb]zL k|ToIf_ nufgL

lelqP/ cf}Bf]lus ljsf; x'g] x'Fbf /fh:jsf] ;d]t gofF 9f]sf

v'Ng] / /fHosf] 9's'6Ldf yk /fh:j j[l4 x'g] s'/fdf låljwf

5}g . b"/;~rf/ P]gsf] bkmf @$ -#_ -$_ n] /f]oN6L;d]t saf]n

ug]{ / ;f] cfwf/df a9fa9 u/fpgfn] clglZrt eljiosf] k|Tofe"lt

ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5, h'g k|Tofe"lt cToGt Go"g dfqfdf

sfof{Gjog ePsf] Oltxf; kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm a9fa9sf] k|lqmofdf

;fd]n x'g]n] cg'dltkq b:t'/ -ls:tfaGbLdf ;d]t ltg{ ;Sg]_

k|fjwfg /fv]sf] t/ /f]oN6L !) jif{sf] nflu / !) jif{kl5

@*


gjLs/0f ul/g] cjlwsf] gjLs/0f b:t'/sf] ;DaGwdf lgj]bsaf6

s'g} k|Tofe"lt dfuL cg'dltkq hf/L ug'{k"j{ jf kZrft\ s'g}

bfloTj nufpg'kg]{ jf kfpg] Joj:Yff blv+b}g . olb ;~rfnsn]

d'gfkmf cfh{g u/]df t Joj;fo lg/Gt/ /fVgsf nflu jf Vofltsf]

;+/If0fsf nflu o:tf] ;t{ :jtM kfngf unf{ eGg] emLgf] cfzfafx]s

ljZjf; ug]{ s'g} 7f]; cfwf/ b]lv+b}g . t;y{ P]gsf] pk/f]Qm

a9fa9 ug]{ k|0ffnLdf b"/;~rf/ gLlt, @)^) n] dfu{bz{g

u/]cg';f/ ;'wf/ ug'{k5{ .

-r_ b:t'/;DaGwL Joj:yf kl/jt{g ug{ M

cg'dltkq b:t'/ P]gsf] bkmf @#-!_ af]lhd lgj]bg

ug]{n] !) jif{sf] / @#-@_ adf]lhd lgj]bg ug]{n] % jif{sf]

Psd'i6 jf ls:tfaGbLdf ltg{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5,

h;n] ubf{ gjk|j]zL (New Entrant) x?n] z'?df ;]jf

;~rfngsf] g]6js{ :yfkgf / lj:tf/ ug{ nufgL ug'{kg]{

;fy;fy} z'?d} % jif{ jf !) jif{;Ddsf] cg'dltkq b:t'/

a'emfpg'kg]{ bfloTjn] nufgLstf{nfO{ xtf]T;fxL agfpg vf]h]sf]

h:tf] b]lvG5 .

cg'dltkq b:t'/ tyf cGo b:t'/ hlt a9L nfUof] To;sf]

ef/ cGttM pkef]Qmfpk/ kg]{ ePsf]n] ljsl;t d'n'sn] klxn]

ub}{ cfPsf] af]nsaf]n a9fa9sf] k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g ul/;s]sf

5g\ . Ps k6s Go"g cg'dltkq b:t'/ / x/]s jif{ cfDbfgLsf]

cfwf/df ;]jfk|bfosaf6 jflif{s b:t'/ tyf /f]oN6L lnOg]

k|0ffnLn] g} pkef]Qmfsf] lxt / ;DalGwt ;]jfsf] If]qsf] ;'wf/

/ ljsf; ug{ ;Sg]5 . o; k|0ffnLn] w]/} sdfpg]n] w]/} lbg]

yf]/} sdfpg]n] To;} cg'kftdf yf]/} ltg]{ l;4fGt ;dGoflos

klg x'G5 . Equal Level Playing Field agfpg g;s]df

k|lt:kwf{ km:6fpg g;Sg] tyf ;]jf ;~rfnsn] ;]jf z'Ns

36L–a9L ug'{kg]{ cj:yfn] ;:tf] ;]jfk|bfos dfq afFRg] x'gfn]

nufgLstf{sf] lxt ;+/If0f tyf k|lt:kwf{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg

of] l;4fGt pko'Qm x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ;a} ;]jfk|bfossf] nfutsf]

cg'dfg x'g hfg] / nfugLstf{n] df}h'bf Joj:yf h:tf] Ps}

k6s % jif{ jf !) jif{sf nflu cg'dltkq b:t'/ ltg{ kg]{

cfly{s ef/;d]t sd kg{ hfg] x'gfn] b"/;~rf/ gLlt, @)^)

n] dfu{bz{g u/]cg'?k ;]jfk|bfossf] 5gf]6 tyf b:t'/;DaGwL

Joj:yf ;+zf]wg ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . P]g ;+zf]wg ubf{

df}h'bf P]gadf]lhd cg'dltkq k|fKt JolQmn] ;d]t jflif{s

cfosf] lx;fan] jflif{s b:t'/ ltg{ kfpg] ;'ljwf lbg] 9+un]

;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ .

-5_ ;]jfz'Ns :jLs[lt;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ M

b"/;~rf/ P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf $@ sf] z'Ns lgwf{/0f tyf

:jLs[lt;DaGwL Joj:yfn] ahf/df ;]jfk|bfosaf6 tTsfn z'Ns

36fpg rfx]df klg k|zf;lgs sl7gfOsf sf/0f ;Dej gx'g]

b]lvPsf]n] vf;u/L k|lt:kwf{ gePsf If]qdf k|lt:kwf{lj/f]wL

ultljlw lgoGq0f ug{afx]s z'Ns lgwf{/0f ahf/n] ug]{ (Mar-

ket Fixed the Price) l;4fGtnfO{ v'nf ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . To;}

u/L k|d'v ;]jf ;~rfnsn] gjk|j]zLnfO{ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ /f]Sg

nfut d"NoeGbf sd b//]6 lgwf{/0f u/]÷gu/]sf] cWoog u/L

k|efjzfnL b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfns tyf Incumbent Opera-

tor sf] ;]jfz'Ns (Tariff) :jLs[lt ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos

5 . To;sf/0f bkmf $@ sf] :jLs[lt lng];DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{

nlrnf] agfpg ;+zf]wg cfjZos kb{5 .

-h_ ;]jf ;~rfngdf cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfsf] k|of]u;DaGwL ;'wf/ M

b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]

g]6js{ Ps–cfk;df cGt/cfa4tf (Interconnection) cfjZos

k5{ / dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f gjk|j]zLnfO{ ;flassf

;]jfk|bfos / 7"nf ;~rfnsn] o:tf] ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{

bkmf #! sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ lj:t[t / Jofks 9+un] Jojl:yt ug'{

cfjZos x'G5 . g]6js{ cGt/cfa4tf lbg OGsf/ u/]df b08–

;hfosf] Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df WTO Ref-

erence Paper df plNnlvt cGt/cfa4tfsf] l;4fGt k|:6 v'nfO{

cGt/cfa4tf ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf] cfjZostf

ePsf]n] bkmf #! df Jofks ;+zf]wg cfjZostf kb{5 . o;}

u/L lnhnfOg, gDal/ª;DaGwL ljifodf df}h'bf P]gdf pNn]v

x'g g;s]sf]n] gDa/ h:tf] ;Lldt ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 / k|of]udf

ljZjdf /x]sf] k|rngcg'?k Jojl:yt ug{ gofF bkmfx?sf] th'{df

ug{ cfjZos 5 .

-em_ k|lt:kwf{lj/f]wL ultljlwdf lgoGq0f;DaGwL Joj:yf M

ahf/df k|e'Tj /x]sf] ;~rfnsnfO{ :jR5 k|lt:kwf{df ptfg{

yk bfloTj a]xf]{g gnufpg] xf] eg] ahf/ k|e'Tjsf] b'?kof]u u/L

k|lt:kwf{lj/f]wL ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ /f]s nufpg g;lsg]

ePsf]n] o;;DaGwdf P]gdf k|:6 Joj:yf u/L k|lt:kwf{sf d"ne"t

l;4fGtnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf

a9L ;]jf ;~rfnsaLr cfk;L ;xdltdf z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{,

cfk\mgf] ;]jf lng]nfO{ dfq ;'ljwf lbg], Pp6f ;]jf lng csf]{

;]jf klg lng afWo kfg]{ Force-sale, Tie-up h:tf ultljlw

@(


x'g glbg P]gdf gofF bkmfx?sf] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 . cGoyf

k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fnfO{ wldnf] kfg{ Ps ;]jfaf6 cfPsf]

cfh{gaf6 csf] { ;]jfdf cg'bfg (Cross Subsidy) u/L

gjk|j]zLnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ /f]Sg ;ls+b}g .

To;sf/0f :j:y k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f agfpg k|lt:kwf{lj/f]wL

ultljlw /f]s nufpg sfg'gL Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

-`_ b08–;hfo;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ M

b"/;~rf/ P]gsf] bkmf $& n] u/]sf] b08–;hfosf] Joj:yfnfO{

kl/dfh{g ug{ h?/L 5 . bkmf $& -#_ df clwstd % nfv;Dd

hl/jfgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . hjls cg'dltkq glnO{ ;]jf

;~rfng u/]df / cg'dltkqdf plNnlvt ;t{sf] kfngf gu/]df

;dfg k|s[ltsf] ;hfosf] df}h'bf Joj:yf pko'Qm b]lv+b}g . cg'dltkq

glnO{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{nfO{ cg'dltkq lnFbf nfUg] b:t'/ glnO{

?= % nfv;Dd hl/jfgf ug]{ Joj:yfn] cg'dltkq b:t'/ lt/]/

cg'dltkq lng'eGbf k|qmfp k/]sf avt % nfv hl/jfgf ltg]{

c7f]6 u/L ;]jfsf] b"?kof]u x'g d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

To;}u/L cgwLs[t ;]jf ;~rfng u/sf] kfOPdf hl/jfgfsf]

Joj:yf ul/P klg cgwLs[t ;]jf ;~rfngdf k|of]u ul/Psf

b"/;~rf/ pks/0fnfO{ b"/;~rf/ P]gsf] s'g} klg Joj:yfn] hkmt

ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . t;y{ cgwLs[t k|of]u pks/0f

hkmt u/L xflg–gf]S;fgL k'u]sf]df lauf] e/fO{ lauf]adf]lhd

hl/jfgf ug]{ Joj:yf yk ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

k|flws/0fnfO{ bkmf $& sf] pkbkmf -!_, -@_, -#_ / -$_

af]lhdsf] s;'/df b08–;hfo ug]{ clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 t/ bkmf

!& adf]lhd lg/LIf0f tyf hfFra'em ug{sf nflu cg'dltkq

k|fKt JolQmn] u/]sf] sfdsf] nflu dfq clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

t;y{ bkmf $& adf]lhdsf] ph'/Ldf k|flws/0fn] sf/afxL ubf{

cbfntnfO{ eP;/xsf] clwsf/ x'g] k|Tofe"lt P]gdf gug]{ xf]

eg] sfg'gL låljwfdf k|flws/0faf6 bkmf $& adf]lhd x'g]

cfb]z÷lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg txaf6 OG;fkm hfFr ubf{ k|fs[lts

Gofosf] l;4fGt;d]t k|lts"nsf] k|fljlws sf/0faf6 cfb]z÷lg0f{o

ab/ x'g] ;Defjgf a9L b]lvG5 . k|flws/0fnfO{ cw{Goflos clwsf/

lbO;s]kl5 k|flws/0fsf] lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjog ;/sf/åf/f ul/lbg]

Joj:yf P]gdf k|:6 x'g' cfjZos 5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfnsaf6

sfg'gadf]lhd c;'npk/ ug'{kg]{ b}–b:t'/ p7fpg s8f sfg'gL

Joj:yf gePsf]n]] bkmf %( sf] k|rlnt sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] eGg]

Joj:yfcGtu{tsf] k|lqmof l9nf] / emGeml6nf] x'g] ePsf]n] o:tf]

b:t'/ l56f]–5l/tf] 9+un] p7fpg ;/sf/L afFsL;/x p7fOg] Joj:yf

ug{ cfjZos 5, h'g @)%# sf] P]gdf cefj /x]sf] 5 .

#= lgisif{ Mlgisif{ Mlgisif{ Mlgisif{ Mlgisif{ M

k|ljlwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g / To;sf] gofF cfofdnfO{ k|of]u

ug{ glbPdf k'/fgf] k|ljlwaf6 pkef]QmfnfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{ ufx|f]

x'g] x'Fbf o:tf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf] kmnnfO{ k|of]u x'g glbg]

sfg'gL k|fjwfg vf/]h ug'{k5{ . Pp6} dfWodaf6 # j6f ;]jf

;~rfng x'g ;Sg] (Tri-Play) xfnsf] ljZj cj:yfnfO{ tTsfn

nfu" ug{ ;lsPg eg] g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ If]q k5fl8 kg]{ lglZrt

5 . b"/;~rf/ P]g g]kfnn] WTO df u/]sf] k|lta4tf cg's"n

agfpg cfjZos x'G5 . t;y{ Voice, Data / Video nfO{ Pp6}

b"/;~rf/ dfWodaf6 k|;f/0f ug{ /f]s nufpg k|fljlws b[li6sf]0fn]

c;Dej ePsf]n] Law should be Technology Suitable sf]

l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ cufl8 a9\g cfjZos 5 . cTofw'lgs

k|ljlwsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ / pkef]u ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ e};s]sf] t/

;f] ;DaGwL ljjfb k/]sf avt d'n'sL P]gsf] jl/kl/ a;]/ JofVof

ug{ jf pkfo vf]Hg c;Dej 5 .

b"/;~rf/, >Job[Zo / k|;f/0f (Broadcasting)nfO{ Pp6}

dfWodaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] ePsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ cnu–

cnu sfg'gL ;+/rgfaf6 5'6\ofP/ cnu–cnu lgodg ug{ sl7g x'g]

/ Pp6fsf] If]qflwsf/ csf]{af6 af/Daf/ pNn+3g / c;/ ug]{ ePsf]n]

e'6fg, dn]l;of, Sofg8f, l;+ufk'/nufotsf ljleGg d'n'sn] PsLs[t

P]g cjnDag u/]sf] / ef/tn] tof/L u/L Convergence Bill ;d]t

;g\ @))! df g} tNnf] ;bgsf] ;+;bLo ;ldltn] kf; ul/;s]sf]]

kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn klg o;tkm{ tof/ x'g'kb{5 . ;f]xL adf]lhd ;+:yfut

;+/rgfb]lv b"/;~rf/ tyf k|;f/0f PsLs[t P]gsf] th'{df ug{ s]xL

;do nfUg] ePsf]n] tTsfn b"/;~rf/ P]gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{k5{ .

→ o; n]vdf plNnlvt /fo n]vssf lghL ljrf/ x'g\, o;n] n]vs;Da4

;+:yfsf] ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{g .

of] n]v tof/ ubf{ >L ;'Gb/ Kofs'/]nHo"n] ug'{ePsf] ;xof]usf] ;/fxgf ub{5' .

"Help Ever Hurt Never" "LOVE All Serve All"- Satya Sai Baba

#)


In the 21st century in which knowledge and

information are the foundation for competitiveness,

information technology will play a vital role in providing

that competitiveness. As we leave the industrial age and

enter the information age, it is clear that despite all the

technical advances and globalization, the formula for

economic success has remained the same, economic

prosperity relies on quick access to the critical network

of information and commerce.

Internet is the most important communication

system which can provide quick access to the vast

information available worldwide. The worldwide

internet usage has experienced a dramatic growth in the

past couple of years. Two key factors which have led to

this tremendous rise are Internet technology development

including expanded bandwidth, increased speeds and

reliability, and reduced Internet surfing charges.

Rapidly evolving network and computer

technology, coupled with the exponential growth of

the services and information available on the Internet,

will soon bring us to the point where hundreds of

millions of people all over the world will have fast,

pervasive access to a phenomenal amount of

information, through desktop machines, notebooks,

mobile phones from anywhere and everywhere.

The Internet was first introduced into Nepal in the

mid 90s and in the early days e-mail and Internet services

were expensive tools mainly used by international

organizations. As an organization with a national

obligation to provide the most needed communications

and IT services to as much of the population as possible,

Nepal Telecom (NT) started operation of its own Internet

service in May 2000. The entry of NT in the Nepalese

internet market reduced the Internet cost drastically, and

Nepalese started to subscribe to internet/e-mail services

in growing numbers. Till 2004 NT's internet was

confined to a very small scale of activities - its service

coverage was limited to 15 districts only with local

dialing facility, though to other parts of the country,

it was available with STD dialing. In the last three

years NT has expanded its coverage and currently NT

internet service is available to 59 districts with local

dialing facility and the customer base of NT has

reached about 15,000.

Future of Internet in Nepal :Future of Internet in Nepal :Future of Internet in Nepal :Future of Internet in Nepal :Future of Internet in Nepal :

Nepal Telecom's PerspectiveNepal Telecom's PerspectiveNepal Telecom's PerspectiveNepal Telecom's PerspectiveNepal Telecom's Perspective

Currently, NT is using satellite links for its Internet back-bone connectivity. The current backbone connectivity

consists of a total of 4 Mbps uplink and 18 Mbpsdownlink and NT is in the process of increasing the ca-

pacity of its backbone Internet connectivity using opticalfiber links. This would result in much improved Internet

access speeds as well as reduced latency.

Dinesh Dev Panta

Deputy Manager

Computer Department

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#!


NT has been providing different Internet services at

reasonable rates under different service schemes

(unlimited, fixed hour, fixed hour per month, night surfing

etc). At present NT is providing basically two types of

services: Dialup internet/email service and leased line

connectivity service. Dial-up access is provided over

normal PSTN or ISDN lines. ISDN dialup provides

connection speed of 64kbps and 128kbps. Leased internet

and intranet connectivity services are being provided from

64 Kbps to 2 Mbps. NT has initiated the process for

revising the rates of leased internet & intranet connectivity

services and ISDN dialup services to make high speed

internet access more affordable.

In today's world one cannot imagine life without

Internet access. The people in Kathmandu Valley

and other urban areas have been enjoying the

benefits of internet access right from the time

internet entered into Nepal and to make internet

access available in rural areas as well, NT is

providing internet service via CDMA also. Using

CDMA internet speeds up to 153.6 Kbps can be

achieved.

One of the fas tes t growing areas in the

communicat ion industry has been mobi le

communications. Nowadays people value the

ability to have internet access from everywhere and

every time. In order to cater to the demand of the

mobile internet users NT has been providing

internet access via CDMA PDSN services using

mobile terminals and PCMCIA cards for notebook

#@


users. For customers requiring higher speeds,

EVDO services will be available soon where speeds

up to 2Mbps can be achieved. Internet will be

available to the NT's GSM and WCDMA mobile

customers also very soon as NT is making necessary

preparations to launch GPRS.

The majority of the internet users in Nepal

currently use dial-up access whereby the access is

quite slow and the anticipation is building for the

transformation of the Internet from the World Wide

Wait to a ubiquitous instantaneous information and

communication delivery system. For that to happen,

the first (or the last, depending on your perspective)

mile of Internet connections to the home must be

transformed from a two-lane byway to a super

highway. Today's "narrowband" technology, dial-

up access over traditional pone lines, will very soon

give way to the broadband network as NT has

launched a project to provide its customers high

speed internet through xDSL services over the

existing copper network. This platform will be the

primary source of internet bandwidth and will also

be capable of providing multicast video services,

video-on-demand and IPTV. In order to provide

broadband services throughout the nation by

constructing a nationwide broadband internet

infrastructure, NT has already started the process

for the procurement of the equipment for the

deployment of a broadband backbone network of

2.5 G (STM-16) linking the whole county.

Currently, NT is using satellite links for its

Internet backbone connectivi ty. The current

backbone connectivity consists of a total of 4 Mbps

uplink and 18 Mbps downlink and NT is in the

process of increasing the capacity of its backbone

Internet connectivity using optical fiber links. This

would result in much improved Internet access

speeds as well as reduced latency. Within a period

of 1-2 months NT's internet backbone connectivity

will be increased to about 60 Mbps and the plan is

to increase it to STM-1 (155 Mbps) within a year.

Upon completion of the above projects viz.

xDSL project, deployment of broadband backbone

network and augmentation of the internet backbone

link, internet users in Nepal will be able to enjoy

fast internet services at affordable rates. This will

benefit companies engaged in development of IT

applications and software for foreign companies,

f irms providing other IT related services at

international level, ISPs and individuals that require

high speed data connection.

In the coming days internet users in Nepal will

have a reason to smile as Nepal Telecom has the

following in store for its customers for the coming

year:

* Internet and Intranet Leased Connectivity and

ISDN Dial up rate will be reduced

* Internet backbone connectivity will be up-

graded to STM-1 level

* Broadband Internet wi l l be avai lable a t

reasonable rates

* Dial-up Internet rates will be reduced

* Internet will be available in more rural areas

via CDMA

* EVDO service will be available for mobile

customers requir ing high speed internet

connectivity

* Internet will be available to GSM and WCDMA

mobile customers using GPRS

To accomplish great things, we must not only act, but also dream; not only plan but also believe- Anatole France

##


g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df k|lt:kwf{ :yflkte};s]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfns} cu|0fL b"/;~rf/ ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfg]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ljut, jt{dfg tyf eljionfO{ cfly{sb[li6sf]0faf6 x]g'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|ljlwsf]ljsf;;Fu;Fu} cl3 a9\g] eP tfklg ;+:yfnfO{ bL3{sfn;Ddk|ultkydf cufl8 a9fpg ;f] ;+:yfsf] cfly{s kIf ;an x'g'cTofjZos x'G5 . cfly{s kIf ;an x'gsf] nflu ;+:yfsf] cfly{sgLlt, ahf/ gLlt tyf nufgL gLlt / /0fgLltx?n] dxTjk"0f{e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf x'G5g\ .

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;+/rgfnfO{ x]bf{ o;df k|fljlws kIf,k|zf;lgs kIf / cfly{s kIf u/L d'Votof tLg kIfx? b]lvG5g\ .k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs kIfsf] plrt kl/rfngsf] kl/0ffd g}cfly{s kIfsf] ?kdf b]lvg cfpF5 . ulxl/P/ x]g]{ xf] eg] k|fljlwstyf k|zf;lgs kIfsf] plrt kl/rfngsf] cfwf/ / kl/0ffd b'j}cfly{s kIf g} x'g cfpF5 .

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] clxn] ;fdgf ul//x]sf] k|lt:kwf{ /k|lt:kwL{x?n] cufl8 a9\g vf]lh/x]sf] cj:yfdf o;sf] cfly{scj:yfsf] ljut, jt{dfg / eljio x]g{ o;sf lxt lrtfpg] ;a}kIfnfO{ 7"nf] sf}t'xntf x'g ;S5 . ;f] sf}t'xntf d]6\g ul/Psf]of] cWoog tyf ljZn]if0fn] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] efjL cfly{s /0fgLlt

lgwf{/0f ug{ d2t t k'U5 g}, o;sf ;fy} lgwf{l/t /0fgLltcg';f/sf] nIok|fKt ug{sf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm kl/rfng ug{, k|ljlw ljsf; /;'wf/ ug{ tyf ahf/ /0fgLlt tof/ ug{ klg d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

o; ljZn]if0fnfO{ :ki6 / ;l6s agfpgsf] nflu b'O{ efudfljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M!= cfly{s ljut /@= cfly{s eljio .!= cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ljutsf] g]kfn 6]lnsd!= cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ljutsf] g]kfn 6]lnsd!= cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ljutsf] g]kfn 6]lnsd!= cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ljutsf] g]kfn 6]lnsd!= cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] ljutsf] g]kfn 6]lnsd

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^! a}zfv ! ut]b]lv ;+:yfgaf6 cfkm"nfO{kl/jt{g u/L lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ?kdf sfo{ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf]5 . o; ljZn]if0fdf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;+:yfgsf] ?kdf sfo{u/]sf ljutsf tLg jif{x? / To;nuQ} sDkgLdf kl/0ft eO{sfo{ u/]sf ljutsf tLg jif{x?sf] cfly{s tYofÍnfO{ cWoogsf]cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 . ;f] tYofÍx?nfO{ cg';"rL !, @ / # dfk|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . cg';"rL ! df jf;nft k|:t't 5, h;n]cfly{s cj:yf b]vfpF5 . cg';"rL @ df gfkmf–gf]S;fg b]vfOPsf]5, h;n] sfo{ ;~rfngsf] cj:yf b]vfpF5 . /, cg';"rL # dfd'Vo–d'Vo ljQLo ;"rsfÍx?nfO{ k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf] 5 .

;dod} plrt k|ljlwdf nufgL ug]{ / ;f] nufgLsf] a9LeGbf a9Lkl/rfng / pkof]u u/L k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{tkm{ ;f]Rg' cfjZos 5,cGoyf nufgL dfq a9\g] t/ k|ltkmn eg] x|f; x'g] eO{ hf]lvdk"0f{

nufgL x'g] cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5 .

cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn]kf“r jif{kl5sf] g]kfn 6]lnsd k|bLk /fh pkfWofo

pk–k|aGws -rf=P=_, g]kfn 6]lnsd,cfly{s of]hgf tyf Joj:yfkg ljefu

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#$


cf=j=@)%&÷%* nfO{ cfwf/ jif{ dfg]/ cufl8 a9\bfcf=j=@)%(÷^) ;Dd ;~rfng d'gfkmf s]xL k|ltztn] j[l4 x'Fb}%)=#( k|ltzt k'u]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cf=j=@)^)÷^! df cfodflu/fj6 cfPsf] 5 . b]zsf] /fhgLlts cl:y/tf / b"/;~rf/;]jf nfdf] cjlw;Dd aGb ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;f] cf=j=df;~rfng d'gfkmf 36]/ $*=@@ k|ltzt dfq /x\of] . To;nuQ}sf]cf=j=@)^!÷^@ af6 k'gM ;~rfng d'gfkmf j[l4 x'g yfnL cf=j=@)^@÷^# df cToGt} a9L %(=#& k|ltzt /xg cfPsf] b]lvG5 .;~rfng d'gfkmfsf] h:t} cfos/kl5sf] d'gfkmfn] klg b'?:t;f]xL qmd ;dft]sf] 5 . csf]{lt/ ;~rfng vr{nfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg]

of] cln 36\bf] qmddf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ d'gfkmfsf] k|ltztdfj[l4 x'g'sf] k5fl8 ;~rfng vr{df ldtJolotf cfPsf]nfO{ lng;lsG5 . cem :ki6?kdf eGg'kbf{ oL cjlwdf g]kfn 6]lnsdCost Efficient ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfo{ ;~rfng cfodf df]afOn;]jfsf] of]ubfgdf j[l4 x'g'n] klg o;df e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 .

csf]{lt/, z]o/xf]N8/sf] kmG8sf] k|ltkmn cf=j=@)^!÷^@;Dd cf};t !^ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /xL cf=j=@)^@÷^# dfcToGt} a9]/ @!=$* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . To;} u/L ;f]xL cjlwdfnufgLsf] k|ltkmn -s'n ;DkQLdf d'gfkmf_ cf};t !) k|ltztsf]xf/fxf/Ldf /xL cf=j=@)^@÷^# df !@=^) k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .

