nsw injury profile: a review of injury … report/irmrc... · struck by or struck aga nst njur es...

Andrew Hayen and Rebecca MitchellNSW Injury Risk Management Research CentreThe University of New South WalesSydney, Australia

NSW INJURY PROFILE:A REvIEW OF INJURY HOSPItALISAtIONSDURINg 1989–1990 tO 2003–2004

N S W I N j u r y r I S k MaNageMeNt reSearch ceNtre

I R M R C

ISBN 0 7334 2301 9June 2006

Copyright © The University of New South Wales.

Suggested citation:Hayen, A. Mitchell, R. NSW Injury Profile: A Review of Injury Hospitalisations During 1989–1990 to 2003–2004. Sydney: NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre, The University of New South Wales, 2006.

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Contents

L�st of tables _______________________________________________ ��

L�st of F�gures ______________________________________________ v�

Abbrev�at�ons _____________________________________________ v��

Acknowledgements __________________________________________ �x

Execut�ve Summary _________________________________________ x�

1. Introduct�on ______________________________________________ 1

2. Methods ________________________________________________ 3

2.1 Definitions ___________________________________________ 3

2.1.1 Injury ____________________________________________________________ 3

2.1.2 Injury mechanism ___________________________________________________ 3

2.1.3 Injury hospitalisation ________________________________________________ 4

2.1.4 Population data source _______________________________________________ 5

2.1.5 Injury data coding issues _____________________________________________ 5

2.2 Analysis _____________________________________________ 6

2.2.1 Top 10 causes of hospitalisation for NSW residents _________________________ 7

2.2.2 Time trends ________________________________________________________ 7

2.2.3 Age- and sex-specific rates ____________________________________________ 7

2.2.4 Injury mechanism subcategory-specific frequencies and rates_________________ 7

3. Injury hosp�tal�sat�ons �n NSW _______________________________ 8

4. Falls __________________________________________________ 12

5. Motor veh�cle transport ___________________________________ 16

6. Struck by or struck aga�nst �njur�es __________________________ 21

7. Self-harm ______________________________________________ 25

8. Cut or p�erce-related �njur�es _______________________________ 29

9. Interpersonal v�olence ____________________________________ 33

10. Po�son�ng _____________________________________________ 37

11. Non-motor veh�cle road transport __________________________ 41

12. Natural and env�ronmental factors __________________________ 45

contents

�� / NSW INJURY PROFILE: A REvIEW OF INJURY HOSPITALISATIONS DURINg 1989–1990 TO 2003–2004

13. Fore�gn bod�es _________________________________________ 50

14. F�re and burns __________________________________________ 53

15. Mach�nery �njur�es ______________________________________ 57

16. Near-drown�ng _________________________________________ 61

17. Conclus�ons and recommendat�ons _________________________ 65

18. References ____________________________________________ 70

Append�x 1. L�st of Ecodes by mechan�sm _______________________ 72

Append�x 2. L�st of d�sease and �njury categor�es for

top 10 causes of hosp�tal�sat�on _______________________________ 73

Append�x 3. L�st of Ecodes by �njury mechan�sm and

�njury mechan�sm subcategory _______________________________ 74

Append�x 4. Age-spec�fic rates of hosp�tal�sat�on

by age group and mechan�sm _________________________________ 77

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List of tables

table 1. Significant changes in injury-related hospitalisation rates

by mechanism, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 ___________________ x��

table 2. Top 10 leading causes of hospitalisation by age group, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _____________________________________ 9

table 3. Injury hospitalisations by mechanism in NSW,

number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ___________________ 11

table 4. Injury hospitalisations by fall submechanism, NSW,


table 5. Number of hospitalisations for falls

by age group and cause, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ___________ 15

table 6. Injury hospitalisations by motor vehicle transport road

user class, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ______ 18

table 7. Number of hospitalisations for motor vehicle transport

incidents by age group and cause, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____ 20

table 8. Injury hospitalisations by struck by/struck against injury

cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _________ 23

table 9. Number of hospitalisations for struck by/struck against

injuries by age group and cause, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _____ 24

table 10. Injury hospitalisations by method of self-harm, NSW,


table 11. Number of hospitalisations for self-harm by age group

and cause, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ______________________ 28

table 12. Injury hospitalisations by cut/pierce injury cause, NSW,


table 13. Number of hospitalisations for cut/pierce injuries


table 14. Injury hospitalisations by interpersonal violence method,

NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _______________ 35

table 15. Number of hospitalisations for interpersonal violence


list of tables

�v / NSW INJURY PROFILE: A REvIEW OF INJURY HOSPITALISATIONS DURINg 1989–1990 TO 2003–2004

table 16. Injury hospitalisations by poisoning substance, NSW,


table 17. Number of hospitalisations for poisoning by age group

and cause, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ______________________ 40

table 18. Injury hospitalisations by non-motor vehicle road

transport-related cause, NSW, number, rate and CI,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 43

table 19. Number of hospitalisations for non-motor vehicle road

transport-related injuries by age group and cause, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 44

table 20. Injury hospitalisations by natural and environmental

factor-related cause, NSW, number, rate and CI,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 47

table 21. Number of hospitalisations for natural and environmental

factor-related injuries by age group and cause, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 49

table 22. Injury hospitalisations for foreign bodies, NSW,


table 23. Number of hospitalisations for foreign body-related

injuries by age group, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004______________ 52

table 24. Injury hospitalisations by fire/burns type, NSW,


table 25. Number of hospitalisations for injury due to fire/burns


table 26. Injury hospitalisations by machinery-related cause, NSW,


table 27. Number of hospitalisations for machinery-related injuries


table 28. Injury hospitalisations by near-drowning location, NSW,


table 29. Number of hospitalisations for near-drowning


table 30. Significant changes in injury-related hospitalisation rates

by mechanism, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 ___________________ 66

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table 31. Age-specific rates of hospitalisation per 100,000

population by age group and mechanism for all persons, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 78

table 32. Age-specific rates of hospitalisation per 100,000 population

by age group and mechanism for males, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 79

table 33. Age-specific rates of hospitalisation per 100,000 population

by age group and mechanism for females, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 80

list of tables

v� / NSW INJURY PROFILE: A REvIEW OF INJURY HOSPITALISATIONS DURINg 1989–1990 TO 2003–2004

List of figures

F�gure 1. Injury hospitalisation rates by sex, NSW,

1989–1990 to 2003–2004 _____________________________________ 8

F�gure 2. Injury hospitalisation rates by age group and sex, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 10

F�gure 3. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to falls by sex, NSW,

1989–1990 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 13

F�gure 4. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for falls by sex, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 13

F�gure 5. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to motor vehicle

transport by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 __________________ 17

F�gure 6. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for motor vehicle

transport by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _________________ 17

F�gure 7. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to struck by/struck

against injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 _____________ 22

F�gure 8. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for struck by/struck

against injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _____________ 22

F�gure 9. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to self-harm by sex,

NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 _______________________________ 26

F�gure 10. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for self-harm by sex,

NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _______________________________ 26

F�gure 11. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to cut/pierce injuries

by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 _________________________ 29

F�gure 12. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries

by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _________________________ 30

F�gure 13. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to interpersonal

violence by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 __________________ 34

F�gure 14. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for interpersonal

violence by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 __________________ 34

F�gure 15. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to poisoning by sex,

NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 _______________________________ 38

/ v��list of figures

F�gure 16. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for poisoning by sex,

NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _______________________________ 38

F�gure 17. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to non-motor vehicle

road transport-related injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 _ 42

F�gure 18. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for non-motor vehicle road

transport-related injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _____ 42

F�gure 19. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to natural and

environmental factor-related injuries by sex, NSW

1989–1990 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 46

F�gure 20. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for natural and

environmental factor-related injuries by sex, NSW,

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ____________________________________ 46

F�gure 21. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to foreign body-related

injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 ___________________ 50

F�gure 22. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for foreign

body-related injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ________ 51

F�gure 23. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to fire/burns by sex,

NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 _______________________________ 55

F�gure 24. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for injury due to

fire/burns by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _________________ 55

F�gure 25. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to machinery-related

injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 ___________________ 58

F�gure 26. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for machinery-related

injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 ___________________ 58

F�gure 27. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to near-drowning

by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 _________________________ 62

F�gure 28. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for near-drowning by sex,

NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 _______________________________ 62

v�� / NSW INJURY PROFILE: A REvIEW OF INJURY HOSPITALISATIONS DURINg 1989–1990 TO 2003–2004

Abbreviations

ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics

CI Confidence interval

Ecode External cause of injury code

HOISt Health Outcomes and Information Statistical Toolkit

ICD International Classification of Disease

ICD-10 International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision

ICD-10-AM International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision, Australian Modification

ICD-9 International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision

ICD-9-CM International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification

IPv Interpersonal violence

IRMRC NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre

ISC Inpatient Statistics Collection

Mv Motor vehicle

Mvt Motor vehicle transport

NCC National Coding Centre

NCCH National Centre for Classification in Health

Ncode Nature of medical condition or injury

NEC Not elsewhere classified

NEF Natural and environmental factors

NSW New South Wales

WHO World Health Organization

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Acknowledgements

The NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre (IRMRC) is funded by the NSW Department of

Health, the NSW Roads and Traffic Authority, and the NSW Motor Accidents Authority and supported

by the University of New South Wales. Production of this report was funded through the IRMRC’s

core research program. The Centre for Epidemiology and Research of the NSW Department of Health

provided the data used in this report, which were accessed via HOIST. We are also grateful for the use

of some SAS macros developed by the Centre for Epidemiology and Research.

Comments on the draft report were received from:

• Pam Albany, NSW Department of Health

• Kwame Atsu, Motor Accidents Authority

• Caroline Finch, NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre

• gwen Cosier, NSW Department of Health

• Andrew graham, Roads and Traffic Authority

• Claire Monger, NSW Department of Health

• Maureen Owen, NSW Department of Health

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Executive Summary

This report provides an overview of injury-related hospitalisations of NSW residents during 1989–1990

to 2003–2004. Injury-related morbidity data for this report were obtained from the NSW Inpatient

Statistics Collection of the NSW Health Department. This report describes in detail the 12 most common

injury-related mechanisms which represent 85.1% of injury-related hospitalisations, along with near-

drowning events that resulted in hospitalisation.

Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes represent a large proportion of all

admissions to hospital for NSW residents, and were the sixth highest cause of hospitalisation for NSW

residents for all age groups during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. During this period, there were 503,530

admissions to hospital that were injury-related, giving a hospitalisation rate of 1,523 per 100,000

population. Males had one-and-a-half times the injury hospitalisation rate of females. Individuals 65

years and older (predominantly for fall-related injuries) and 15–24 years (particularly for motor vehicle

transport and fall-related injuries) had the highest hospitalisation rates compared to all other age

groups.

Falls, motor vehicle transport-related injuries, struck by/struck against injuries, injuries resulting from

self-harm, cut/pierce injuries, and injuries resulting from interpersonal violence were the most common

injury-related hospitalisations during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

Over the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004, the overall injury rate remained fairly constant. However,

yearly hospitalisation rates significantly decreased or increased for a number of injury mechanisms

(Table 1).

Priority areas identified for prevention activities are:

• falls

• motor vehicle transport incidents

• struck by/struck against injuries

• injuries sustained during an attempt at self-harm

• cut/pierce-related injuries

• injuries as a result of interpersonal violence.

eXecutiVe suMMarY

x�� / NSW INJURY PROFILE: A REvIEW OF INJURY HOSPITALISATIONS DURINg 1989–1990 TO 2003–2004

Table 1. Significant changes1 in injury-related hospitalisation rates by mechanism, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Injury Mechan�sm Males Females

Falls

Motor vehicle transport

Struck by/against

Self-harm

Cut/pierce -

Interpersonal violence

Poisoning

Non-motor vehicle road transport -

Natural/environmental factors

Foreign bodies -

Fire and burns

Machinery

Near-drowning

All injury - -

1 An upwards facing arrow indicates a significant increase and a downwards facing arrow indicates a significant decrease. A dash indicates no significant trend.

/ x��eXecutiVe suMMarY

Recommendations to enhance the information collected regarding particular injury mechanisms

include:

• recording the date of injury

• incorporating additional detail into the ICD-10-AM classification system for injuries resulting

from:

- falls

- foreign bodies

- fire and burns

- struck by/struck against injuries

- cutting/piercing injuries.

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1 Introduction

Injuries are a significant public health issue with over five million injury-related deaths worldwide each

year (Krug et al, 2000). In Australia, injury is the leading cause of death for individuals aged 44 years

or less (Kreisfeld and Harrison, 2005). Around 2,500 individuals are fatally injured in New South Wales

(NSW) each year (Schmertmann et al, 2004). While injury-related mortality represents a portion of the

injury burden in NSW, many more individuals are hospitalised in NSW following an injury. Together

lifetime injury-related mortality and morbidity were estimated to cost $3.53 billion in NSW during 1998–

1999 (Potter-Forbes and Aisbett, 2003).

