ntl fruhmann austria - heraco innomekanik/inno-mekanik.pdf · m 164 measuring air pressure Œ model...
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ple
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Experiment Manual
ME
CH
AN
ICS
EXPERIMENT TITLESCharacteristics of Bodies (Measuring Physical Phenomena)
M 01 Measuring length� scaleM 02 Measuring length � sliding caliperM 03 Measuring length � micrometer gaugeM 04 Measuring the volume of liquidsM 05 Measuring the volume of solid bodies by
liquid displacementM 06 Measuring the volume of gasesM 07 Diving bellM 08 Beam balanceM 09 Digital scales with single dishM 10 Measuring the density of solid bodies with
the same massM 11 Measuring the density of solid bodies with
the same volumeM 12 Measuring the density of liquidsM 13 Measuring the density of immiscible
liquidsM 14 Density and temperatureM 15 Density and compositionM 16 Air density
Statics of Solid Bodies � Forces and Their Effects
M 17 Force changes shapeM 18 Mass and weightM 19 Mass, weight and gravityM 20 Weight and mass are proportionalM 21 Stretching an elastic bandM 22 Bending a flat springM 23 Hooke's lawM 24 Force and opposing force (action equals
reaction)M 25 Composition of equidirectional forces M 26 Balance of forcesM 27 Composition of non-parallel forcesM 28 Force parallel to an incline M 29 Resolution of force on an inclineM 30 Force components on an incline
Statics of Solid Bodies � Torque
M 31 Torsional effect of torque on rodsM 32 Characteristics of a torsion rodM 33 Magnitude of directional angles in
torsion rodsM 34 Balance of torqueM 35 Angle lever
M 36 Experimental model of an angle lever M 37 Two-armed lever M 38 Position and force direction not relevant for
a two-armed leverM 39 One-armed leverM 40 Center of gravityM 41 Center of gravity �
swinging hammer
M 42 Types of balanceM 43 Creep strength M 44 Apparatus for creep strength M 45 StabilityM 46 Roly poly
Solid Bodies in Motion
M 47 MotionM 48 Uniform linear motion �
eddy current deviceM 49 Uniform linear motion:
same time � same distanceM 50 Velocity of a uniform linear movementM 51 Law of time and distance applied to uniform
linear motionM 52 Non-uniform linear movement of a ballM 53 Non-uniform motion � up- and downhillM 54 Non-uniform linear motion �
mean velocityM 55 Law of time and distance applied to the
accelerated uniform motion of a ballM 56 Law of time and distance applied to the
accelerated uniform motion of a wagonM 57 Law of time and acceleration applied to the
accelerated uniform motion of a ballM 58 Law of time and acceleration applied to the
accelerated uniform motion of a wagonM 59 Newton's second law of motion
Friction
M 60 Static frictionM 61 Sliding frictionM 62 Rolling frictionM 63 Determining the friction coefficientM 64 Friction and types of surfaces Laws of Motion Applied to Air CushionsAccelerated motion under constant forceMotion under inertia � uniform slippageUniform acceleration and slippage
(relationship of time and distance)Uniform acceleration and slippage
(relationship of time and acceleration)Collision exchanges
Inertia
M 65 Inertia and massM 66 A body's inertia is independent of its massM 67 Mass moment of inertiaM 68 Inertia of a massM 69 Interaction and massM 70 Interaction of opposing equal forces
Motion Change Due to Force
M 71 ImpulseM 72 MomentumM 73 Law of interactionM 74 Conserving momentum
M 75 Conserving momentum with equal massesM 76 Conserving momentum with unequal massesM 77 Repulsion � water outletM 78 Repulsion � air outletM 79 Segner waterwheelM 80 Propeller driveM 81 Repulsion � rocket engineM 82 Model of a rocketM 83 Elastic collision with an obstacleM 84 Non-elastic collisionM 85 Free fall � gravity tubeM 86 Free fall � measuring gravitational
accelerationM 87 Horizontal and diagonal trajectories �
stream of waterM 88 Horizontal and diagonal trajectories �
shot-putM 89 Principle of independence
Circular motion
M 90 Variations on building a centrifuge (hand- andmotor-driven)
M 91 Centrifugal force � carouselM 92 Centrifugal force � centrifugal containerM 93 Centrifugal force � floating ballM 94 Centrifugal force � centrifugeM 95 Centrifugal force � the earth's oblatenessM 96 Centrifugal regulatorM 97 Rotating liquidsM 98 Centrifugal force � a paradoxM 99 Rotating pendulumM 100 Foucault's pendulum � overhead projectionM 101 Centrifugal forceM 102 Centripetal force M 103 Centripetal force is dependent on mass,
radius and angular velocityM 104 Moment of inertia and distribution of massM 105 Conserving angular momentumM 106 Bicycle as a gyroscopeM 107 Precession movement in a gyroscopeM 108 GyroscopeM 109 GyrocompassM 110 Bodies rotating symmetrically
Work � Energy Conversion