#%


oxfF l:y/ ;DkQL 6g{cf]e/ / s'n ;DkQL 6g{cf]e/nfO{ klg ;Fu}/fv]/ ljZn]if0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 . oL b'j} 6g{cf]e/ cg'kftcToGt} Go"g b]lvG5g\ . sfo{ ;~rfng cfon] l:y/ ;DkQL;Fu!M! sf] cg'kfteGbf klg sdsf] cj:yfaf6 ;f] cj:yfeGbfdfly cfP/ k'gM lug]{ qmd ;dft]sf] 5 eg] s'n ;DkQLsf]cg'kftdf s'n cfo dfq @^ k|ltztsf] xf/fxf/Ldf dfq 5 .o;af6 s] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 eg] h'g cg'kftdf l:y/;DkQLdf nufgL ul/Psf] 5 Tof] cg'kftdf ;f] ;DkQLsf] pko'Qm/ k|efjsf/L kl/rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

t/ntfsf] l:ylt klg ljutsf jif{x?df x|f; x'Fb} cfPsf]5 . cf=j=@)%&÷%* df rn ;DkQL / rn bfloTjsf] cg'kft@=!)M! /x]sf]df cf=j=@)^@÷^# df of] cg'kft !=$#M! dfq/x]sf] 5 . o;n] t/n ;DkQLsf] cefjsf] cj:yf klg ;[hgfug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;tkm{ ljrf/ u/L sDtLdf @M! sf] t/ntfsf]cg'kft /fVg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

ljZn]if0f cjlwsf] ̂ jif{df sDkgL lg/Gt/ d'gfkmfdf ;~rfnge}/x]sf]n] sDkgLsf] g]6jy{df j[l4 eO{ k|ltz]o/ a's Eofn' klgj[l4 e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} ;~rfng d'gfkmf, cfos/kl5sf]d'gfkmf tyf k|ltz]o/ cfDbfgLn] b]vfpg] sDkgLsf] j[l4b/ klgcToGt} alnof] b]lvG5 .

@= g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfufdL kfFr jif{sf] ljQLo cj:yfsf]@= g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfufdL kfFr jif{sf] ljQLo cj:yfsf]@= g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfufdL kfFr jif{sf] ljQLo cj:yfsf]@= g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfufdL kfFr jif{sf] ljQLo cj:yfsf]@= g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cfufdL kfFr jif{sf] ljQLo cj:yfsf]k|If]k0f tyf ljZn]if0fk|If]k0f tyf ljZn]if0fk|If]k0f tyf ljZn]if0fk|If]k0f tyf ljZn]if0fk|If]k0f tyf ljZn]if0f

o; ljZn]if0fdf cfufdL jif{x?sf] cfly{s tYofÍx?nfO{ k|If]k0fug{ Regression Analysis sf] ;fy} Judgemental Approach

sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . Regression analysis n] eljiosf nufgLtyf ahf/ gLltx?nfO{ plrt tl/sfn] ;dflxt ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n]eljiosf nufgL / ahf/ gLltnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ Judgemental

Approach nfO{ Regression Analysis ;Fu;Fu} k|of]u ul/Psf]xf] . o; ljZn]if0faf6 k|fKt tYofÍx?nfO{ cg';"rL $, % / ^ dfk|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

#^


cg';"rL ̂ df b]vfOPsf] ljQLo ;"rsfÍx?cg';f/ sDkgLsf]

;~rfng d'gfkmf ljutdf @% k|ltztsf] cf};tdf j[l4 ePsf]

eP tfklg cfufdL lbgdf of] j[l4b/ $=^( k|ltzt dfq /xg]

b]lvG5 . o;/L j[l4b/ x|f; eP/ hfg'sf] sf/0f vf]Hbf ;DkQLsf]

k|efjsf/L kl/rfng x'g g;Sg'df g} e]l6G5 . k|:t't

;"rsfÍcg';f/ Psflt/ nufgL ul/Psf] l:y/ ;DkQLsf]

kl/rfngaf6 ;[hgf x'g] sfo{ ;~rfng cfo lg/Gt/ 36\g] qmddf

5 eg] csf]{lt/ s'n ;DkQLn] ;[hgf ug]{ s'n cfo klg l:y/

/xg] b]lvG5 . t;y{ o:tf] kl/l:yltdf d'gfkmfsf] k|ltztsf]

cfwf/df dfq ljQLo cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ xf] eg] To;n]

jf:tljs l:ylt bzf{pg ;Sb}g . t;y{ oxfF ;~rfng d'gfkmf

j[l4 x'g] qmddf /x]sf] b]lvP tfklg z]o/xf]N8/ kmG8sf] k|ltkmn

/ nufgLsf] k|ltkmnnfO{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . oL b'j}

;"rsfÍx?n] k|ltkmn 36\b} hfg] b]vfPsf]n] k'gM ;DkQLsf] kof{Kt

tyf plrt kl/rfng x'g g;Sg] cj:yf cfpg] b]lvG5 . cyf{t\

;DkQLdf x'g] nufgL j[l4 eP tfklg To;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng

x'g ;s]g eg] jf xfns} cj:yf /lx/x\of] eg] k|fKt x'g] k|ltkmndf

x|f; x'g] lglZrt b]lvG5 . pNn]vgLo s'/f s] 5 eg] clxn]s}

cj:yf /x]df l:y/ ;DkQL 6g{cf]e/ ljutdf klg 36]sf] lyof] /

eljiodf klg 36\b} hfg] b]lvG5 tyf s'n ;DkQL 6g{cf]e/ eg]

km]l/ klg l:y/ /xg]5 . of] cj:yfnfO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfsf]

;"rssf] ?kdf x]g'{k5{ .

eljiodf df]afOn ;]jftkm{sf] cfodf j[l4 x'g] b]lvP tfklg

;fwf/0f ;]jftkm{sf] 36\bf] cfo klg ljrf/0fLo 5 . ;fwf/0f

;]jfsf] cfonfO{ df]afOn ;]jfsf] cfon] k|lt:yfkg u/] klg

df]afOn ;]jfsf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn ;Gtf]ifhgs gePsf] x'g

;Sgfn] ;dli6ut?kdf nufgLsf] k|ltkmndf x|f; cfPsf] jf

cfpg] x'g ;S5 .

csf]{lt/ t/ntfsf] l:yltdf j[l4 x'Fb} hfg] b]lvPsf] 5, h'g

;Gtf]ifhgs 5 . o;sf ;fy} s'n ;~rfng vr{sf] k|ltzt 36\b}

hfg] klg b]lvPsf]n] g]kfn 6]lnsd cem} Cost Efficient x'g]

b]lvG5 .

pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0faf6 ljz]if u/L d'gfkmfdf j[l4 x'g] t/

nufgLsf] k|ltkmndf x|f; cfpg ;Sg] b]lvPsf]n] sDkgLsf] l:y/

tyf rn b'j} k|sf/sf ;DkQLsf] k|efjsf/L / pko'Qm kl/rfng

ug{ sDkgL pGd'v x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;]jfsf] ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL

/0fgLltn] klg nufgLsf] k|ltkmn a9fpg 7"nf] d2t ug]{ x'gfn]

sDkgLsf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] gLltnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg' cfjZos

b]lvG5 . ;dod} plrt k|ljlwdf nufgL ug]{ / ;f] nufgLsf]

a9LeGbf a9L kl/rfng / pkof]u u/L k|ltkmn k|fKt ug]{tkm{

;f]Rg' cfjZos 5, cGoyf nufgL dfq a9\g] t/ k|ltkmn eg]

x|f; x'g] eO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ nufgL x'g] cj:yf klg cfpg ;S5 .

of] ;a}sf] nflu sDkgLsf k|To]s hgzlQmn] u|fxsd'vL eP/

k|lt:kwL{ cj:yfdf s;/L cufl8 a9\g] / s;/L s'g} klg

k|sf/sf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmndf j[l4 ug]{ eGg]tkm{ ;sf/fTds

;f]r agfO{ sfo{ ug'{kg]{ / Joj:yfkg kIfn] pko'Qm gLlt /

/0fgLlt NofO{ sDkgLsf] Vision / Mission xfl;n ug{ oyfy{df

kfOnf a9fpg' cfjZos 5 .

#&We're our own dragons as well as our own heroes, and we have to rescue ourselves from ourselves.- Tom Robbins


sDkgL P]g @)^# / g]kfn b"/;~rf/sDkgL lnld6]8sf] bfloTj

sDkgLsf sd{rf/Lx?n] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf u|fxsx?nfO{ plrt Jojxf/ /

;b\efj k|s6 ub}{ sfg'gL k|lqmofx? k"/f ug{ ;bf sl6a4 /xg' kb{5 eg]

u|fxsn] k|lqmof jf sfg'gL Joj:yf k"/f ug{ s]xL ;do nfUg]df emGem6 7fgL

cfqmf]z kf]v]df klg ;+oldt / d[b'efifL eO{ sDkgLsf] sfd–sf/afxLnfO{

r':t / b'?:t agfp“b} nUg' kb{5 .

/fd s'df/ s]=;L=

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k|=c= -sfg'g_sfg'g zfvf, s]=sf=

;~rf/ /fi6«sf] o:tf] If]q xf], h;sf] cefjdf ljsf;sf]sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;ls+b}g . ;~rf/ If]qsf] lg/Gt/?kdf k|ult eO/x]sf]/ k|sfzg÷k|;f/0fsf dfWod 5fkf cvaf/sf] cnfjf 6]lnkmf]g;]jf dxTjk"0f{ ;fwgsf] ?kdf cfdhgtfn] u|x0f ul/cfPsf] tYo;':ki6 g} 5 . ;~rf/ If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] cu|0fL e"ldsf/x]sf] / of] ;]jfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx? ;~rfngub}{ cfPsf] klxnf] ;/sf/L ;+:yfgsf ?kdf g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn]lj=;+=@)#@ ;fnb]lv sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf]df lj=;+=@)^! a}zfv ! b]lvg]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] sfg'gL cl:tTj wf/0f u/Lg]kfne/ ljljw b"/;~rf/ ;]jfx? c6'6?kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf]x'Fbf cfdb"/;~rf/sdL{x?n] ;'vb / uj{sf] cg'e"lt ug{ kfpg'xfdL ;a}sf nflu ;Gtf]ifsf] ljifo xf] .

xfd|f] o; sDkgLn] ;j{;fwf/0fdfem 5'§} 6]«8dfs{ btf{u/L g]kfn 6]lnsd eGg] ;+lIfKt gfd k|fKt u/]sf]n] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]?kdf sf/f]af/ ul//x]sf] oyfy{ s;}af6 l5k]sf] 5}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf]clwsf+z :jfldTj /x]sf] sDkgLn] ljutb]lv ;+:yfgdf x'Fbfsf]sfo{z}nLnfO{ Jofks kl/jt{g u/L cfPsf] 5 eg] cGo b"/;~rf/sDkgLx?;Fu k|lt:kwf{Tds ?kdf cl3 a9\g ;Ifd / ;an/lxcfPsf]df s;}sf] ljdlt x'g]5}g . sDkgLsf ?kdf bx|f] lsl;dn]cl3 a9\g sfg'gL cfwf/ klg plQs} dxTjk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf sDkgLsfg'gcg'?k sDkgLnfO{ ultzLn t'Nofpg' xfdL ;a}sf] st{Joklg xf] . sDkgL sfg'gdf xfn} …sDkgL P]g @)^#Ú hf/L eO{ nfu"eO/x]sf]n] sDkgLsf] Wofg o;tk{m s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 / o; lsl;dsf]alnof] sfg'gL cfwf/ lnP/ xfd|f] sDkgL k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Ifd t'Nofpg;Dk"0f{ b"/;~rf/sdL{x? cl3 a9\g ;Sg' kb{5 . u|fxsx?nfO{ plrt,zL3| / ;/n?kdf ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg' cfhsf] r'gf}tL klg xf] .

sDkgL P]g @)^# n] u/]sf] k|d'v Joj:yfx?nfO{ b[li6utubf{ sDkgLn] cfk\mgf] p2]Zocg'?k h'g;'s} sfo{ ug{ ;Sg], cfk\mgf]gfdsf] k5fl8 klAns sDkgL ePsf]n] lnld6]8 clgjfo{ n]Vg'kg]{,

k|aGwkq / lgodfjnL k|sfzg ug]{, ljj/0fkq k|sfzg u/L lwtf]kq;fj{hlgs lgisf;g ug]{, klAns sDkgL ePsf]n] hf];'s}n] klgdfu u/]df k|aGwkq, lgodfjnL cflb sfuhsf] k|ltlnlk lbg],z]o/;DaGwL ;"rgf u/]sf] ldltn] # dlxgfleq z]o/ afF8kmfF8 ug]{,lk|ldod d"Nosf] z]o/ hf/L ug{ ;Sg], z]o/ afF8kmfF8 ePsf] ldltn]@ dlxgfleq z]o/ k|df0fkq lbg], dfGotfk|fKt lwtf]kqJoj;foLdfk{mt dfq sf/f]af/ ug]{, jflif{s ;efx? ug]{, n]vfk/LIf0fug]{, nfef+z ljt/0f ug]{ / sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf lgoldtk|ltj]bg / ljj/0f k]; ug]{ k|d'v sfg'gL Joj:yfx? /x]sf] kfOG5 .

pk/f]Qmcg';f/ sDkgL P]g @)^# n] u/]sf sfg'gLk|fjwfgcg'?k g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] k"/f ug'{kg]{ k|d'vbfloTjx?nfO{ dWogh/ ubf{ sDkgLn] jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef ug]{,sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nodf ;do–;dodf a'emfpg'kg]{ ljj/0f/ k|ltj]bgx? k]; ug]{, kl/jlt{t cfjZostfcg'?k sDkgLsf]k|aGwkq / lgodfjnLdf ;fwf/0f;efdf ljz]if k|:tfjåf/f cfjZos;+zf]wg ug]{, ;j{;fwf/0fdfem z]o/ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf ;"rgf k|sflztu/L lgisf;g ug]{, sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;x'lnotk"0f{ z]o/ pknAwu/fpg] ljj/0fkq k|sfzg ug]{, lwtf]kq btf{ ug]{, z]o/ dfs]{6\;dfn}hfg cGo k|lqmofx? k"/f ug]{h:tf ljleGg bfloTjx?nfO{ sDkgLn]lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ 68\sf/f] cfjZostf b]lvG5 . sDkgLn] ug'{kg]{bfloTjx?nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?n] cf–cfk\mgf] :yfgaf6sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] plrt sfof{Gjogsf qmddf cemk|efjsf/L pkfox? ckgfpFb} hfg' >]ois/ 7x5{ . sDkgLsfsd{rf/Lx?n] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf u|fxsx?nfO{ plrt Jojxf/ /;b\efj k|s6 ub}{ sfg'gL k|lqmofx? k"/f ug{ ;bf sl6a4 /xg'kb{5 eg] u|fxsn] k|lqmof jf sfg'gL Joj:yf k"/f ug{ s]xL ;donfUg]df emGem6 7fgL cfqmf]z kf]v]df klg ;+oldt / d[b'efifL eO{sDkgLsf] sfd–sf/afxLnfO{ r':t / b'?:t agfpFb} nUg' kb{5 .oxL g} ;dosf] dfu / xfd|f] bfloTj xf] .

#*


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ljsf;qmd;Fu} u|fxsx?n] ljleGg, ;]jf–

;'ljwf / ;x'lnot kfO/x]s} 5g\, t/ h'g lsl;daf6 g]kfn

6]lnsdsf] ljsf; x'g'kg]{ xf] Tof] x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ;]jfk|lt

u|fxsx?sf] lbg k|ltlbgsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;d:of

;dwfgsf nflu Joj:yfkg kIfaf6 kxn ul/g' kb{5 . xfd|f] n]6/

Kof8sf] z'?cftd} n]lvPsf] 5– …;]jfdf ;dlk{tÚ / …/fi6« lgdf{0f

xfd|f] nIoÚ . of] gf/fsf] dd{nfO{ a'em]/ sd{rf/Lx?n] sfo{ ug'{

kb{5 . Joj:yfkg kIfaf6 u|fxsx?sf cfwf/e"t ;d:of ;dfwfgsf

nflu cys k|of; ul/g' kb{5 .

cfhsf] @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf u|fxssf ;d:ofk|lt rf;f] glbO{

sDkgL ;kmn x'g ;Qm}g . ljleGg gfdsf lghL sDkgLx?n]

;]jf lj:tf/ ul//x]sf] ;dodf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] klg nfk/afxL

gu/L cfkm\gf ;]jf lj:tf/sf sfdx? ug'{k5{ . o:t} u/L g]kfn

6]lnsdsf] ljsf; ug{ /fhgLlts kf6L{x?af6 x'g] u/]sf x:tIfkx?

aGb ul/g'k5{ . :jtGq eP/ ljsf; ug{ kfP dfq tLj| ljsf; x'g

;S5, cGoyf g]kfn 6]lnsddf sfo{/t xfdL ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf]

eljio cGof]ndf kg{ ;S5 .

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf ;]jf / ;'ljwfx?k|lt

u|fxssf] dfu klg a9\b} uPsf] cj:yfdf ljleGg If]q / cGtu{t

sfof{nox?af6 df]afOn kmf]gnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ ;]jfx? lgjf{w

ljt/0f x'g'k5{ . ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ b'Mv glbO{ ;]jf pknAw

b"=;+=sf=, g]kfnuGh

u/fpg'k5{ . xfdLn] lgikIf / :jtGq eP/ ;]jf k|bfg ug'{k5{ .

xfd|f] kmfObfs} lglDt klg xfdLn] l56f]–5l/tf], ;'ne ;]jf k|bfg

ug'{k5{ . ;fgf] nfk/afxLn] 7"nf] Iflt a]xf]g'{kg]{ l:yltsf] ;[hgf

x'g ;S5 . ljutsf sdL–sdhf]/LnfO{ gbf]xf]¥ofO{ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]

ljsf; lgdf{0fdf nfUg'k5{ .

g]kfn 6]lnsddf b]vf k/]sf emLgf–dl;gf ;d:ofnfO{ s]nfP/

;dfwfg ul/g' kb{5 . ;fgf] eg]/ 5f]8]sf] ;d:ofn] 7"nf] ?k lng

;S5 . xfdL nueu ^ xhf/ sd{rf/Lsf] eljio;Fu hf]l8Psf]

k|;+unfO{ s;}n] klg v]naf8 ug{ x'Fb}g . s'g} klg sfof{nodf

xflsdsf] 8/n] sfo{ ug'{ x'Fb}g . cfkm\gf] bfloTj k"/f ug{

Odfgbfl/tfsf ;fy nfUg'kg]{ x'G5 . xfdL sfdrf]/ x'g' eg]sf]

c?nfO{ dfq 3f6f geO{ ;j{k|yd 7"nf] 3f6f cfkm\g} nflu v]Kg'kg]{

x'G5 . of] ;+;f/df l;Sg'kg]{ / hfGg'kg]{ w]/} s'/fx? 5g\ . dflg;n]

3d08 u/L d w]/} hfGg] ePF eg]/ cx+sf/ ug'{ Joy{ xf] . cfkm"n]

hfg]sf 1fg, ;Lk, wf/0ff c?nfO{ gafF8];Dd To;sf] s'g} cf}lrTo

/xFb}g . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf xfdL kl/jf/ xf}+, Ps–cfk;df ;/;Nnfx

/ ;'emfj cfbfgk|bfg ug'{k5{ . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] eljio pHHjn

eP dfq, xfd|f] eljio ;'lglZrt x'g ;Sb5 . sd{rf/Lx?n]

;docg';f/ kl/jt{g x'g'k5{ . t/ cfd"n kl/jt{gsf lglDt

;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?sf] P]Soa4tf h?/L k5{ .

xfd|f] sDkgLleq lqmofzLn ;a} o'lgogx?n] ;+:yfsf]

cfhsf] g]kfn 6]lnsd

u|fxssf dfuadf]lhdsf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;s] dfq g]kfn6]lnsdnfO{ ;w}“ gfkmfsf] cu|k+lQmdf pEofpg ;lsG5 . cGoyf

ljleGg lghL sDkgLx?n] xfd|f] ahf/ lng] lglZrt 5 .casf efjL of]hgfx? of]hgfd} ;Lldt g/fvL sfof{Gjogsf

nflu ;a} kIfaf6 kxn ul/P dfq @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf]g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cf}lrTo /xg]5 .

kz'klt lu/L ‘k|ult’

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#(


eljiok|lt pQ/bfoL /x]/ lqmofsnfk ug'{k5{ . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]

;+:yfut ljsf; ug{ o'lgogn] v]Ng'kg]{ e"ldsf :ki6 x'g'k5{ .

cfh;Dd ePsf ;Demf}tfx? sfof{Gjog u/fpg] kxn ul/g'k5{ .

uxg lhDd]jf/L af]]s]sf o'lgogx?n] cfkm\gf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/

ub}{ cfufdL lbgx?df k|efjsf/L sfo{ ug'{kg]{ cfhsf] r'gf}tL

xf] . ljutdf s;n] s] u/]÷u/]gg\ eGg'eGbf klg ca xfdLn] s]

ug]{ eGg]tkm{ pGd'v x'g'k5{ . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf

nflu xfdL ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ rf;f] x'g'k5{ . h];'s} xf];\

eg]/ dnfO{ s] dtna eGg] :jfyL{ efjgf /fVg' x'Fb}g . of]

sDkgLk|lt xfdL ;a}sf] a/fa/ bfloTj /x]sf] 5 . Joj:yfkgnfO{

lbg'kg]{ cfjZos ;'emfj klg lbg'k5{ . Joj:yfkgn] klg ;a}sf

k|ltlqmofx? ;d]6]/ cfjZos sbd rfNg'k5{ . olb xfdL ;a}

ldnL cfkm\gf] ;+:yfsf] ljsf; u¥of}+ eg] kSs} klg ;'gdf ;'uGwem}F

x'g]5, ;Dk"0f{ sfo{gLlt nfu" ug{ ;Dej x'g]5 . o'lgogx?n]

v]Ng'kg]{ h'g e"ldsf xf] Tof] geP/ vfln ;?jf, a9'jf, sfh

ldnfpg], eQf ;'ljwf a9fpg]tkm{lt/ dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

g]kfn 6]lnsddf ;'rf? x'g g;s]sf ;]jf–;'ljwfx?tkm{ lhDd]jf/

/xg'k5{ . b]zel/ dfu ePadf]lhdsf ;]jf–;'ljwf pknAw

u/fpgdf o'lgogx?af6 cys k|of; ul/g'k5{ . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]

ljsf;sf nflu olb ljlgodfjnL kl/kfh{g ug'{k5{ eg] klg

u/fP/ ;+:yfnfO{ lxt x'g] ;a} dfux? sfof{Gjg u/fpg] k|oTg

ug'{k5{ . u|fxssf dfuadf]lhdsf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;s]

dfq g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ ;w}F gfkmfsf] cu|k+lQmdf pEofpg ;lsG5,

cGoyf ljleGg lghL sDkgLx?n] xfd|f] ahf/ lng] lgZrt 5 .

casf efjL of]hgfx? of]hgfd} ;Lldt g/fvL sfof{Gjogsf nflu

;a} kIfaf6 kxn ul/P dfq @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] cf}lrTo

/xg]5 .

;]jf xfd|f] wd{ xf], /fi6« lgdf{0f nIo af]sf}+ .

;fgf–7"nf geg]/ ljsf; sfo{df nfuf}+ ..

cfd"n kl/jt{g ug{nfO{ ;a} ldnL hfuf}+ .

Ps–cfk;df kl/jf/sf] ;b\efjgf /fvf}+ ..

pT;fx / pd+un] xfdL ;w}F cl3 a9f}+ .

Oiof{ / l/;/fu ug{ cfh}b]lv 5f]8f}+ ..

u|fxs xfd|f eujfg\ x'g\ eGg] s'/f a'emf}+ .

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;d:ofdf ;dfwfg vf]hf}+ ..

Try to practice by taking into consideration two or three roles

in your life (organization, family, community) and try to answer

following four questions for each role:

1. What need do I sense? (in my family, in my community, in

the organization I work for)

2. Do I posses a true talent that, if disciplined and applied,

can meet the need ?

3. Does the opportunity to meet the need tap into my passion ?

4. Does my conscience inspire me to take action and become

involved ?

$)


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GSM Network PalnningGSM Network PalnningGSM Network PalnningGSM Network PalnningGSM Network Palnning

and Optimizationand Optimizationand Optimizationand Optimizationand Optimization

Challenges in KTMChallenges in KTMChallenges in KTMChallenges in KTMChallenges in KTM

Mobile network optimization is a regular pro-cess which never ends. Optimization is neces-sary after the construction of buildings aroundthe base station, increase in the number of sub-scribers, change in traffic density and installa-

tion of new base station.

Er. Hari Prasad PaudelMSD Jawalakhel

History of Mobile service in Nepal

Mobile communication has been the foremost fast

growing technology of 21st century, which has been one

of the fundamental needs of people among food, shelter

and clothes. It has been only 25 years that full duplex

analog mobile service introduced first time in world

while commercial launch of digital mobile service has

not become more than 14 years. After success of analog

cellular, many incompatible mobile systems were

developed in Europe, Japan and North America. A

conference held in 1982 set up a committee known as

Group Special Mobile (GSM), later it was known as

Global System for Mobile Communication, which

developed GSM standards and finally in 1992 first digital

GSM system was launched in Europe. Now GSM is the

world’s largest mobile system which covers almost 82

percent of mobile subscribers.

Despite the fact that the mobile service in Nepal is

younger than Europe, Nepal Telecom, the pioneer mobile

operator, launched GSM mobile service first time in May

1999. Initially, Nepal Telecom installed 10 thousands

lines network from European vendor NORTEL. To meet

the customers’ demand Nepal Telecom installed 50

thousands lines HUAWEI network which was later

expanded to 2.5 lakhs lines and again, it was expanded

to 4.3 lakhs lines ZTE network in November 2005. Nepal

Telecom started its mobile service outside the valley

beginning from Pokhara, Biratnagar and Birgunj from

July 1999. Later on, Nepal Telecom expanded its services

throughout the major cities and towns of Nepal by May

2003, and now altogether 277 base stations are

distributed in 40 districts around the country. Namaste

pre-paid service, which is the most popular mobile of

Nepal, was started in Katmandu, Pokhara, Birgunj and

Biratnagar simultaneously from August 2003, and later

the service is extended in almost all parts of country.

Nepal Telecom has already installed and tested 3G

mobile first time in Nepal.

Customer growth

From the beginning, customers had been showing a

great interest in mobile service of Nepal Telecom. In

every year, number of customers is increased by more

than two folds. Nepal Telecom has strong pressure from

public to fulfill the demand the Namaste pre-paid mobile

service all over Nepal. Nepal Telecom has the experience

of 50 thousands lines distribution within three days of

period. Still people have keen interest to have Nepal

Telecom’s mobile service. From this scenario, one can

easily predict that there are millions of potential

customers waiting for the service throughout the Nepal.

Nevertheless, the customers have other options of

choosing mobile service in many places, they prefer to

stay in queue and wait until Nepal Telecom distributes

Namaste mobile. There may be number of reasons to

prefer Namaste mobile rather than choosing the others,

but major are: wide coverage, largest domain, reasonable

price, quality of service, no hidden cost and good-will

from other services. Graph below illustrates the customer

growth in each years and total number of customer since

1999.

$!


Value of RxQual (RQ) range from 1 to 3 means a

good quality while range from 5 to 7 means bad quality.

RxLev greater than -80 dBm is good receiving signal levels.

Table below shows the common network complains

and its probable reasons sporadically appeared in Nepal

Telecom’s mobile network.

Complains Probable ReasonsOne-way A interface boards of BSC and MSCEcho Mobile sets, Interface boards of MSC

connected to PSTNNoise InterferenceCall drop Abis interface, heavy interference,

wrong configurations, boards failure

Network Stability and Maintenance

Stability of mobile network depends on transmission

links of Abis interface (between BTS and BSC), A inter-

face (between BSC and MSC), power supply, power

backup, air conditioning and performance of equipments.