Injuries are preventable occurrences and through examining their frequency and causes, appropriate

injury prevention strategies can be developed. There has been a range of interventions developed that

are effective in preventing injuries, such as changes in legislation, regulation or policies, improved

enforcement, environmental changes, improvements in design, and changes in individual behaviour

(National Injury Prevention Advisory Council, 1999). The prevention of injury-related morbidity and

associated disability in the community leads to cost savings in both direct and indirect costs associated

with these incidents, including cost savings associated with medical treatment and long term care (Miller

and Levey, 2000).

Access to information on hospitalised injury and detailed analysis and reporting of this information

assists in establishing the magnitude of hospitalised injury and in the identification of areas for injury

prevention activities. This report provides an overview of the causes of hospitalisation for NSW residents.

It describes the trend of hospitalised injury of NSW residents for selected injury mechanisms from

1989–1990 to 2003–2004, and presents a detailed analysis of select injury mechanisms during 1999–

2000 to 2003–2004.

INTRODUCTION

2 / NSW INJURY PROFILE: A REvIEW OF INJURY HOSPITALISATIONS DURINg 1989–1990 TO 2003–2004

/ 3

2 Methods

2.1 Definitions

The following sections present the case definitions of injury, injury mechanism and morbidity used for

the purposes of this report.

2.1.1 injury

According to Robertson (1998), “An injury results when too much or too little energy (in the case

of asphyxiation) is transferred to the human body, at rates or amounts that are above or below the

tolerance of human tissues, resulting in damage”. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an

injury similarly. An injury is “a bodily lesion at the organic level resulting from acute exposure to energy

(this energy can be mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, or radiant) interacting with the body in

amounts or rates that exceed the threshold of physiological tolerance” (Peden et al, 2001). Section 2.1.3

outlines the criteria used for putting into practice the definitions of injury used in this report.

In order to recognise the physical nature of an injury (e.g. a broken leg) and the external cause of

the injury (e.g. a fall), two separate sets of codes were developed by WHO as part of its work on

an International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding structure (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). One set,

known as diagnostic codes or Ncodes, describes the physical nature of an injury and provides important

information from a clinical standpoint. The other set, known as external cause codes or Ecodes, provides

important information for prevention purposes, by identifying the type of energy that caused the physical

injury. Section 2.1.3 describes the case selection process using these codes for this report.

2.1.2 injurymechanism

Injuries are usually classified in terms of their external cause and intent. An injury mechanism

(represented by an Ecode) is defined as the external object or circumstance that caused the injury, such

as motor vehicle transport or drowning. The intent can be unintentional, intentional or undetermined. For

example, the intent of an injury caused by a firearm could be unintentional, intentional (e.g. homicide,

self-harm) or not able to be determined.

Injury mechanisms that are intentional are either self-inflicted or inflicted by another person or persons.

All injuries that are intentionally self-inflicted are grouped under an injury mechanism called self-harm.

For example, a poisoning that is self-inflicted is considered to be self-harm and is therefore separated

from poisonings that have occurred unintentionally. However, for this report, if the individual was aged

less than 10 years the ingestion of a poisonous substance(s) was not considered to be a self-harm

event and was included in the other injuries category as a young child’s understanding of the concept of

METHODS


death and living is thought to be immature (Mishara, 1999). All injuries that are intentionally inflicted by

another person or persons are grouped under an injury mechanism called interpersonal violence. Injury

caused by the intentional use of a firearm on another person is considered to be interpersonal violence

and is therefore separate from unintentional firearm injuries.

Thirteen injury mechanisms are described in this report. Twelve of the mechanisms each resulted in

more than 2,000 hospitalisations of NSW residents during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted

for 85.1% of injury-related hospitalisations. The remaining injury mechanism, near-drowning, resulted

in fewer than 2,000 hospitalisations over this period, but is regarded as a national priority area and is

included in this report (Australian Water Safety Council, 2004).

The International Classification of Disease, version 9 clinical modification (ICD-9-CM) and the

International Classification of Diseases, version 10 Australian modification (ICD-10-AM) Ecodes for the

injury mechanisms included in this report are listed in Appendix 1. During the period of the report,

various editions of ICD-10-AM were used to code hospital separations in NSW.

2.1.3 injuryhospitalisation

Hospitalisation data were obtained from the NSW Inpatient Statistics Collection (ISC), a census (since

July 1, 1993) of all services for admitted patients to public and private hospitals, private day procedures,

and public psychiatric hospitals. The ISC is a financial year collection from 1 July through to 30 June of

the following year. The ISC is maintained by the NSW Department of Health. Data were obtained via the

Health Outcomes and Information Statistical Toolkit (HOIST).

The ISC also contains data on hospitalisations of NSW residents that occurred in another state. However,

these data were not available for 2003–2004. The number of interstate hospitalisations for this year was

imputed based on hospitalisations for the previous three years. Details of the method used may be found

in the ‘The health of the people of NSW: Report of the Chief Health Officer’ (Population Health Division,

2004).

Data for 1998–1999 and following years are for episodes of care in hospital, which end with the discharge,

transfer or death of the patient, or when the service category for the admitted patient changed. Data for

the years 1989–1990 to 1997–1998 are for periods of stay. Periods of stay end with the discharge,

transfer, or death of the patient. The change from period of stay to episodes of care may cause a small

rise in the apparent number of hospitalisations in the later years.

Since 1998–1999, ISC data have been coded using the ICD-10-AM (National Centre for Classification in

Health, 2000). For the years 1989–1990 to 1997–1998, ISC data were coded using ICD-9-CM (National

Coding Centre, 1996).

/ 5

Hospitalisations that satisfied the following criteria were included in the report:

• The hospitalisation was for a patient who was a resident of NSW

• A principal diagnosis in the ICD-10-AM range S00-T98 (1998–1999 to 2003–2004) or in the

ICD-9-CM range 800-999 (for 1989–1990 to 1997–1998)

• An external cause code in the ICD-10-AM range v01-Y39 or Y85-Y98 (1998–1999 to

2003–2004) or in the ICD-9-CM range E800-E869, E880-E929, E950-E999 (for 1989–1990

to 1997–1998).

In addition, hospital separations relating to transfers or statistical discharges were excluded. This was to

partly eliminate ‘multiple counts’, which occur when an injured person has more than one hospitalisation

for a given injury.

In Table 2, hospitalisations with a principal diagnosis in the ICD-10-AM range S00-T98 and with an

external cause of ‘complications of care’ (ICD-10-AM: Y40-Y84, Y88; ICD-9-CM: E870-E879, E930-

E948) are also included, along with those described above. These hospitalisations (i.e. including

‘complications of care’) are referred to as ‘Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external

causes’ to distinguish these analyses from those presented in the rest of this report.

Data in this report include 16,974 NSW residents who died whilst hospitalised due to injury, poisoning

and certain other consequences of external causes between 1989–1990 and 2003–2004.

2.1.4 Populationdatasource

Age- and sex-specific population estimates as at 30 December of each year were obtained from the NSW

Department of Health. These estimates are based on the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) population

estimates as at 30 June. More detail regarding ABS population estimates may be found in ‘The Health of

the People of NSW: Report of the Chief Health Officer’ (Population Health Division, 2004).

2.1.5 injurydatacodingissues

The data used in this report span a change in the coding scheme used to classify injury and disease. The

ICD was initially formalised in 1893. Since 1948, it has been revised in its entirety approximately every

10 years by WHO. The two ICD revisions covered in this report are ICD-9-CM (NCC, 1996), which was

in use in the ISC from 1989–1990 to 1997–1998, and ICD-10-AM (NCCH, 2000) used from 1998–1999

onward.

In ICD-10 alphanumeric codes were introduced (e.g. A37, R01) to represent an injury or disease,

superseding the numeric codes (e.g. 125, 802) used in ICD-9. The external cause of injury codes have

been included within the alphanumeric structure of ICD-10, as opposed to the separate scheme in ICD-9

(i.e., use of E800-E999).

METHODS


At the time of separation from hospital, a consequence or ‘nature of injury’ code is assigned by a

medical coder on the patient’s medical record. In ICD-9, there was a specific Ncode for each injury (i.e.,

800–999) and the codes were organised by the type of injury (e.g. fracture, dislocation). In ICD-10, a

unique Ncode still exists, but the codes are organised by the location of the body part injured (e.g. head)

instead of the type of injury.

For each injury Ncode and a few other disease Ncodes, an external cause of injury code (Ecode) must

also be supplied to identify the cause or mechanism of the injury (e.g. drowning, fall, burn). Two major

changes regarding Ecodes occurred between ICD-9 and ICD-10. In ICD-9, the person injured in a transport

incident (e.g. motor vehicle) was secondary to the type of incident (e.g. collision with other motor

vehicle). However, in ICD-10, the coding structure focuses firstly on the person injured and secondly on

the type of incident. The second change in ICD-10 was the introduction of codes for the place where the

injury occurred (e.g. home) and the activity at the time of the injury (e.g. playing sport).

2.2 AnAlysis

Each of the following sections briefly describes the types of analysis conducted using the hospitalisation

data. Three types of epidemiological analyses were conducted:

• number of hospitalisations

• age- and sex-specific rate of hospitalisations

• age-adjusted rates of hospitalisations.

Age-specific rates were calculated by dividing the number of hospitalisations for a particular age

group (e.g. under five years) by the population of the age group. Rates are presented as the number of

hospitalisations per 100,000 population, except in the case of self-harm where rates are presented as

the number of hospitalisations per 100,000 population aged 10 years or older.

Age-adjustment is used to adjust for the effects of differences in the age-composition of populations

across time or geographic region. In this report, age-adjustment was calculated using direct age-

standardisation. An age-adjusted rate is a weighted sum of age-specific rates, where each weight is an

age-specific population in the standard population. The estimated Australian residential population as at

30 June 2001 was used in this report as the standard population. Confidence intervals were calculated

using the method of Dobson et al (1991).

The following analyses are provided in this report.

2.2.1 top10causesofhospitalisationfornsWresidents

All hospitalisations for 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were grouped into disease and injury categories, using

the principal diagnosis. The disease categories were based on the disease chapter headings in ICD-10.

/ 7

The list of disease and injury categories used is at Appendix 2. The top 10 causes of hospitalisation

tables were generated by ranking the frequencies of each disease and injury by age group. The following

age groups were used to present frequencies for the top 10 leading causes of hospitalisation tables:

under 1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, and 65+ years.

Note that the numbers of injury hospitalisations in the top 10 causes of hospitalisation table (Table

2) will differ substantially from those given in the rest of the report, because this table includes all

hospitalisations with a principal diagnosis of injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external

causes. However, in the rest of this report, those hospitalisations with a principal diagnosis of injury,

poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes must also have an external cause code in

the range in the ICD-10-AM range v01-Y39, Y85-Y87 or Y89-Y98 (1998–1999 to 2003–2004) or in the

ICD-9-CM range E800-E869, E880-E929, E950-E999 (for 1989–1990 to 1997–1998) to be considered

as an injury-related hospitalisation (see section 2.1.3).

2.2.2 timetrends

Age-adjusted rates for each injury mechanism were calculated annually from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

A Poisson or negative binomial regression analysis (with population as an offset) was performed to

examine the statistical significance of changes in the trend over the time period, and to calculate the

annual percentage change in the rate of hospitalisations. This method takes into account changes in

the age-structure of the population. Because of coding changes and changes in admission practices of

hospitals, caution needs to be exercised in the interpretation of these trends.

2.2.3 Age-andsex-specificrates

Age and sex-specific rates for five-year age groups were calculated for each injury mechanism for 1999–

2000 to 2003–2004 and presented by sex and age group.

2.2.4 injurymechanismsubcategory-specificfrequenciesandrates

The total number of hospitalisations for 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 for each injury mechanism was divided

into subcategories specific to each injury mechanism. The list of injury mechanism subcategories by

Ecode is at Appendix 3. The period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 was chosen because hospital separations

throughout this period were coded according to ICD-10-AM.

Frequencies for the injury mechanism subcategories were also ranked by age group and presented in a

“Top 10” table format. The following age groups were used to present frequencies for the top 10 leading

causes of injury hospitalisation tables: under 1, 1–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64,

and 65+ years.

Frequencies and rates for all persons, males and females were also calculated for each injury mechanism.

This information was presented in a table and the subcategories were ranked by the number of

hospitalisations in each subcategory.