M 111 Lifting workM 112 Acceleration workM 113 Potential energyM 114 Potential energy � formingM 115 Potential and tensional energy M 116 Rotational energyM 117 Conserving energyM 118 Conserving energy in a pendulumM 119 Kinetic energyM 120 Potential energy � kinetic energyM 121 Tensional energy � kinetic energyM 122 Artesian wells
M 123 Maxwell's wheelM 124 Friction and heat energy
Simple Machines
M 125 Fixed pulleyM 126 Moving pulley M 127 Simple block and tackleM 128 Block and tackle with four pulleysM 129 Parallel block and tackle with four pulleysM 130 Wheel and axleM 131 Belt driveM 132 Sprocket driveM 133 Worm drive
Machines for Converting Energy
M 134 WaterwheelM 135 Pelton turbineM 136 Kaplan turbine
Power
M 137 Lifting work and power� windmillM 138 Lifting work and power � motor
Introducing "Pressure" as a Term in Physics
M 139 Demonstrating pressure � the barM 140 Deformation depends on area
Pressure and Liquids
M 141 Pressure on different surfacesM 142 Hydraulic pressM 143 Measuring hydrostatic pressure using
immersion sensors of different shapesM 144 Measuring hydrostatic pressure using
Hartl's apparatus M 145 Upward pressureM 146 A hydrostatic paradox �
ground pressure deviceM 147 Distribution of pressure in liquidsM 148 Velocity of outflow M 149 Lateral pressure and velocity of outflow M 150 Communicating vesselsM 151 Watering canM 152 Level measurement � hose leveling
instrumentM 153 Comparing the density of immiscible liquids
using a u-shaped tube
Pressure and gases
M 154 Pressure is dependent on areaM 155 Pressure change by density changeM 156 Measuring pressure change by density
changeM 157 Pressure change by temperature changeM 158 Pressure increase � temperature increaseM 159 Liquid manometerM 160 Piston manometerM 161 Boyle's lawM 162 Demonstrating air pressureM 163 Over- and underpressure
M 164 Measuring air pressure �model barometer
M 165 Measuring the vacuum in a water-jet pumpM 166 Effects of air pressureM 167 Determining outside air pressureM 168 Measuring air pressure in a balloonM 169 SiphonM 170 Vacuum pumpM 171 Pressure pump
Buoyancy in Liquids and GasesM 172 Buoyancy in a liquidM 173 Measuring buoyancyM 174 Buoyancy � determining forcesM 175 Buoyancy of bodies with different densitiesM 176 Floating � hovering � sinkingM 177 AreometerM 178 Model of a submarineM 179 Floating Styrofoam ballM 180 Archimedes's principleM 181 Buoyancy in air
Molecular Forces � Surface TensionM 182 Elastic � plastic � brittleM 183 Cohesion and adhesionM 184 Capillary attractionM 185 Capillary action � surface tensionM 186 Measuring surface tension of liquidsM 187 Plane soap filmM 188 Osmotic pressure
Flowing Liquids and GasesM 189 VaporizerM 190 Measuring the vacuum in a vaporizerM 191 Pressure distribution in flowing liquids �
tubes of a constant diameterM 192 Pressure distribution in flowing liquids �
tubes of varying diametersM 193 Model of an anemometerM 194 Measuring flow velocityM 195 Dynamic pressure of an air currentM 196 Flow pressure � Venturi tubeM 197 An aerodynamic paradoxM 198 Buoyancy in air currentsM 199 Buoyancy of air foils with a flat and steep angle of incidenceM 200 Drag in air foilsM 201 Distribution of pressure on an air foilM 202 Air resistance and the shapes of bodies
M 203 Air resistance and the diameters of bodiesM 204 Air resistance and bodies' surface types
Vibrations and WavesM 205 String pendulumM 206 Spring pendulumM 207 Determining the elasticity constantM 208 Reversion pendulumM 209 Steiner's lawM 210 Torsion pendulum:
determining the moment of inertia M 211 Coupled pendulumM 212 Resonance of a spring pendulumM 213 Harmonic torsional vibrationM 214 Moment of inertia and duration of torsional
vibrationM 215 Moment of inertia of a hollow and solid bodyM 216 Standing transverse wavesM 217 Standing longitudinal wavesM218 Diffusion of longitudinal waves:
magnetic wave deviceM 219 Standing concentric wavesM 220 Vibrating reed frequency meterM 221 Standing waves with a fixed endM 222 Wave reflection from a fixed endM 223 Wave reflection from a loose endM 224 Wave interferenceM 225 Undamped wavesM 226 Damped wavesM 227 Wave reflection from a fixed end:
destructive interferenceM 228 Wave reflection from a loose end:
constructive interferenceM 229 Changing wave length
Experiments with the Water Wave GeneratorM 230 Concentric wavesM 231 Smooth waves M 232 Reflection from a smooth obstacleM 233 Refraction in a prismM 234 Reflection in a concave mirrorM 235 Effect of a lensM 236 Doppler effectM 237 Interference of two concentric wavesM 238 Diffraction at a troughM 239 Diffraction at a double troughM 240 Chaotic pendulum
MEASURING DEVICES � POWER SUPPLIES