Power supply, power backup and air conditioning are the

main causes of MSC and BSC outage, while transmission

links stability, ac power failure and low power backup are

the main causes of base stations outage. We have no records

of MSC and BSC outage, and average percentage of base

station down in a month below half-percent approves the

good stability of mobile network. Quality of network ser-

vice also depends on the network stability and quick main-

tenance. It is experienced that the maintenance of network

inside and outside the valley is quite appreciating. Average

fault clearance period is one day. Common types base sta-

tion faults appeared in inside Katmandu valley and their

frequencies in months are depicted by the following chart.

Network quality in KTM

Network quality depends upon the number of fac-

tors such as radio resources used, radio network plan-

ning, network equipments, transmission links, network

congestion, landscape, equipment environment and

faults clearance period. Some of the factors such as radio

resources and landscape are limited and natural that can

not be altered by any methods while others can be

maintained by better network management. Radio

frequency planning and optimization plays the vital role

in GSM network quality. Quality of radio network is

indicated by receive signal level (RxLev), carrier to

interference ratio (C/I), bit error rate (receive quality

RxQual). Network performance can be measured from

several performance indexes from BSC statistics, some

important indexes are radio switch rate, traffic channel

(TCH) allocate failure rate, TCH call drop rate, handover

success rate, TCH service rate. The graph below

illustrates the real scenario of network performance.

Except few exceptional areas, the radio quality of

Nepal Telecom is considerably better. Due to uneven

terrain of Katmandu, some interference is unavoidable

in few places while almost 98 percent of service areas

have good quality. Nepal Telecom already has 124 base

stations inside Katmandu valley. Receive signal level is

better in almost all parts except few congested area in

city, for example, Mahabouddha market. The quality and

receive signal level of the network inside the Katmandu

valley are shown by the graphs below.

$@


Current network planning and optimization

A GSM network

composed of many base

stations that provide the

radio coverage and ser-

vice. A large capacity of

mobile telephone net-

work often requires hun-

dreds of base stations to

cover the whole service

area and meet the high

traffic density requirements, while frequency resource

is very limited. In early 1960s, the Bell Laboratory

invented a cellular solution, which could be used the

limited frequency in repetition after few cells apart to

meet the demand.

Until the early 2005 Nepal Telecom was the only

mobile operators and there are around 94 base stations

inside the Katmandu valley. When another operator

appeared, and Nepal Telecom Authority (NTA) assigned

only 48 carriers of GSM 900 frequency band for Nepal

Telecom, the network planning and optimization became

the vital importance for the quality of service. Generally,

frequency hopping is used when a large number of base

stations in an area need to be operated within limited

band of frequency. Every macro base station has three

cells and every cell has at least one fixed frequency for

BCCH channel, and other frequencies may be configured

as hopping in sequence. The symbol S4/4/4 indicates

that the site has three cells and each cell has four carrier

frequency channels including at least one fixed for

BCCH. In hopping system the planning of BCCH

channels and hopping channels must be done separately.

BCCH frequencies can not be reused within a cluster

but hopping frequencies even can be repeated in different

cells of same base station with proper allocation of HSN

and MAIO.

In July 2005, Nepal Telecom shifted its frequency

planning from fixed to hopping using the frequency

numbers range from 1 to 48. The vendor HUAWEI

planned at 7x3 (cluster of 7 base stations with three cells

in each) for BCCH and 1x1 for hopping. This is the

easiest planning that needs little effort for planning and

there are less options to optimize the network, because

the 7x3 for BCCH is very safe planning which used al-

most half of the frequency resource and there is little

chance of co-channel interference due to large number

of cells in a cluster and in 1x1 hopping, every frequen-

cies in hopping are repeated in every cells, so that there

is a chance of frequency collision between the cells of

same base station as well as cells of adjacent base

stations. Engineering parameters such as antenna tilt,

antenna azimuth, and RF parameters (i.e., power

transmit) vary between the fixed frequency planning and

hopping frequency planning. Original engineering

parameters and inefficient frequency planning were the

main reasons of voice quality degradation from July 2005

to until the cutover of HUAWEI network by ZTE

network in November 2005.

Current network inside the Katmandu is planned by

vendor ZTE at 5x3 for BCCH and 1x3 for hopping.

Current base stations configuration are S6/6/6, one

carrier for BCCH and other five carriers are in hopping.

Frequencies from 1 to 30 are used in hopping and these

frequencies are divided into three MA lists, one for each

cell of a base station, so that there is no chance of

frequency collision between the cells of same base

station and the cells of adjacent base stations. In some

congested areas, the maximum configuration of few sites

is S8/8/8, one carrier is BCCH, five carriers are in

hopping and other two carriers are given fixed

frequencies. Some of the omni sites, i.e. Singhdurbar,

are assigned only fixed frequencies.

Mobile network optimization is a regular process

which never ends. Optimization is necessary after the

construction of buildings around the base station,

increase in the number of subscribers, change in traffic

density and installation of new base station. There are

$#


hundreds of RF parameters, engineering parameters,

system control parameters and network function

parameters to be modified to optimize the network.

Generally, optimization is performed in following steps:

RF testing using drive test tool at the complained area,

analysis of log files recorded during drive test,

observation of network parameters and engineering

parameters, and finally, adjustments are done as required.

Optimization of mobile network inside the Katmandu

valley is done together by ZTE and Nepal Telecom.

Nepal Telecom has done the optimization in major cities

outside the Katmandu valley.

RF scenario and challenges faced in Katmandu

The radio network planning and optimization in

Katmandu valley is probably one of the toughest

planning and optimization in world due to its uneven

terrain and small area covered by high mountains. Radio

propagation in uneven landscape is unpredictable. It is

very difficult to control the radio signals of the base

stations at higher altitude, for example, signals of Kakani

and Nagarkot are appeared everywhere inside the valley.

In high altitude land, such as Sitapakha, Lubu,

Syoumbhu Stup, the signals from many sites interfere

with each other. This type problem can be solved by

installing micro base station at the area to be covered in

high lands, so that the number of base stations will be

more but the quality of network service will be improved.

Another common problem seen in Katmandu val-

ley is low signal in core city area. Although the base

stations are in range of 100 meters, there are some areas

of very low signal. For example, signal at Bhotebahal is

low which is very near to Sundhara base station. Nar-

row roads and dense buildings are the main causes of

this problem. Depending on area, this type of problem

can be solved by using RF repeater and micro base sta-

tion. RF repeater is used in small low traffic area where

there is sufficient capacity in near by base station while

micro base stations is used in fairly large high traffic

area or the near by base stations are already busy. An-

other uneven characteristic of Katmandu valley is traf-

fic density. In core city area, there is very high traffic

density due to high customer concentration. Even the

base stations in 100 meters apart are very busy and have

great interference problem. Such problem can be solved

by absorbing the indoor traffic by indoor coverage. In

core city area most of the traffic is from indoor. From

installing micro base stations and RF repeaters with

indoor antennas the quality of service inside the build-

ing will be improved and outdoor traffic will be

reduced, which

as result im-

proves the out-

door service

quality.

Conclusion

Despite the

complex geo-

graphical terrain

and limited radio

resources, the

quality of GSM network service of Nepal Telecom is

incomparable. Even though there is high demand of NT’s

service in the market, we are unable to provide it in time.

This is unfortunate fact of our company, a bitter truth

that everybody knows. Unable to predict the future

market, cut-throat competition of different vendors

existing in NT, and may be more than these, are being

the impediment for service growth. I am hopeful that

the management will resolve this impasse.

A man's feet should be planted in his country, but his eyes should survey the world.

- George Santayana

$$


s'g} klg ;+:yfg / ;+u7gsf] ljsf; ug{ To; ;+:yfgdfsfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] ;do;fk]If bIftf clej[l4 ug{ h?/L x'G5 .To:t} g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ljsf;sf] nflu klg o; sDkgLdf sfo{/tsd{rf/Lx?sf] 1fg, ;Lkdf clej[l4 ug{ / Jojxf/df ;sf/fTdskl/jt{g Nofpg tflnd cflbsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . …/fi6«lgdf{0f xfd|f] nIoÚ, …u|fxs ;]jfdf ;dlk{tÚ h:tf cToGt uxggf/fnfO{ zAbdf dfq ;Lldt gu/L Jojxf/df ptfg{ sd{rf/Lx?sfnflu tflndsf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 / To;sf nflu g]kfn 6]lnsddfb"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|n] k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwdf cfO/x]sf] kl/jt{g;Fu};do;fk]If gofF–gofF k|ljlwx? ;~rfng ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] pQmk|ljlwsf] nflu cfjZos k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs bIf hgzlQmtof/ ug{ b"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|n] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsfv]n]sf] 5 . tflnd s]Gb|df cfjZostfcg';f/ tflnd dfq;~rfng geO{ ljleGg uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ tyf cGt/lqmof klg;~rfng eO/x]sf] x'G5 . tflndsf] k|sf/ / ;+Vof k|To]s jif{k"j{–d]rLb]lv klZrd–dxfsfnL;Ddsf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sfof{no/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf cjl:yt s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, ljefux?tyf lgb]{zgfnox?sf JolQmTjx?;Fu 5nkmn / Feed Back

lnO{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ ul/Psf] x'G5 .o;nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ut cf=j= @)^@÷^# df k"j{lgwf{l/t

sfo{qmdcg'?k $^ j6f / jflif{s sfo{qmdaflx/sf @! j6fu/L hDdf @&!$ dfgj xKtfsf] %* j6f tflnd !)&% hjfgsd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lbOPsf] o; ;Gbe{df cjut u/fpg of]Uo5 . To:t} rfn" o; cf=j= @)^#÷^$ df ut cf=j=sf] eGbfcem a9L sd{rf/Lx?n] tflnd k|fKt u?g\ eGg] p2]Zocg'?ksl/a #)*) dfgj xKtfsf] s'n &% j6f tflnd !#^)

sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmd th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . cfjZosk/]df kl/cfPsf yk tflndx? klg o; tflnd s]Gb|n] ub}{cfPsf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08cg';f/ s'g} klg ;+:yf r':t/xg k|To]s sd{rf/LnfO{ x/]s jif{ sd;]sd ! xKtfsf] tflnd,;]ldgf/ jf uf]i7Ldf ;xefuL u/fpg h?/L x'g cfpF5 . o;n]sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]an pRr /fVg d2t u5{ eGg] s'/f pNn]vgLo5 . o; ljifodf b"/;~rf/sf] Joj:yfkgn] uxg ;f]r /fVg'kg]{a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

tflnd s]Gb|df d'Vo ?kdf lgDgfg';f/ Wing x?n] ;a}tflnd, uf]i7L tyf cGt/lqmof ;DkGg ug{ e"ldsf v]n]sf x'G5g\ .

!= Switching Wing

@= Transmission Wing

#= Power Wing

$= Outside Plant Wing

%= Computer Wing

^= Management Wing

b"/;~rf/ If]qdf cfPsf] k|lt:kwf{ / eljiodf cfpg]k|lt:kwL{x?eGbf ljZj;gLo, :t/Lo / gofF–gofF ;]jf k|bfg ug]{;Ifd hgzlQm tof/ ug{ tflnd s]Gb|sf] tflndnfO{ ;"rgfd"nstyf cem k|efjsf/L agfpg cToGt} h?/L x'G5 . ;f] r'gf}tL;fdgf ug{ lgDgfg';f/ cfTd;ft\ u/L tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ k"0f{?k]0f;Ifd agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .!= ;do;fk]If cfO/x]sf gofF–gofF k|ljlwx? leq\ofpg', leq\ofPsf]

k|ljlwsf] ;~rfng, ;+j4{g / ljsf; ug'{sf] ;fy} k'/fgfk|ljlwsf] ;~rfng, dd{t ;Def/df klg plQs} Wofg lbg'g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] k|fylds bfloTj x'g cfpF5 . Tolt dfqgeO{ ;do;fk]If b"/;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljZjJofkLs/0fnfO{

k|lzIfsb"/;~rf/ tflnd s]Gb|

:t/Lo tflnd s]Gb|sf] nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] klgplQs} dxŒj x'G5 . s'g} k|lzIffyL{ sfo{af]emsf] If]qaf6 tflnd lng

cfp“bf p;n] tflnd cjlwe/ tflndk|fKt ug'{sf ;fy;fy} Relax dx;'; ug{ ;sf];\ .

gf/fo0f k|;fb sfkm\n]

tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ k|efjsf/Lagfpg] pkfo

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

$%


dWogh/ u/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cg';Gwfgsfo{, lg/LIf0f, d"NofÍg;d]t ug{ Ps pRr:t/Lo cg';Gwfgs]Gb|sf] :yfkgf cfjZos b]lvG5 .

@= cfw'lgs tl/sf / 9+uaf6 tflnd s]Gb| ;~rfng ug{ o;tflnd s]Gb|df sfo{/t ;fy} aflx/af6 cfpg] k|lzIfsx?nfO{k/Dk/fut tl/sfsf] Lecture Method dfq ckgfO{ tflndlbg'eGbf Trainers Training lbO{ l;sfpg'kg]{, l;Sg] ljlwaf6k|lzIf0f lbg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{, t/ xfn;Dd ;f] k|of]udfcfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;f]sf] Joj:yf bl/nf] agfpg Factory

Training jf System Training e}mF k|lzIfs k|lzIf0fsf] (TOT)

Joj:yfsf ;fy} Teaching Materials klg pknAw u/fpg];t{ x/]s af]nkqdf /fVg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

#= :t/Lo tflnd s]Gb|sf] nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] klg plQs}dxTj x'G5 . s'g} k|lzIffyL{ sfo{af]emsf] If]qaf6 tflndlng cfpFbf p;n] tflnd cjlwe/ tflnd k|fKt ug'{sf;fy;fy} Relax dx;'; ug{ ;sf];\ . To;sf nflu cfw'lgssIffsf]7f, zfGt jftfj/0f, cfw'lgs k|lzIf0f tl/sf, ;]ldgf/xn, js{;k tyf k|of]uzfnfx?, xf]:6]n, sd{rf/L cfjf;,k|lzIfs cfjf;, SoflG6g, k':tsfno, dgf]/~hg ejgsf;fy} v]ns'b xn tyf d}bfgx? cflbsf] ;'ljwf x'g' cfjZos5 . oL ;a} s'/fn] el/;So ;j{;DkGg t'Nofpg sd]/f]6f/dWok'/ lydL gu/kflnsf eQmk'/df hUuf lnO;s]sf] s'/fklg pNn]vgLo 5 . ;f] cfof]hgf pQm :yfgdf ;DkGg ug{;Sg' klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} xf] .

$= cWoog–cWofkgsf] s'/f ubf{ tflnd s]Gb|df lbOg] tflndaf6;dli6?kdf 1fg cfh{g ug{ / ;"rgfd"ns dfq geO{ k|fKt1fgaf6 b"/;~rf/sf k|ljlwx? ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] klgagfpg] x'g'k5{ . o;sf] nflu gofF–gofF k|ljlw ;~rfngdfNofpg'eGbf klxn] tflnd s]Gb|df Demonstration u/Ltflnd lbg'kg]{ h?/L b]lvG5 . h'g xfd|f] rngdf (Inter-

national) ljb]z tflndkZrft\ cf}+nfdf uGg] JolQmx? dfqpQm System df hfgsf/ x'G5g\ .

%= ;do–;dodf o; tflnd s]Gb|df ljleGg ljZjljBfnodfcWoog/t k|fljlws ljBfyL{x? Internship ug{ cfpF5g\ .olt dfq geO{ O=;+= !(!# df g} klxnf]rf]l6 6]lnkmf]gnfOg h8fg u/]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdnfO{ Internal Customer

cyjf o; g]kfn 6]lnsddf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ dfqk|lzIf0f glbO{ k'/fgf] k|ljlwb]lv xfn;Ddsf k|ljlwsf]hfgsf/L lng ;Sg] k':tsfnosf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;s]ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{ dfq geO{ ko{6s/ cg';Gwfgstf{sf] klg Ps dxTjk"0f{ s]Gb| aGg ;S5 .

h;af6 /fli6«o:t/sf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ;|f]ts]Gb|sf] ?kdfdfq ljsf; geO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf tflnd ;~rfng /cg';Gwfg ug]{ ynf] klg aGg ;S5 .

^= k|d'v s'/f r'gf}tL lgjf/s eg]s} o; tflnd s]Gb|df sfo{/tsd{rf/L / k|lzIfsx? g} x'g\, Center of Excellency

tflnd s]Gb|nfO{ agfpg k|ydtM tflnd s]Gb|k|lt hf];'s}n];f]Rg] ;f]rfO ;sf/fTds x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . To;sf nflutflnd s]Gb|df sfo{/t JolQmTj ljleGg ljwfdf Excellent

x'g' h?/L x'G5 / To:tf JolQmTjx?sf nflu dfq o;If]qdf sfo{If]q s;/L agfpg ;lsG5, Joj:yfkgn] ;f]Rg]a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

&= …s'g} klg ;+:yfdf sfo{/tdWo] @) k|ltzt sfo{/t clQpQd JolQmTj x'G5g\, &) k|ltzt JolQmTjnfO{ ;do–;dodf tflnd, ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L cflbn] sfd ug{] Ifdtfa9fpg ;lsG5 eg] !) k|ltztnfO{ sfo{ ug{of]Uo agfpg;lsGgÚ eg]em}F xfd|f] h:tf] sDkgLdf sfo{/t & xhf/sd{rf/Lx?df /x]sf &) k|ltztnfO{ Motivation

;sf/fTds Attitude kl/jt{g u/L g]kfn 6]lnsddf bIfsd{rf/L agfO{ sfo{ u/fpg] cleef/f o; tflnd s]Gb|n]axg ug{ ta ;S5 ha o;sf r'gf}tLx? lgjf/0f ug{Joj:yfkgsf] ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0f tflnd s]Gb|k|lt x'G5 .;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ cfk"mn] ;d:ofeGbf dflysf] ;f]r/fVg' h?/L x'G5 .

*= xfn;Ddsf k|lzIfsx?sf] l:ylt d"NofÍg ubf{ k|lzIf0flbg] k|lzIfs jf:tjdf () k|ltzt tflnd s]Gb|aflx/ g}sfo{/t /x]sf] kfOG5 . Joj:yfkgn] cfjZos l;i6d /gofF–gofF k|ljlwsf k|lzIfsx?nfO{ o; tflnd s]Gb|dfg} tflndkZrft\ sfo{ ug]{ If]q tf]Sg'kg]{ cfjZostfdx; '; ul/Psf ] 5 . gq o; tf lnd s ] Gb |sfk|lzIfsx?nfO{ tflnd lbOPdf dfq ;f] ;d:of ;dfwfgx'g] ljifo pNn]vgLo 5 . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] l;i6d6«]lgªsf] tflnd lnP/ dfq ;DalGwt ljifodf s'g} klgJolQm lgk"0f x'g ;Sb}g . To;sf] nflu k|flS6sn 1fg /lkmN8df sfd ug'{ plQs} h?/L x'g] ePsf]n] h'g;'s}k|lzIfsnfO{ l;i6dsf] 1fgsf] ;fy;fy} lkmN8sf] 1fgklg plQs} h?/L x'g] x'gfn] tflnd s]Gb|df sfo{/tk|lzIfsnfO{ ;DalGwt l;i6d 6«]lgªsf] lkmN8 1fgsf]nflu 36Ldf jif{df @ dlxgf;Dd lkmN8df v6fOPdfl;i6d;DaGwL 1fg ;'gdf ;'uGw x'g cfpF5 . gq eg]k|lzIfsx?sf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ tflnd s]Gb|eGbf aflx/ sfo{/tIf]qsf k|fljlwsx?nfO{ g} af]nfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

$^


k|To]s jif{e}mF o; jif{ klg ljleGg :yfgaf6 k|fKt Feedback cg';f/ cf=j= @)^#÷^$ sf nflu lgDgfg';f/ tflnd;~rfng ul/g] ePsf] 5 M–

S.No. Training Name Concerned Wing Month of Commission

1 Power Helper PR Shrawan

2 CDMA BSS System TR Shrawan

3 On Line Cash Collection CP Shrawan

4 Broadband Communication EP Shrawan

5 O & M of Data Network EP Shrawan

6 EP Junior Technician Course EP Shrawan

7 IN System SW Shrawan

8 Power Helper PR Bhadra

9 Power Helper PR Bhadra

10 Basic Training for Switching

Card Repair Training SW Bhadra

11 GSM Customer Care CP Bhadra

12 GSM Billing & Customer Care CP Bhadra

13 External Plant course for Helper EP Bhadra

14 Training for Office Incharge AA Bhadra

15 Management skill Development AA Ashwin

16 CBS Cash Collection CP Ashwin

17 External Plant Course for Helper EP Ashwin

18 Optical Fiber Installation & Maintenance EP Ashwin

19 Power Package System Training PR Kartik

20 Inter Connection SW Kartik

21 Communication Skill & Customer Care AA Kartik

22 O & M of General TX System TR Kartik

23 Optical Fiber Installation & Maintenance EP Kartik

24 General Course for Helper EP Mangshir

25 Basic Automobile Maintenance PR Mangshir

26 J-Rack SW System SW Mangshir

27 Management Skill Development AA Mangshir

28 O & M of General TX System TR Mangshir

$&


29 CBS Support Course CP Mangshir

30 HONET System EP Poush

31 General Course for Power Helper PR Poush

32 E10MM SW System SW Poush

33 O & M of General TX System TR Poush

34 CBS Cash Collection CP Poush

35 CBS Support Course CP Poush

36 EP Junior Technician Course EP Magh

37 Power Package System Training PR Magh

38 DB-AIRE Air Condition PR Magh

39 GSM BSS System Huwai / ZTE TR Magh

40 CDMA (ABS) CP Magh

41 Internet- Customer Support CP Magh

42 CBS Support Course CP Magh

43 Broadband Communication EP Magh

44 External Plant Course for Helper EP Magh

45 General Course for Helper EP Falgun

46 UPS Maintenance PR Falgun

47 EWSD SW System SW Falgun

48 Store Management AA Falgun

49 Siemens M/W SDH System TR Falgun

50 SD Operation and Customer Care CP Falgun

51 EP In-service Technician Course EP Falgun

52 General Basic Supervisor Course BT Falgun

53 General Basic Technician Course BT Chaitra

54 PSTN VMS System SW Chaitra

55 Management Skill Development AA Chaitra

56 SD Support CP Chaitra

57 EP In-service Supervisor Course EP Chaitra

58 EP Lineman Course EP Baishak

59 Marketing AA Baishak

60 CDMA BSS System TR Baishak

$*


dfly tflnsfdf pNn]v ePsf tflndx? sfo{qmddf k/]sf/ cfjZos k/]df ;f]afx]s klg !) k|ltzt tflnd yk u/L;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .

jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg] h'g;'s} If]qdf sfo{ ug{, ;DalGwt

61 CBS Ledger Operation CP Baishak

62 Integrated Customer Support CP Baishak

63 O & M of Data Network EP Baishak

64 Optical Fiber Installation & Maintenance EP Baishak

65 EP Lineman Course EP Baishak

66 CBS Billing and Customer Care CP Jestha

67 EP Junior Technician Course EP Jestha

68 HONET System EP Jestha

69 EP In-service Technician Course EP Jestha

70 EP In-service Supervisor Course EP Jestha

71 Training for Sales Staff AA Ashad

72 Siemens Optical SDH System TR Ashad

73 Internet POP O & M CP Ashad

74 Broadband Communication EP Ashad

75 HONET System EP Ashad

Note:- TR- Transmission Wing, PR- Power Wing, CP- Computer Wing, EP- External Plant Wing, AA-Management Wing, SW- Switching Wing, BT- Basic Wing.

ljifodf ljsf; ug{ xfdLn] æd';f dfg{ 3/ 89fpg] xf]OgÆ lslrlsT;sn] /f]u Diagnosis u/]em}F, /f]usf] d'Vo sf/s tTjkQf nufP/ ;f] /f]usf] lgjf/0f ePem}F dflysf r'gf}tL lg/fs/0fug{ ;s] cjZo klg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] pGglt x'g]5 .

8 STEPS TO MAKE LIFE MEANINGFUL

1. Show gratitude once a week to God for small/big good, pleasant things you have experienced

in last few days

2. Show kindness to others e.g. help customers/visitors, friends, strangers

3. Appreciate the taste of life’s joys: focus on some scenic beauty, past pleasurable moments

4. Thank a mentor (adviser) who helped you at one of life’s crossroads.

5. Learn to forgive: forgive a person who has hurt you or wronged you.

6. Invest time & energy in friends & family: strong personal relationships make big difference

in bringing satisfaction in life.

7. Take care of your body.

8. Develop strategies for coping with stress & hardships: religious faith, thoughts like “this

too shall pass” or “that which doesn’t kill me makes me stronger”. But you need to believe

those thoughts sincerely and genuinely.

$(


OG6]lnh]G6 g]6js{cGtu{t g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;~rfngdf

NofO;s]sf ;]jfx?

!_ kL=;L=;L=;]jfkL=;L=;L=;]jfkL=;L=;L=;]jfkL=;L=;L=;]jfkL=;L=;L=;]jf (Prepaid Calling Card [PCC] Ser-

vice – Registered as Easy Call Card Service) :

of] ;]jf @)^! d+l;/ !) ut]b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf]

xf] . of] kL=;L=;L= sf8{ k|of]u u/L g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] s'g}

klg ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]g, sf8{kmf]g jf kf]:6k]8 df]afOnaf6

s'g} klg a]nf ;+;f/sf] h'g;'s} 7fpFdf sn ug{ ;lsG5 .

of] sf8{af6 nf]sn (local), P;=6L=8L= (STD) jf

cfO{=P;=8L=(ISD) sn ug{ ;lsG5 .

kL=;L=;L=;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MkL=;L=;L=;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MkL=;L=;L=;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MkL=;L=;L=;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MkL=;L=;L=;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? M

––––– PCC Card af6 kmf]g ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf] 6]lnkmf]gdf lan r9\b}g .

––––– PCC Card af6 kmf]g ubf{ 6]lnsdn] tf]lsPsf] ;fwf/0f

6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n b/cg';f/ k|of]u ul/Psf] sf8{af6 /sd

36\b} hfG5 .

––––– sf8{ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf, sf8{sf] ;dofjlw, sf8{ gDa/ -gf}

c+ssf]_ / lkg sf]8{ -^ c+ssf]_ sf8{sf] k5fl8kl§ lbOPsf] 5 .

––––– xfn ?= @))÷–, ?= %))÷– tyf ?= !)))÷– b/sf lk|k]8

slnª sf8{ pknAw 5g\ .

––––– sf8{ gDa/ / lkg sf]8{ dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ uf]Ko

/fVg'k5{ .

––––– ?= @))÷–, ?= %))÷– tyf ?= !)))÷– b/sf sf8{sf]

;dofjlw sf8{ k|yd k6s k|of]u ul/Psf] ldltn] -klxnf]

k6s sf8{ gDa/ / lkg sf]8{ k|of]u ul/Psf] jf sxLF kmf]g

u/]sf]_ qmdzM ^, !@ / !* dlxgf;Dd dfGo x'G5 .

––––– lgDg Joj:yfkg sfo{x? ug{ ;lsg] M

––––– ;l~rt /sd / vftfsf] ;dofjlwaf/] Online ;'Gg ;lsg] .

––––– u|fxs cfkm}+n] Pin Code change ug{ ;Sg] .

––––– k6s–k6s sn ul//xg'kg]{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/x?sf] ;+lIfKt

sf]8 /fVg ldNg] / /flvPsf] ;+lIfKt sf]8;DaGwdf

a'‰g ;lsg] .

––––– Ps k6s Access Code, card No. / Pin code k|of]u

u/L # j6f continuous sn ug{ ;lsg] .