METHODS


3. Injury hospitalisations in NSW

During the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external

causes were the sixth leading cause of hospitalisation of all NSW residents (Table 2). Injury, poisoning

and certain other consequences of external causes were the leading cause of hospitalisation in those aged

10–14 years, the second leading cause of hospitalisation in those aged 5–9 years, and the third leading

cause in those aged 1–4 years and 15–24 years. Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of

external causes were one of the top 10 leading causes of hospitalisation in all age groups. There were

606,954 hospitalisations with a principal diagnosis of injury, poisoning and certain other consequences

of external causes during this period, which represented 6.3% of all hospitalisations.

Data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 were used to describe the profile of injury-related hospitalisations

for NSW residents. Hospitalisation data from 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used in the majority of the

analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used hospitalisation data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Hospitalisations for which the external cause was a complication of care are not reported in the following

analyses.

Over the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004, there was no significant trend in the age-adjusted hospitalisation

rate for injury (Figure 1). Hospitalisation rates for injury in males were significantly higher than those in

females for every year in this period.

Figure 1. Injury hospitalisation rates by sex, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

7

3. Injury hospitalisations in NSW

During the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes were the sixth leading cause of hospitalisation of all NSW residents (Table 2). Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes were the leading cause of hospitalisation in those aged 10–14 years, the second leading cause of hospitalisation in those aged 5–9 years, and the third leading cause in those aged 1–4 years and 15–24 years. Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes were one of the top 10 leading causes of hospitalisation in all age groups. There were 606,954 hospitalisations with a principal diagnosis of injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes during this period, which represented 6.3% of all hospitalisations.

Data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 were used to describe the profile of injury-related hospitalisations for NSW residents. Hospitalisation data from 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used in the majority of the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used hospitalisation data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004. Hospitalisations for which the external cause was a complication of care are not reported in the following analyses.

Over the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004, there was no significant trend in the age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for injury (Figure 1). Hospitalisation rates for injury in males were significantly higher than those in females for every year in this period.

Figure 1. Injury hospitalisation rates by sex, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

050

010

0015

0020

00

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

/ 9INJURY HOSPITALISATIONS IN NSW

8

tab

le2

.to

p1

0le

adin

gca

use

so

fho

spit

alis

atio

nb

yag

egr

ou

p1 ,n

sW

,199

9–20

00t

o2

003–

2004

Age

grou

p

Ra nk

<1

1–4

5–9

10–1

4 15

–24

25–3

4 35

–44

45–5

4 55

–64

65+

Tota

l

1Fa

ctor

s af

fect

ing

heal

th s

tatu

s

289,

309

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

79,1

18

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

39,7

40

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

36,6

59

Preg

nanc

y

155,

576

Preg

nanc

y

398,

268

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

187,

319

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

229,

991

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

327,

087

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

821,

799

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

2,06

6,08

7

2

Perin

atal

con

ditio

ns

129,

082

Infe

ctio

us d

isea

ses

41,1

91

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

31,7

84

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

20,4

90

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

105,

441

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

125,

492

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

142,

753

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

180,

880

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

18

6,32

3

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

363,

239

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

1,12

5,18

7

3Co

ngen

ital

Abno

rmal

ities

34,2

14

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

29,1

62

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

21,1

16

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

18,4

14

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

96,4

12

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

115,

463

Preg

nanc

y

129,

734

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

96,8

05

Canc

er

125,

831

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

326,

239

Preg

nanc

y

685,

587

4R

espi

rato

rydi

seas

es

34,2

41

Dis

ease

s of

the

ear

22,5

28

Dis

ease

s of

the

ear

15,8

67

Men

tal d

isor

ders

12,8

40

Men

tal d

isor

ders

61,6

41

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

85,4

84

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

101,

985

Canc

er

96,4

89

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

113,

257

Canc

er

218,

653

Canc

er

657,

684

5Ill

-def

ined

co

nditi

ons

23,2

26

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s 22

,200

Infe

ctio

us d

isea

ses

15,8

67

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

10,6

90

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

45,8

63

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

80,6

29

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

73,2

85

Mus

culo

skel

etal

83,5

98

Mus

culo

skel

etal

87,5

57

Dis

ease

s of

the

eye

230,

143

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

626,

927

6

Infe

ctio

us d

isea

ses

16,0

42

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

18,6

92

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

11,8

72

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

10,1

99

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

37,9

78

Men

tal d

isor

ders

73,1

96

Men

tal d

isor

ders

69,0

42

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

78,6

85

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

78,8

14

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

181,

100

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

606,

954

7D

isea

ses

of th

e di

gest

ive

syst

em

7,80

8

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

16,1

56

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

10,4

08

Skin

dis

ease

s

7,13

8

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

37,1

26

Mus

culo

skel

etal

48,2

04

Mus

culo

skel

etal

66,9

30

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

77,3

52

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

75,9

11

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

168,

040

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

556,

867

8G

enito

urin

ary

dise

ase

5,19

7

Cong

enita

l Ab

norm

aliti

es

13,9

20

Men

tal d

isor

ders

9,49

9

Mus

culo

skel

etal

7,06

6

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s 34

,634

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

47,7

91

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

62,3

11

Men

tal d

isor

ders

63,8

77

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

50,4

77

Mus

culo

skel

etal

153,

310

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

548,

527

9In

jury

, poi

soni

ng

and

cert

ain

othe

r co

nseq

uenc

es o

f ex

tern

al c

ause

s

4,00

2

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

9,63

4

Cong

enita

l Ab

norm

aliti

es

7,25

2

Infe

ctio

us d

isea

ses

6,84

0M

uscu

losk

elet

al

33,5

70

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

30,3

12

Canc

er

56,0

18

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

61,5

68

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

45,5

22

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

138,

121

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

515,

487

10M

enta

l dis

orde

rs3,

354

Ner

vous

sys

tem

di

seas

es

7,42

0

Ner

vous

sys

tem

di

seas

es

7,14

6

Canc

er

5,83

5

Skin

dis

ease

s

21,4

00

Canc

er

27,2

18

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

41,9

97

Ner

vous

sys

tem

di

seas

es

35,3

15

Men

tal d

isor

ders

37,5

93

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

136,

763

Mus

culo

skel

etal

487,

887

1 The

num

ber o

f inj

ury,

poi

soni

ng a

nd c

onse

quen

ces

of e

xter

nal c

ause

s’ h

ospi

talis

atio

ns in

clud

es a

sm

all p

ropo

rtio

n of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

with

a p

rinci

pal d

iagn

osis

of i

njur

y (S

00-

T98)

that

did

not

hav

e an

ext

erna

l cau

se a

ssig

ned.

8

Tab

le 2

. Top

10

lead

ing

caus

es o

f hos

pita

lisat

ion

by a

ge g

roup

1 , N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k <1

1–

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Fa

ctor

s af

fect

ing

heal

th s

tatu

s

289,

309

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

79,1

18

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

39,7

40

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

36,6

59

Preg

nanc

y

155,

576

Preg

nanc

y

398,

268

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

187,

319

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

229,

991

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

327,

087

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

821,

799

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

2,06

6,08

7

2

Perin

atal

con

ditio

ns

129,

082

Infe

ctio

us d

isea

ses

41,1

91

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

31,7

84

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

20,4

90

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

105,

441

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

125,

492

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

142,

753

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

180,

880

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

18

6,32

3

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

363,

239

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

1,12

5,18

7

3Co

ngen

ital

Abno

rmal

ities

34,2

14

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

29,1

62

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

21,1

16

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

18,4

14

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

96,4

12

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

115,

463

Preg

nanc

y

129,

734

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

96,8

05

Canc

er

125,

831

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

326,

239

Preg

nanc

y

685,

587

4R

espi

rato

rydi

seas

es

34,2

41

Dis

ease

s of

the

ear

22,5

28

Dis

ease

s of

the

ear

15,8

67

Men

tal d

isor

ders

12,8

40

Men

tal d

isor

ders

61,6

41

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

85,4

84

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

101,

985

Canc

er

96,4

89

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

113,

257

Canc

er

218,

653

Canc

er

657,

684

5Ill

-def

ined

co

nditi

ons

23,2

26

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s 22

,200

Infe

ctio

us d

isea

ses

15,8

67

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

10,6

90

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

45,8

63

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

80,6

29

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

73,2

85

Mus

culo

skel

etal

83,5

98

Mus

culo

skel

etal

87,5

57

Dis

ease

s of

the

eye

230,

143

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

626,

927

6

Infe

ctio

us d

isea

ses

16,0

42

Dis

ease

s of

the

dige

stiv

e sy

stem

18,6

92

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

11,8

72

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

10,1

99

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

37,9

78

Men

tal d

isor

ders

73,1

96

Men

tal d

isor

ders

69,0

42

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

78,6

85

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

78,8

14

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

181,

100

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

606,

954

7D

isea

ses

of th

e di

gest

ive

syst

em

7,80

8

Fact

ors

affe

ctin

g he

alth

sta

tus

16,1

56

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

10,4

08

Skin

dis

ease

s

7,13

8

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

37,1

26

Mus

culo

skel

etal

48,2

04

Mus

culo

skel

etal

66,9

30

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

77,3

52

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

75,9

11

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

168,

040

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

556,

867

8G

enito

urin

ary

dise

ase

5,19

7

Cong

enita

l Ab

norm

aliti

es

13,9

20

Men

tal d

isor

ders

9,49

9

Mus

culo

skel

etal

7,06

6

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s 34

,634

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

47,7

91

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

62,3

11

Men

tal d

isor

ders

63,8

77

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

50,4

77

Mus

culo

skel

etal

153,

310

Ill-d

efin

ed

cond

ition

s

548,

527

9In

jury

, poi

soni

ng

and

cert

ain

othe

r co

nseq

uenc

es o

f ex

tern

al c

ause

s

4,00

2

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

9,63

4

Cong

enita

l Ab

norm

aliti

es

7,25

2

Infe

ctio

us d

isea

ses

6,84

0M

uscu

losk

elet

al

33,5

70

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

30,3

12

Canc

er

56,0

18

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

61,5

68

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

45,5

22

Inju

ry, p

oiso

ning

an

d ce

rtai

n ot

her

cons

eque

nces

of

exte

rnal

cau

ses

138,

121

Res

pira

tory

dise

ases

515,

487

10M

enta

l dis

orde

rs3,

354

Ner

vous

sys

tem

di

seas

es

7,42

0

Ner

vous

sys

tem

di

seas

es

7,14

6

Canc

er

5,83

5

Skin

dis

ease

s

21,4

00

Canc

er

27,2

18

Dis

ease

s of

ci

rcul

ator

y sy

stem

41,9

97

Ner

vous

sys

tem

di

seas

es

35,3

15

Men

tal d

isor

ders

37,5

93

Gen

itour

inar

y di

seas

e

136,

763

Mus

culo

skel

etal

487,

887

1 The

num

ber o

f inj

ury,

poi

soni

ng a

nd c

onse

quen

ces

of e

xter

nal c

ause

s’ h

ospi

talis

atio

ns in

clud

es a

sm

all p

ropo

rtio

n of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

with

a p

rinci

pal d

iagn

osis

of i

njur

y (S

00-T

98)

that

did

not

hav

e an

ext

erna

l cau

se a

ssig

ned.


The hospitalisation rate was higher for males for all ages up to 70 years of age. For those aged 70 years

or older, females had a higher hospitalisation rate than males (Figure 2). Rates of hospitalisation varied

by sex, age group and injury mechanism (Appendix 4).

Figure 2. Injury hospitalisation rates by age group and sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

Falls, motor vehicle-related incidents and struck-by/struck against incidents were the most common

causes of injury hospitalisation in the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Table 3). Hospitalisation rates

of males were higher for all injury mechanisms than the rates of females, except for self-harm, where

the female rate was significantly higher than the male rate. The injury hospitalisation rate for males was

about 55% higher than the rate for females during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

During 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, just over 12% of injury hospitalisations (12.4% or 62,283

hospitalisations) were intentional (i.e. self-harm or interpersonal violence), and less than 1% (0.5%, or

2,372) of hospitalisations were of undetermined intent. The remainder of injury-related hospitalisations

(87.2%, or 438,646 hospitalisations) were due to unintentional injuries.

9

The hospitalisation rate was higher for males for all ages up to 70 years of age. For those aged 70 years or older, females had a higher hospitalisation rate than males (Figure 2). Rates of hospitalisation varied by sex, age group and injury mechanism (Appendix 4).