MECHANICSDM722-1N Box - Newtonmeter 0 � 20 N, 0 � 2 kgDM723-1N Box - Millinewtonmeter 0 � 20 mN, 0 � 2 gDE722-1D Box - Manometer absoluteDE722-2D Box - Manometer differentialDE722-1W Box - StopwatchDE722-2W Remote switch for box - stopwatchP3120-1D Box - Time measurement deviceP3120-2F Box - Battery for P 3120-3L/3RDM341-1T Box - Time measurement device for falling-sphere deviceDT816-2A Box - Anemometer
ACOUSTICSDE722-1F Box - Frequency counterDW340-2M Box - Measurement microphoneDW275-1M Box - Sound level measuring deviceP3180-LF Box - AF transformer
ELECTROSTATICSP3127-1V Box - High-voltage device 0 � 18 kVDE722-1H Box - Electrostatic voltmeter 0 � 18 kV
ATOMIC PHYSICSDE722-1G Box - Geiger-Mueller counter
OPTICSDL722-2L Box - Light meterDL100-3L Box - Laser 635 nm
CHEMISTRYP3120-1P Box - pH meterDE722-1L Box � Conductimeter
ELECTRICITYPower Supplies and Measuring Instruments
cf. catalogue of experiments and instruments PHYSICS 0106, pp. 103 ff
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Measuring length scale
Measuring length sliding caliper
Measuring length micrometer gauge
01
02
03
1
MECHANICSM
2
Measuring the volume of liquids
Measuring the volume of solid bodies byliquid displacement
Measuring the volume of gases
04
05
06
simple fast safe
MECHANIK M
Diving bell
Beam balanceDigital scales with single dish
Measuring the density of solid bodies with the same mass
07
0809
10
3
simple fast safe
MECHANICSM
4
Measuring the density ofsolid bodies withthe same volume
Measuring the density of liquids
Measuring the densityof immiscible liquids
Density and temperature
11
12
13
14
simple fast safe
MECHANICS M
Density and composition
Air density
Force changes shape
Mass, weightand gravity
15
16
17
19
5
18Mass andweight
simple fast safe
MECHANICSM
6
Weight and mass areproportional
Stretching anelastic band
20
21
Bending a flat spring22
simple fast safe
MECHANICS M
Hooke's law
Force and opposing force(action equals reaction)
Composition of equidirectional forces
23
24
25
7
simple fast safe
MECHANICSM
8
Balance of forces
Composition of non-parallel forces
Force parallel to an incline
26
27
28
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MECHANICS M
Resolution of force on an incline
Force componentson an incline
Torsional effectof torque on rods
Characteristicsof a torsion rod
Magnitude of directionalangles in torsion rods
Balance of torqueAngle lever
2930
31
32
33
3435
9
simple fast safe
MECHANICSM
10
Experimental model of an angle lever
Two-armed lever
36
37
simple fast safe
MECHANICS M
Position and force directionnot relevant for a two-armed lever
One-armed lever
Center of gravityCenter of gravityswinging hammer
38
39
40 41
11
simple fast safe
MECHANICSM
12
Types of balance
Apparatus for creepstrength
42
44
Stability
45
43Creep strength
simple fast safe
MECHANICS M
Roly poly
Motion
Uniform linear motioneddy current device
Uniform linear motion: same time same distance
46
47
48
49
13
simple fast safe
MECHANICSM
14
Velocity of a uniform linear movement
Law of time and distanceapplied to uniform
linear motion
Non-uniform linearmovement of a ball
Non-uniform motion up- and downhill
Non-uniform linear motionmean velocity
50
51
52
53
54
simple fast safe
MECHANICS M
Law of time and distance applied to theaccelerated uniform motion of a wagon
Law of time andacceleration appliedto the accelerateduniform motionof a ball
Law of time and accelerationapplied to the accelerated uniformmotion of a wagon
Newton's second law of motion
Law of time anddistance applied tothe accelerateduniform motion of aball
56
57
58
59
55
15
simple fast safe
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
16
Air
-Tra
ck
,com
ple
teD
M280-1
F
Laws of Motionwith the Air-Track
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
17
Uniform acceleration and slippage (relationship of time and acceleration)
Motion under inertia - uniform slippage
Collision exchanges
Uniform acceleration and slippage (relationship of time and distance)
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
18
Static friction
Dependence of the surface
Dependence of mass and surface
60
MECHANICS M
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Sliding friction61
19
Dependence of the surface
Dependence of mass and surface
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
20
Rolling friction
Determiningthe friction coefficient
Friction and types of surfaces
Inertia and mass
62
63
64
65
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
A body's inertia is independent of its mass
Mass moment of inertia
Inertia of a mass
Interactionand mass
66
67
68
69
21
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
22
Interactionof opposingequal forces
Impulse
Momentum
Law of interaction
70
71
72
73