––––– g ]kfn 6 ] lnsdsf ;a} sfpG6/x?df oL sf8{x?

pknAw 5g\ .

––––– kL=;L=;L=;]jfsf] Access Code-1650

––––– Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] nflu !^%) 8fon u/L sf8{ gDa/ /

lkg sf]8{ lbPkl5 77# 8fon ug]{ .

@_ P=Pkm=P;=;]jfP=Pkm=P;=;]jfP=Pkm=P;=;]jfP=Pkm=P;=;]jfP=Pkm=P;=;]jf (Advanced Free Phone Service

[AFS)]) :

of] ;]jf @)^! r}q ! ut]b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . of]

;]jf Toll Free jf Free Phone Service sf] gfddf

ljZje/df g} k|Voft 5 . AFS ;]jf cGtu{t ;]jf lng]

u|fxsn] (Big Organizations, NGOs, INGOs, Business

Houses, Departmental Stores etc.) Pp6f Unique

OG6]lnh]G6g]6js{sf ;]jfx?

xf]d sG6«L 8fo/]S6 -Pr=;L=8L=_ ;]jf klg Pp6f lk|k]8 slnªsf8{ xf], h'g sf8{ g]kfndf vl/b u/L ljb]zaf6 g]kfnL ?lkof“d}g]kfndf 6]lnkmf]g ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5. g]kfn 6]lnsd;“u of];]jfsf] nflu ;Demf}tf u/]sf b]zx?af6 dfq o; k|sf/sf] snug{ ;lsG5. xfn of] ;]jf hfkfg, sf]l/of, l;+ufk'/, yfONofG8,

o's] / o'PO{af6 pknAw 5.

k|ltef j}B

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

%)


AFS gDa/ kfpF5 / ;f] gDa/df kmf]g ubf{ kmf]g ug]{

JolQmsf] 6]lnkmf]gdf lan r9\b}g . ;]jf pkef]u ug]{

u|fxsn] k|fKt u/]sf snx? (Received Calls) sf]

nflu dx;'n ltg'{k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M olb s'g}

l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/n] Advanced Free Phone Service

lnPsf] 5 eg] p;sf u|fxsn] ;f] l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/sf]

AFS Number df 6]lnkmf]g ubf{ pgLx?sf] 6]lnkmf]gsf]

lan r9\b}g / tL snx?sf] dx;'n l8kf6{d]G6n :6f]/n]

e'QmfgL ug'{k5{ .

P=Pkm=P;= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MP=Pkm=P;= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MP=Pkm=P;= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MP=Pkm=P;= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MP=Pkm=P;= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? M

––––– Pp6} AFS gDa/n] ;+:yf lrlgg] / cfkm\gf u|fxsn] ;+:yfsf]

ljleGg 7fpFdf /x]sf ljleGg zfvfx?sf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/x?

ofb ug{' gkg]{ .

––––– AFS ;]jf lng] ;+:yfn] cfkm"n] rfx]cg'?k Incoming

snx? lgwf{l/t 6]lnkmf]gx?df -g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;fwf/0f

kmf]g, CDMA kmf]g jf df]afOn kmf]g_ flexibly route

ug{ ;Sg] h;df Busy/No Answer df Call For-

warding sf] klg Joj:yf 5 .

––––– AFS ;]jf lng] ;+:yfn] cfkm"n] rfx]cg'?k customized

voice announcement / welcome message x?

Call flow df /fVg ;Sg] .

––––– Incoming snx?sf] ;dofjlw tf]Sg ;Sg] .

––––– sn;+Vof / dfl;s dx;'nsf] clwstd ;Ldf tf]Sg ;Sg] .

––––– xfnnfO{ b'O{j6f efiffdf -c+u|]hL / g]kfnL_ voice announce-

ment /fVg ;Sg] .

– ;]jf z'Ns M

– ?= !))) /]lhi6«];g z'Ns .

– w/f}6L ?= !),))) nf]sn sn dfq ePdf jf ?= !%,)))

nf]sn tyf STD b'j} snx? ePdf .

– dfl;s z'Ns ?= !))) df !))) nf]sn snx? lgMz'Ns

-b'O{ Branch sf] configuration sf] nflu_ . x/]s yk

Branch sf] nflu ?= %)).

– ?= !),))) eGbf a9Lsf] lan /sddf @)% 5'6 .

– sn dx;'n b/– ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n b/;/x .

– xfn kf]:6k]8 df]afOnaf6 klg AFS gDa/df 8fon ug{

;lsG5 .

– AFS Number Format : 1660-01-XXXXX

(XXXXX – u|fxssf] /f]hfOdf_

#_ kL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfkL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfkL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfkL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfkL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jf (PSTN Credit Limit

Service) :

of] ;]jf @)^@ df3 @@ ut]b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . of]

Pp6f lk|k]8 ;]jf xf] / u|fxsx?n] cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;fwf/0f

6]lnkmf]g PSTN Credit Limit Service sf] nflu btf{ u/L

pQm 6]lnkmf]gdf Pp6f lk|k]8 vftf vf]nL of] ;]jfsf] pkef]u

ug{ ;S5g\ . lglZrt /sd a'emfPkl5 of] ;]jf k|of]u u/L

nf]sn, STD jf ISD sn ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ;'ljwf cfkm"n]

a'emfPsf] /sdsf] ;Ldf ggf3];Dd pkef]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

kL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MkL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MkL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MkL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MkL=P;=6L=Pg qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? M

– btf{ z'Ns ?= !))) df !)% 5'6 .

– /sd l;l4Pkl5 rfx]hlt /sdn] vftf l/rfh{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

?= !)) sf] mutliple df vftf l/rfh{ ug{ ;lsG5 . ?= !))

sf] l/rfh{ ubf{ ! dlxgf, ?= @)) sf] @ dlxgf, ?= #)) sf] ̂

dlxgf u/L qmdzM vftf l/rfh{ ub}{ vftfsf] ;dofjlw klg

qmdzM a9fpFb} nfg ;lsG5 t/ l/rfh{ ug]{ /sdsf] ;Ldf

geP tfklg clwstd ;dofjlw # jif{sf] x'G5 .

– Joj:yfkg sfo{cGtu{t lgDg sfo{x? ug{ ;lsg] M

– ;+lrt /sd, ;dli6ut sn /sd / vftfsf] ;dofjlwaf/]

online ;'Gg ;lsg] .

– Online efiffsf] 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsg] .

– vftf ;'/lIft /fVg PIN CODE /fVg ldNg] .

– u|fxs cfkm}+n] Pin Code change ug{ ;Sg] .

– k6s–k6s sn ul//xg'kg]{ 6]lnkmf]g gDa/x?sf] ;+lIfKt

sf]8 /fVg ldNg] .

– Ps k6s Access Code k|of]u u/L # j6f continu-

ous sn ug{ ;lsg] .

– sn dx;'n b/– ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]gsf] dx;'n b/;/x .

– kL=P;=6L=Pg= qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfsf] Call Flow sf]

Access Code : 1680

%!


– kL=P;=6L=Pg= qm]l86 lnld6 ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg sfo{

(Management Function) sf] nflu Access Code : 1681

– kL=;L=;L=(Public Call Center) x?n] of] ;]jf lnPsf]

v08df ?= %),))) w/f}6L /fVg gkg]{ t/ btf{ z'Ns ?=

%))) nfUg] / ?= !))) sf] mutliple df dfq vftf

l/rfh{ ug{ ;Sg] . ;fy} l/rfh{ / btf{ z'Nsdf @) k|ltzt

clu|d 5'6 kfpg] Joj:yf 5 .

$_$_$_$_$_ xf]d sG6«L 8fO/]S6 -Pr=;L=8L=_ ;]jfxf]d sG6«L 8fO/]S6 -Pr=;L=8L=_ ;]jfxf]d sG6«L 8fO/]S6 -Pr=;L=8L=_ ;]jfxf]d sG6«L 8fO/]S6 -Pr=;L=8L=_ ;]jfxf]d sG6«L 8fO/]S6 -Pr=;L=8L=_ ;]jf (Home Country

Direct Service {HCD}) :

of] ;]jf @)^# h]7 # ut]b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . of]

klg Pp6f lk|k]8 slnª sf8{ xf], h'g sf8{ g]kfndf vl/b

u/L ljb]zaf6 g]kfnL ?lkofFd} g]kfn 6]lnkmf]g ug{ k|of]u

ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn 6]lnsd;Fu of] ;]jfsf] nflu ;Demf}tf

u/]sf b]zx?af6 dfq o; k|sf/sf] sn ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn

of] ;]jf hfkfg, sf]l/of, l;+ufk'/, yfONofG8, o's] / o'PO{af6

pknAw 5g\ .

Pr=;L=8L= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MPr=;L=8L= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MPr=;L=8L= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MPr=;L=8L= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? MPr=;L=8L= ;]jfsf ljz]iftfx? M

– HCD Phone Card af6 kmf]g ubf{ 6]lnsdn] tf]lsPsf]

dx;'n b/cg';f/ k|of]u ul/Psf] sf8{af6 /sd 36\b} hfG5 .

– sf8{ k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf, sf8{sf] ;dofjlw, sf8{ gDa/ -gf}

c+ssf]_ / lkg sf]8{ -^ c+ssf]_ sf8{sf] k5fl8kl§ lbOPsf] 5 .

– xfn ?=@)))÷–, ?=!)))÷– tyf ?= %))÷– b/sf lk|k]8

Pr=;L=6L= sf8{ pknAw 5g\ .

– sf8{ gDa/ / lkg sf]8{ dxTjk"0f{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ uf]Ko

/fVg'k5{ .

– ?= %))÷–, ?= !)))÷– tyf ?=@)))÷– b/sf sf8{sf]

;dofjlw sf8{ k|yd k6s k|of]u ul/Psf] ldltn] -klxnf]

k6s sf8{ gDa/ / lkg sf]8{ k|of]u ul/Psf] jf sxLF kmf]g

u/]sf]_ qmdzM ^, !@ / !* dlxgf dfGo x'G5 .

– ;l~rt /sdaf/] online ;'Gg ;lsg] .

– sn dx;'n b/ -2.4 seconds sf] Ps pulse sf] b/ ?= ! .

– Po/kf]6{nufot g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ;a} sfpG6/x?df oL

sf8{x? pknAw 5g\ .

– Pr=;L=8L=;]jfsf] nflu Access Code x/]s b]zsf] nflu

5'§f5'§} x'G5 / of] sf8{;Fu pknAw brochure df / g]kfn

6]lnsdsf] website www.ntc.net.np df pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 .

FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVEMANAGER/LEADER

1. Positive Energy: ability to move forward, to thrive on action and relish change, enthusiastic,

optimism, love for work, love for life

2. Ability to energize others: need to have strong persuasion skill to make others work, have the

power to convince that hard jobs could be done

3. Courage to make tough yes or no decision: may have to make a decision even without total

information/data, indecisiveness may be poison for the organization, so don’t get entangled

into too many options

4. Ability to get the job done: it looks obvious, but one need special skill to put decisions into

action, push them forward for completion through resistance, chaos, and unexpected obstacles,

keeping in mind that result is the bottom line

5. Need to have heartfelt, deep & authentic excitement about work: should love to learn and grow

not only in work place, but in the whole life, have “juice” in entire daily life

%@


BBBBBackbone-Network of Nepalackbone-Network of Nepalackbone-Network of Nepalackbone-Network of Nepalackbone-Network of Nepal

Telecom : Present & FutureTelecom : Present & FutureTelecom : Present & FutureTelecom : Present & FutureTelecom : Present & Future

NT is also exploring to builda ring OF network via India.By this way India and Nepalmutually can be benefited in

case of fiber-cut on either side of India.

Anant Prakash MallikSr. Engineer., Tx. Planning Dept.

IntroductionTelecom Networks are usually divided into three

distinct layers viz. Access layer, Convergence layer and

Backbone layer. Access layer carries the last-mile traffic

i.e. Voice/Data/Video traffic from customer premises

equipment (CPE) to respective local exchange/metro

centre, whereas Convergence layer carries the traffic

within a city or within a region. The backbone layer is

the information highway that carries all inter-regional

traffic and interconnects each region with gateway.

Various media used by Nepal Telecom for Backbone

1. Microwave Radio:Present Backbone Radio Network of Nepal Telecom

is as shown below:

Salient features of present Optical Fiber Backbone:* Route Length of East-West OF Network: Approx.

900 Km (Single Mode- 24 Core fibers, 3x40/33 mm

HDPE ducts laid in parallel).

* Backbone capacity: STM-4 (252 E1).

* SDH Equipments (Siemens): 6xSTM-16, 19xSTM-

4 & 54xSTM-1.

* Links 18 districts and 79 Exchanges

* Lamahi - Kohalpur - Lamki - Dhangadhi - Mahendranagar

section yet to be completed (approx. 350 Km)

* Optical Fiber in Ground Wire (OPGW): 2 fibers

leased from Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) for

Hetauda-Patan-Marsyangdi-Pokhara-Kaligandaki-

Butwal Link.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

%#

2. Optical Fiber


* OPGW Route Length: Approx. 342 Km

(60+167+115 Km)

* Leasing Rate of OPGW: NRs. 29,260/pair fiber/Km/

Year (Approx. US$ 410/pair fiber/Km/year )

3. Satellite Link ( R-SAT):

To carry Regional trunk traffic R-SAT at Biratnagar,

Pokhara, Bhairahawa and Nepalgunj are connected with

Kathmandu with 120 circuites (4 E1). Incase of failure

of Radio or Optical fiber link those R-SAT links are used

as backup.

Utilization of Current backbone Network capacity

Ongoing and Future ProgramsThe above data shows the present bottleneck

condition in Backbone. To cater the ever growing

demand of GSM, CDMA, PSTN and other voice &

data traffic and at the same time to build IP backbone,

Nepal Telecom has planned to take the following

actions:

1. Build Regional NG-SDH backbone (TDM & IP

backbone with STM64 and DWDM equipments )

2. Build NG-SDH network in Kathmandu valley (TDM

& IP network with STM64 & DWDM equipments)

3. Build NG-SDH backbone along the Arniko

Highway to connect with China ( TDM & IP

backbone with STM-16 equipments)

4. Upgrade Western-Region Radio backbone network

from Bhairahawa to Mahendranagar (Bhairahawa-

Dhangadhi STM1- 4+1, 252 E1 and Dhangadhi-

Mahendranagar STM-1, 63E1).

5. Upgrade R-SAT network (from 120 circuits to 480

circuits) & establish R-SAT at Dhangadhi (in

addition to D-SAT terminals)

The planned networks are shown below:

1. Microwave Radio:

Project Status: In process of tendering

Expected project execution date: by end of 2007

Funding: NT's own fund

(Bhairahawa to Kathamandu there is a OF ring network,

so the traffic will be carried by Radio as will as OF ring

as redundancy)

2. NG-SDH Optical Fiber Network (Regional,Sub-Regional and Arniko Highway project):

Project Status:- Regional NG-SDH Backbone: in

Tender evaluation phase

Sub-Regional NG-SDH Backbone: in process of

tendering

Arniko Highway NG-SDH Backbone: Survey &

Design review work completed

Expected project execution date:- by end of 2007

Funding:- Arniko Highway NG-SDH project with grant

from Government of China and other by NT's own fund

Salient features of proposed Regional/Sub-Regional

%$


NG-SDH Optical Fiber Backbone:* Based on Next Generation(NG)/MSTP platform and

with DWDM (1st time in NT's network)

* Broadband TDM & IP Backbone with the same

SDH equipment.

* All equipments are OMSN Nodes (voice, data and

video on single platform, MSTP).

* Core Router/L3 switch at each station( with FE, GE,

E1 & STM-1 interface).

* DWDM equipments are used between Hetauda and

Patan and other stations are also ready for DWDM

connection( by color interface/transponder)

* All Regional Nodes are STM-64 (10G) type & Sub-

Regional nodes are STM-16 (2.5 G) type.

* Out of 10G bandwidth 2.5G allocated for Data

services and SAN services.

* TDM and IP bandwidth can be adjusted dynamically.

* Application: inter-exchange connectivity, TDM

services, carry secured Broadband data/video

services like ADSL, VPN, IP-TV, VoD, Triple-play

& other IP based services.

* Will open the door for Nepal Telecom's future Next

Generation Network (NGN)

Salient features of proposed Arniko Highway OpticalFiber Backbone:

* Link Kathmandu with Khasa, China via Tatopani

(approx. 115 Km)

* Sixteen (16) nodes between Kathmandu and

Tatopani (5x STM-16 nodes, 4x STM-4 nodes and

7xSTM-1 nodes) with PoS and FE interface.

* Nodes: Sundhara, TTC, Koteswor,Thimi,

Bhaktapur, Nalinchowk, Sanga, Banepa, Dhulikhel,

Tinpiple, Lamidanda, Dolalghat, Balephi,

Lamosanghu, Barhabise, & Tatopani

* Type of OF cable: 36 fiber, single mode (G.652,

1310/1550 nm), Duct type

* Application: Interconnectivity of exchanges in the

route, Build information highway between Nepal

& China, Create an alternate international gateway

route via Hong Kong( no dependency on present

satellite link with limited resource), Enhancement

of ICT development in Nepal, Greatly help ISD and

internet traffic, can create information highway

between India and China etc. India's big operators

like Bharati & Reliance have already requested to

get bandwidth in this route.

Project Status: In process of tendering

Expected project execution date: by end of 2007

Funding: NT's own fund

Salient features of proposed NG-SDH network inKathmandu valley:* 7xSTM-64 NG-SDH nodes (with Router) & up-

gradation of other nodes

* Multiple ring concept

* Introduction of DWDM concept

3. Satellite Network:

Project Status: In process of contract award

Expected project execution date: by Mid 2007

Funding : NT's own fund

Why Next Generation SDH (NG-SDH)?Legacy type of SDH equipment doesn't support Ethernet

(IP); it only provides TDM interfaces like E1, E3, STM-

1/4/16 etc. So to build broadband data network we need

to have separate IP backbone by using Routers, which

%%


is very costly solution. But NG-SDH equipment can

provide both TDM and Ethernet interfaces (with L2,

QoS, RPR, SAN etc. function). It supports both Packet

over SDH (PoS) and Ethernet over SDH (EoS). TDM

& Packet bandwidth can be adjusted dynamically. Thus

saves CAPEX (Capital Expenditure) and OPEX

(Operational Expenditure) and makes the backbone

ready for Next Generation Network (NGN).

How NG-SDH Backbone will help to buildBroadband data network?

Nepal Telecom is going to introduce Broadband

services by using ADSL, EV-DO, W-CDMA etc. To

carry all types of data traffic without any congestion

and with more security, at all the regional and sub-

regional nodes, as mentioned above, NT is going to put

NG-SDH equipment and Router/L3 switch. The traffic

of all the data subscriber via DSLAM, switch at customer

premises etc. will be connected to the Router/L3 switch.

Every router in this project has 3xGE , 24x FE and 4

canalized E1 interfaces. 2xGE will be connected to SDH

equipment and 1x GE will be connected to the DSLAM.

FE interfaces will be provided to the data customers like

Bank, Corporate houses, ISP etc. If some customer needs

less than 100 Mb/s bandwidth, a switch to share all those

customers will be used. The 2xGE port of SDH

equipment will carry securely all those data from one

place to another by using this NG-SDH backbone. The

FE interface of 3G BTS will also be connected to the

Router via a switch. To connect Media Gateways

(MGW) or NG type of switches, SDH equipment itself

has additional GE and FE interfaces. At Bhairahwa and

Biratnagar in the Router there is a provision for STM-1

POS interface to connect with India for ISP. For the

Normal E1 leased lines, it will be connected directly to

the SDH equipment. Since NG-SDH equipment has

functionality like L2, QoS, SLA, TE, LCAS etc. all the

data features like VPLS/VPN, IP-TV, VoIP, Triple /Quad

play etc provided be the Access Network can be

transparently passed from one place to another by

Backbone Network.

Reliability of Backbone Network

After completion of the above projects, all the major

cities of Nepal will be interconnected by Optical as well

as Radio backbone as a redundancy. As per present

network structure only Patan-Pokhara-Butwa-Hetauda-

Patan are in Ring structure and the rest are in chain. In

case of breakdown of Radio & Optical backbone the R-

SAT network at all the five regions (with 480 circuits)

will try to provide third redundancy. This will obviously

improve our network reliability.

For the optical ring NT is going to implement

Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) concept for more efficient

bandwidth utilization of data traffic.

India is also having OF network along Nepal's border

area. So, NT is also exploring to build a ring OF network

via India. By this way India and Nepal mutually can be

benefited in case of fiber-cut on either side of India.

Things to Ponder* Give more attention to Broadband data service

(upgrade present access network to broadband

access network) and utilize the backbone optimally.

* Wherever more bandwidth required introduce DWDM.

* For upcoming Radio network introduce Ethernet

interfaces at all station.

* Build Maintenance-Center for Optical as well as

Radio network in each region to reduce MTTR.

* Negotiate with NEA for more OPGW links

* Beside utilizing India and China's optical network

for Data/Internet communication, the present

Microwave link with Bangladesh can also be

upgraded to STM-1 level, by which another

international gateway path can be opened.

%^


The range and bandwidth of the services which

must be offered by access networks have increased

significantly over recent years. Furthermore, there

is a fair degree of uncertainty about the trend of

services which might be demanded by users in the

future. Therefore, the architecture of access network

becomes an important development area in order to

adapt to these trends and make it scalable for future

growth. In this paper, an overview of emerging

architectures for broadband optical access networks

is illustrated.

1. INTRODUCTION

The access network is the link between end user

and the rest of network. It is known as either "the last

mile" or "the first mile" problem which is the bottleneck

of communication system that limits communication

speed in any Internet and broadband access schemes.

Broadband technologies, which include all evolving high

speed digital technologies that provide consumers

integrated access to voice, high speed data, video, video-

on-demand, and interactive delivery services, are

fundamental components of the communication

revolution.

Over recent years, there are varieties of different

and competing access technologies developed. These

include optical transmission techniques such as fiber-

to-the-home (FTTH) and passive optical network,

transmission over the classical links (digital subscribe

line, DSL), transmission over coaxial cable modem; the

broadband satellites, broadband fixed wireless and

wireless local area networks (WLAN) or mobile systems.

Those technologies promise to break the existing

bandwidth bottleneck and deliver broadband services

to both business and individual users.

Presently, the leading technologies in the access

network are DSL and cable modem which make use of

the existing infrastructure. DSL uses the existing copper

plant to provide data over voice, independent voice and

data transmission, and plain old telephone service

(POTS). Cable modem technology is offered by cable

companies to provide broadband services to subscribers.

Both systems are limited to rates per subscriber in the

order of several Mbps downstream and a few hundred

kbps upstream due to propagation, congestion and

crosstalk considerations.

A most promising future proof access technology

will be FTTx (fiber-to-the-home, to business, curb,

block, etc.) and passive optical network (PON). Fiber

Optical Access Networksfor Broadband Services

Broadband passive optical network is the most promisingapproach to establish a cost-effective access network.

It achieves excellent economy because multiple end usersshare optical fiber and central office equipments.Its specifications were originally discussed and

determined in Full Service Access Network (FSAN) which an international group is formed by

network operators in 1995.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Dilli Ram Adhikari

(B.E., M.Sc. Engg)

Telecom Engineer

Access Network Project, NPID

%&


optic cables can support an extraordinary high

bandwidth - poss ibly reaching 1000 Mbps,

compared to 1.5 Mbps for typical cable and DSL

offerings. An FTTx network will remove the

bott leneck of other access technologies and

upstream bandwidth can be significantly increased.

Thus, it will be a long term preferred alternative to

other technologies for full services (two-way voice,

video, and high-speed data) broadband access

network, especially in areas when deploying new

access network.

2. BROADBAND ACCESS WITH PASSIVE

OPTICAL NETWORK

Broadband passive optical network is the most

promising approach to establish a cost-effective access

network. It achieves excellent economy because multiple

end users share optical fiber and central office

equipments. Its specifications were originally discussed

and determined in Full Service Access Network (FSAN)

which an international group is formed by network

operators in 1995. Since then, a series of ITU standards

G.983 have been developed.

The basic architecture of a passive optical network

is shown in Fig. 1. An optical line terminator (OLT)

usually resides at central office (CO) and provides the

interface to access network. From there a single feeder

fiber is connected to a passive power splitter. The outputs

of passive splitter are connected to subscribers directly

or to further splitters via distribution fibers. Since all

subscribers share optical power from OLT, this network

can be called power splitting PON (PS-PON). Coarse

wavelength multiplexing technology (CWDM) is used

at OLT and optical network unit (ONU) to separate

the downstream and upstream traffic. The downstream

uses 1550nm wavelength while the upstream uses

1360nm. With this structure, it can deliver limited

digital video as basic band signals, time-multiplexed

with voice and data signals.

Fig.1. Basic PON architecture

Usually a broadcast analog video channel may

require 3 to 6 Mbps bandwidth depending on the content,

while a HDTV channel needs about 20-30 Mbps

bandwidth. Since 155 Mbps basic bandwidth is shared

among up to 32 ONUs, the number of video channels

that can be delivered simultaneously to users as part of

basic band signals is limited. This problem will become

more severe when PON is extended to residential

customers where all 32 users on an OLT may like to

view and record different video programs on multiple

devices. These limitations will be relaxed partially if

the bit rate is increased to 622 Mbps. However, it will

require an upgrade of central office equipments and all

ONUs.

The future access network will use"one for all"

architecture, merging the traditional CATV and

telephony networks into one. The distribution of CATV

signals is an essential part of the service bundle for

FTTH. There are two possible technical approaches for

delivering this extra downstream signal next to the bi-

directional data signals. Frequency division multiplexing

(FDM) approach uses a single ONT receiver for both

band signals and requires the CATV and data signals to

be well separated in the electrical spectrum. The second

approach uses a second wavelength to overlay on the

existing PON to carry the extra services. By using one

infrastructure of PON, the broadcast channels can be

distributed simultaneously with basic band traffic, this

is called WDM overlay PON.

3. ARCHITECTURES FOR ENHANCEMENT SERVICES

Followed the publication of ITU-T recommendation

G983.3, an additional optical spectrum was allocated to

%*


increase the network's greater service capability. The

wavelength range of 1480-1500nm is dedicated to

support one basic downstream channel and 1539-

1565nm band is allocated to support a variety of usage

scenarios for the enhancement services which can be of

distributive nature, like broadcast community access

television (CATV), or dedicated connections, such as

leased wavelength for particular users. The enhancement

band provides the extra services without loss of basic

downstream band signals. It can also be used for future

network's upgrading to coarse wavelength division

multiplexing (CWDM) and dense wavelength division

multiplexing (DWDM). This will accelerate the

installation of fiber in access network.

3.1. Architecture of WDM video overlays with the

existing PON

The huge bandwidth afforded by WDM is critically

needed by the access network. With WDM, it is possible to

construct wavelength based point-to-point virtual links on a

shared PON fiber infrastructure. WDM technology also

provides a high degree of configurability, therefore enabling

efficient sharing of resources. The high flexibility, capacity

and transparency of WDM also makes it an attractive upgrade

solution offering additional degrees of freedom due to

insertion of various wavelengths to support both

entertainment services and more demanding business

applications.

Fig.2. Architecture for WDM video

overlay transition stage

The passive optical network can be upgraded with

additional services through the overlay of enhancement

band within existing architectures. In these systems, the

OLT generates both PON signals in basic band and video

channels in enhancement band. The two band signals

are multiplexed in CO and are sent to the feeder section

through a CWDM multiplexer.

Fig. 2 shows this architecture where the user can

choose either a basic service or an enhancement service.