Figure 2. Injury hospitalisation rates by age group and sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

0070

00

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Falls, motor vehicle-related incidents and struck-by/struck against incidents were the most common causes of injury hospitalisation in the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Table 3). Hospitalisation rates of males were higher for all injury mechanisms than the rates of females, except for self-harm, where the female rate was significantly higher than the male rate. The injury hospitalisation rate for males was about 55% higher than the rate for females during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

During 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, just over 12% of injury hospitalisations (12.4% or 62,283 hospitalisations) were intentional (i.e. self-harm or interpersonal violence), and less than 1% (0.5%, or 2,372) of hospitalisations were of undetermined intent. The remainder of injury-related hospitalisations (87.2%, or 438,646 hospitalisations) were due to unintentional injuries.

/ 11

Table 3. Injury hospitalisations by mechanism in NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

1 Age-adjusted rate per 100,000 population.

2 95% confidence interval.

3 The rate for self-harm was calculated per 100,000 population aged 10 years of age or older.

4 The number of NSW residents hospitalised interstate during 2003–2004 was imputed and as a result the sum of the number of hospitalisations due to injury mechanisms may not equal the all injury total.

summAry

Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes was the sixth leading cause of

hospitalisation involving NSW residents over the period 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for

6.3% of all hospitalisations.

The yearly hospitalisation rate for injuries was stable over the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 and

during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 the rate of hospitalisation was 1,522.9 per 100,000 population.

In 2003–2004, there were 103,640 hospitalisations of NSW residents following an injury, giving a

hospitalisation rate of 1,534.9 per 100,000 population.

Falls, motor vehicle transport and struck-by/struck against were the injury mechanisms that most

commonly led to a hospitalisation during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. These were also the most common

mechanisms that led to the hospitalisation of males. For females, the most common mechanisms leading

to hospitalisation were falls, self-harm, and motor vehicle transport.

INJURY HOSPITALISATIONS IN NSW10

Table 3. Injury hospitalisations by mechanism in NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female Injury

mechanism N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Falls 175,077 522.8 (520.4,525.3) 84,743 537.1 (533.4,540.7) 90,333 487.7 (484.5,491.0)


53,211 162.1 (160.7,163.4) 36,299 221.7 (219.4,224.0) 16,912 101.8 (100.3,103.4)

Struck by/against 35,642 108.8 (107.7,109.9) 27,394 166.4 (164.5,168.4) 8,248 49.8 (48.7,50.9)

Self-harm3 32,582 115.1 (113.9,116.4) 12,941 91.5 (89.9,93.1) 19,640 139.6 (137.6,141.5)

Cut/pierce 31,054 94.6 (93.6,95.7) 23,472 142.7 (140.8,144.5) 7,583 46.3 (45.3,47.4)

Interpersonal violence 29,701 90.8 (89.8,91.8) 23,356 142.1 (140.3,143.9) 6,343 38.8 (37.8,39.8)

Poisoning 16,828 51.2 (50.4,51.9) 8,739 53.3 (52.2,54.5) 8,088 49.0 (47.9,50.0)

Non-motor vehicle road transport 15,177 46.6 (45.8,47.3) 10,216 61.9 (60.7,63.1) 4,961 30.9 (30.0,31.8)

Natural/environmental factors 13,789 41.9 (41.2,42.6) 8,332 50.8 (49.7,51.9) 5,457 32.9 (32.0,33.8)

Foreign bodies 8,628 26.1 (25.6,26.7) 5,214 31.9 (31.0,32.8) 3,414 20.4 (19.8,21.1)

Fire and burns 7,892 24.0 (23.5,24.5) 5,184 31.5 (30.7,32.4) 2,708 16.4 (15.8,17.0)

Machinery 7,656 23.3 (22.7,23.8) 7,055 42.9 (41.9,43.9) 601 3.7 (3.4,4.0)

Near-drowning 914 2.8 (2.6,3.0) 636 3.8 (3.5,4.1) 278 1.7 (1.5,1.9)

Other injuries 75,150 228.3 (226.7,230.0) 50,511 308.5 (305.8,311.2) 24,636 145.3 (143.5,147.1)

All injury4 503,301 1,552.9 (1,518.7,1,527.1) 304,092 1873.8 (1867.1,1,880.5) 199,202 1,145.6 (1,140.5,1,1150.7)

1 Age-adjusted rate per 100,000 population.2 95% confidence interval. 3 The rate for self-harm was calculated per 100,000 population aged 10 years of age or older. 4 The number of NSW residents hospitalised interstate during 2003–2004 was imputed and as a result

the sum of the number of hospitalisations due to injury mechanisms may not equal the all injury total.

SummaryInjury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes was the sixth leading cause of hospitalisation involving NSW residents over the period 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 6.3% of all hospitalisations.

The yearly hospitalisation rate for injuries was stable over the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 and during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 the rate of hospitalisation was 1,522.9 per 100,000 population.

In 2003–2004, there were 103,640 hospitalisations of NSW residents following an injury, giving a hospitalisation rate of 1,534.9 per 100,000 population.

Falls, motor vehicle transport and struck-by/struck against were the injury mechanisms that most commonly led to a hospitalisation during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. These were also the most common mechanisms that led to the hospitalisation of males. For females, the most common mechanisms leading to hospitalisation were falls, self-harm, and motor vehicle transport.


4. Falls

This section describes injury hospitalisations due to unintentional falls. WHO classifies the cause of

fall-related hospitalisations by the circumstance in which the fall occurs. The types of falls include falls

on the same level (for example, due to tripping, stumbling), from one level to another, from a building or

other structure, on stairs, while being carried, and on a ladder/scaffolding (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992).

In NSW, falls were the fourth leading cause of injury-related death during 1998-2002, with 1,093 deaths,

giving a mortality rate of 3.4 per 100,000 population (Schmertmann et al, 2004). The lifetime cost of

fatal and non-fatal falls in NSW has been estimated at $644 million—$333 million in direct costs and

$311 million in mortality and morbidity costs (Potter-Forbes & Aisbett, 2003).

Data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 were used to describe the profile of hospitalisations due to falls

for NSW residents. Hospitalisation data from 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used in the majority of

the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used hospitalisation data from 1989–1990 to 2003–

2004.

Falls were the leading cause of injury hospitalisation during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted

for approximately 34.8% of all hospitalisations due to injury (Table 3). During this period, there were

175,077 hospitalisations due to a fall. The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for fall-related injuries was

522.8 per 100,000 population.

Figure 3 shows the trend in the hospitalisation rate for falls from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004. The yearly

hospitalisation rate was estimated to have increased significantly by 3.0% per year (95% confidence

interval: 2.2% to 3.9%) for males and to significantly increase by 1.1% (95% confidence interval for the

increase: 0.3% to 2.0%) for females over this period.

Figure 4 shows the age-specific hospitalisation rate for falls between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004. People

aged 65 years or older were at greatest risk of being hospitalised for a fall-related injury. Those aged 5

to 14 years also showed a slight increase in hospitalisation rates compared to individuals aged 15 to

65 years. Males had higher rates than females till 49 years, then females 55 years or older had higher

hospitalisation rates than men.

/ 13

Figure 3. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to falls by sex, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Falls on the same level were the most common type of fall-related hospitalisations, accounting for

nearly half of all fall-related hospitalisations (46.6%). The rate of hospitalisation for males for falls from

a building and from ladders and scaffolding were both more than four times higher than the rate for

females (Table 4). The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for males was 10.1% higher than the rate for

females between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004.

Figure 4. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for falls by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

FALLS11

Figure 3. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to falls by sex, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females


010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

00

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Falls on the same level were the most common type of fall-related hospitalisations, accounting for nearly half of all fall-related hospitalisations (46.6%). The rate of hospitalisation for males for falls from a building and from ladders and scaffolding

11

Figure 3. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to falls by sex, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

010

020

030

040

050

060

0

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females


010

0020

0030

0040

0050

0060

00

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Falls on the same level were the most common type of fall-related hospitalisations, accounting for nearly half of all fall-related hospitalisations (46.6%). The rate of hospitalisation for males for falls from a building and from ladders and scaffolding


The types of falls leading to hospitalisation by age group are shown in Table 5. For individuals aged less

than 10 years, falls from one level to another were the most common type of fall. For individuals aged 10

years or older, falls on the same level were the most common type of falls leading to hospitalisation.

Table 4. Injury hospitalisations by fall submechanism, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004



3 The number of NSW residents hospitalised interstate during 2003–2004 was imputed and as a result the sum of submechanisms may not equal the total.

summAry

Falls were the leading cause of hospitalisation due to injury involving NSW residents between 1999–2000

and 2003–2004, accounting for 34.8% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation

rate for fall-related injuries was estimated to have increased significantly by 3.0% per year for males

during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 and increase significantly by 1.1% per year in females.

In 2003–2004, there were 36,860 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a fall, giving a hospitalisation

rate of 532.4 per 100,000 population. More than two-fifths of those hospitalised following a fall (42.0%)

were aged 65 years or older.

Falls on the same level, other and unspecified falls, and falls from one level to another were the types of

falls that most commonly led to a hospitalisation. Females had higher hospitalisation rates for falls down

stairs than males, while males had higher rates of hospitalisation than females for falls from buildings or

other structures and ladders and scaffolding. The overall hospitalisation rate for fall-related injuries was

10.1% higher for males than for females.

13

were both more than four times higher than the rate for females (Table 4). The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for males was 10.1% higher than the rate for females between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004.

The types of falls leading to hospitalisation by age group are shown in Table 5. For individuals aged less than 10 years, falls from one level to another were the most common type of fall. For individuals aged 10 years or older, falls on the same levelwere the most common type of falls leading to hospitalisation.

Table 4. Injury hospitalisations by fall submechanism, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female Fall

submechanism N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Same level 81,577 243.1 (241.4,244.8) 37,478 238.7 (236.3,241.1) 44,094 235.6 (233.3,237.8)

One level to another 32,212 97.5 (96.4,98.5) 17,375 107.5 (105.9,109.1) 14,835 85.3 (84.0,86.7)

Stairs 12,665 37.8 (37.1,38.4) 5,358 33.8 (32.9,34.8) 7,302 41.1 (40.1,42.0)

Building 6,079 18.5 (18.1,19.0) 4,781 29.1 (28.2,29.9) 1,297 7.9 (7.5,8.4)

Ladder and scaffolding 6,017 18.0 (17.6,18.5) 5,080 31.1 (30.3,32.0) 931 5.4 (5.1,5.8)

Fall while being carried 732 2.2 (2.1,2.4) 384 2.3 (2.1,2.5) 348 2.1 (1.9,2.4)

Diving or jumping into water

697 2.1 (2.0,2.3) 537 3.3 (3.0,3.5) 159 1.0 (0.8,1.2)

Other and unspecified 35,099 103.5 (102.4,104.6) 13,745 91.1 (89.6,92.7) 21,349 109.4 (107.9,110.9)

All3 175,077 522.8 (520.4,525.3) 84,743 537.1 (533.4,540.7) 90,333 487.7 (484.6,491.0)

1 Rate per 100,000 population. 2 95% confidence interval. 3 The number of NSW residents hospitalised interstate during 2003–2004 was imputed and as a result

the sum of submechanisms may not equal the total.

SummaryFalls were the leading cause of hospitalisation due to injury involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 34.8% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for fall-related injuries was estimated to have increased significantly by 3.0% per year for males during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 and increase significantly by 1.1% per year in females.

In 2003–2004, there were 36,860 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a fall, giving a hospitalisation rate of 532.4 per 100,000 population. More than two-fifths of those hospitalised following a fall (42.0%) were aged 65 years or older.

Falls on the same level, other and unspecified falls, and falls from one level to anotherwere the types of falls that most commonly led to a hospitalisation. Females had higher hospitalisation rates for falls down stairs than males, while males had higher rates of hospitalisation than females for falls from buildings or other structures and ladders and scaffolding. The overall hospitalisation rate for fall-related injuries was 10.1% higher for males than for females.