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Conservingmomentum
Conserving momentumwith equal masses
Conservingmomentumwith unequalmasses
Repulsion -water outlet
Repulsion -air outlet
74
75
76
77
78
23
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
24
Segner waterwheel
Propeller drive
79
80
Model of a rocket
82
81Repulsion - rocket engine
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Elastic collisionwith an obstacle
Non-elastic collision
Free fall - gravity tube
Free fall - measuringgravitational acceleration
83
84
85
86
25
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
26
Horizontal anddiagonal trajectories -shot-put
Principle of independence
87
89
Horizontal anddiagonal trajectories -
stream of water
88
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Variations on buildinga centrifuge (hand- andmotor-driven)
90
27
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
28
Variations on building acentrifuge (hand- andmotor-driven)
90
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Centrifugal force - carousel
Centrifugal force -centrifugal container
Centrifugal force -floating ball
91
92
93
29
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
30
Centrifugal force - centrifuge
Centrifugal force -the earth´s oblateness
Centrifugal regulator
94
95
96
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Rotating pendulum
Foucault´s pendulum -overhead projection
99
100
31
Rotating liquids97
Centrifugal force -a paradox
98
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
32
Centrifugal force
Centripetal force
Moment of inertia and distribution of mass
101
102
104
Centripetal force is dependent onmass, radius and angular velocity
103
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Conservingangularmomentum
Bicycle as agyroscope
105
106
33
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
34
Precession movementin a gyroscope
Gyroscope
Gyrocompass
107
108
109
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Bodies rotating symmetrically
Lifting work
Acceleration work
Potential energy Potential energy - forming
110
111
112
113114
35
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
36
Potential andtensional energy
Rotational energy
Conserving energy
Conserving energy in a pendulum
Kinetic energy
115
116
117
118
119
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Potential energy -kinetic energy
120
37
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
38
Tensional energy -kinetic energy
Artesian wells
Maxwell´s wheel
Friction andheat energy
121
122
123
124
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Fixed pulley
Moving pulley
Simple block and tackle
125
126
127
39
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
40
Block and tacklewith four pulleys
Parallel block and tackle with four pulleys
Wheel and axle
128
129
130
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Belt drive
131
41
132 Sprocket drive
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
42
Worm drive
Waterwheel
Pelton turbine
Kaplan turbine
Lifting work and power - windmill
133
134
135
136
137
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Lufting work and power - motor
Demonstratingpressure - the bar
Deformation depends on area Pressure on different surfaces
138 139
140141
43
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
44
Hydraulic press
Measuring hydrostatic pressure using immersion sensors of different shapes
142
143
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Measuring hydrostatic pressure usingHartl's apparatus
Upward pressure
A hydrostatic paradox - ground pressure device
144
145
146
45
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
46
Distribution ofpressure in liquids
Velocity of outflow
Communicatingvessels
Watering can
Level measurement - hose levelinginstrument
147
148
150
151
152
Lateral pressureand velocity ofoutflow
149
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Comparing the density of
immiscible liquids
using a u-shaped tube
Pressure is dependent on area
Pressure change bydensity change
Measuring pressure change by density change
154
155
47
153
156
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
48
Pressure change bytemperature change
Pressure increase temperature increase
157
158
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
Liquid manometer
Piston manometer
Boyle´s law
Demonstrating air pressure
Over- and underpressure
49
159
160
161
162
163
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
50
Measuring air pressure -model barometer
Effects ofair pressure
164
166
Measuring the vacuumin a water-jet pump165
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
51
Effects of air pressure
166