Analog or digital TV signals are first multiplexed using

FDM in RF domain. Then the RF signals are used to

modulate laser transmitter with the enhancement band. The

two band optical signals are multiplexed by a CWDM

multiplexer at the CO. Through the feeder fiber, they are

transmitted to the outside plant where they are separated to

two band signals again. The passive optical splitters further

split the two band signals individually. Then according to

different end user's requests, enhancement service can be

distributed through recombination of the two band signals

with a further WDM combiner, as shown in the second

branch in Fig. 2, or, the user can choose basic service with

the basic connection By applying this architecture, the users

can choose either basic band service or enhancement band

service by selecting appropriate connections.

With the decreasing price of the receiver at the

enhancement ONU, the network will finally provide the

enhancement service to all end users. The upgrade

architecture of PON can be simplified as shown in Fig.

3 where only passive optical splitters are used as

branching devices at outside plant. In this architecture,

all users can access the enhancement band service.

Fig.3. PON with enhancement band

%(


In the broadcast and select type architecture of

PON, more wavelengths can be used and multiplexed at

OLT to carry the traffic targeted at different users. the

receiver at ONU should be equipped with proper filters

to select the specific wavelength. In this way, the end

user's extreme bandwidth demands can be met.

All architectures ultimately provide end users with

improved downstream bandwidth and more services. For

upstream traffic, the bandwidth can be enhanced by

applying TDM and dynamic bandwidth assignment

(DBA) protocol. However, due to passive optical splitters

in these architectures, there are some drawbacks which

can be categorized as follows:

* For downstream signal, the optical power intended

for one ONU is split between all ONUs, leading to a

N-fold power budget penalty.

* Since the PON bandwidth is shared between all

subscribers, it can allocate bandwidth in a flexible

and dynamic way. However the price for flexibility

is that electronic and optoelectronic components in

OLT and all ONUs must work on aggregate bit rate.

* Since downstream information is broadcast to all

ONUs, these ONUs can receive all payloads of PON

and the privacy and security become serious issues.

* Network diagnostics and fault identification of the

outside plant in PON are difficult.

3.2. Architectures of wavelength routing

WDM-PON

To overcome the limitation of the previous

architecture, more complicated WDM-PON

architecture can be designed through wavelength

routing. In this category, the network is built with

wavelength router as branching device. The bundled

wavelengths from CO are transmitted through feeder

fiber to branching site where the multiple wavelengths

can be sorted out to output ports. Fig. 4 shows the basic

layout of this architecture where wavelength based point-

to-point connections is established using wavelength

router. The dedicated optical transmissions in both

downstream and upstream direction are bit rate and

transmission format transparent. This architecture offers

huge bandwidth and high flexibility. It improves the

network integrity and privacy significantly.

Fig.4. WDM PON with different upstream and

downstream wavelengths for each of the ONU

3.3. Mixed broadcast and wavelength routing WDM-PON

This architecture uses both passive optical splitter

and wavelength router as branching devices that can meet

end users different requirements and will be the ultimate

architecture solution for optical access network shown

in Fig. 5. All services which are carried by different

wavelengths are multiplexed at the central office (CO)

through a WDM multiplexer, and then transmitted

through the feeder fiber. At the outside plant, the signals

can be processed in different ways either with passive

power splitters or wavelength routers. End users can

choose basic PON, enhancement PON or WDM-PON

network. The architecture has the following features:

Fig.5. WDM Architecture for Optical Access Network

^)


* The architecture provides a mixed connection for the

basic PON and enhancement PON (WDM overlay).

* Both optical power splitter and WDM wavelength

router can be used in the architecture to provide end

users either basic PON connection or the dedicated

WDM connection.

* The architecture uses power splitters and WDM

filters. Therefore, all signals from basic PON and

WDM channels can be broadcast to all ONUs.

4. CONCLUSION

A number of alternative architectures for upgrading

the passive optical network to either WDM overlay PON

or WDM-PON architectures were reviewed. The major

solutions discussed were application of the enhancement

band and implementation of WDM-PON. These

architectures use broadcast and select, wavelength routing

or the mixture of both topologies. With these new

architectures, the end users can share the network

resources and network operators will be able to supervise

the failure of fiber or terminal equipment in real time.

These architectures will also eliminate the need for time-

multiplexing and ranging protocols as in PON and can

provide virtual point-to-point links with data transparency

and a high degree of data security and independence.

Although WDM-PON architectures are designed

for fast growing networks of the future, at present due

to some technological issues need to be addressed by

component manufacturers, it may be some time before

they can be implemented in optical access network. The

PS-PON architecture will therefore remain dominant in

the market for some time while WDM overlay on PON

can be gradually deployed as the transitional stage

architecture. With the advances in photonics

technologies, WDM-PON will eventually be realized

and enable the network operators to provide customers

with an extensive range of broadband services.

Finally, the access network project that is

undergoing for implementation in Kathmandu valley

by Nepal Telecom will open the future's door for

emerging broadband architecture of access network

technology. The deployed fiber networks will be the

big asset of Nepal Telecom for coming days and can

be considered as diamond mine for the development

of information and communication technology of the

country. So the management should not hesitate to

implement and expand these types of network

throughout the country which will provide a strong

backbone network for wireline and wireless

broadband services. Thank you.

References:

1. D.W.Faulkner, D.B.Payne, J.R.Stern, and

J.W.Ballance, "Optical net-works for local loop

applications," Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.

7, 1989.

2. F.Effenberger, H.Ichibangase, and H.Yamashita,

"Advances in broadband passive optical networking

technologies," IEEE Communications Mag-azine,

vol. 39, Dec. 2001.

3. Rong Zheng and Daryoush Habibi,"Emerging

architecture for Optical broadband access networks"

4. Gerd Keiser," Optical Fiber communication" Third

edition, McGraw-Hill international edition.

5. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner," Fiber-

optic communications technology" low price edition,

Pearson Education, 2001.

To change to more balanced, integrated & powerful life, live your daily life by assuming that:

1. You have had a heart attack so live accordingly (PQ).

2. Half-life of your profession is only 2 years, now prepare accordingly (IQ).

3. Everything you say about another is overheard by him, now speak accordingly (EQ).

4. You meet the God every 3 months, now live accordingly (SQ).

^!


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l;=l;=l;=l;=l;= ljj/0fljj/0fljj/0fljj/0fljj/0f ;flas dx;'n;flas dx;'n;flas dx;'n;flas dx;'n;flas dx;'n kl/jlt{t dx;'nkl/jlt{t dx;'nkl/jlt{t dx;'nkl/jlt{t dx;'nkl/jlt{t dx;'n

g+=g+=g+=g+=g+=

w/f}6Lw/f}6Lw/f}6Lw/f}6Lw/f}6L h8fgh8fgh8fgh8fgh8fg Go"gtd dfl;sGo"gtd dfl;sGo"gtd dfl;sGo"gtd dfl;sGo"gtd dfl;s w/f}6Lw/f}6Lw/f}6Lw/f}6Lw/f}6L h8fgh8fgh8fgh8fgh8fg Go"gtd dfl;sGo"gtd dfl;sGo"gtd dfl;sGo"gtd dfl;sGo"gtd dfl;s

k|ltnfOgk|ltnfOgk|ltnfOgk|ltnfOgk|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg dx;'n k|ltnfOg dx;'n k|ltnfOg dx;'n k|ltnfOg dx;'n k|ltnfOg dx;'n k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg k|ltnfOg dx;'n k|ltnfOgdx;'n k|ltnfOgdx;'n k|ltnfOgdx;'n k|ltnfOgdx;'n k|ltnfOg

! uf=lj=;= PCO @%,))).– !),))).– #)).– !),))).– !),))).– glng]

@ g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox? !),))).– !),))).– !),))).– !),))).– !),))).– !,))).–

-uf=lj=;= PCO) cGo -?=!,))).– ;Ddsf]

nfOgaf6 ;~rflnt sn 5'6 ._

# g]kfn ;/sf/sf lgsfox? @%,))).– !),))).– !),))).– !),))).– !),))).– !,))).–

afx]s cGo u|fxsx?n] -?=!,))).–

-uf=lj=;= PCO afx]s_ ;Ddsf] sn 5'6 ._

cGo nfOg h8fg ug'{k/]df

$ sDkgLsf] sfo{qmdafx]s @%,))).– !),))).– %,))).– !),))).– !),))).– #,))).–

cw{;/sf/L ;+:yf, -?=%,))).– -?=#,))).–

NGO/INGO tyf cGo cGo ;Ddsf] sn 5'6 ._ ;Ddsf] sn 5'6 ._

;+3;+:yfsf] nflu @ nfOg

lng'kg]{

% sDkgLsf] sfo{qmdafx]s !),))).– !),))).– %,))).– !),))).– !),))).– #,))).–

g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg -?=%,))).– -?=#,))).–

lgsfo dfq ;Ddsf] sn 5'6 ._ ;Ddsf] sn 5'6 ._

^#


g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u|fdL0f If]qdf nufgL Pjd\ ;]jf lj:tf/

ubf{ u|fdL0f hgtfx?nfO{ ;]jf t k'U5 g}, g]kfn 6]lnsdsf]

æ/fi6« lgdf{0f xfd|f] nIoÆ eGg] gf/fnfO{ oyfy{df ptfg{sf] nflu

klg *) k|ltzteGbf a9L cfjfbL cf]u6]sf] u|fdL0f If]qnfO{

;d]6\g'n] a9L rl/tfy{ kfg{ vf]h]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . o;/L u|fdL0f

If]qdf lghL If]qnfO{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 lbOg] cg'bfg

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] klg kfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . xfn;Dd g]kfn 6]lnsdn]

VSAT vl/bsf] nflu sl/a %@ s/f]8 ?lkofFa/fa/sf] pks/0f

vr{ ul/;s] tfklg g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0faf6 @) s/f]8sf]

nflu lx;fa ldnfg ug{ ;lsg] eGg];Ddsf] kq k|fKt ePsf] t/

lx;fa ldnfg x'g eg] afFsL g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L g]kfn

6]lnsdn] ;|f]t egf{ kfP cyjf gkfP klg CDMA k|ljlwaf6

clw/fHosf @&%@ j6f uflj;x?df ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ u/L CDMA

k|ljlwsf] Base Station x? h8fg ug]{ u/L of]hgf th'{df u/]sf]

5 . ;DejtM cfufdL s]xL jif{x?df clw/fHosf clwsf+z

uflj;x?df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'Ug] lgZro ePsf] 5 . o;af6 s]

:ki6 x'G5 eg] g]kfn 6]lnsd kmfObfd"ns ;+:yf dfq geO{

;]jfd"ns ;+:yf xf] eGg] :ki6 ́ lNsG5 . oxfFlg/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/

k|flws/0fn] of t g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ sf]ifnfO{

k|fKt x'g] /sd ldgfxf ug'{kg]{ jf uflj;x?df ;]jf k'¥ofPafkt

STM 6]lnsdn] kfPh:t} ;'ljwf kfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

g]kfn clw/fHosf #(!$ uflj;x?df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpg]

dxfg\ p2]Zo lnO{ :yfkgf ePsf] u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfnodf

xfn $* hgf sd{rf/Lx? sfo{/t 5g\ . o; lgb]{zgfnodf

lgb]{zs -!! tx_ Ps, k|aGws -!) tx_ Ps, pkk|aGws -n]vf_

Ps, jl/i7 k|zf;sLo clws[t Ps, jl/i7 OlGhlgo/ Ps,

OlGhlgo/ rf/, ;xfos OlGhlgo/ b'O{ hgf;d]t sfo{/t /x]sf]df

lgb]{zgfnosf] xfn sfo{ ̂ ;o yfg VSAT 6ld{gnx? h8fgdf

;Lldt x'g'n] o; lgb]{zgfnosf] sfo{z}nL / ;+u7gfTds 9fFrfdf

;d]t k|Zglrx\g nfUg k'Ug' c:jfefljs xf]Og . xfn;Dd o;

u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfnoaf6 #&% yfg VSAT 6ld{gnx? h8fg

eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] @@% yfg VSAT 6ld{gnx? rfn"

^$

gfDr]df h8fg ePsf] Vsat 6ld{gn


cf=j=@)^#.^$ leqdf h8fg eO;Sg] sfo{of]hgf to ePsf]5 . o;/L x]bf{ @)^# cfiff9kZrft\ o; u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf]xftdf s'g} yk sfdx? gcfPdf lgb]{zgfno g} sfo{ljxLgcj:yfdf k'Ug] k|foM lglZrt b]lvG5 . :yfkgfsfndf u|fdL0fIf]qdf h8fg x'g] ;fgf PS;r]Gh;Ddsf] sfo{sf] lhDdf kfPsf]u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfnosf] @&%@ uflj;x?df WLL/GSM dfkm{ttyf ! xhf/ uflj;x?df VSAT dfkm{t ;]jf k'¥ofpg] nIo /fvLsfo{qmdsf] lg0f{o tTsfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\af6} u/fOPsf] lyof] .t/ WLL sf nflu ul/Psf af]nkqx? Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ t'lxFb}uPsf] / kl5 CDMA af6 ;]jf lj:tf/ ul/g] u/L sfo{qmd

th'{df u/]/ gofF 5['§} lgb]{zgfno -jfo/n]; ;]jf lgb]{zgfno_u7g u/L CDMA h8fg sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . pQm CDMA af6

;]jf k'¥ofpg] u/L a]; :6];gx?sf] h8fg ug]{ u/L sfo{qmd

th'{df ePsf] 5 . clxn] u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfnoaf6 VSAT sf]

h8fg sfo{ eO/x]sf]n] st} u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfno ca æeL–

:of6 lgb]{zgfnoÆ df kl/jt{g x'g nfu]sf] t xf]Og < k|Zg klg

p7]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g glbg g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 x'g] u|fdL0f If]q;Fu

;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x? u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfnodfkm{t ug]{

u/L Psåf/ gLlt Nofpg' h?/L b]lvG5 .

u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfnoaf6 ljt/0f eO/x]sf VSAT h8fgsf

nflu lxdfnL If]qsf uflj;x?nfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf qmddf /flvPsf]

5 eg] cGo If]qsf uflj;x?df CDMA af6 ;]jf gk'Ug] eP VSAT

h8fg ug{ ;lsg] u/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . lxdfnL If]qsf ljs6uflj;x?sf hgtfnfO{ VSAT dfkm{t 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf lbO{ u|fdL0f;]jf lgb{]zgfnon] u|fdL0f If]qsf] ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf] 5 .

g]kfn clw/fHosf ;a} uflj;x?df 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpg]p2]Zon] :yfkgf ePsf] u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfnonfO{ ;a}uflj;x?df cTofw'lgs k|ljlw (Broadband Access) dfkm{t6]lnkmf]g, OG6/g]6, lel8of] cflb ;]jfx?;Dd k'¥ofpg] u/L gofFof]hgf th'{df u/L sfo{ef/ ;do;fkIf agfpFb} n}hfg' cfhsf]dfu Pjd\ cfjZostf ag]sf] 5 .

^%The fish rots from the head.-Chinese Proverb

kxf8L If]qdf eL–:of6sf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg 5

eL–:of6 g]6js{eL–:of6 g]6js{eL–:of6 g]6js{eL–:of6 g]6js{eL–:of6 g]6js{

Lomangthan

Jomsom


g]kfn 6]lnsdsf ljleGg sfof{nox?n] u|fxsx?af6 b}lgs

s/f]8f}+ ?lkofF gub ;Íng u5{g\ . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] jflif{s

gub ;Íngsf] tYofÍ x]bf{ cf=j= @)^!÷^@ df b}lgs cf};t

¿= $ s/f]8 / )^@÷^# df $÷%) s/f]8 k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5

eg] cf=j= @)^#÷^$ df of] /sd ¿= %÷@% s/f]8 k'¥ofpg]

nIo /flvPsf] 5 . gub ;Íng tLg k|sf/n] x'g] ub{5 .

!= Computer Online

@= Mannually /

#= Bank Collection

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf clwsf+z sfof{nox?df sDKo'6/

cgnfOgdfkm{t PSTN 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwfsf] gub ;Íng ul/G5

eg] afFsL sfof{nox?df klg ;f]sf] kxn eO/x]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/

cgnfOg gePsf sfof{nox?df ;Dk"0f{ /sd Mannually /l;b

hf/L u/L ;Íng ul/G5 . CBS System sf] sDKo'6/ cgnfOg

nfu" ePsf sfof{nox?df ;Dk"0f{ /sd cgnfOgdfkm{t ;Íng

ul/G5 eg] dbase System sf] sDKo'6/ cgnfOg nfu" ePsf

sfof {nox?df dx;'nnufot ;f ]; Fu ;DalGwt /sd

cgnfOgdfkm{t / laqmL / h8fg;Fu ;DalGwt /sd Mannually

;Íng ul/G5 .

CDMA ;]jfsf] laqmL ljt/0f / dx;'nnufot ;Dk"0f{

/sd sDKo'6/ cgnfOgdfkm{t ;Íng ul/G5 . POSTPAID

df]afOn ;]jfsf] laqmL ljt/0fsf] /sd Mannually / dx;'n

sDKo'6/ cgnfOg tyf a}+sdfkm{t ;Íng ul/G5 eg] PRE-

PAID df]afOn ;]jfsf] laqmL ljt/0fnufot cGo ;Dk"0f{ /sd

Mannually ;Íng ul/G5 .

Mannually ;Íng ePsf] /sdsf] zLif{sjfOh b}lgsL

agfpg' kb{5 eg] cgnfOg ;Íngsf] sDKo'6/af6 Clerk

Report lgsfnL ;f]xL cfwf/df Cashier nfO{ /sd a'emfpg'

k5{ . Cashier n] gub k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 ;DalGwt Report ;Fu

Verify u/L ;DalGwt ;]jfsf] /fh:j tyf w/f}6L vftfdf a}+s

bflvnf ug'{ kb{5 .

sDkgLnfO{ k|fKt x'g] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;f]xL lbg a}+s bflvnf

ug'{kg]{ / sf/0fjz bflvnf gePdf To;sf] ef]lnkN6 clgjfo{?kdf

a}+s bflvnf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf sDkgLsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnLdf

ePsf] b]lvG5 . gub ;Íng tyf a}+s bflvnfnfO{ Jojl:yt

u/fpg k|To]s sfof{nodf gubL lstfa /fVg'kg]{ / b}lgs?kdf

Posting ;d]t ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] u|fxssf] dfu tyf ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf

/fv]/ k|bfg ub}{ uO/x]sf] ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jfx?n] b}lgs

gub cfk|jfxdf j[l4 x'g' :jfefljs g} 5 eg] ;]jf–;'ljwfsf]

pkef ]ukZrft\ /sd e'QmfgL ug] { Postpaid k4ltdf

sDkgLnfO{ x'g hfg] c;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;f]sf] ;§f

sDkgLn] Prepaid k4lt ckgfO/x]sf] sf/0fn] klg gub

cfk|jfxdf j[l4 NofO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] gub

sf/f]af/df b}lgs j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 eg] Easy call card

Prepaid/CDMA Recharge card x?n] To;df yk d2t

k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . pk/f]Qm sf8{x? :jod\df Cash Card x?

ePsf ] sf/0 fn ] ; f ]s f ] Activation nufot laqm L

ljt/0fdf Wofg k'¥ofOPg eg] o;n] uDeL/ ;d:of ;[hgf

ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

gub Joj:yfkgsfr'gf}tLx?

If]qLo lgb]{zgfno dftxt /xg] u/L a}+sdf /fh:j vftf vf]nLcGtu{t sfof{noaf6 6«fG;km/ x'g] /sdnfO{ ;f] vftfdf hDdf u/fO{6«fG;km/ Jojl:yt u/fpg] / kl5 If]qLo /fh:j vftfsf] ?kdfkl/0ft u/fO{ s]Gb|n] /fh:j tyf w/f}6L;“u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{

sf/f]af/x? ;f]em} sfof{no;“u gu/L ;DalGwt If]=lg= dfkm{t ug]{Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ .

;=n]=c= 8Da/axfb'/ rGb○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

;'=k=If]=lg= cQl/of

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

^^


ljBdfg ;d:ofx?!= gub ;Íng tyf bflvnf;Fu ;DalGwt gub lstfanufotsf

ljj/0fx? b}lgs?kdf tof/ u/L ;DalGwt clwsf/Laf6

k|dfl0ft u/L ;f]sf] cfwf/df a}+s bflvnf ug]{ gu/]sf] .

@= tfn's sfof{nodf -ljz]if u/L If]=lg=_ ;dofjlws

-b}lgs / ;fKtflxs_ ?kdf ;f]sf] Reporting ug]{ gu/]sf] .

;fy} tfn's sfof{nox?af6 klg lgoldt?kdf ;f]sf] cg'udg

x'g g;s]sf] .

#= Prepaid Mobile ;]jfsf] Sim nufot Recharge card

x? x:tfGt/0f / laqmL ljt/0f sf/f]af/ zfvf lx;fadf

gePsf] / gub ;Íng Mannually eO/x]sf] .

$= cgnfOgaf6 dfq Cash Card x? laqmL x'g] Joj:yf x'g

g;Sg' / ;f]sf] :6f]/ lgsf;f, laqmL kl/df0f / afFsL

df}Hbftsf] b}lgs k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|rng g/x]sf] .

%= ;Íng ePsf r]sx?sf] af/]df a}+s;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{df

/xg] k|j[lQ gx'g' .

^= s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ ePsf] 6«fG;km/ Jojl:yt gePsf] .

&= a}+sn] a9L vr{ tyf sd bflvnf u/]sf] /sdsf] bfaL tyf

cfjZos lx;fa ldnfg u/L ;dod} n]vfÍg ug]{ gu/]sf] .

*= a}+sdfkm{t ;Íng ePsf] /sdsf] n]vfÍg :ki6 x'g g;s]sf] .

(= ;~rfngdf g/x]sf vftfx? aGb u/L To;df /x]sf] /sd

cGoq 6«fG;km/ x'g g;s]sf] .

!)= lgoldt?kdf a}+s :6]6d]G6 lnO{ l/slG;lno;g tof/ gx'g]

/ nfdf] ;dob]lv Unreconciled /sdsf] Reconcilation

jf cfjZos lx=ld= x'g g;s]sf] .

!!= ;Dk"0f { bflvnf /sdsf] ;Demf }tfcg';f/sf ] Aofh

lgoldt?kdf u0fgf ug]{ gu/]sf] .

!@= sDkgLsf] cfly{s ljlgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt

PCO ;~rflnt sfof{nox?df / Mannually gub

;Íng x'g] sfof{nox?df gubsf] jf:tljs n]vfÍg

geO{ dlxgfsf] cGtdf jf cfjZostfcg';f/ dfq gub

b]vfpg] k|rng /x]sf] .

!#= cGtu{t sfof{nox?df ;dodf tna eQf k|fKt gx'gfn]

/fh:j /sdaf6 t=e= vfg] tyf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ah]6af6

x'g] e'QmfgLsf r]sx? ;dod} tof/ gx'g' .

!$= gub df}HbftnfO{ kl/df0fsf] ?kdf eGbf klg k|j[lQsf] ?kdf

x]g]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg' .

;dfwfgsf pkfox?;dfwfgsf pkfox?;dfwfgsf pkfox?;dfwfgsf pkfox?;dfwfgsf pkfox?

!= gub ;Íng tyf bflvnf;Fu ;DalGwt ljj/0fx? b}lgs

tof/ u/fO{ ;DalGwt clwsf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/fpg] / ;f]xL

cfwf/df a}+s bflvnf u/fpg] .

@= cGtu{t sfof{nox?af6 b}lgs?kdf n]vf sfof{nonfO{, n]vf

sfof{non] ;fKtflxs?kdf If]qLo lgb]{zgfnonfO{ gub

;Íng tyf bflvnfsf] clgjfo{ Reporting ug{'kg]{ Joj:yf

u/fpg] .

#= b}lgs laqmLsf] cf};tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;DalGwt If]=lg= dfkm{t

dfq Cash Card x? Activation sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

Cash Card x? laqmL ljt/0fsf] b}lgs df}Hbft clgjfo{?kdf

k|dfl0ft u/fpg'kg]{ . lk|–k|]8 df]afOn ;]jfsf] sf/f]af/ zfvf

lx;fadf u/L gub ;Íng Online dfkm{t ug{ ;lsg]

Joj:yf u/fpg] . Cash Card x?sf] laqmLdf Online

Collection sf] Joj:yf nfu" eO;s]kl5 Online

sf/f]af/nfO{ dfq dfGotf lbOg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u|fxsnfO{

lbOg'kg]{ .

$= ;Ílnt gubdf x'g ;Sg] rf]/L, cfunfuL tyf cGo Ifltsf

;DaGwdf If]qLo :t/df ladf u/fpg] .

%= tfn's sfof{nox?af6 cfsl:ds?kdf gub u0fgf tyf

bflvnf lg/LIf0f ug]{ . ;dod} tna eQfsf] Joj:yf u/fO{

sd{rf/LnfO{ ah]6af6 x'g] e'QmfgLsf r]sx? # ah]eGbf

klxn] g} hf/L u/fpg] .

^= c;'nLdf k|fKt ePsf r]sx?sf ;DaGwdf a}+s;Fu ;Dks{

agfO{ /fVg], lgoldt?kdf a}+s :6]6d]G6 dufO{ b]lvPsf

kl/jt{gnfO{ ;dod} cfjZos Address ug]{ / a}+s ;dfwfg

ljj/0f tof/ ug{ nufpg] . ;~rfngdf g/x]sf vftfx?nfO{

aGb u/L /sd 6«fG;km/ ug]{, a}+sdfkm{t x'g] ;ÍngnfO{

Jojl:yt ug]{ / ;Demf}tfcg';f/sf] a}+s Aofh ;dod} u0fgf

u/fpg] .

&= gub ;Íng tyf bflvnfh:tf] ;+j]bgzLn If]qdf sfo{

u/fpg pknAw hgzlQmdWo] 5gf]6 ubf{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] .

*= gub df}Hbft /x]sf] v08df plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f;lxt

;DalGwt clwsf/Laf6 k|dfl0ft u/fpg] .

(= If]qLo lgb]{zgfno dftxt /xg] u/L a}+sdf /fh:j vftf

vf]nL cGtu{t sfof{noaf6 6«fG;km/ x'g] /sdnfO{ ;f] vftfdf

hDdf u/fO{ 6«fG;km/ Jojl:yt u/fpg] / kl5 If]qLo /fh:j

vftfsf] ?kdf kl/0ft u/fO{ s]Gb|n] /fh:j tyf w/f}6L;Fu

;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sf/f]af/x? ;f]em} sfof{no;Fu gu/L

;DalGwt If]=lg= dfkm{t ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g'kg]{ .

^&There are two lasting bequests we can give our children: One is roots, the other is wings

- Hodding Carter


The proposed Plan of Nepal Telecom (NT) aims to

expand telecommunications facilities, provide new

services, and strengthen NT in the context of new

liberalized competitive regime envisaged by

Government of Nepal. This is to Provide additional One

million telephone lines (30% fixed and 70% mobile)

based on CDMA2000 1x Technology covering urban,

suburban as well as maximum possible rural areas. The

project aims to provide “on-demand” telephone lines

in all cities, towns and commercially active rural

centers, Increase the Tele-density of telephone lines,

and Serve most rural areas of Nepal that are

characterised by low population density, long distances

between settlement areas and unfavourable

geographical and climatic conditions, mid mountain

areas and southern plain areas (Terrain belt) by

deployment of CDMA2000 1x Network.

CDMA2000 1x Network Introduction and DeploymentCDMA2000 1x system has more advantages than

other mobile system, this technology will help network

operator to make best use of their resources such as

frequency spectrum and will make the operator have

strong competition ability. This is the best technology

for mobile telecommunication at this time. And

CDMA2000 1X can still be smoothly upgraded to 1X

EV-DO, 1X EV-DV.