/ 15FALLS14

Tab

le 5

. Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r fa

lls1

by a

ge g

roup

and

cau

se, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1O

ne le

vel t

o an

othe

r 6,

293

One

leve

l to

anot

her

8,22

9

Sam

e le

vel

8,21

6 Sa

me

leve

l 8,

329

Sam

e le

vel

5,44

0 Sa

me

leve

l 4,

541

Sam

e le

vel

5,35

2 Sa

me

leve

l 6,

580

Sam

e le

vel

36,1

32

Sam

e le

vel

81,5

73

2Sa

me

leve

l 2,

371

Sam

e le

vel

4,37

1 O

ne le

vel t

o an

othe

r 3,

017

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,53

5

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,40

9

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,54

3

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,61

4

Stai

rs1,

538

One

leve

l to

anot

her

7,07

2

One

leve

l to

anot

her

32,2

10

3St

airs

752

Build

ing

750

Build

ing

464

Build

ing

945

Stai

rs1,

079

Stai

rs1,

272

Stai

rs1,

598

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,43

6

Stai

rs4,

793

Stai

rs12

,660

4Bu

ildin

g 64

2 St

airs

350

Stai

rs35

1 St

airs

833

Build

ing

964

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

1,01

5

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

1,28

9

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

1,27

0

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

1,42

3

Build

ing

6,07

9

5Fa

ll w

hile

be

ing

carr

ied

516

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 79

Div

ing

110

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

271

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

565

Build

ing

802

Build

ing

646

Build

ing

434

Build

ing

408

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

6,01

1 6

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

56

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

75

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 41

Div

ing

216

Div

ing

120

Div

ing

71D

ivin

g45

Div

ing

22Fa

ll w

hile

be

ing

carr

ied

26

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 73

2 7

Div

ing

16D

ivin

g66

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

32

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 36

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 19

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d #

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d #

–D

ivin

g21

Div

ing

695

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,23

1

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,53

5

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,39

2

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,52

5

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,55

8

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,85

9

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

2,33

6

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

2,69

0

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

20,8

68

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

35,0

94

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

14

Tab

le 5

. Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r fa

lls1

by a

ge g

roup

and

cau

se, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1O

ne le

vel t

o an

othe

r 6,

293

One

leve

l to

anot

her

8,22

9

Sam

e le

vel

8,21

6 Sa

me

leve

l 8,

329

Sam

e le

vel

5,44

0 Sa

me

leve

l 4,

541

Sam

e le

vel

5,35

2 Sa

me

leve

l 6,

580

Sam

e le

vel

36,1

32

Sam

e le

vel

81,5

73

2Sa

me

leve

l 2,

371

Sam

e le

vel

4,37

1 O

ne le

vel t

o an

othe

r 3,

017

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,53

5

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,40

9

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,54

3

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,61

4

Stai

rs1,

538

One

leve

l to

anot

her

7,07

2

One

leve

l to

anot

her

32,2

10

3St

airs

752

Build

ing

750

Build

ing

464

Build

ing

945

Stai

rs1,

079

Stai

rs1,

272

Stai

rs1,

598

One

leve

l to

anot

her

1,43

6

Stai

rs4,

793

Stai

rs12

,660

4Bu

ildin

g 64

2 St

airs

350

Stai

rs35

1 St

airs

833

Build

ing

964

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

1,01

5

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

1,28

9

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

1,27

0

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

1,42

3

Build

ing

6,07

9

5Fa

ll w

hile

be

ing

carr

ied

516

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 79

Div

ing

110

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

271

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

565

Build

ing

802

Build

ing

646

Build

ing

434

Build

ing

408

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

6,01

1 6

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

56

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

75

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 41

Div

ing

216

Div

ing

120

Div

ing

71D

ivin

g45

Div

ing

22Fa

ll w

hile

be

ing

carr

ied

26

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 73

2 7

Div

ing

16D

ivin

g66

Ladd

er a

nd

scaf

fold

ing

32

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 36

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d 19

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d #

Fall

whi

le

bein

g ca

rrie

d #

–D

ivin

g21

Div

ing

695

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,23

1

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,53

5

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,39

2

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,52

5

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,55

8

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

1,85

9

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

2,33

6

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

2,69

0

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

20,8

68

Oth

er a

nd

unsp

ecifi

ed

35,0

94

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.


5. Motor vehicle transport

This section describes hospitalisations due to unintentional motor vehicle transport-related injuries.

WHO classifies the cause of motor vehicle transport-related hospitalisations according to a number

of criteria (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). Injury hospitalisations due to motor vehicle transport occur in

either traffic situations (i.e., occurring on a public highway or street, which includes both the roadway

and other land between property lines (NCCH (2000)) or non-traffic situations (i.e., occurring anywhere

other than a public highway or street). Motor vehicle transport-related hospitalisations are also classified

according to the type of road user involved (e.g. pedestrian, motorcyclists). Motor vehicle transport

road-user classes include motor vehicle occupants (drivers and passengers), motorcyclists (riders and

passengers), pedal cyclists, and pedestrians. The person who is injured is usually referred to by both

the type of traffic situation (i.e., traffic or non-traffic) of the incident and their road-user class (e.g.

pedestrian).

In NSW, motor vehicle transport-related incidents were the second leading cause of death in NSW during

1998-2002, with 2,765 deaths, giving a mortality rate of 8.5 per 100,000 population (Schmertmann et

al, 2004). The lifetime cost of fatal and non-fatal motor vehicle transport-related incidents in NSW has

been estimated at $554 million - $61.6 million in direct costs and $493 million in mortality and morbidity

costs (Potter-Forbes & Aisbett, 2003).

Motor vehicle transport-related injury hospitalisation data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 were used to

describe the profile of motor vehicle-related hospitalisations of NSW residents. Data from 1999–20000

to 2003–2004 were used in the majority of analyses, except for the trend analysis, which used data from

1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Motor vehicle transport was the second leading cause of injury hospitalisation for the period 1999–

2000 to 2003–2004 and accounted for 10.6% of all injury hospitalisations (Table 3). During this period,

there were 53,211 injury-related hospitalisations following a motor vehicle transport incident, at an

age-adjusted hospitalisation rate of 162.1 per 100,000 population (Table 6). There were approximately

10,642 hospitalisations per year due to motor vehicle transport during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for motor vehicle transport-related injury declined in both males

and females during the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 (Figure 5). For males, the age-adjusted

hospitalisation rate decreased significantly by 1.0% per year (95% confidence interval for the decrease:

0.4% to 1.5%). For females, the rate of hospitalisation decreased significantly by 1.9% per year during

this period (95% confidence interval for the decrease: 1.4% to 2.5%).

/ 17

Figure 5. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to motor vehicle transport by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Rates of hospitalisation following a motor vehicle transport-related injury were highest for males for

all age-groups during 1999-00 to 2003-04 (Figure 6). Hospitalisation rates following a motor vehicle

transport-related injury were highest in both sexes for those aged 15-19 years and 20–24 years.

Figure 6. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for motor vehicle transport by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

MOTOR vEHICLE TRANSPORT

20


050

100

150

200

250

300

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Rates of hospitalisation following a motor vehicle transport-related injury were highest for males for all age-groups during 1999-00 to 2003-04 (Error! Reference source not found.). Hospitalisation rates following a motor vehicle transport-related injury were highest in both sexes for those aged 15-19 years and 20–24 years.


010

020

030

040

050

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

20


050

100

150

200

250

300

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Rates of hospitalisation following a motor vehicle transport-related injury were highest for males for all age-groups during 1999-00 to 2003-04 (Error! Reference source not found.). Hospitalisation rates following a motor vehicle transport-related injury were highest in both sexes for those aged 15-19 years and 20–24 years.


010

020

030

040

050

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females


The most common combination of traffic situation and road-user that led to an injury-related hospitalisation

was occupants of motor vehicles involved in traffic incidents. Motorcyclists in non-traffic incidents were

the second most likely group to be hospitalised as a result of an injury. Overall, the hospitalisation rate

of males was about 117% higher than that of females (Table 6).

Table 6. Injury hospitalisations by motor vehicle transport road user class, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




In all age groups, the most common combination of traffic situation and road-user type that led to

hospitalisation was occupants of motor vehicles involved in traffic incidents, except in the age group

10–14 years, in which the most common combination was motorcycles involved in non-traffic incidents

(Table 7).

17

The most common combination of traffic situation and road-user that led to an injury-related hospitalisation was occupants of motor vehicles involved in traffic incidents.Motorcyclists in non-traffic incidents were the second most likely group to be hospitalised as a result of an injury. Overall, the hospitalisation rate of males was about 117% higher than that of females (Table 6).

Table 6. Injury hospitalisations by motor vehicle transport road user class, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female Road user

classN Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Occupant, traffic 25,564 77.7 (76.8,78.7) 13,846 84.8 (83.4,86.2) 11,718 70.6 (69.4,71.9)

Motorcycle, traffic 7,683 23.5 (23.0,24.0) 7,092 43.1 (42.1,44.1) 591 3.6 (3.4,3.9)

Motorcycle, non-traffic 7,175 22.0 (21.5,22.5) 6,662 40.4 (39.5,41.4) 513 3.2 (2.9,3.5)

Pedestrian, traffic 5,422 16.4 (16.0,16.9) 3,342 20.6 (19.9,21.3) 2,080 12.4 (11.8,12.9)

Occupant, non-traffic 4,448 13.5 (13.1,13.9) 3,140 19.3 (18.6,19.9) 1,308 7.8 (7.4,8.2)

Pedal cyclist, traffic 1,430 4.4 (4.2,4.6) 1,247 7.6 (7.2,8.0) 183 1.1 (1.0,1.3)

Pedestrian, non-traffic 895 2.7 (2.5,2.9) 560 3.4 (3.2,3.7) 335 2.0 (1.8,2.2)

Pedal cyclist, non-traffic 145 0.4 (0.4,0.5) 123 0.7 (0.6,0.9) 22 0.1 (0.1,0.2)

Other, traffic 330 1.0 (0.9,1.1) 196 1.2 (1.0,1.4) 135 0.8 (0.7,1.0)

Other, non-traffic 117 0.4 (0.3,0.4) 91 0.6 (0.4,0.7) 26 0.2 (0.1,0.2)

All3 53,211 162.1 (160.7,163.4) 36,299 221.7 (219.4,224.0) 16,912 101.8 (100.3,103.4)

1 Age-adjusted rate per 100,000 population. 2 95% confidence interval. 3 The number of NSW residents hospitalised interstate during 2003–2004 was imputed and as a result


In all age groups, the most common combination of traffic situation and road-user type that led to hospitalisation was occupants of motor vehicles involved in traffic incidents, except in the age group 10–14 years, in which the most common combination was motorcycles involved in non-traffic incidents (Table 7).

SummaryMotor vehicle transport-related injuries were the second leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents during 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 10.6% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for motor vehicle transport-related injuries was estimated to have decreased by 1.9% per year for females, and by 1.0% per year for males, during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 11,066 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a motor vehicle transport-related injury, giving a hospitalisation rate of 165.5 per 100,000 population. Around one-quarter (28.1%) of those hospitalised following a motor vehicle transport-related injury were aged 15–24 years.

Occupants in traffic incidents, motorcycles in traffic incidents, motorcycles in non-traffic incidents and pedestrians in traffic incidents were the most common types of motor vehicle transport-related injuries that led to a hospitalisation. Males were more likely to be hospitalised following all types of motor vehicle transport-related injury than females, except in other and unspecified motor vehicle transport-related

/ 19MOTOR vEHICLE TRANSPORT

summAry

Motor vehicle transport-related injuries were the second leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation

involving NSW residents during 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 10.6% of all injury-related

hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for motor vehicle transport-related injuries was estimated

to have decreased by 1.9% per year for females, and by 1.0% per year for males, during 1989–1990 to

2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 11,066 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a motor vehicle transport-

related injury, giving a hospitalisation rate of 165.5 per 100,000 population. Around one-quarter (28.1%)

of those hospitalised following a motor vehicle transport-related injury were aged 15–24 years.

Occupants in traffic incidents, motorcycles in traffic incidents, motorcycles in non-traffic incidents and

pedestrians in traffic incidents were the most common types of motor vehicle transport-related injuries

that led to a hospitalisation. Males were more likely to be hospitalised following all types of motor vehicle

transport-related injury than females, except in other and unspecified motor vehicle transport-related

incidents. The overall hospitalisation rate for motor-vehicle transport-related injury was about 117%

higher for males than for females.


Tab

le7.

Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r m

otor

veh

icle

tra

nspo

rt in

cide

nts1

by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 199

9–20

00 t

o 20

03–2

004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1 O

ccup

ant,

traf

fic36

5

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

533

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

1,13

7

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

7,52

3

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

4,81

1

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

3,72

8

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

2,96

8

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

1,92

8

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

3,09

7 O

ccup

ant,

traf

fic 2

5,56

4 2

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic25

6

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

422

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

610

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

2,62

2

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic2,

223

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic1,

443

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic74

5

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic41

5

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic94

3

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic7,

683

3 Pe

dest

rian,

no

n-tr

affic

18

3

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic41

6

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic43

5

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic2,

428

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

1,51

0

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

821

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

53

3

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

35

2

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

608

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

7,17

5 4

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

11

2

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

16

7

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic37

2

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

1,

088

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic81

0

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

63

4

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic51

0

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic21

4

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic15

9

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic5,

422

5 M

otor

cycl

e,

non-

traf

fic

58

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic12

5

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

22

4

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic1,

017

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

73

1

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic62

1

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

361

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

138

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic11

8

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

4,

448

6 M

otor

cycl

e,

traf

fic15

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic11

6

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic20

7

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic33

7

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic32

1

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic20

9

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic13

5

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic55

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic10

6

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic1,

430

7 Pe

dal c

yclis

t, no

n-tr

affic

8

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

69

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

41

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

112

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

98

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

90

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

94

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

50

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic42

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

895

8 Pe

dal c

yclis

t, tr

affic 7

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

29

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

20

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

34

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

27

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

17

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

#

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

#

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic#

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

145

O

ther

, tra

ffic

#O

ther

, tra

ffic

#O

ther

, tra

ffic

15O

ther

, tra

ffic

80O

ther

, tra

ffic

52O

ther

, tra

ffic

66O

ther

, tra

ffic

33O

ther

, tra

ffic

28O

ther

, tra

ffic

46O

ther

, tra

ffic

330

O

ther

, non

-tr

affic 6

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic 6

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic14

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic18

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic16

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic15

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic23

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic10

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic 8

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic11

7

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

23

Tab

le7.

Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r m

otor

veh

icle

tra

nspo

rt in

cide

nts1

by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 199

9–20

00 t

o 20

03–2

004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1 O

ccup

ant,

traf

fic36

5

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

533

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

1,13

7

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

7,52

3

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

4,81

1

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

3,72

8

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

2,96

8

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

1,92

8

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

3,09

7 O

ccup

ant,

traf

fic 2

5,56

4 2

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic25

6

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

422

Occ

upan

t, tr

affic

610

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

2,62

2

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic2,

223

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic1,

443

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic74

5

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic41

5

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic94

3

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic7,

683

3 Pe

dest

rian,

no

n-tr

affic

18

3

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic41

6

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic43

5

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic2,

428

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

1,51

0

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

821

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

53

3

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

35

2

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

608

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

7,17

5 4

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

11

2

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

16

7

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic37

2

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

1,

088

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic81

0

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

63

4

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic51

0

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic21

4

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic15

9

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic5,

422

5 M

otor

cycl

e,

non-

traf

fic

58

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic12

5

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

22

4

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic1,

017

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

73

1

Pede

stria

n,

traf

fic62

1

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

361

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic

138

Mot

orcy

cle,

traf

fic11

8

Occ

upan

t, no

n-tr

affic

4,

448

6 M

otor

cycl

e,

traf

fic15

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic11

6

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic20

7

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic33

7

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic32

1

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic20

9

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic13

5

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic55

Mot

orcy

cle,

non-

traf

fic10

6

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic1,

430

7 Pe

dal c

yclis

t, no

n-tr

affic

8

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

69

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

41

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

112

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

98

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

90

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

94

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

50

Peda

l cyc

list,

traf

fic42

Pede

stria

n,

non-

traf

fic

895

8 Pe

dal c

yclis

t, tr

affic 7

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

29

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

20

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

34

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

27

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

17

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

#

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

#

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic#

Peda

l cyc

list,

non-

traf

fic

145

O

ther

, tra

ffic

#O

ther

, tra

ffic

#O

ther

, tra

ffic

15O

ther

, tra

ffic

80O

ther

, tra

ffic

52O

ther

, tra

ffic

66O

ther

, tra

ffic

33O

ther

, tra

ffic

28O

ther

, tra

ffic

46O

ther

, tra

ffic

330

O

ther

, non

-tr

affic 6

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic 6

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic14

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic18

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic16

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic15

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic23

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic10

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic 8

Oth

er, n

on-

traf

fic11

7

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

/ 21

6. Struck by or struck against injuries

This section describes hospitalisations due to unintentional struck by or struck against-related injuries.

Struck by/struck against injuries are sustained as a result of contact made between one person and

another person(s) or object(s) (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). For example, struck by injuries can refer to the

type of unintentional contact that may occur between players while they are participating in a sporting

activity. There are two main events that cause contact to occur and these are struck by/struck against a

person or object and caught between two objects (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992).

Struck by/struck against injury-related hospitalisations can also be intentional. A struck by/struck

against injury inflicted on one person by another that results in an admission to hospital is classified

as an interpersonal violence injury (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). Hospitalisations due to intentional struck

by/struck against events are described in Section 9 of this report on interpersonal violence.

In NSW, struck by/struck against incidents were the tenth leading cause of death in NSW during 1998-

2002, with 111 deaths, giving a mortality rate of 0.3 per 100,000 population (Schmertmann et al,

2004).

Struck by/struck against hospitalisation data were used to describe the profile of struck by/struck

against injuries to NSW residents. Hospitalisation data during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used

for the majority of the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to

2003–2004.

Struck by/struck against injuries were the third leading cause of injury hospitalisation in the period

1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted for 7.1% of all injury-related hospitalisations (Table 3). During

this period, there were 35,642 hospitalisations for struck by/struck against injuries, at a rate of 108.8 per

100,000 population. There were approximately 7,128 hospitalisations per year due to struck by/struck

against injuries during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

Males had an age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for struck by/struck against injuries at least three times

the rate for females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004. For males the rate of hospitalisations for struck by/

struck against injuries remained fairly constant from 1989–1990 to 1996-97 then rose from 1997–1998

to 1999–2000 (Figure 7). Overall, the hospitalisation rate was estimated to have increased significantly

by 4.2% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 (95% confidence interval for the increase: 3.5% to

5.0%).

STRUCK BY OR STRUCK AgAINST INJURIES


Figure 7. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to struck by/struck against injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

For males, the 15–24 year age group had the highest rates of age-specific hospitalisation for struck

by/struck against injuries during the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. In comparison, the highest

hospitalisation rate for struck by/struck against injuries for females during the same timeframe was for

children aged 0–4 years (Figure 8).

Figure 8. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for struck by/struck against injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

25


050

100

150

200

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

For males, the 15–24 year age group had the highest rates of age-specific hospitalisation for struck by/struck against injuries during the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. In comparison, the highest hospitalisation rate for struck by/struck against injuries for females during the same timeframe was for children aged 0–4 years (Error! Reference source not found.).


050

100

150

200

250

300

350

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

25


050

100

150

200

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

For males, the 15–24 year age group had the highest rates of age-specific hospitalisation for struck by/struck against injuries during the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. In comparison, the highest hospitalisation rate for struck by/struck against injuries for females during the same timeframe was for children aged 0–4 years (Error! Reference source not found.).


050

100

150

200

250

300

350

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

/ 23STRUCK BY OR STRUCK AgAINST INJURIES

Struck by/struck against a person or object accounted for at least three-quarters of the struck by/struck

against hospitalisations for both males (80.3%) and females (75.4%). Overall, the hospitalisation for

struck-by/against injuries was 234% higher for males than for females (Table 8).

Table 8. Injury hospitalisations by struck by/struck against injury cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




Table 9 shows the number of hospitalisations due to struck by/struck against injuries by age group for

the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Struck by/against a person or object was the most common type

of struck by/struck against hospitalised injury for all age groups. The number of struck by/struck against

injuries was highest for males aged 15–24 years and for females aged 1 to 4 years.

summAry

Struck by/struck against injuries were the third leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving

NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 7.1% of all injury-related

hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for struck by/struck against injuries was estimated to

have increased significantly by 4.2% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 7,154 hospitalisations of NSW residents following struck by/struck against

injuries, giving a hospitalisation rate of 107.7 per 100,000 population. Around one-half (50.9%) of those

hospitalised following a struck by/struck against injury were aged 10–34 years.

Struck by/struck against a person or object accounted for around 80% of the struck by/struck against

hospitalisations. Males were more likely than females to be hospitalised for a struck by/struck against

injury. In particular, males were almost four times more likely to be hospitalised after being struck by/

struck against a person or object than females. The overall hospitalisation rate was about 234% higher

for males than for females.

22

Struck by/struck against a person or object accounted for at least three-quarters of the struck by/struck against hospitalisations for both males (80.3%) and females (75.4%). Overall, the hospitalisation for struck-by/against injuries was 234% higher for males than for females (Table 8).

Table 8. Injury hospitalisations by struck by/struck against injury cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female Cause N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Struck by/against a person or object

28,226 86.2 (85.2,87.2) 22,005 133.7 (132.0,135.5) 6,221 37.4 (36.5,38.3)

Caught between two objects

7,416 22.6 (22.1,23.1) 5,389 32.7 (31.8,33.6) 2,027 12.4 (11.8,12.9)

All3 35,642 108.8 (107.7,109.9) 27,394 166.4 (164.5,168.4) 8,248 49.8 (48.7,50.9)

1 Rate per 100,000 population. 2 95% confidence interval. 3 The number of NSW residents hospitalised interstate during 2003–2004 was imputed and as a result


Table 9 shows the number of hospitalisations due to struck by/struck against injuries by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Struck by/against a person or object was the most common type of struck by/struck against hospitalised injury for all age groups. The number of struck by/struck against injuries was highest for males aged 15–24 years and for females aged 1 to 4 years.

SummaryStruck by/struck against injuries were the third leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 7.1% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for struck by/struck against injuries was estimated to have increased significantly by 4.2% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 7,154 hospitalisations of NSW residents following struck by/struck against injuries, giving a hospitalisation rate of 107.7 per 100,000 population. Around one-half (50.9%) of those hospitalised following a struck by/struck against injury were aged 10–34 years.

Struck by/struck against a person or object accounted for around 80% of the struck by/struck against hospitalisations. Males were more likely than females to be hospitalised for a struck by/struck against injury. In particular, males were almost four times more likely to be hospitalised after being struck by/struck against a person or object than females. The overall hospitalisation rate was about 234% higher for males than for females.


Tab

le9.

Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r st

ruck

by/

stru

ck a

gain

st in

juri

es b

y ag

e gr

oup

and

caus

e, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1St

ruck

by

/aga

inst

pe

rson

or

obje

ct

2,09

2

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

2,

199

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

3,

260

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

7,

122

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

5,

268

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

3,

342

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

2,

146

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

1,

075

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

1,

721

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

28

,226

2

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s1,

299

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s75

3

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s42

8

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s90

9

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s1,

144

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s1,

017

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s85

8

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s53

4

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s47

4

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s7,

416

27

Tab

le9.

Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r st

ruck

by/

stru

ck a

gain

st in

juri

es b

y ag

e gr

oup

and

caus

e, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1St

ruck

by

/aga

inst

pe

rson

or

obje

ct

2,09

2

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

2,

199

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

3,

260

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

7,

122

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

5,

268

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

3,

342

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

2,

146

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

1,

075

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

1,

721

Stru

ck

by/a

gain

st

pers

on o

r ob

ject

28

,226

2

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s1,

299

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s75

3

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s42

8

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s90

9

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s1,

144

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s1,

017

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s85

8

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s53

4

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s47

4

Caug

ht

betw

een

2 ob

ject

s7,

416

/ 25

7. Self-harm

Self-harm is the term used to describe purposely self-inflicted injury (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). This

category includes suicide attempts that did not result in death and self-maiming attempts. WHO

classifies self-harm according to the method used: hanging, strangulation or suffocation, poisoning by

overdose, shooting by firearm, jumping from a high place, jumping or lying in front of a moving object,

near-drowning and using a sharp or blunt object. Only people aged 10 years or older are included in the

analyses for this section.

In NSW, suicide was the leading cause of injury-related death in NSW during 1998-2002, with 3,822

deaths, giving a mortality rate of 11.7 per 100,000 population (Schmertmann et al, 2004). The lifetime

cost of fatal and attempted self-harm in NSW has been estimated at $588 million—$25 million in direct

costs and $563 million in mortality and morbidity costs (Potter-Forbes & Aisbett, 2003).

Hospitalisation data for self-harm were used to describe the profile of self-harm-related injuries of

NSW residents. Hospitalisation data during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority of the

analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Self-harm was the fourth leading cause of injury hospitalisation during the period 1999–2000 to 2003–

2004, and accounted for 6.5% of all injury hospitalisations (Table 3). During this period, there were

32,582 hospitalisations for self-harm, at a rate of 115.1 per 100,000 population aged 10 years or older.

Hospitalisation rates for self-harm were higher for females than for males for the period 1989–1990 to

2003–2004 (Figure 9). The rate of self-harm-related hospitalisation increased significantly by 5.9% per

year (95% confidence interval for the increase: 5.2% to 6.6%) from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

For females, age-specific hospitalisation rates for self-harm for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

were highest in those aged 15-19 and 20–24 years. In males, age-specific hospitalisation rates were

highest in those aged 20–24, 25–29, and 30-34 years (Figure 10). The overall hospitalisation rate was

about 53% higher for females than for males.

SELF-HARM


Figure 9. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to self-harm by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Figure 10. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for self-harm by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

Poisoning and use of a sharp or blunt object were the most commonly used methods of self-harm.