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
52
Effects of air pressure
Determining outside air pressure
166
167
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
53
Measuring air pressure in a balloon
Siphon
Vacuum pump
Pressure pump
Buoyancy in a liquid
168
169
170
171
172
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
54
Measuring buoyancy Buoyancydetermining forces
Buoyancy of bodies with different densities
Floating-hovering-sinking
173 174
175
176
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
55
Model of a submarine
FloatingStyrofoam ball
178
179
Areometer
177
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
56
Archimedes's principle
Buoyancy in air
180
181
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
57
Elastic –Plastic–Brittle
Cohesion and adhesion
Capillary attraction
Capillary actionsurface tension
182
183
184
185
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
58
Osmotic pressure
Vaporizer
Measuring the vacuum in a vaporizer
186
188
189
190
Plane soap film
187
Measuring surfacetension of liquids
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
59
Pressure distribution in flowing liquidstubes of a constant diameter
Pressure distribution in flowing liquidstubes of varying diameters
Model of ananemometer
Measuring flow velocity
191
192
193
194
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
60
195
196
Dynamic pressure of an air current
Flow pressure - Venturi tube
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
61
An aerodynamic paradox
197
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
62
198
199
200
201
Buoyancy in air currents
Buoyancy of air foils with a flat and steep angleof incidence
Drag in air foils
Distribution of pressure on an air foil
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
63
Air resistance and the shapesof bodies
202
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
64
203
204
Air resistance and the diameters of bodies
Air resistance andbodies' surface types
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
65
String pendulum
Spring pendulum
205
206
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
66
Determining theelasticity constant
Steiner's law
Reversion pendulum
Torsion pendulum:determining the momentof inertia
207208
209
210
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
67
Coupled pendulum
Resonance of a spring pendulum
Harmonic torsional vibration
Moment of inertia andduration of torsional vibration
211
212
213
214
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
68
Standing transverse waves
Standing longitudinal waves
216
217
Moment of inertia of ahollow and solid body
215
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
69
Diffusion of longitudinal waves:magnetic wave device
Standing concentric waves
Vibrating reed frequency meter
218
219
220
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
70
Standing waveswith a fixed end
Wave reflectionfrom a fixed end
Wave reflection from a loose end
Wave interference
221
222
223
224
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
71
Damped waves
226
Wave reflection from a fixed end:destructive interference227
Undamped waves225
MECHANICSM
simple fast safe
72
Wave reflection from a loose end:constructive interference
Changing wave length
228
229
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
73
Ripple tankwith accessoriesDW400-1W
MECHANICSM
74
Concentric waves Smooth waves
Reflection from a smooth obstacle Refraction in a prism
Effect of a lensReflection in a concave mirror
230 231
232 233
235234
simple fast safe
MECHANICS M
simple fast safe
75
Doppler effectInterference of twoconcentric waves
Diffraction at a trough
lChaotic pendulumDiffraction at a double trough
236 237
238
240239
MECHANICS
76
DM723-1N Box-Millinewtonmeter
DM722-1N Box-Newtonmeter
0 – 20 mN, 0 – 20 g
0 – 20 N, 0 – 2 kg
DE722-1D Box-Manometer absolute
DE722-2D Box-Manometer differential
77
MECHANICS
DE722-1W Box-StopwatchP3120-1D Box-Time measurement device
P3120-2F Box-Batteryfor P3120-3L/3R
DT816-2A Box-Anemometer
DM341-1T Box-Time measurement devicefor falling-sphere device
DE722-2W Remote switchfor box-stopwatch
ACOUSTICS
78
DE722-1F Box-Frequency counter
DW275-1M Box-Sound level measuring device
DW340-2M Box-Measurement microphone
P3180-LF Box-LF-transformer
79
ELECTROSTATICS
ATOMIC PHYSICS
P3127-1V Box-High-voltage device 0 – 18 kV
DE722-1H Box-Electrostaticvoltmeter 0 – 18 kV
DE722-1G Box-Geiger-Mueller counter
OPTICS
80
DL722-2L Box-Light meter
DL100-3L Box-Laser 635 nm
81
CHEMISTRY
ELECTRICITY Power Supplies andMeasuring Instruments
DE722-1L Box - Conductimeter
P3120-1P Box-pH-meter
cf. catalogue of experiments and instruments PHYSICS 0106, pp. 103 ff