Network plan is solidly based on the reality of

telecommunication infrastructure. The design and

network solution is based on accurate site data, extensive

field survey, exact network planning and RF engineering

with full RF coverage of Telecommunication target areas

based on the network traffic requirements.

The Project is divided into three Networks namely

Network I, Network II and Network III. The project is

for a total of one million lines on Frame Contract basis.

The concept of frame contract is to divide total

one million lines in five phases. The first three phases

will be of 500,000 lines and the balance lines will be

procured in the last two phases.

Network I covers CDR, Network II covers three

regions WDR, MWDR and FWDR; and Network III

covers EDR. Each network has BSC co-located with

MSC (in Kathmandu for Network I, in Bhairahawa for

Network II and in Biratnagar for Network III). Phase I

is a partial Turn-Key Project. All other equipments to

be procured under Phase II to Phase V will be installed

by NT. This Project covers 75 District Head Quarters

and 3914 VDCs.

Fig: Location of Phase I BTS

CDMA2000 1x Network DesignThe Project design includes network structure, loca-

tion of each element, networking configuration, supported

subscribers number and traffic (Erl), supported service

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Nepal telecom and CDMANepal telecom and CDMANepal telecom and CDMANepal telecom and CDMANepal telecom and CDMA

The main effort of this project will be to mod-

ernize the telecommunication network in Nepal.

After the successful completion of the project,

NT will have an advanced model telecommuni-

cation network based on wireless technology,

which will be an added impetus to the existing

voice as well as data services in the country.

Er. Anjil JoshiDirectorate of Wireless Telephone

^*


channels of NT’s CDMA communication system.

Wireless communication is inevitable development

tendency of the communication industry. As one of

Wireless communication technologies, CDMA attracts

much attention for its advantages as extensive coverage,

full usage of frequency spectrum, excellent service quality,

low drop rate, supporting high rate packet data service

(upto 153.6Kbps) and so on.

Fig: CDMA Network Layout in different Regions

CDMA has the characteristic of high ratio of spec-

trum usage, thus providing more capacity than other wire-

less systems during the same frequency scope to meet the

capacity request of dense service areas. CDMA provides

high voice quality, low drop rate and high rate packet data

service, reaching the demand of high-end users and advan-

tageous to compete with other networks. CDMA terminal

transmits lower power, being the real “green terminal”.

System Target

⇑ System mode: CDMA2000 1X

⇑ Used frequency: 800MHz ; ( 825-835 MHz

uplink and 870-880 MHz downlink)

Uplink Downlink

Channel number 201 283 201 283

Frequency (MHz) 831.03 833.49 876.03 878.49

⇑ Grade of Service (GOS):2%, Erl/Subs at Busy Hour

for fixed: 0.1, and Erl/Subs at Busy Hour for mo-

bile: 0.03.

⇑ Supported subscribers: 10, 000, 00. These

subscribers are distributed in three regions as N-I,

N-II and N-III.

CDR: 4, 00,000 subscribers, WDR: 3, 00,000

subscribers and EDR: 3, 00,000 subscribers.

⇑ Three sets of MSCs, HLR’s, SMSC’s, BSC’s. One

set for each region.

⇑ One set of NMS which manages and monitors the

three MSCs. NMS is located in CDR.

⇑ One set of Intelligent Network (IN) is located in CDR.

The IN platform will provide services, such as: Prepaid

service, Free Phone service; Wireless Advertisement

service and Number Portability service.

⇑ One set of ABS system located in CDR have been

built in Phase I. Another set of ABS system is in

Phase-IV.

⇑ One set of PDSN is in CDR for Phase I, Phase II

and Phase III. Another set of PDSN for Phase IV

and Phase V.

⇑ Includes 77 BTS in CDR (of which 38 in

Kathmandu), 91 BTS in WDR and 39 BTS in

EDR for Phase I. Out of 207 BTS in Phase I,

70% of them have been installed and are in

operation. The Project is at the end of Phase I

stage and is about to commence Phase II & Phase

III simultaneously.

⇑ Voice subscriber percentage: 100%, and Data

subscriber percentage: 10%

Actual ProjectedTenth Plan Eleventh Plan Twelfth Plan

Description Year3 Year4 Year5 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3

2004/2005 2005/2006 2006/2007 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

2061/62 2062/63 2063/64 2064/65 2065/66 2066/67 2067/68 2068/69 2069/70 2070/71 2071/72CDMAaddition 250,000 175,000 75,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 250,000each yearCDMAcapacity At 250,000 425,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 1,500,000 1,750,000 2,000,000 2,250,000 the end ofthe yearNew linedistribution 50,000 150,000 200,000 100,000 200,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 300,000 300,000each yearTotal connectedlines at the end 0 50,000 200,000 400,000 500,000 700,000 950,000 1,200,000 1,450,000 1,750,000 2,050,000of each year

^(


Concept of CDMA

CDMA is wideband technology in which the radio

spectrum is divided into carriers which are

approximately 1.23 MHz wide. The traffic channels are

created by assigning each user a unique code within the

carrier. Each code or user is then ‘layered’ and

simultaneously transmitted over the entire carrier. One

of the unique aspects of CDMA is that while there are

certainly limits to the number of phone calls that can be

handed by a carrier, the number is not fixed. Rather, the

capacity of the system will depend upon a number of

different factors that the operator can control.

CDMA Channels

CDMA channels are the physical units that are

needed to transmit a conversation and operate the system.

The number of channels that are needed at each cell site

depends upon a number of different factors including

the amount of traffic, data, soft handoffs and overhead

channels that the system would need to support.

CDMA channels are comprised of ‘logical channels’

which are detailed below.

Traffic channels

The traffic channel carries the actual phone call. That

is, the voice and control information between the

subscriber unit and the base unit.

Overhead channels

Pilot channel: The pilot channel is used by the

subscriber unit to obtain initial system synchronization

and to distinguish cell sites. Every sector of every cell

site has a unique pilot channel.

Sync channel: The sync channel provides the subscriber

unit with network information related to cell site

identification, pilot transmit power, and cell site PN offset.

Paging channel: The paging channel provides

communication from the base station to the subscriber

unit. On this channel the base station can page the

subscriber unit, and it can call setup and traffic channel

assignment information.

Access channel: The access channel provides

communication from the subscriber unit to the base

station when the subscriber unit is not using a traffic

channel. The access channel is used for call origination

and also for responses to pages, orders, and registration

requests. The access channel is paired with a

corresponding paging channel.

The main effort of this project will be to modernize

the telecommunication network in Nepal. After the

successful completion of the project, NT will have an

advanced model telecommunication network based on

wireless technology, which will be an added impetus to

the existing voice as well as data services in the country.

The CDMA project being one of the important

elements of NT’s Plan, could, therefore, be considered

as a viable project not only in financial terms but also

from socio-economic point of view. The main effort of

this project will be to develop the telecommunication

network in Nepal.

Supplementary and Value added Services

provided by CDMA

Call Forwarding

Allows subscriber to forward call to another preset

phone number (PSTN, GSM) or to the subscriber voice

mail box.

Call waiting

Inform subscriber of new incoming call when his/

her phone is busy .If received, he/she can switch over

the two calls.

Do Not Disturb

If this service is activated the subscriber will reject

all incoming calls

&)


Conference Call

This service allows conversation among multiple

subscribers both CDMA and non CDMA at the same time.

Mobile Access Hunting

When there is an incoming call, the system rings a

number of sets in the preset sequence until the subscriber

answers with one. Maximum number of sets in the

sequence can be eight.

Remote Feature Control

Allows user to make some service operations on their

set from any other available phone sets (CDMA, GSM,

and PSTN)

Password Call Acceptance

Allows subscriber to selectively accept calls. If this

service is activated, the system will require the calling

subscriber to provide a password for the call connection.

Selective Call Acceptance

Allows subscribers to selectively accept calls from

the list created by the subscriber and reject all other calls.

Subscriber PIN Intercept

When this is activated, a specific call (STD, ISD) or service

operation can be made only when the password is input.

Subscriber PIN Accept

When this service is activated, the phone is locked

for any outgoing call or other service operation. Only

the deactivation operation of this service is possible.

Call Transfer

When this service activated and the subscriber is in

a two party conversation, one of the subscribers can

transfer the call to a third party and disconnect him, so

that the other subscriber continues the conversation with

the third subscriber.

Voice Mail Service

The voice mailbox can provide storage and retrieval

of voice messages as well as auxiliary functions. The

voice mailbox number corresponds to the CDMA

subscriber number itself. When the CDMA subscriber

dials the VMS access number he/she is guided by voice

announcement. Any message left in the mailbox can only

be drawn by the mailbox owner.

Fax Service

The Fax service is provided in specific fax enabled

Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT). This ser has an interface

to connect Fax Machine.

Packet Data Service

PDSN (Packet Data Service Node) service provides

high speed internet connection (up to 153.6 Kbps) to

users. However this rate is dynamic and can be slower

depending on the traffic volume. To use PDSN service,

customer needs to register for the service with NT. To

use PDSN, the phone is connected to the computer via

serial cable.

About End User CDMA Terminals

- Fixed Wireless Phone (FWP) for fixed users.

Except Fax service, users can have access to all

other basic and value added services.

- Fixed Wireless Terminal (FWT) with Fax Services

for fixed users.

Including Fax service, user can have access to all

other basic and value added services.

- Handheld Terminal (HHT) for Mobile Users

Users can have access to basic and value added

services.

- PCMCIA card ( without RUIM) for Laptop

Computer Users

Users can have access to data services only.

- RUIM card for Mobile Users

It can be used in standard (800MHz) CDMA2000

1x Handsets and PCMCIA card. All basic and

value added services are available.

Your most unhappy customer is your greatest source of learning- Bill Gates

&!


Advanced Freephone ServiceAdvanced Freephone ServiceAdvanced Freephone ServiceAdvanced Freephone ServiceAdvanced Freephone Service

and Alpha-numeric dialingand Alpha-numeric dialingand Alpha-numeric dialingand Alpha-numeric dialingand Alpha-numeric dialing

As people need to make contacts with closed ones

and dear ones frequently, they need to keep know

telephone number of closed ones.

People may have office or business telephone

number, home telephone number, mobile or cell. They

may be in one place in the morning, another in the

evening and another place while week-end and holidays.

People try to remember telephone number or contact

information. However, people can not remember so

many telephone no, contact information of all close ones

or business firms all time. People try to jot down contact

number such as telephone no, mobile, fax , e-mail in

clean diary, notebook or any piece of paper or by entering

in modern gadgets. Still it’s difficult to find any

telephone number as and when required.

If telephone number happens to be easy with some

sort of pattern in sequence of number, it is easily recalled.

e.g. repeated numbers like triple digit number, double

digit number, number in sequence, mirrored numbers

or so called lucky numbers etc.

In many countries, people have to pay additional

amount to telephone operator in order get special

telephone number. Many of these numbers are called

magic number or lucky number believed to boost

business.

Recently, there was news that a Chinese bidder

offered to pay 9 million yuan (US$ 1.1m) for a "lucky"

mobile phone number (“135 8585 8585”).

People also introduced toll-free number around 40

years back. These are also well known as 800 number.

These numbers were subscribed by big and famous

business houses and industrial houses. People or

customers who dial these numbers need not pay for

calling them hence are free to get product related

information at no additional cost. Actually, cost of calling

these numbers are borne by called party i.e. business

houses, support centers etc who subscribe them.

People started reserving the toll-free number of their

choice so that the public remembers them well, public

do not have to write them in special notebook or enter

in an electronic gadget to recall as and when required.

They started introducing alpha-numeric number. The

digit 2 represents ‘ABC’, 3 represents ‘DEF’. Similarly,

the available digits from 1 to 9 are represented in the

following pattern :

ABC => 2 DEF => 3 GHI => 4 JKL => 5

MNO => 6 PQRS => 7 TUV => 8 WXYZ => 9 .

The letters are found to be printed in telephone key

pad also. The following figure also shows how alphabets

can be translated to numbers.

Many successful companies rely heavily on brand recognition (large or small). Avanity number that is attached to a product or service can greatly increase anycompany’s brand recognition. Your company gains an edge over the competitionwhen customers can identify a vanity number with a brand.

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Navin Lal Shrestha

&@


1 2 3

A B C D E F

4 5 6

G H I J K L M N O

7 8

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Following these dialing pattern, the most popular

dialing number in US and elsewhere are said to be

- 1-800-FLOWERS

- 1-800-COLLECT

- 1-800-CALLATT.

According to the FCC: of 7.7 million possible 800

numbers, there were over 300,000 "Vanity Numbers" in

use by 1996. The original 800 series toll-free numbers

lasted almost 30 years before being exhausted in 1996.

The FCC/SMS introduced the 888 series in 1997.

888 ran low in only 2 years. To meet the demand an 877

series was introduced in 1998. 877 started running low

in early 1999. This demand has increased because

business owners have discovered that vanity toll-free

numbers are reliable marketing tool.

These numbers which are easy to remember are also

known as vanity number.

A vanity phone number brand is simply the best

way to keep brand of a company on its customer's mind.

As with 800 phone numbers in international arena, 1660

in Nepal’s national business ground can be an instant recall

toll-free trigger can increase the company’s leads and sales

exponentially, demonstrate the company’s commitment

to quality and customer service and upstage its

competition- if the right word or phrase is chosen.

Many successful companies rely heavily on brand

recognition (large or small). A vanity number that is

attached to a product or service can greatly increase any

company’s brand recognition. Your company gains an

edge over the competition when customers can identify

a vanity number with a brand.

In Nepal, Nepal Telecom introduced advanced

freephone service for the public. These are popular

known as toll-free number. Calling these number, caller

need not worry about the coast of call. These no are

identified by prefix 1660- similar to 800, 877, 888, 866,

and 855 numbers in US and elsewhere.

How effective it is to put advertisement of

alphanumeric telephone number . like ‘Call 1660-01-

TODAY’ or Dial ‘1660-01-PIZZA’ for home delivery

or similar ones. These are actually, ‘1660-01-PIZZA’

representing 1660-01-74992 and ‘1660-01-TODAY’

representing ‘1660-01-86329’. These number coveys to

public most with less number of words.

Just to make sure of concept of alpha-numeric

dialing, here are some examples of alpha-numeric dialing

as, 1660-01 followed by

637-25 for Nepal

446-25 for himal

Similarly,

46243 for image

52726 for Japan

59684 for jyoti

52684 for kanti

64872 for MITRA

66335 for model

74992 for PIZZA

74466 for RHINO

&#


72844 for SATHI

764-84 for smith

84437 for TIGER

84637 for TIMES

86329 for TODAY

33339 for Fedex etc.

Once these numbers are assigned to one company,

other can not have them unless owner release them. So

the number represented by popular words like Himal or

Nepal once reserved by one group manufacturing one

type commodities can not be assigned to other group

producing other type of commodities or rendering

another type of services.

For any caller it is easy to remember and it’s toll

free. For the owner of toll-free it’s the virtual number

that can be routed to any telephone number depending

upon time of call, day of call and place originating the

call etc. These advanced free-phone service can be routed

to be answered by multiple operators so that if one operator

is busy other operator or operators can handle subsequent

calls. So there will not be any complain of telephone line

being busy or too busy. The calls are not missed.

Calls made to advanced free phone number can be

answered from office at one location during day and

from other remote residential location during morning

or evening and on weekends and holidays.

Customers can be told to remember one unique

number to dial from all over country or selected region

whereas they can be answered from nearest branch office

to location of calling person.

Those who are calling to these advanced free-phone

service numbers can also be welcomed in various

language announcements to make caller feel homely in

their native language or language of their preference.

As remittance business is booming in Nepal, all most

all big money transfer companies have provided one or

more toll-free number across Nepal. Most have these

remittance companies have boosted their business many

fold and facilitated their customer by providing toll-free

numbers even when national economy seems gloomy.

Similarly, others from manufacturing, travel business,

tele-shopping business, publications house and service

rendering companies have provided advanced free-

phone service in steady.

Although, there has been slack in business in past, it

is hopeful that business growth will improve in present

changed context, making subscription of toll-free

numbers necessity.

It’s notable that very few NGO (non-government

organization) have provided toll-free help-line services.

Those who have provided toll-free help-line demonstrate

that they are really ready to serve the people and society.

Other NGOs especially working against AIDS, family

planning, public welfare or insurance companies or those

involved in relief works are either unaware of availability

of advanced free-phone service can improve their

performance or they are somewhat hesitant to serve with

toll-free number due to one or another reason.

Researcher/scientist Dr. D. Lykken: “It’s clear that we can change our happiness levels

widely- up or down”.

You can raise your level of happiness by working on 3 components:

1. Getting more pleasure out of life (savoring sensory experiences)

2. Becoming more engaged in what you do

3. Finding ways of making your life feel more meaningful

&$


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g]kfndf cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf] z'?cft Pp6f dxTjk"0f{

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bhf{df /x]sf] / ;a}eGbf a9L /fh:j a'emfpg] ;+:yfsf ?kdf

/x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] eljiodf klg cfkm\gf] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df

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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

nId0f clwsf/L

&%

DofUg]6f] k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6


km8\sf]sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;]jf g]kfnsf clGtd k|wfgdGqLdf]xgzdz]/ /f0ffsf kfnfdf lj=;+= @))% ;fndf z'? ePsf] xf]/ ;]jfsf] gfd klg df]xg cfsfzjf0fL lyof] . of] ;]jf k|f/Dedfsf7df8f}+–g]kfnuGhdf ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . cfsfzjf0fL;]jf va/ cfbfgk|bfgsf nflu lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsfn] of];]jfnfO{ g]kfnel/ g} lj:tf/ ug]{ nIosf ;fy sfd z'? ul/Psf]lyof] . To; a]nf sf7df8f}+sf] huGgfy b]jnglhs …df]xgcfsfzjf0fLÚ x]8 clkm; :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . @))& ;fndfhgqmflGtsf ;dodf of] ;]jf e}/xjf, Onfd, lj/f6gu/, wgs'6f,kf]v/f, ef]hk'/ / jL/uGh;Dd lj:tf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n] b]ze/cfGbf]ng rsf{pg klg d2t k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . cfsfzjf0fL ;]jfsf]nflu High Frequency Radio Communication k|ljlwtTsfnLg cj:yfdf lgs} /fd|f] k|ljlw ePsf]n] ;f] ;]jf lgs} k|efjsf/LePsf] lyof] . @))& ;fnsf] qmflGtkl5 a]nfotn] bf];|f] ljZjo'4dfk|of]u u/]sf s]xL cfw'lgs ;~rf/ pks/0fx? g]kfnnfO{ pkxf/:j?kk|bfg u¥of] . o;n] cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ lgs} d2tk'Uof] . jf:tjdf g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ a]nfot;/sf/af6 k|fKt tL pks/0fx? lgs} pkof]uL ePsf lyP .

@))& ;fnsf] qmflGt ;kmn kfg{ cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/sf;fwgx?sf] of]ubfg lgs} /x]sfn] To;kl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n]b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/df lgs} dxTj lbPsf] b]lvG5 . To;kl5tTsfn g} BC 191 Transmeter Receiver x?sf] k|of]u u/L8f]6L, h'Dnf, b}n]v, ;Nofg, cf]vn9'+uf, /fhlj/fh, hn]Zj/,/fd]5fk, alGbk'/, t]x|y'd, tfKn]h'ª, 88]nw'/f, a}t8L, afUn'ª,wgu9L, kf]v/f, ef]hk'/, kfNkf, jL/uGhnufot b]zsf ljleGgk|d'v @^ :yfgdf cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf z'? eof] . To; a]nf b]zdf;8s oftfoft ljsf;sf] s'g} z'?cft g} ePsf] lyPg . o:tf]a]nf cfw'lgs b"/;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] lj:tf/n] b]zsf] ljsf;,cfGtl/s ;'/Iff, zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng, Jofkf/nufot ljleGgva/ cfbfgk|bfgdf lgs} ;'ljwf k'Uof] . o;/L ;~rf/;fwgsf]pkof]lutf cfdhgtfdf klg b]lvg yfn]kl5 ;j{;fwf/0fju{ tyflghL:t/af6 klg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] dfu a9\g yfNof] .

zf;sju{x?df klg b"/;~rf/sf ;fwgx?k|lt rf;f] a9\b}uPsfn] @))* ;fndf klxnf] k6s ! ;o nfOg Ifdtfsf]DofUg]6f] k|fOe]6 6]lnkmf]g :yfkgf eof] . o;df clwsf+z nfOg

l;+xb/af/df afFl8Psf] lyof] eg] s]xL nfOg 8fO/]S6/ tx;Dd /s]xL nfOg ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ klg afFl8Psf] lyof] . o;/L;j{;fwf/0fx?df 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ug{ yfn]kl5 o;sf]k|efj lgs} /fd|f] k¥of] . To;} sf/0f @)!) ;fndf yk %) nfOg6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ul/of] . oL nfOgx? sf7df8f}+df afFl8PsflyP . To;kl5 qmdzM sf7df8f}+ pkTosfaflx/ klg ;]jf lj:tf/u/L lj/f6gu/, jL/uGhh:tf cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s dxTjsf:yfgdf 6]lnkmf]g nfOgx? ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . o;/L b]zdfb"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ubf{ s'g} of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] ul/Psf]lyPg . dfusf] cfwf/df lj:tf/ sfo{ cl3 a9fOFb} lyof] .

ha @)!@ ;fndf b]zsf] of]hgfa4 9+un] ljsf; ug{sfnflu k~rjifL{o of]hgfsf] z'?cft eof], To; a]nfsf] k~rjifL{oof]hgfsf] d:of}bfdf ;~rf/sf] ljifon] klg dxTjk"0f{ :yfg kfPsf]lyof] . Jofkf/, jfl0fHo, pBf]u tyf cfly{s pGgltsf nflub"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; ug'{k5{ eGg] of]hgfsf/x?sf];f]rcg'?k k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!@–@)!&_ sf] z'?d}!%) nfOg Ifdtfsf] 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]Gh :yfkgf eof] .of]hgfsfnsf] cGTolt/ @)!^ ;fndf !%) nfOg yk ul/of] .…6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;Ú / …cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm;Úsf gfdn] 5'§f5'§}?kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]df o;nfO{ PsLs[t /Jofks?kdf lj:tf/ ug{ @)!^ ;fndf cfsfzjf0fL x]8 clkm;/ 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf ufeL lgdf{0f oftfoft /;~rf/ dGqfnocGtu{t b"/;~rf/ ljefusf] :yfkgf eof] .

b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] z'?cft @)!@ ;fnaf6eP tfklg bf];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!*–@)@#_ sfndfb"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;n] clåtLo km8\sf] dfg{ ;kmn eof] . @)!(;fn a}zfvdf sf7df8f}+df Ps xhf/ nfOg Ifdtfsf] qm;jf/k|0ffnLsf] :jrflnt 6]lnkmf]g PS;r]Ghsf] :yfkgf eof] . To;kl5@)@! ;fndf cd]l/sf tyf ef/tsf] ;xof]udf cfw'lgs P;P;aL(Single Side Band) /]l8of] ;~rfng pks/0fx? k|fKt eP/tL pks/0fx?åf/f ljleGg %* lhNnfsf dxTjk"0f{ :yfgdf:6];gx? :yfkgf eP . @)@! c;f]h !% ut] cGt/b]zLo /cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] pb\3f6g tTsfnLg /fhf dx]Gb|af6

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Dofg'cn k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6

/f]6/L k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6


eof] / To;} lbgb]lv clw/fHosf ljleGg b'u{d 7fpFx?df ;d]t:yflkt %* :6];gx?df cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf z'? eof] . ;f]xL lbgb]lvsf7df8f}+–snsQf, sf7df8f}+–lbNnL 6]lnlk|G6/ ;]jf ;~rfngeO{ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf g]kfnsf] :jtGq ;~rf/ kx'Frsf] lj:tf/eof] . o;cl3 ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx?df va/ cfbfgk|bfg ubf{ef/tLo b"tfjf;af6 dfq ;Dej lyof] . o;} aLr 5KW- H.F.

6«fG;ld6/ :yfkgf eO{ sf7df8f}+–kfls:tfgaLr ;]jf ;~rfngeof] . To:t} cf}Bf]lus zx/sf ?kdf pbodfg lj/f6gu/df #;o nfOgsf] ;LaL Dofg'on (Central Battery) PS;r]Ghsf]:yfkgf u/L 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;~rfng eof] . @)@@ ;fndf :yfgLo?kdf klg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/ ub}{ nfg] ;f]rcg';f/ o;} jif{sf7df8f}+df # xhf/ 6]lnkmf]g nfOg yKg] of]hgf aGof] .

bf];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;sfnflu j}b]lzs ;xof]u klg pknAw x'g yfn]sfn] ;]jf lj:tf/sfo{n] lgs} ult ;dfTof] .

b]zsf] cfly{s pGgltdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] e"ldsf lgs}cxd\ /x]sf] dx;'; ;j{q x'g yfn]sfn] o;sf] ljsf; tyflj:tf/sf nflu lgs} g} dxTj lbg yflnof] . To;} sf/0f t];|f]k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@#–@)@*_df klg b"/;~rf/sf] ljsf;nfO{lgs} g} dxTj lbOof] . o; cjlwdf sf7df8f}+sf] 6]lnkmf]g nfOgIfdtf % xhf/ k'¥ofOof] eg] kf6gdf ̂ ;o nfOgsf] 5'§} :jrflnt6]lnkmf]g pks/0fx? h8fg eP .

b]zsf] ;j{q ljsf;df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfn] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgk'¥ofpg ;Sg] eP tfklg o;sf] dfucg'?k ljsf; / lj:tf/sfnflu b]zsf] k'FhL kof{Kt gePsfn] t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf cjlwdfljZj a}+saf6 C0f ;xof]u lng] k|lqmof z'? ul/of] . kmn:j?k@)@^ ;fndf ljZj a}+saf6 !& nfv 8n/ C0f ;xof]u k|fKtePkl5 g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ tyf;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ lgs} d2t k'Uof] . k|fKt C0f ;xof]unfO{k|efjsf/L?kdf ;b'kof]u u/L sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu b"/;~rf/ljefunfO{ b"/;~rf/ ;ldltdf kl/0ft ul/of] .