Approximately 85% of all hospitalisations due to self-harm were caused by poisoning. The hospitalisation

rate for females for self-harm by poisoning was about 74% higher than the rate for males. The overall

hospitalisation rate for females was about 53% higher for females than for males (Table 10).

29

Figure 11. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to self-harm by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 0

5010

015

0

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females


010

020

030

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Poisoning and use of a sharp or blunt object were the most commonly used methods of self-harm (Error! Reference source not found.). Approximately 85% of all hospitalisations due to self-harm were caused by poisoning. The hospitalisation rate for females for self-harm by poisoning was about 74% higher than the rate for males. The overall hospitalisation rate for females was about 53% higher for females than for males (Error! Reference source not found.).

29

Figure 11. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to self-harm by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

050

100

150

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females


010

020

030

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Poisoning and use of a sharp or blunt object were the most commonly used methods of self-harm (Error! Reference source not found.). Approximately 85% of all hospitalisations due to self-harm were caused by poisoning. The hospitalisation rate for females for self-harm by poisoning was about 74% higher than the rate for males. The overall hospitalisation rate for females was about 53% higher for females than for males (Error! Reference source not found.).

/ 27SELF-HARM

Table 11 shows the number of hospitalisations due to self-harm by age group for the period 1999–2000

to 2003–2004. In all age groups, poisoning was the most common method causing hospitalisation,

followed by use of a sharp or blunt object.

Table 10. Injury hospitalisations by method of self-harm, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




summAry

Self-harm was the fourth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents

between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 6.5% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The

yearly hospitalisation rate for self-harm-related injuries was estimated to have increased significantly by

5.9% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 6,661 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a self-harm attempt, giving

a hospitalisation rate of 115.9 per 100,000 population aged 10 years or older. More than three-quarters

of those hospitalised following an attempt at self-harm (76.1%) were aged 15–44 years.

Poisoning and use of a sharp or blunt object were the most commonly used methods of self-harm that

led to a hospitalisation. Females had a 53% higher hospitalisation rate for self-harm than males.

26

Table 11 shows the number of hospitalisations due to self-harm by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. In all age groups, poisoning was the most common method causing hospitalisation, followed by use of a sharp or blunt object.

Table 10. Injury hospitalisations by method of self-harm, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female Self-harm

method N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Poisoning 27,758 98.1 (96.9,99.2) 10,148 71.7 (70.3,73.1) 17,609 125.1 (123.3,127.0)

Sharp or blunt object 3,585 12.7 (12.3,13.1) 1,942 13.7 (13.1,14.4) 1,644 11.7 (11.1,12.3)

Suffocation 433 1.5 (1.4,1.7) 321 2.3 (2.0,2.5) 112 0.8 (0.7,1.0)

Jumping 148 0.5 (0.4,0.6) 91 0.6 (0.5,0.8) 56 0.4 (0.3,0.5)

Firearm 67 0.2 (0.2,0.3) 59 0.4 (0.3,0.6) 8 0.1 (0.0,0.1)

Jumping/ lying moving object

51 0.2 (0.1,0.2) 34 0.2 (0.2,0.3) 17 0.1 (0.1,0.2)

Near -drowning 14 0.0 (0.0,0.1) 8 0.1 (0.0,0.1) 6 0.0 (0.0,0.1)

Other 526 1.9 (1.7,2.0) 338 2.4 (2.1,2.7) 188 1.3 (1.1,1.5)

All3 32,582 115.1 (113.9,116.4) 12,941 91.5 (89.9,93.1) 19,640 139.6 (137.6,141.5)

1 Age-adjusted rate per 100,000 population aged 10 years or older. 2 95% confidence interval. 3 The number of NSW residents hospitalised interstate during 2003–2004 was imputed and as a result


SummarySelf-harm was the fourth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 6.5% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for self-harm-related injuries was estimated to have increased significantly by 5.9% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 6,661 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a self-harm attempt, giving a hospitalisation rate of 115.9 per 100,000 population aged 10 years or older. More than three-quarters of those hospitalised following an attempt at self-harm (76.1%) were aged 15–44 years.

Poisoning and use of a sharp or blunt object were the most commonly used methods of self-harm that led to a hospitalisation. Females had a 53% higher hospitalisationrate for self-harm than males.


Tab

le 1

1. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

self-

harm

1 by

age

gro

up a

nd c

ause

, NSW

, 199

9–20

00 t

o 20

03–2

004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1 Po

ison

ing

716

Pois

onin

g 7,

621

Pois

onin

g 7,

157

Pois

onin

g 6,

386

Pois

onin

g 3,

609

Pois

onin

g 1,

318

Pois

onin

g 95

1 Po

ison

ing

27,7

58

2 Sh

arp

or b

lunt

ob

ject

10

1

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

1,10

9

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

1,10

6

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

727

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

323

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

110

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

110

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

3,58

5 3

Suffo

catio

n 16

Suffo

catio

n 14

6 Su

ffoca

tion

139

Suffo

catio

n77

Suffo

catio

n 29

Fire

arm

11Fi

rear

m21

Suffo

catio

n 43

3 4

Jum

ping

/ ly

ing

mov

ing

obje

ct

#Ju

mpi

ng46

Jum

ping

47Ju

mpi

ng32

Fire

arm

12Su

ffoca

tion

10Su

ffoca

tion

17Ju

mpi

ng14

8 5

Fire

arm

#

Jum

ping

/ly

ing

mov

ing

obje

ct

#

Jum

ping

/ly

ing

mov

ing

obje

ct

17

Jum

ping

/ly

ing

mov

ing

obje

ct

15Ju

mpi

ng9

Jum

ping

#Ju

mpi

ng9

Fire

arm

676

–Fi

rear

m#

Fire

arm

9Fi

rear

m8

Jum

ping

/ly

ing

mov

ing

obje

ct

#D

row

ning

#

Dro

wni

ng

#

Jum

ping

/ly

ing

mov

ing

obje

ct

517

D

row

ning

#

Dro

wni

ng

#D

row

ning

#

Dro

wni

ng

#–

– D

row

ning

1

4

Oth

er

17O

ther

155

Oth

er17

7 O

ther

96O

ther

47O

ther

15O

ther

19O

ther

526

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

/ 29

8. Cut or pierce-related injuries

This section describes hospitalisations due to unintentional cut or pierce-related injuries. WHO classifies

the cause of cut/pierce-related injury hospitalisations by the mechanism that caused the injury (WHO,

1977; WHO, 1992). These mechanisms include sharp glass, knives, other hand tools, lawn mowers,

other powered household goods, and other mechanisms.

Cut or pierce injury-related hospitalisations can also be intentional. A cut or pierce-related injury inflicted

on one person by another that results in an admission to hospital is classified as an interpersonal

violence injury (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). Hospitalisations due to intentional cut or pierce-related injury

events inflicted on one person by another are described in Section 9 of this report on interpersonal

violence. A self-inflicted cut or pierce-related injury that results in an admission to hospital is classified

as self-harm injury (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). Hospitalisations due to self-inflicted cut or pierce-related

injury events are described in Section 7 of this report on self-harm.

Hospitalisation data for cut/pierce-related injuries were used to describe the profile of cut/pierce injuries

for NSW residents. Hospitalisation data during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority of

the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Cut/pierce injuries were the fifth leading cause of injury hospitalisation during the period 1999–2000 to

2003–2004, and accounted for 6.2% of all injury-related hospitalisations (Table 3). During this period,

there were 31,054 hospitalisations for cut/pierce injuries, at a rate of 94.6 per 100,000 population. There

were approximately 6,211 hospitalisations per year due to cut/pierce-related injuries during 1999–2000

to 2003–2004.

Males had an age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries almost three times that of females

during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004. The hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries for males has remained

fairly constant across the 15-year period (Figure 11). The hospitalisation rate was estimated to decrease

significantly for females by 1.1% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 (95% confidence interval

for the decrease: 0.5% to 1.7%).

CUT OR PIERCE-RELATED INJURIES


Figure 11. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to cut/pierce injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

During 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, males aged 20–24 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation

rate for cut/pierce injuries at 282.6 per 100,000 population. This rate was around four-and-a-half times

the hospitalisation rate for females aged 20–24 years (55.2 per 100,000 population) (Figure 12).

Figure 12. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

Cut/pierce injuries resulting from sharp glass and from other mechanisms were the two most common

types of cut/pierce-related injury hospitalisations for both males (27.3% and 27.1%, respectively) and

33

During 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, males aged 20–24 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries at 282.6 per 100,000 population. This rate was around four-and-a-half times the hospitalisation rate for females aged 20–24 years (55.2 per 100,000 population) (Error! Reference source not found.).


050

100

150

200

250

300

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Cut/pierce injuries resulting from sharp glass and from other mechanisms were the two most common types of cut/pierce-related injury hospitalisations for both males (27.3% and 27.1%, respectively) and females (33.1% and 30.1%, respectively) (Error! Reference source not found.). The overall hospitalisation was about 208% higher for males than for females (Error! Reference source not found.).

Error! Reference source not found. shows the number of hospitalisations due to cut/pierce injuries by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. The number of cut/pierce-related hospitalisations varied by age group. Other mechanisms and sharp glass were the two most common mechanisms that caused a cut/pierce injury in individuals aged 44 years or less. Other mechanisms and other powered household goods were the two most common mechanisms resulting in hospitalisation for cut/pierce-related injuries in individuals aged 45 years or older.

32

9. Cut or pierce-related injuries

Cut or pierce-related injuries are an unintentional cause of injury hospitalisation (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). WHO classifies the cause of cut/pierce-related injury hospitalisations by the mechanism that caused the injury. These mechanisms include sharp glass, knives, other hand tools, lawn mowers, other powered household goods,and other mechanisms.

Hospitalisation data for cut/pierce-related injuries were used to describe the profile of cut/pierce injuries for NSW residents. Hospitalisation data during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority of the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Cut/pierce injuries were the sixth leading cause of injury hospitalisation during the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted for 5.2% of all injury-related hospitalisations (Table 3). During this period, there were 31,054 hospitalisations for cut/pierce injuries, at a rate of 94.6 per 100,000 population. There were approximately 6,211 hospitalisations per year due to cut/pierce-related injuries during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

Males had an age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries almost three times that of females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004. The hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries for males has remained fairly constant across the 15-year period (Error! Reference source not found.). The hospitalisation rate was estimated to decrease significantly for females by 1.1% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 (95% confidence interval for the decrease: 0.5% to 1.7%).

Figure 13. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to cut/pierce injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

050

100

150

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

/ 31CUT OR PIERCE-RELATED INJURIES

females (33.1% and 30.1%, respectively). The overall hospitalisation was about 208% higher for males

than for females (Table 12).

Table 13 shows the number of hospitalisations due to cut/pierce injuries by age group for the period

1999–2000 to 2003–2004. The number of cut/pierce-related hospitalisations varied by age group. Other

mechanisms and sharp glass were the two most common mechanisms that caused a cut/pierce injury

in individuals aged 44 years or less. Other mechanisms and other powered household goods were the

two most common mechanisms resulting in hospitalisation for cut/pierce-related injuries in individuals

aged 45 years or older.

Table 12. Injury hospitalisations by cut/pierce injury cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




summAry

Cut/pierce injuries were the fifth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents


yearly hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries was estimated to have decreased by 1.1% per year for

females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 6,082 hospitalisations of NSW residents involving a cut/pierce injury, giving

a hospitalisation rate of 91.3. per 100,000 population. More than half of those hospitalised following a

cut/pierce injury (60.6%) were aged 15–44 years.

Sharp glass, other mechanisms, knives, and other powered household goods were the most common

types of implements involved in cut/pierce injury-related hospitalisations. Males had higher rates of

hospitalisation for cut/pierce injuries from all types of implements than females. The overall hospitalisation

was about 208% higher for males than for females.

33

During 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, males aged 20–24 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries at 282.6 per 100,000 population. This rate was around four-and-a-half times the hospitalisation rate for females aged 20–24 years (55.2 per 100,000 population) (Error! Reference source not found.).


050

100

150

200

250

300

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Cut/pierce injuries resulting from sharp glass and from other mechanisms were the two most common types of cut/pierce-related injury hospitalisations for both males (27.3% and 27.1%, respectively) and females (33.1% and 30.1%, respectively) (Error! Reference source not found.). The overall hospitalisation was about 208% higher for males than for females (Error! Reference source not found.).

Error! Reference source not found. shows the number of hospitalisations due to cut/pierce injuries by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. The number of cut/pierce-related hospitalisations varied by age group. Other mechanisms and sharp glass were the two most common mechanisms that caused a cut/pierce injury in individuals aged 44 years or less. Other mechanisms and other powered household goods were the two most common mechanisms resulting in hospitalisation for cut/pierce-related injuries in individuals aged 45 years or older.