@)@* ;fndf ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g hg;dIf cfof] . o;n]b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ Pp6f :jtGq ;+:yfsf ?kdf ;~rfng ug]{

kl/sNkgf u/]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfg P]g @)@* cg'?k /fli6«o Pstfsf];'b[9Ls/0f tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] lgldQ /fli6«o ;]jf of]hgfcg'?kb"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf nflu ;/n, ;'ne Pjd\;'ky d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg ;+:yfgsf] dfWodåf/f hgtfnfO{;d]t ;l/s u/fpg] gLltcg';f/ b"/;~rf/ ;ldltnfO{ @)#@;fn c;f/ ! ut] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgdf kl/0ft ul/of] . of];+:yfgdf ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTj /x]sf] lyof] .

o;kl5 b]zsf t/fO{, kxf8 tyf b'u{d If]qdf ;d]t ljljwk|ljlwsf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ eP . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ b]ze/lj:tf/ ug]{ / ;]jfdf ;Dk"0f{ hgtfsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon]Psflt/ o;sf] g]6js{ lj:tf/ / ljt/0fdf tLj|tf cfof] eg]csf]{lt/ ;]jfdf cfw'lgsLs/0f / ljljwLs/0f ug]{h:tf sfo{x?klg hf/L /x] . @)@* ;fncufl8;Dd cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfPrPkm (High Frequency ) /]l8of]dfkm{t ;~rfng ePsf] /Tof] k|ljlw Tolt ljZj;gLo gePsf] ;Gbe{df 6]n]S; ;]jfsf]z'?cftn] cGt/f{li6«o 6]lnkmf]g ;]jfsf] :t/ lgs} j[l4 x'g k'Uof] .lj=;+= @)#$ df ;j{k|yd bdf}nLdf ;f}o{pmhf{af6 cfsfzjf0fL;~rfng x'g] k|ljlw leq\ofOof] . clw/fHosf b'u{d tyf cltb'u{d If]qx?dWo] ljleGg !$^ :yfgx?df ;f}o{pmhf{af6cfsfzjf0fL ;]jf ;~rfng eof] . o; k|ljlwn] u|fdL0f If]qdfb"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ lgs} d2t k'Uof] .

o:t} u/L @)#( ;fndf anDa'df ;u/dfyf cy{ :6];gsf]:yfkgf / @)$! ;fnsf] z'?df l8lh6n PS;r]Ghsf] :yfkgfn]P;6L8L, cfO{P;8L ;]jfsf] z'?cft x'g uO{ g]kfnsf] b"/;~rf/;]jfn] 7"nf] km8\sf] dfg{ ;Sof] . u|fxsx?n] cfkm}+n] rfx]cg';f/6«+sn 8fon ug{ (STD/ISD ) ;Sg] eP / ljZjsf ljleGg efudfk|ToIf ;Dks{ ug{ ;lhnf] eof] .

u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] /fli6«o gLltcg'?ku|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ kl/of]hgfsf] z'?cft g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f If]qsf]pGgltsf nflu sf];]9'+uf g} ;flat ePsf] 5 . cfly{s jif{@)$*/)$( df ljleGg bft[/fi6« tyf ;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf u|fdL0ftyf b'u{d :yfgx?df df6{;\, eLPrPkm, o"PrPkmh:tf ;]jfx?;~rfngdf cfP h'g u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfsf nflu j/bfg g}

&&

8L6LPdPkm k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6


;flat eP . u|fdL0f b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] b'u{d tyf u|fdL0fIf]qsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts If]qsf] ljsf;df Ps lsl;dsf]hfu/0f g} NofPsf] lyof] .

emG8} $) sf] bzs;Dd g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngug]{ Psflwsf/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ dfq ePsf]df bzssf]cGTolt/ b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf klg lghL If]qnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg];/sf/n] gLlt lnof] . ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf pbf/Ls/0fsf]cjwf/0ffcg'?k b"/;~rf/ If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] gLlt ;/sf/n]@)$( ;fndf lnof] . o;} cg'?k b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# NofO{b"/;~rf/ ;]jf ;~rfngdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL If]qsfnufgLstf{x?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] Joj:yf ul/of] .

o; P]gdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfnfO{ e/kbf]{ / ;j{;'ne agfpg b"/;~rf/;]jfdf lghL If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;DnUg u/fpg tyf To:tf] ;]jfnfO{lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug{ b"/;~rf/ P]g @)%# NofOPsf] pNn]v 5 .

of] P]g cfPkl5 b"/;~rf/;Fu ;Da4 ;]jfx? WLL, ;]n'n/df]afOn / /]l8of] k]lhª ;]jf lghL If]qaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;/sf/n]k|:tfj cfx\jfgkq hf/L u¥of] . o;kl5 cfwf bh{g /]l8of] k]lhª;]jf lghL If]qaf6 ;~rfngdf cfP . o; ;]jfn] vf;u/L zx/LIf]qsf dWod / tNnf ju{sf pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ lgs} ;]jf k'¥ofof] .)%^÷)%& ;fnlt/ of] k]lhª ;]jf …ul/asf] df]afOnÚsf gfdn]lgs} nf]slk|o ePsf] lyof] .

@)%^ ;fn a}zfv ! ut] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] k|ydk6s hLP;Pd ;]n'n/ df]afOn kmf]g ;]jf z'? u/L g]kfnsf]b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ljsf;df gofF km8\sf] df¥of] . z'?df !)xhf/ nfOgaf6 ;]n'n/ df]afOn ;]jf sf7df8f}+df z'? ul/of] /To;kl5 kf]v/f, lj/f6gu/, jL/uGh, g]kfnuGh x'Fb} cGo k|d'vzx/L If]qdf klg lj:tf/ ub}{ nluof] . z'?df df]afOn ;]jf k|fKtug{ sl/a %! xhf/ ?lkofF a'emfpg'kg]{df o;sf] vl/b d"No /dx;'ndf sdL eO{ d"No sd x'Fb} hfFbf of] ;]jfk|lt dflg;x?sf]cfsif{0f j[l4 eof] . t/ o; ;]jfn] lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflntk]lhª ;]jfnfO{ eg] lj:yflkt ug{ yfNof] . To;df klg b"/;~rf/;+:yfgn] lk|k]8 df]afOn ;]jf ;~rfng u/]kl5 k]lhª ;]jf w/fzoLg} aGg yfNof] . lk|k]8 df]afOnsf] d"No tyf dx;'ndf sdL x'gyfn]kl5 of] ;]jf cToGt} nf]slk|o aGof] / ;Fu;Fu} /]l8of] k]lhª

;]jfx? qmdzM aGb x'g yfn] .;]n'n/ df]afOn kmf]gsf] lj:tf/;Fu} k]kmf]g, OG6/g]6,

Od]nh:tf ;]jfsf] lj:tf/n] g]kfnL hgtfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]kx'Fr a9\b} uof] . u|fdL0f If]qdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{;/sf/L of]hgfcg'?k gu/f]Gd'v uflj;x?df ;fgf PS;r]Gh /pko'Qm k|ljlw k|of]u u/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ eof] .

;/sf/n] bzf}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf k|To]s uflj;df sDtLdfb'O{ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpg] gLlt lnPkl5 of] sfo{qmdsfnflu u|fdL0f ;]jf lgb]{zgfno g} u7g u/L b"/;~rf/ ;]jfpknAw u/fpg z'? eof] / g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6nfO{ ;d]tdWogh/ /fvL ljs6 kxf8L / lxdfnL lhNnfsf uflj;x?dfeL–:of6 k|ljlwaf6 b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAw u/fOPsfn] ljs6lxdfnL If]qsf hgtfn] ;d]t b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pkef]u ug{ kfO/x]sf5g\ . b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf lghL If]qsf] k|j]z u/fO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds9+un] clw/fHoe/ ;j{;'ne / u'0f:t/Lo b"/;~rf/ ;]jf pknAwu/fpg] ;/sf/sf] gLltcg'?k b"/;~rf/ If]qdf lghL If]qsf]k|j]z ePkl5 b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] kx'Fr a9\g] tyf 6]ln3gTjdfj[l4 x'g] dfq geO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds 9+un] d"Nodf klg b|'t ultn]lu/fj6 cfO/x]sf] 5 .

CDMA k|ljlwsf] WLL kmf]g ;]jf ;~rfngsf nflu sl/a$ jif{cl3 -;g\ @))#_ UTL gfds sDkgLn] :jLs[lt kfO{sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 eg] lgs6 eljiodfg} sf7df8f}+aflx/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ ePsf] 5 . To:t} u/L GSM

k|ljlwsf] ;]n'n/ df]afOn kmf]g ;~rfng ug{ sl/a @ jif{cl3;g\ -@))%_ :jLs[lt kfPsf] :kfO; g]kfn k|flnn] sf7df8f}+pkTosfnufot x]6f}+8f, kf]v/f cflb zx/df klg ;]jf lj:tf/ul/;s]sf] 5 / cGo If]qdf klg lj:tf/ ub}{ nfg] sfo{qmdagfPsf] 5 . To:t} u/L sl/a # jif{cl3 -;g\ @))$_ k"jf{~rnljsf; If]qdf VSAT k|ljlwsf] b"/;~rf/ ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{lhDd]jf/L STM gfds lghL sDkgLn] kfPcg';f/ ;f] If]qsfu|fdL0f e]udf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/

&*

;L8LPdP k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g ;]6

sf8{ kmf]g ;]6


If]qnfO{ v'nf / k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf u/fP/clw/fHoe/ plrt d"Nodf e/kbf]{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfnb"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ sDkgLdf kl/0ft u/L ;/sf/L :jfldTj 36fpFb}nfg] b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) cg';f/, @)^! a}zfv ! ut] ;+:yfgnfO{g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL ln=df kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 . o;kl5 sDkgLsf]klxnf] a}7sn] sDkgLnfO{ …g]kfn 6]lnsdÚsf gfdaf6 kl/lrt u/fpg]lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . sDkgLdf kl/0ft ePkl5 o;n] cfkm\gfultljlwnfO{ cem km/flsnf] / k|efjsf/L agfPsf] 5 .

utjif{ @)^@ df3 dlxgfdf k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{ clK6snkmfOa/ cfof]hgf ;DkGg eO{ ;~rfngdf cfPsfn] o;n] g]kfnsf]b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf qmflGt g} NofOlbPsf] 5 . o;n] b"/;~rf/;]jfsf] ;+VofTds tyf u'0ffTds ?kdf x\jft} j[l4 ug'{sf ;fy}sd vr{ tyf nufgLdf a9L 6«flkms Ifdtf pknAw ePsf] 5 ./fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o sndf pNn]vgLo ?kdf 6«flkms Ifdtf/ u'0f:t/ j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] dx;'n klg lgs} sd ePsf] 5 .

csf]{lt/ g]kfn 6]lnsdn] @)^@ df3 @# ut]af6 CDMA

k|ljlwsf] jfo/n]; 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ljt/0f u/]/ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdfsl/a–sl/a cgl8dfG8 ?kdf 6]lnkmf]g nfOg ljt/0f ug]{ l:yltcfO;s]sf] 5 . tf//lxt 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf (GSM, CDMA)

;~rfngdf cfPkl5 6]ln8]lG;6L klg x\jfQ} a9]sf] 5 . sl/a!) jif{cl3 6]ln8]lG;6L sl/a k|lt;o ! /x]sf]df xfn g]kfn6]lnsds} sl/a % / lghL If]qsf] ;d]t lx;fa ubf{ ^ eGbfa9L eO;s]sf] 5 .

k/Dk/fut?kdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf Pgnu l;:6d ePsf]dfclxn] ztk|ltzt l8lh6n ePsf] 5 . o;n] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf]u'0f:t/df klg lgs} j[l4 ePsf] 5 . u|fxsx?nfO{ ljljw lsl;dsf;]jfx? pknAw u/fO{ ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] p2]Zocg'?k g]kfn 6]lnsdn]IN cGtu{t ljleGg lsl;dsf Eofn'P8]8 ;]jfx? ;~rfng u/]sf]5 . GSM Mobile ;]jfdf GPRS ;]jf ;~rfng ug{] tof/LeO/x]sf]] 5 eg] eljiodf 3G Mobile Nofpg] of]hgf 5 .

g]kfn 6]lnsdn] cfly{s jif{ )^@÷)^# ;Dddf sl/a !!nfv @^ xhf/ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 / cfufdLjif{ !^ nfv ^$ xhf/ k'¥ofpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 .

bzf}+ of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf ;fwf/0f 6]lnkmf]gtkm{ # nfv%) xhf/ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g yk h8fg ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf]df ^#a}zfv;Ddf @ nfv @! xhf/ nfOgsf] :jLlrª pks/0f cfk"lt{

eO{ h8fgsf] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .o:t} CDMA tkm{ $ nfv %) xhf/ nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf

k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf]df u|fxssf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /fvLcGt/f{li6«o af]nkq cfx\jfgaf6 % nfv nfOgsf] ;Demf}tfeO;s]sf] 5 eg] % nfv nfOgsf] Frame Contract ePcg';f/k|yd r/0fdf @ nfv %) xhf/ nfOgsf] pks/0f h8fg sfo{eO{ nfOg ljt/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf of] ;]jf k|efjsf/Lagfpgsf nflu lk|k]8 ;]jf ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . sf7df8f+}pkTosfdf lnld6]8 df]laln6Lsf] df]afOn ;]jf (Sky- Phone)

;~rfngdf NofO;lsPsf] 5 .To:t} u/L bzf}+ of]hgfcGtu{t GSM k|ljlwaf6 ;+zf]lwt

nIo % nfv nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{qmd /x]sf]dfu|fxssf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cGt/f{li6«o af]nkq cfx\jfgaf6cfk"lt{stf{;Fu yk !) nfv nfOgsf] ;Demf}tf ePcg';f/ k|ydr/0fdf & nfv %) xhf/ nfOgsf] pks/0f cfk"lt{ eO{ h8fgsfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

o:t} u/L bzf}+ of]hgf cjlwdf k|fKt ePsf ^ ;o eL–:of66ld{gn h8fg ug]{ kxf8L tyf t/fO{ lhNnfsf uflj;x?dfWLL k|ljlwdfkm{t ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] tyf PS;r]Ghaf6klxnf] HUB df k/]sf ufljx?df UHF, VHF af6 ;]jf pknAwu/fpg] nIocg'?k sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .

o:t} OG6/g]6 ;]jfnfO{ clw/fHoe/ lj:tf/ ug]{ Bandwidth

j[l4 ug]{, cGt/f{li6«o ;]jfdf ;ls{6x? lj:tf/ ug]{ / 8f6f ;]jfsf]u'0f:t/df klg j[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf] 5 .

xfn;Dd ;/sf/sf ] :jfldTjdf /x ]sf #& j6f;+:yfgx?df cAan bhf{df /x]sf] / ;a}eGbf a9L /fh:ja'emfpg] ;+:yfsf ?kdf /x]sf] g]kfn 6]lnsdn] eljiodfklg cfkm\gf ] ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/df j[l4 u/L k|lt:kwf{Tdsd"Nodf u|fxsd'vL ;]jf pknAw u/fP/ d'n'snfO{ ct'ngLoof]ubfg k'¥ofO/xg] ck]Iff ul/G5 .

&(

hLP;Pd df]afOn kmf]g ;]6x¿

;L8LPdP df]afOn kmf]g ;]6

Happiness is in journey and not in destination.-Unknown


b"/;~rf/ sDkgLn] cfkm\gf u|fxsx?nfO{ ljljw k|sf/sf ;]jfx?6]lnkmf]g, 6«+sn, lnH8nfOg, 6]lnkm\ofS;, Ao"/f]km\ofS;, 6]n]S;,df]afOn, k]sf8{, 8An"PnPn, OG6/g]6, Od]n, P;PdP; ;Gb]z,b"/lrlsT;f k|0ffnL, ;L8LPdP / :sfO{ kmf]gh:tf cg]sf}+ ;'ljwfx?k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] o;/L ;]jf k|bfg u/]afktu|fxsx?af6 ;x'lnot b/df lglZrt z'Ns lng] ub{5 . oxL z'Nssf]ljj/0fnfO{ g} 6]lnkmf]g lan eGg] ul/G5 . klxn] Dofg'Pn tl/sfaf6ul/g] lan clxn] sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ub}{ OG6/g]6 txdfkm8\sf] df/]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdn] /fh:j n]vfÍgdf gofF lalnª k|ljlwnfO{klg leq\ofPsf] 5 . Odfgbf/ u|fxsx?sf] d2taf6 g} sDkgLn]bL3{hLjgtf k|fKt ub{5 . o;}n] pgLx?sf] ;Gt'li6 g} 6]lnsdsf];kmntf xf] . xfn 6]lnsdn] ;LaLP; -si6d/ lalnª l;:6d_nfO{k|of]udf NofPsf] 5 . clxn] pkTosfsf] ;a} u|fxsx?sf] 6]lnkmf]glan ;LaLP; k|ljlwaf6 g} tof/ ul/G5 . pkTosfaflx/ lj/f6gu/,O6x/L / w/fgsf] lan klg oxL k|ljlwaf6 ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .ljutdf u|fxsx?n] 6]lnkmf]gsf] lan slt p7\of], dx;'n a'emfpgsfpG6/df slt /sd lnP/ hfg] < h:tf s'/fx? yfxf kfpg;DalGwt sfpG6/df g} k'Ug'kYof]{, ca Tof] ;d:of 5}g . k|ljlwsf]k|of]u ug]{ pkTosfleqsf u|fxsx?n] cl3Nnf] dlxgfsf] lan rfn"dlxgfsf] !% ut]leq 3/s} sDKo'6/af6 x]g{ ;Sg] ;'ljwf pknAw5 . pkTosfaflx/sf u|fxsx?nfO{ klg To:tf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{sDkgLsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . ;LaLP; k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf u|fxsx?nfO{kfos kg]{ sfpG6/af6 g} dx;'n e'QmfgL ug{ ;Sg] ;'ljwf pknAwu/fOPsf] 5 . olt dfq x}g u|fxsx?s} ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvLa}+saf6 klg dx;'n e'QmfgL ug{ ;lsG5 . pkTosfdf /x]sf g]kfnqm]l86 P08 sd;{ a}+s, /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s ljzfn ahf/, Pe/]i6a}+s, nIdL a}+s, df5fk'5«] a}+s, a}+sckm sf7df8f}+ / g]kfn OG8li6«onP08 sdl;{on a}+saf6 dx;'n e'QmfgL ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf sf7df8f}+If]qLo lgb]{zgfnon] u/]sf] 5 . of] ;'ljwfaf6 u|fxsx?nfO{ dx;'n

e'QmfgLdf l56f] / ;/n ePsf] 5 .sDkgLn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jfsf] ;fy;fy z'4 / ;xL lan g}

u|fxs ;Gt'li6sf] d"n cfwf/ xf] . ha xfd|f tdfd u|fxsx? sDkgLn]k|bfg u/]sf] ;]jf / ;'ljwfk|lt ;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ ta b"/;~rf/sdL{sf]lz/ pFrf] x'G5, cGoyf km/flsnf] ag]sf] b"/;~rf/ If]q sDkgLsdL{sf]nflu r'gf}tLk"0f{ aGg ;S5 . 6]lnsdsf] /fh:j / ;DkQLsf] j[l4dfu|fxs ljZj;gLotfsf] k|d'v xft /xG5 . nfdf] ;dob]lv hg;]jfdf;dlk{t of] ;+:yfsf] sDkgLs/0f ePkl5 lhDd]jf/L c? a9]sf] 5 .b"/;~rf/ ljsf;sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf]6]lnsdn] b]z ljsf;df klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . o;n]6]lnsd ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6} /fi6«lgdf{0fdf ultnf] of]ubfg klgk'¥ofPsf] 5 . /fHodf ;'zf;gsf] hlt dxTj 5 TolQs} dxTjsDkgLsf] pGgltdf s'zn k|zf;g / cfly{s ;Ifdtfsf] /xG5 .;'b[9 / ;an cfly{s cj:yf g} sDkgL lhpg] d"n cfwf/ xf] .nfdf] ;dob]lv /fHodf df}nfPsf] e|i6frf/, a]/f]huf/L / c;kmnof]hgf dfq x}g åGån] ;'zf;g vNalnPsf] a]nfdf klg 6]lnsd;]jf lj:tf/df ;':ttf cfPg . clxn] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfdf g]kfn6]lnsdsf] Psflwsf/ tf]l8P klg k':tf}+b]lv ;]jf ub}{ cfPsf] g]kfn6]lnsdn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf cu|:yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdn]b]zsf] krxQ/} lhNnfdf b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k'¥ofP/ b]z ljsf;df;dlk{t ePsf] 5 . nufgLsf] cfwf/df k|ltkmn z"Go /xFbf klgb]zsf] b'u{d If]q / sl7g ef}uf]lns w/ftndf ;d]t ;]jf k'¥ofpg;Sg' 6]lnsdsf] ;kmn kIf xf] . of] kIf sDkgLsf] Ifdtf / ;fdflhsGofok|ltsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f klg xf] . olt dfq x}g /fi6«lgdf{0fdfu/]sf] of]ubfgsf] ultnf] k|df0f klg xf] . :t/Lo ;]jfsf] dfWodaf6u|fxssf] rfxgf k"/f ug{ sDkgLn] yk df]afOn, ;L8LPdP / :sfO{kmf]g k|ljlwsf] 6]lnkmf]g k|of]udf NofPsf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] ljsf; /b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] :t/Lotfdf Pl;ofnL d'n'sx?dfem g]kfnsf]k|ultnfO{ pRr d"NofÍg ul/Psf] 5 . 6]lnsdsf] ;j{;'ne ;]jfn]

/fi6«lgdf{0fdfb"/;~rf/sf] of]ubfg

rfn" bzf}+ of]hgfleq} c¿ nfvf}+ hgtfx? 6]lnsd u|fxssf ¿kdfylkg]5g\ . olt w]/} u|fxssf] dg v'zL kfg'{ ;fgf] s'/f xf]Og /Tolt ;lhnf] klg 5}g . To;}n] dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf]

j}1flgsLs/0f / u|fxs dgf]efjgf ljZn]if0fsf] nflu sDkgLdfuxg cWoog x'g' cfjZos 5 .

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

ab|L k|;fb 9sfn

*) It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong-Voltaire


ubf{ ljZjd} ;:tf] d"Nodf :yfgLo 6]lnkmf]g lbg] /fi6« klg g]kfng} ePsf] 5 . o;afx]s /fHonfO{ ;aeGbf a9L s/ ltg]{ ;Ddflgt;+:yf klg 6]lnsd g} xf] . /fHodf ePsf ;a} ;+:yfx?n] d"Noj[l4df hf]8 lbO/x]sf] a]nf ;flas d"Nodf g} s6f}tL u/L ;]jfk|bfg ug{ ;Ifd Psdfq ;+:yf g]kfn 6]lnsd b]lvPsf] 5 . o;f]x'g'df dfgj ;+;fwgsf] plrt Joj:yfkg / sDkgLsdL{sf]nugzLntfnfO{ g} k|d'v dfGg ;lsG5 . cfly{s cg'zf;gsf]of]ubfg klg sd 5}g . jf:tjdf dfgjk'FhLsf] bfo/f cy{k'FhLsf]eGbf lgs} km/flsnf] / bl/nf] klg x'G5 . bIftf ePs} sf/0f g]kfn6]lnsdsf] k|ljlws hgzlQmsf] ljZjahf/df dfu eO/x]sf] 5 .ablnFbf] cfw'lgs k|ljlw;Fu b}lgs kl/lrt eO/x]sf sf/0f klgo;f] ePsf] x'g ;S5 .

ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf dfq x}g, cfly{s kIfsf lx;fan]klg g]kfn 6]lnsdn] /fi6«lgdf{0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf]5 . cf=j= )%%÷)%^ ;Dd g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] ;DkQL / bfloTjsf]jf;nft !* ca{ %# s/f]8sf] lyof] . cfly{s jif{ )%(÷)^)df cfOk'Ubf pQm jf;nftsf] c+s a9]/ @( ca{ ( s/f]8dfk'u]sf] lyof] . ;DkQL / bfloTjsf] of] c+s n]vfk/LIf0feO;s]kl5sf] xf] . jf:tjdf g]kfn 6]lnsd ljutb]lv g} /fHodfcu|0fL s/bftfsf] ?kdf k|:t't eO/x]sf] 5 . sDkgLn] g]kfn;/sf/nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] cfos/ tyf cGo ;]jfs/x?n] b]zljsf;df 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . 6]lnsdn] d"No cj[l4s/,;]jf z'Ns, :jfldTj b:t'/, cfos/, ljz]if z'Ns, nfef+z tyf/f]oN6Lh:tf zLif{sx?df ;/sf/nfO{ /sd a'emfpg] ub{5 .ljut ^ jif{b]lv /fHonfO{ 6]lnsdn] a'emfPsf] /sdsf] ljj/0ftn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

;|f]t M g]kfn 6]lnsd, cy{ ljefuo;/L g]kfn 6]lnsdn] k|To]s cfly{s jif{df /fHonfO{ 7"nf]

cfly{s of]ubfg u/L ljsf; lgdf{0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf];a}sf ;fd' 5n{Ë ePsf] 5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;+:yfx?dWo] g]kfn 6]lnsd:j:y / ;an 5 . ;j{;'ne ;]jf k|bfg ug]{df 6]lnsd gd'gfag]sf] 5 . 6]lnsdsdL{sf nflu of] uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] . /fHodf

;~rflnt w]/} ;+:yfx?n] cfkm" afFRg / ;]jf k|bfg ug{ d"Noj[l4sf] ;xf/f lnO/x]sf] a]nf g]kfn 6]lnsdn] eg] d"No 36fO{;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . k|lt:kwL{sf] nflu of] r'gf}tL aGg ;S5eg] 6]lnsdsdL{sf nflu uf}/jsf] cg'e"lt . t/ casf] a]nfo;f] eg]/ a:g] cj:yf xf]Og . ;fdflhs ;]jf ljsf;df cem}6]jf / u|fxs ;]jfdf ;dk{0fh:tf ljifox?df 6]lnsdsdL{x?cem rgfvf] aGg'k5{ . sDkgLn] k|bfg u/]sf] ljleGg ;]jf pkef]uug]{ u|fxsx?sf] ;+Vof & nfv k'lu;s]sf] 5 . rfn" bzf}+ of]hgfleq}c? nfvf}+ hgtfx? 6]lnsd u|fxssf ?kdf ylkg]5g\ . olt w]/}u|fxssf] dg v'zL kfg'{ ;fgf] s'/f xf]Og / Tolt ;lhnf] klg5}g . To;}n] dfgj ;+;fwg Joj:yfkgsf] j}1flgsLs/0f / u|fxsdgf]efjgf ljZn]if0fsf] nflu sDkgLdf uxg cWoog x'g' cfjZos5 . bIf / ljj]szLn dfgj k'FhL sDkgLsf] 7"nf] ;DkQL xf] ./fi6«e/ yk 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/ u/L plrt nfutdf e/kbf]{ /;j{;'ne ;]jf pknAw u/fpg' sdkgLsf] nIo xf] . o;sf];fy;fy} b]zsf] pGgltdf cem} 6]jf k'¥ofpg' / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]If]qdf ct'ngLo of]ubfg ug{ klg sDkgL ;Ifd ePsf] 5 .;j{;'ne ;]jf k|bfg, pTs[i6 / e/kbf]{ ;]jfdf cu|0fL:yfg, pRrk|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;]jf lj:tf/, bIftf / pTkfbsTjdf cem};'wf/, k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6 b"/;~rf/sf] ahf/ lgoGq0fsf]tof/L, dfu x'gf;fy 6]lnkmf]g ljt/0f ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf,sd{rf/Lsf] afgLdf ;'wf/ / Jojxf/df kl/jt{gh:tf sfdx?dfsDkgLsf] tTsfn Wofg k'Ug' h?/L 5 . of] sbdaf6 g]kfn6]lnsd hg;]jfdf ;dlk{t eO{ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf] dxfo1df vfl/g]5 .o;}af6 /fi6«sf] ul/df a9\g'sf] ;fy} sDkgL kl/jf/sf] enfO x'g]klg lglZrt 5 .

qmd cfly{s g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ s}lkmot

;+Vof jif{ 6]lnsdn] a'emfPsf]

/sd ljj/0f -?= nfvdf_

!= )%&÷%* ! ca{ *& s/f]8 )@ nfv ;a} zLif{ssf] Psd'i6 /sd

@= )%*÷%( @ ca{ @@ s/f]8 $^ nfv Æ

#= )%(÷^) # ca{ @@ s/f]8 )% nfv Æ

$= )^)÷^! % ca{ )^ s/f]8 @! nfv Æ

%= )^!÷^@ & ca{ !( s/f]8 @( nfv Æ

^= )^@÷^# ^ ca{ !& s/f]8 #@ nfv Æ

hDdf @% ca{ &$ s/f]8 #% nfv Æ

@)% w]/} /fd|f] sfd ug]{ dfG5]x¿ .

&)% cf};t¿kdf sfd ug]{ dfG5]x¿,

h;nfO{ tflnd–;Lk÷k|lzIf0f k|bfg

u/L a9L pTkfbgzLn agfpg ;lsG5 .

!)% hflu/af6 vf]:g'kg]{ sd{rf/Lx¿ .

oL dflysf &)% sd{rf/LnfO{ a9L

pTkfbgzLn agfpg tflnd s]Gb|n] 7"nf] of]ubfg

k'¥ofpg ;S5 .

s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lju{nfO{lgDgfg';f/ juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

*!


Today’s business environment is more competitive

than ever before. With the private operators starting

business in the Customer Service sector, Nepal Telecom

is facing a strong competition. Introduction of pioneer

services is the key to success and be a market leader.

Demand is growing and will continue to grow for new

communication services. The competition is also an

opportunity to enhance customer service, leading to

customer satisfaction and build a competitive edge. With

the talk of triple-play services (voice, video and data)

and quite recently, quad-play services (data, video, voice

and mobile communications traffic), demand of the day

is for an infrastructure supporting all these traffic. Quad-

play services are even more relevant now because of

the universal growth in the demand of data and mobile

services. All these, also considering the hype of

convergence, lead to the requirement of a high-speed

resilient network backbone.

At the center of new services are Next Generation

Network (NGN) and Next Generation SDH (NG-SDH).

With Nepal Telecom poised to deliver new packet-

oriented services for CDMA (PDSN) as well as for PSTN

(ADSL), time has now come to think of an infrastructure

supporting packet services optimally. Until recently, the

communications world has customarily built new

infrastructure or completely new system to take over

the old. But with cut-throat competition due to

emergence of multitude of service providers, operators

can not justify previous levels of Capital Expenditure

(CAPEX) on completely new system and equipment

while the market demand remains uncertain. Hence,

Nepal Telecom also has to find new ways to extract

greater value from its existing infrastructures. The

NG-SDH: An OpportuneNG-SDH: An OpportuneNG-SDH: An OpportuneNG-SDH: An OpportuneNG-SDH: An Opportune

Phenomenon for Nepal TelecomPhenomenon for Nepal TelecomPhenomenon for Nepal TelecomPhenomenon for Nepal TelecomPhenomenon for Nepal Telecom

With the backbone in place, provision of current servicesand those in the pipeline such as ADSL, PDSN Service for

CDMA would be optimized and Nepal Telecom canfurther think about triple-play services, Virtual Private

Networks (VPNs), IPTV, VoD services etc.

Shobhan AdhikariEngineer

Transmission Planning Department

competition demands that not only think about the

CAPEX but Operating Expenditure (OPEX), reliability

and quality also have to be kept in check. With this

philosophy, NGN and NG-SDH are in the pipeline in

Nepal Telecom. NG-SDH regional backbone already has

been planned and is in the process of being procured.

There has been talk of NGN and it should also be

introduced fairly soon.

With new operators already starting services, it is

high time that Nepal Telecom strategize to venture in

the network-carrier services and capacity-provider

services sector in addition to customer services. And with

multitude of service providers, telecom as well as data

services, the endeavor would surely turn out to be a win-

win situation for Nepal Telecom.

Next-Generation Network (NGN)

It is the next step in the world of communications,

converging three separate networks, viz., the PSTN voice

network, the wireless network and the data network (the

Internet), into a common packet infrastructure. This

intelligent and highly efficient infrastructure delivers a

host of new technologies, applications and service

opportunities. NGN gives Service Providers more

security, reliability and control while reducing the

operating costs. It unites traditional wireline and wireless

voice, video and data using a packet-based transport.

The advantages of NGN are that it offers more choices–

open systems enable multi-vendor participation, inno-

vative services, compatibility with products and tech-

nologies, among others.

One key service provided by NGN is the voice portal,

which provides callers with anywhere, anytime access

to information like news, weather, stock prices, and

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

*@


account balance using a simple voice command and any

telephone. The other various services are next-generation

voice-enabled e-Business services, Public Network

Computing, unified messaging, media processing

services like basic text-to-speech (TTS), and speech

recognition, among others.

Figure: Different Levels of NGN Architecture

Next Generation SDH (NG-SDH)

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) transmission

networks are at most around 10 years old, even less for Nepal

Telecom. Hence it is still too young a technology to be

replaced. Next Generation SDH technology has been

designed to extend the working life of a still vibrant

technology in the data age. The Next-Generation SDH, in

addition to the traditional SDH functions, also supports

various functions including the data-centric applications. It

supports native Ethernet services in addition to TDM services

previously supported. It should be kept in mind that IP Triple-

Play (or Quad-Play) is the best economic delivery of multiple

revenue services as is shown by the following:

• IP-Ethernet access solutions cost less to build

and to maintain than the existing TDM offering

• Offers a future revenue and service growth

based on IP-Ethernet technology

• Migration of TDM voice to New voice model –

VoIP- more efficient and effective

• Increasing revenue per customer with new

bundled services

SDH was designed to handle both voice and data,

but was really optimized as a network for voice

communications. With increasing demand for data

services, for example various services over Ethernet,

improvements on SDH were mandatory. Significant

technological advances are now enabling SDH to

embrace newer types of traffic and customer demand as

is shown in the following figure.

Figure: The various services possible with NG-SDH

The advances have helped in the development of

NG-SDH, which accommodates non-voice traffic (such

as IP), over Ethernet, in an optimized way. Achievements

so far include the integration of packet and TDM traffic

– a single device to support TDM, Ethernet-based packet

switching and DWDM interfaces, using SDH in the

transport layer. NG-SDH provides a uniform multi-

service transport network by converging traditional TDM

traffic, private line, video, data, VoIP, and IPTV services,

with the classification at the access layer.

Figure: IP-Converged Multi-Service Network

NG-SDH in Nepal TelecomPlanning for NG-SDH network in Nepal Telecom

has already begun and will be rolled out soon. In the

first phase, a regional backbone has been planned and is

under the evaluation phase of the tender process.

Figure: Regional NG-SDH Network

*#


The regional backbone connects all the regions, and

the capacity is STM-64 (10G), 2.5G of which would

be used for data traffic over Ethernet. In the network,

Patan-Hetauda link uses Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplexing (DWDM). The network would provide a

backbone for the existing services, such as PSTN, GSM

Mobile services and CDMA services, as well as for

planned new data services such as ADSL. Fiber is yet

to be laid in some parts of the regional backbone

network. Fiber is being laid for Lamahi-Kohalpur

routes by Optical Network Planning. Another

alternative is also being studied, that of using OPGW

cable over High Voltage Transmission Line Towers of

Nepal Electricity Authority for the route Lamahi-

Mahendra Nagar. This would provide fiber till

Mahendra Nagar for the regional network. In addition,

the zonal regions and a ring with four places in Pokhara

valley shall be connected to the regional backbones in

the second phase. After that, in the third phase, spur

network shall be implemented, covering all the regions.

The network that would look like after the second phase

is complete is given above.

A similar network for Kathmandu valley has also

been planned. In the valley, there will be 7 main nodes

and other smaller nodes of smaller capacity. This

network shall provide the infrastructure for various

existing services and other new services, including the

packet-oriented services. The network covers all of the

places of existing exchanges in Kathmandu. The

features of the regional backbone network are

summarized below.

Salient Features of the Regional NG-SDH Network:

• Inter-exchange connectivity and various

broadband services possible

• Multi-Service Access Platform

• Dynamic allocation of bandwidth to TDM

and packet services (over Ethernet)

• 7.5G for TDM and 2.5G for packet services

Kathmandu Valley NG-SDH Network

• Protection via path diversity: traffic from one node

to another is divided and follow different routes

• All SDH equipments are DWDM-ready for future

expansion

• Provision of Quality of Service (QoS), Service

Level Agreement (SLA), Traffic Engineering (TE)

• The network also includes core routers at each

node (10 nodes in total)

• Supports PDH Interfaces, E1, STM-1, STM-4,

STM-16, STM-64, Fast Ethernet (FE), Gigabit

Ethernet (GE), Storage Area Networks (SAN)

interfaces

• Unlike previously, traffic from outside the valley

will be divided and arrive at two nodes, Sundhara

in addition to Patan

• In the regional network, Patan-Hetauda link is of

more than 10G capacity and uses DWDM between

them.

Very soon, the much-awaited IP Backbone for the

country shall be in place. With the backbone in place,

provision of current services and those in the pipeline

such as ADSL, PDSN Service for CDMA would be

optimized and Nepal Telecom can further think about

triple-play services, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs),

IPTV, VoD services etc. With various operators in the

ICT area, hasn’t time come for Nepal Telecom to start

thinking about providing network-carrier services, not

only be content with providing customer services? The

proposed backbone would certainly be a stepping stone

towards this.

*$ Champions are made from a desire, a dream. They must have the skill and the will. But the will must be stronger then the skill.- Muhammad Ali


Nepal Telecom would certainly live up to the opportunities

and hence its vision" To remain a dominant player in

telecommunication sector in the country while also

extending reliable and cost effective services to all".

Nepal Telecom has been established with a mission

that is "As a progressive, customer spirited and consumer

responsive entity is committed to provide nation wide

reliable telecommunication services to serve as an

impetus to the social, political and economic development

of the country." As mentioned in the mission statement

for providing reliable telecom services, Nepal Telecom

obviously needs sources of funds which in its case are

generated mainly through charging for the services

rendered. The tariff and charges for telecom services are

approved by the regulatory authority, Nepal

Telecommunication Authority. Due to the continuous

growth of telecommunication sector in Nepal, traffic and

customer's support, Nepal Telecom has been able to

generate revenues which are increasing year by year.

Nepal Telecom's operating Revenue of last few years

have been presented below.

Financial Year Revenue Amount(Rs. in '000)

2058/59(Audited) 6,159,520

2059/60( Audited) 7,208,087

2060/61(Audited) 8,312,244

2061/62(Audited) 8,584,144

2062/63(Un audited) 10,357,834

Here we can see how the revenue of Nepal Telecom

has risen. Growth rate of financial year 2059/60 with

respect to financial year 2058/59 is 17%. Similarly

growth rate of financial year 2060/61 with respect to

financial year 2059/60 is 15%. From the data presented

above and as per growth rate prior to financial year 2058/

59 it is estimated that annual growth generally in Nepal

Telecom's case is around 10 to 15 %.

But the contrast has been observed in financial year

2061/62 where growth rate of revenue for the year with

respect to financial year 2060/61 was mere 3%. And

the main cause was not due to performance of Nepal

Telecom but as a result of closure of GSM Prepaid lines

for almost more than six months. From the table

presented above it is evident that revenue for financial

year 2062/63 is crossing Rs. 10 Billion Nepalese rupees

which means growth rate of financial year 2062/63 with

respect to financial year 2061/62 is almost 20%(Un

audited) which is far more convincing.

(Note: Others section includes revenue amount of OYT,

Installation etc., miscellaneous revenue of Mobile and

CDMA, revenue from Leased Circuits, Telex, Telegraph,

pay phone, Prepaid calling card etc. are also included.)

Surya Pokhrel Deputy Manager (C.A.)

Revenue Department.

Source wise cross section of NT's Operating Revenue (In Rs. '000)

Source 2058/59 2059/60 2060/61 2061/62 2062/63(Un audited)Local 1,533,157 1,876,737 2,111,264 2,320,197 2,646,755

STD 1,535,095 1,509,274 1,604,058 1,658,630 1,684,897

ISD 1,307,993 1,096,440 1,174,204 1,235,289 1,563,197

Inter administration 1,014,915 1,746,175 1,538,922 1,663,860 1,898,368

Mobile 428,607 611,262 1,523,632 1,234,035 1,913,911

CDMA - - - - 50,069

Others(Note) 339,753 368,199 360,164 472,133 600,637

Total 6,159,520 7,208,087 8,312,244 8,584,144 10,357,834

Revenue of Nepal Telecom (At a glance)

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*%


From source wise revenue table, it is clear that

revenue from local calls is growing year by year. There

are legitimate reasons for the growth like growth in

number of telephone lines, addition of value added

services having positive impact on local calls revenue.

In recent times, substantial increase in successful calls

from PSTN to Mobile and these calls being slightly

costlier than the PSTN to PSTN calls have also

fuelled up the local revenue. Revenue from STD

cal ls i s showing the l inear growth but the

heartening fact is in spite of continuous reduction

in STD prices, STD Revenue is showing growth.

This will definitely be a positive sign to narrow

the gap between the local and STD call charging.

In case of ISD Calls, we can see that due to heavy

reduction in ISD calls tariff on Ashadh 2059,

revenue from ISD calls in financial year 2059/60

has dropped. But introduction of budget call and

other customer oriented schemes, it is gaining

momentum in recent years.

The source area which always contributed

significantly is Inter administration revenue. Growth

of traffic terminated in Nepal through NT gateway

has contributed well to the treasury of Nepal Telecom.

Mobile services is one of the main revenue source of

Nepal Telecom and thanks to the faith and support

provided by customers towards GSM Prepaid service,

Nepal Telecom will climb to new heights in days to

come. Since CDMA service has been launched in

financial year 2062/63 only, it has already started

showing bright signals. We hope that in coming years,

CDMA FWT Prepaid, Postpaid and CDMA Limited

Mobility services would contribute well to the

company's revenue.

Now let's turn the focus on current financial year

2063/64 for which revenue has been forecasted as

follows:

Sources Amount(Rs.in '000)

Local 2,608,286

STD 1,876,378

ISD 1,503,973

Inter Administration 1,477,400

Mobile 2,229,322

CDMA 772,949

Others 404,827

Total 10,873,135

These revenues are forecasted taking into

consideration the existing distributed telephone lines,

Average Revenue per user, Line distribution forecast

for next year. On this account most importantly for

GSM Prepaid 300,000 Lines, FWT CDMA 88,115

Lines and CDMA Limited Mobility 60,000 Lines

have been set as the distribution target for next year.

If these targets are met along with other PSTN

distribution targets we can hope that the budgeted

revenue could be achieved or may be even better.

Finally in days to come, there would be enough

threats and challenges before Nepal Telecom which

consequently could have an effect upon Nepal

Telecom's Revenue. Private Operators will try to

increase their subscriber base in Fixed, CDMA

Limited Mobility and GSM segments. International

calls termination to Nepal Telecom's network through

UTL gateway and may be other operators venturing

into this segment would try to pose threats to Nepal

Telecom's Inter administration revenue. Carrier

Access Code (CAC) for international calls is another

area which needs to be addressed well from Nepal

Telecom's point of view. But with the strengths of

infrastructure and other resources coupled with the

faith and support provided by its customers, Nepal

Telecom would certainly live up to the opportunities

and hence its vision" To remain a dominant player in

telecommunication sector in the country while also

extending reliable and cost effective services to all".

*^ Peace can be fortified, not by weapons, but by cotton, milk, timber and rice. These needs challenge this world in arms.- Ddddwight D. Eisenhower


ConConConConConvvvvvererererergggggent Bill-Incrent Bill-Incrent Bill-Incrent Bill-Incrent Bill-Increaseeaseeaseeaseease

Customer RCustomer RCustomer RCustomer RCustomer Relaelaelaelaelationshiptionshiptionshiptionshiptionship

How happy the customer would be if a single billincluded bills of Telephone, Electricity, Water

supply, Internet and other services at its door step.Such bills are widely known as “Convergent Bill”.

Lochan Lal Amatya

Deputy Manager

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Being a customer of different services, how many

bills do you receive in a month? All of you who are reading

this article must receive at least Wire line Telephone(PSTN)

bill, Mobile Telephone bill, Electricity bill, Water Supply

bill, Cable TV bill, Internet bill, Garbage collection bill,

Membership dues, Credit card bill and many more. We

receive these bills from different utility organizations and

need to visit their payment counters to make payments.

Whenever we receive these bills we treat them as reminder

note for dues clearance or as just an invoice. Rarely do we

use it: in case of telephone bill, we sometimes use it to find

out list of phone calls we have made.

Can you imagine how much effort is used in

preparing these bills, dispatching to us and paying them?

Each of the utility organisation has its own legacy billing

systems. They have their own procedures and means

for bills delivery; Home delivery, Delivery through

electronic media (Email), Online posting on net, Self

collection etc. Payment collection of those bills are also

of different nature: Manual collection in designated

counters, Collection at home, Collection on any counters

located within the city, Online payment through Internet,

Direct Debit from Bank account, Payment through ATM

machines and Point of sale terminals, Payment from

Mobile handset etc.

We can calculate the efforts and time spent by each

customer to pay his/her bills. Even a single bill for a

number of telephones, have made many customers happy

in managing single telephone bills. In Nepal Telecom,

we have named as Special Subscriber bill for PSTN and

Corporate bill for GSM subscribers. Any customer who

wants to pay bills of more than one telephone line can

avail such service. Nepal Telecom prepares a single bill

and dispatches it to the customer every month. Most of

corporate houses are enjoying this service. But it is still

not enough. These services are limited within one type

of service only. They have to raise separate payment

vouchers and process of payment for PSTN Telephone,

GSM Mobile, Internet, CDMA telephone service etc.

The customer would be happy to receive a single

bill at least for all services received from Nepal Telecom

and be able to make payment in one counter in one go.

How happy the customer would be if a single bill

included bills of Telephone, Electricity, Water supply,

Internet and other services at its door step. Such bills

are widely known as “Convergent Bill”. The term

originally meant the ability to bill more than one service

on a single invoice.

*&


Ability to produce Convergent bills gives us additional

business tool to use such bills as an effective cross-selling

tool. While Nepal Telecom sends a PSTN bills to its

customers, it can also offer tie-ins and promotions for

other products like Internet service, Data Service, CDMA

etc. Besides this, Convergent billing provides tools to

quickly put together sales and discount packages based

on customer calling patterns. We can take advantage of

the ability to produce one bill and package many

products and services together as well as offer cross-

product discounts.

These days, lots of utilities companies have found

that convergence billing has created possibilities to have

convergence around customer care and servicing sector

as well. It's obvious that for most of the service

companies like Nepal Telecom, customer satisfaction is

one which differentiates it from other similar service

providers. Pricing alone will not be the winning factor

in the market. The company next to ours is capable of

selling the product at a lower price than us. Technology

is also not a factor; within six months competitors will

have the same things.

The only differentiation beyond price and

Technology is that of customer service and

customizability. A flexible enough billing system enables

us to go into each individual customer and offer a special

package that is unique to that customer.

Nepal Telecom is in the process of upgrading its

legacy billing systems to a flexible enough convergence

billing system. The convergent bill of Nepal telecom

will act as a primary communications vehicle to

strengthen customer relationships and build brand

loyalty. How it can happen? For example, Nepal

Telecom, while providing single bill for several services

to one customer, can start to apply discounts across the

range of services. Each convergent bill sent to customer

may include personalized messages, discount scheme

offering and important social news. The customer will

treat the convergent bill as an information slip which is

anticipated to have regularly. This makes the customer

happy and extends the relationship. With such offerings

the consumers would prove loyal to such a lovely,

convenient offering. Nepal Telecom, by sending such

convergent bills, gets to build both customer

relationships and brand-name recognition. There is no

other manifestation of a service provider other than a

bill. We from Nepal Telecom believe that if we keep the

billing, we get to communicate with customer every

month. And we all would like to be the company that

has good relationship with the customer.

No matter how many services our customer wants

to buy —STD/ISD(long distance), Internet access,

ADSL Services, GSM, CDMA and local service -- the

convergence billing system will merge them onto one

bill. Such systems will also be flexible enough to accept

new products and services without any enormous hassle.

After all we can offer all the new services we want, but

if we can't bill for them, what's the point?

Convergent billing sounds simple, but there are lots

of issues to be carefully addressed during

conceptualization and execution. We need to modify the

existing operational process to enable them for

convergence. It is not simple and painless, needs more

planning and establishment of a new Enterprise

Architecture. Seamless transform of legacy systems

into common architecture should be done. We need to

evaluate our existing independent billing system

technologies/platforms and find out proper solutions

to create a convergent bill. There might also be

regulatory issues which may affect cross subsidy plan

on convergent bills.

Nepal Telecom, committed to provide better services

to its customers and having good track record of proper

planning in managing such projects, will bring

convergent bills to customers, which is one more step

to provide better service to customer.

** Justice is not taken by storm. She is to be wooed by slow advances.

- Curdozo Benjamin


Just by dialing a number, we can instantly talk to

people in countries around the world, enjoying the same

clarity and quality as a call to friend next door. These

global telecommunications are carried by submarine

cables that crisscross our oceans and through telecom-

munications satellites orbiting high above the earth.

By providing coverage of almost the entire earth's

surface via satellites launched in equatorial orbits at

an altitude of 36,000 km above the Pacific, Indian

and Atlantic Oceans telecommunications boasts the

advantage of enabling communications from virtually

anywhere on the planet. On the other hand because

submarine cable telecommunications guarantees a

reliable route for communications, this sea link not

only is free from influence of weather and other

elements that may interfere with a wireless medium,

but also has exceedingly low transmission delays

compared with satellite communication. Similarly the

high capacity, high quality and cost effectiveness are

the basic feature of the optical fiber communication

compared to satellite communication for secure the

position in the competitive market.

KDDI, Japan is one of the international transit hubs

Necessity of OpticalNecessity of OpticalNecessity of OpticalNecessity of OpticalNecessity of Optical

CommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunicationCommunication

Though microwave and satellite links are vital for

telecommunication sectors in Nepal in the present scenario,

but inevitably, the future of telecommunication is based on

the optical communication in terms of quality, reliability,

cost and feasibilities of new technologies.

Laxman Maharjan

Optical Network Project

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

for global telecommunication and it has two earth sta-

tions at Yamaguchi and Ibaraki in Japan. Presently, it

has been scheduled that KDDI is going to retire the

Ibaraki earth station from January 2007. This is a recent

example or a clear indicator for the satellite communi-

cation is being replaced by submarine optical commu-

nication. This scenario can be taken as a lesson to Nepal

Telecom. As per the international traffic less than 5%

traffic is carried by the Satellite links whereas in Nepal

Telecom except the terrestrial links to India, the entire

international traffic is via Satellite. As a result, the in-

ternational calls for Nepal are more expensive than

other countries.

Now, Nepal telecom needs to prepare a strategic

future plan for international telecommunication links

through optical links. The change will lead that

Balambu Earth Station will operate only an alternative

route for International telecommunication for the

maintenance purpose. The main backbone information

highway for international telecommunication shall be

the optical fiber backbone links leasing the bandwidths

either via India or China. In the recent years the

development of optical-fiber cable systems has not only

*(


realized a dramatic increase in the circuit capacity, but

also made remarkable improvements in the quality of

telecommunications at extremely high transmission

rates. Further, the ultrahigh-speed, ultrahigh-capacity

infrastructure based on this technology is playing an

active role in realizing the Ubiquitous Society of the

21st century.

Our neighboring countries India and China, both

are the rising stars for the international telecommu-

nications through optical cables. They have the sub-

marine optical cable links around the globe. It has

become right time to Nepal Telecom to achieve these

infrastructural backbone links in order to provide the

reliable, high quality and cheaper telecommunication

services throughout the country.

India has cable-landing stations like Mumbai and

Cochin for the optical submarine cables like SEA-ME-

WE 2, SEA-ME-WE 3, FLAG, INDIA-UAE,

BHARAT-LANKA etc. Similarly, China has cable-

landing stations like Chongming, Shatou, Nanhui,

Lantau for several submarine cables like C-J FOSC,

FLAG, SEA-ME-WE 2, SEA-ME-WE 3, C-US CN,

C2C, APCN2, TPC-5CN etc. The bandwidth circuit

capacity and the route distances for FLAG, SEA-ME-

WE 3, C-US CN, C2C, APCN2 and TPC-5CN are 10

Gbps, 40 Gbps, 80 Gbps, 160 Gbps, 160 Gbps and 10

Gbps and 28,000 km, 39,000 km, 30,000 km, 17,000

km, 19,000 km and 24,500 km respectively.

In order to establish optical links via India, we have

several optional stations like Biratnagar, Birgunj and

Bhairahawa. Presently, Nepal Telecom has an opera-

tional Optical Network from Bhadrapur at the East and

Kohalpur at the West along the East West Highway

and OPGW links from Hetauda to Kathmandu. Now,

we need to negotiate with Indian companies like

Reliance, VSNL and Bharati with the competitive

prices for the optical

bandwidth towards

international connectivity.

Similarly, in order to

establish optical links via

China, the Kathmandu-

Khasa Optical Fiber SDH

Project is under the process

to implement. The project

includes the laying of

Optical Fiber Cables

around 115 km and

installation of SDH

equipment along the

Araniko Highway. The

final preliminary design

review of the project has“The International Submarine Cable Network”

()


been completed on 6th Nov 2006 and the fieldwork of

laying cable and installation of the equipment will start

from March 2007. After completion of this project,

Nepal Telecom will get one more option for interna-

tional link via optical fiber, which will be the landmark

for telecommunication development in Nepal for com-

petitive international market. On the other hand, Nepal

will become a transit point for terrestrial optical links

between the giant countries India and China.

The East West Optical Fiber SDH Project has

strengthened NT’s backbone transmission network

along the East West Highway; however, a large

number of areas like Lamahi-Kohalpur-Dhanaghadi-

Mahendranagar and the district head quarters in the

Hilly stations are yet to be linked. The Optical Fiber

SDH project in section Lamahi – Tulsipur, Lamahi

– Kohalpur and Tatopani – Kathmandu are under

execution and significant number of such projects

are required that will establish a fiber optics grid

nationwide. Presently, the bandwidth of STM-16 and

STM-4, which has capacity of 30240, & 7560

Telephone Channels along the East West Highway

and towards Kathmandu are operational in Nepal

Telecom. But demand in the telecommunication ser-

vices in the market is heavily increased and it has

proved that the available bandwidth will not be able

to serve the current and future demand. Therefore,

it is time to plan the optical backbone network and

spur links for the whole population of country ie 26

Million. Further, the future plans are to be scheduled

in such a way that all the 75 district head quarters

are to be connected with optical fiber network. To

meet the market demand especially on the wireless

telephony like GSM, CDMA and data

communication ie IP Telephony, IP Video, High-

speed Internet Access, the basic infrastructure of the

optical backbone networks and access networks are

to be expanded.

The key technologies for triple play services can

be achieved only we have the sufficient bandwidth

for international connection will be available. The

high quality VoIP equivalent to the wired phone, the

DVD-quality video and the multi-channel broadcast-

ing video with minimum bandwidth consumption are

the key characteristics for the modern communications

and which can be achieved only by increasing the

network of fiber to the home (FTTH). The broadband

services like IP telephony, IP video and high-speed data

Internet access are most essential facilities for current

market. Triple Play services namely, phone (Telephony),

Net Service (Internet) and Movie Splash (TV program

and video delivery can be served only when sufficient

bandwidth available to the customers.

Though microwave and satellite links are vital

for telecommunication sectors in Nepal in the

present scenario, but inevitably, the future of

telecommunication is based on the optical

communication in terms of quality, reliability, cost

and feasibilities of new technologies. Therefore,

large number of projects that is based on optical fiber

shall be launched either in the backbone network

and the access network. Hence, it is a necessity that

an Optical Network Center for the entire optical

network of Nepal Telecom shall be established in

order to design & planning for future programs,

project implementation and smooth maintenance of

the existing network to serve better qualitative

services to the customers. In future, the Optical

Network Center will become the foundation of all the

transmission networks for the entire

telecommunication services provided to the

customers.

(!Peace cannot be kept by force. It can only be achieved by understanding.- Albert Einstein


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(#I'm better off not socializing. I make a better impression if I'm not around-Christopher Walken (U.S. Actor)

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