31

Table 12. Injury hospitalisations by cut/pierce injury cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004


Sharp glass 8,930 27.3 (26.8,27.9) 6,419 39.0 (38.0,40.0) 2,512 15.5 (14.9,16.1)

Knives 4,868 14.9 (14.4,15.3) 3,455 21.0 (20.3,21.7) 1,413 8.6 (8.2,9.1)

Other powered household goods

4,784 14.5 (14.1,14.9) 4,491 27.3 (26.6,28.2) 293 1.8 (1.6,2.0)

Other hand tools 2,932 8.9 (8.6,9.3) 2,065 12.5 (12.0,13.1) 868 5.3 (4.9,5.6)

Lawn mower 902 2.7 (2.5,2.9) 689 4.2 (3.9,4.5) 213 1.3 (1.1,1.5)

Other mechanism 8,638 26.3 (25.8,26.9) 6,353 38.6 (37.6,39.5) 2,285 13.9 (13.3,14.5)

All3 31,054 94.6 (93.6,95.7) 23,472 142.7 (140.8,144.5) 7,583 46.3 (45.3,47.4)



SummaryCut/pierce injuries were the fifth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 6.2% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for cut/pierce injuries was estimated to have decreased by 1.1% per year for females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 6,082 hospitalisations of NSW residents involving a cut/pierce injury, giving a hospitalisation rate of 91.3. per 100,000 population. More than half of those hospitalised following a cut/pierce injury (60.6%) were aged 15–44 years.

Sharp glass, other mechanisms, knives, and other powered household goods were the most common types of implements involved in cut/pierce injury-related hospitalisations. Males had higher rates of hospitalisation for cut/pierce injuries from all types of implements than females. The overall hospitalisation was about 208% higher for males than for females.


Tab

le 1

3. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

cut/

pier

ce in

juri

es1

by a

ge g

roup

and

cau

se, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1

Shar

p gl

ass

480

Shar

p gl

ass

501

Shar

p gl

ass

571

Shar

p gl

ass

2,98

4 Sh

arp

glas

s 2,

144

Shar

p gl

ass

1,18

2

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

822

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

650

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

555

Shar

p gl

ass

8,

930

2

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 13

7

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 15

0

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 19

7 Kn

ives

1,28

9 Kn

ives

1,24

5

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

959

Shar

p gl

ass

620

Kniv

es26

8

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 21

5 Kn

ives

4,86

8 3

Kniv

es10

5 Kn

ives

112

Kniv

es16

8

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

722

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

960

Kniv

es92

4 Kn

ives

596

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 26

8 Sh

arp

glas

s 19

2

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

4,78

4 4

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

46

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

26

Oth

erpo

wer

ed

hous

ehol

d go

ods

45

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 50

8

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 56

7

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 52

2

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 36

6 Sh

arp

glas

s 25

7 Kn

ives

160

Oth

er h

and

tool

s 2,

932

5La

wn

mow

er

19La

wn

mow

er

18La

wn

mow

er

28La

wn

mow

er

89La

wn

mow

er

117

Law

n m

ower

18

9 La

wn

mow

er

152

Law

n m

ower

14

2 La

wn

mow

er

149

Law

n m

ower

90

2 O

ther

575

Oth

er71

9 O

ther

618

Oth

er1,

392

Oth

er1,

557

Oth

er1,

419

Oth

er1,

081

Oth

er69

4 O

ther

584

Oth

er8,

638

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

/ 33

9. Interpersonal violence

Interpersonal violence is the term used to describe injury purposely inflicted by one or more persons

on another person (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). WHO classifies the cause of interpersonal violence

hospitalisations by the method used to inflict injury on another person: using a sharp or blunt object

to hit, cut or stab another person causing bleeding or other type of injury, shooting by firearm, struck

by/struck against a person or object, hanging, strangulation or suffocation, and poisoning.

In NSW, interpersonal violence was the fifth leading cause of death in NSW during 1998-2002, with 513

deaths, giving a mortality rate of 1.6 per 100,000 population (Schmertmann et al, 2004). The lifetime cost

of fatal and non-fatal interpersonal violence in NSW has been estimated at $133.9 million—$21.9 million

in direct costs and $112 million in mortality and morbidity costs (Potter-Forbes & Aisbett, 2003).

Interpersonal violence hospitalisation data were used to describe the profile of hospitalisation for NSW

residents. Hospitalisation data from 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority of analyses,

except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Injury due to interpersonal violence was the sixth leading cause of injury hospitalisation for the period

1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted for 5.9% of all injury hospitalisations (Table 3). During this

period, there were 29,701 hospitalisations due to interpersonal violence, at a rate of 90.8 per 100,000

population. There were approximately 5,940 hospitalisations per year during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

due to interpersonal violence.

Rates of hospitalisation for interpersonal violence were almost three times higher in males than females

for the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 (Figure 13). The hospitalisation rate was estimated to have

increased significantly by 0.9% per year for males (95% confidence interval for the increase: 0.3% to

1.5%), and increased significantly by 2.7% per year (95% confidence interval for the increase: 1.9% to

3.5%) for females.

INTERPERSONAL vIOLENCE


Figure 13. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to interpersonal violence by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Rates of hospitalisation for interpersonal violence were higher in males than females for all age groups

during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Figure 14). Males aged 20–24 years had the highest hospitalisation

rates for injuries due to interpersonal violence.

Figure 14. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for interpersonal violence by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

Interpersonal violence using bodily force accounted for just over half (58.0%) of the hospitalisations

due to interpersonal violence (Table 14). For males, bodily force represented over three-quarters of the

hospitalisations for interpersonal violence. The overall hospitalisation rate for males was about 266%

higher than for females.

37


050

100

150

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Rates of hospitalisation for interpersonal violence were higher in males than females for all age groups during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Error! Reference source not found.). Males aged 20–24 years had the highest hospitalisation rates for injuries due to interpersonal violence.


010

020

030

040

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

37


050

100

150

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Rates of hospitalisation for interpersonal violence were higher in males than females for all age groups during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Error! Reference source not found.). Males aged 20–24 years had the highest hospitalisation rates for injuries due to interpersonal violence.


010

020

030

040

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

/ 35INTERPERSONAL vIOLENCE

Table 15 shows the number of hospitalisations by age group and method used for the period 1999–2000

to 2003–2004. In all age groups, bodily force was the most common method of interpersonal violence

that caused hospitalisation.

Table 14. Injury hospitalisations by interpersonal violence method, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




summAry

Injury due to interpersonal violence was the sixth leading cause of hospitalisation due to injury

involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 5.9% of all injury-related

hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for interpersonal violence-related injuries was estimated

to significantly increase by 0.9% per year for males and 2.7% per year for females during 1989–1990

to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 5,500 hospitalisations of NSW residents following interpersonal violence,

giving a hospitalisation rate of 82.9 per 100,000 population. More than four-fifths of those hospitalised

following an injury due to interpersonal violence (80.5%) were aged 15-44 years.

Bodily force and sharp or blunt objects were the two most common methods of interpersonal violence

that led to a hospitalisation. Males had higher hospitalisation rates for all types of interpersonal violence

than females, except for poisoning and suffocation. The overall hospitalisation rate for males was about

266% higher than for females.

35

represented over three-quarters of the hospitalisations for interpersonal violence. The overall hospitalisation rate for males was about 266% higher than for females.

Table 15 shows the number of hospitalisations by age group and method used for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. In all age groups, bodily force was the most common method of interpersonal violence that caused hospitalisation.

Table 14. Injury hospitalisations by interpersonal violence method, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female IPV method N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Bodily force 17,238 52.7 (51.9,53.5) 13,000 79.1 (77.7,80.4) 4,239 26.0 (25.2,26.8)

Sharp or blunt object 6,830 20.9 (20.4,21.4) 5,870 35.7 (34.8,36.7) 960 5.9 (5.5,6.3)

Firearm 308 0.9 (0.8,1.1) 286 1.7 (1.5,1.9) 22 0.1 (0.1,0.2)

Poisoning 113 0.3 (0.3,0.4) 54 0.3 (0.2,0.4) 59 0.4 (0.3,0.5)

Suffocation 39 0.1 (0.1,0.2) 15 0.1 (0.1,0.1) 24 0.1 (0.1,0.2)

Other 5,172 15.8 (15.4,16.2) 4,132 25.1 (24.4,25.9) 1,039 6.3 (5.9,6.7)

All3 29,701 90.8 (89.8,91.8) 23,356 142.1 (140.3,143.9) 6,343 38.8 (37.8,39.8)



SummaryInjury due to interpersonal violence was the sixth leading cause of hospitalisation due to injury involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 5.9% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for interpersonal violence-related injuries was estimated to significantly increase by 0.9% per year for males and 2.7% per year for females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 5,500 hospitalisations of NSW residents following interpersonal violence, giving a hospitalisation rate of 82.9 per 100,000 population. More than four-fifths of those hospitalised following an injury due to interpersonal violence (80.5%) were aged 15-44 years.

Bodily force and sharp or blunt objects were the two most common methods of interpersonal violence that led to a hospitalisation. Males had higher hospitalisation rates for all types of interpersonal violence than females, except for poisoning and suffocation. The overall hospitalisation rate for males was about 266% higher than for females.


Tab

le 1

5. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

inte

rper

sona

l vio

lenc

e1 b

y ag

e gr

oup

and

caus

e, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Bo

dily

forc

e 41

0 Bo

dily

forc

e 10

7 Bo

dily

forc

e 45

7 Bo

dily

forc

e 5,

790

Bodi

ly fo

rce

4,89

8 Bo

dily

forc

e 3,

271

Bodi

ly fo

rce

1,47

5 Bo

dily

forc

e 48

3 Bo

dily

forc

e 34

8 Bo

dily

forc

e 17

,238

2

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

11

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

22

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

72

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

2,22

8

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

2,14

6

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

1,42

7

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

612

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

188

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

122

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

6,83

0 3

Pois

onin

g 5

Fire

arm

#Su

ffoca

tion

#Fi

rear

m14

2 Fi

rear

m81

Fire

arm

51Fi

rear

m18

Fire

arm

9Po

ison

ing

#Fi

rear

m30

8 4

Suffo

catio

n#

Pois

onin

g #

Pois

onin

g #

Pois

onin

g 45

Pois

onin

g 25

Pois

onin

g 15

Pois

onin

g 12

Pois

onin

g #

Fire

arm

#Po

ison

ing

113

5

Suffo

catio

n #

Fire

arm

#Su

ffoca

tion

7Su

ffoca

tion

11Su

ffoca

tion

7Su

ffoca

tion

#Su

ffoca

tion

#Su

ffoca

tion

#Su

ffoca

tion

39O

ther

86O

ther

20O

ther

77O

ther

1,50

7 O

ther

1,54

5 O

ther

1,07

5 O

ther

499

Oth

er20

4 O

ther

160

Oth

er5,

172

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

39

Tab

le 1

5. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

inte

rper

sona

l vio

lenc

e1 b

y ag

e gr

oup

and

caus

e, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Bo

dily

forc

e 41

0 Bo

dily

forc

e 10

7 Bo

dily

forc

e 45

7 Bo

dily

forc

e 5,

790

Bodi

ly fo

rce

4,89

8 Bo

dily

forc

e 3,

271

Bodi

ly fo

rce

1,47

5 Bo

dily

forc

e 48

3 Bo

dily

forc

e 34

8 Bo

dily

forc

e 17

,238

2

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

11

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

22

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

72

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

2,22

8

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

2,14

6

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

1,42

7

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

612

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

188

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

122

Shar

p or

blu

nt

obje

ct

6,83

0 3

Pois

onin

g 5

Fire

arm

#Su

ffoca

tion

#Fi

rear

m14

2 Fi

rear

m81

Fire

arm

51Fi

rear

m18

Fire

arm

9Po

ison

ing

#Fi

rear

m30

8 4

Suffo

catio

n#

Pois

onin

g #

Pois

onin

g #

Pois

onin

g 45

Pois

onin

g 25

Pois

onin

g 15

Pois

onin

g 12

Pois

onin

g #

Fire

arm

#Po

ison

ing

113

5

Suffo

catio

n #

Fire

arm

#Su

ffoca

tion

7Su

ffoca

tion

11Su

ffoca

tion

7Su

ffoca

tion

#Su

ffoca

tion

#Su

ffoca

tion

#Su

ffoca

tion

39O

ther

86O

ther

20O

ther

77O

ther

1,50

7 O

ther

1,54

5 O

ther

1,07

5 O

ther

499

Oth

er20

4 O

ther

160

Oth

er5,

172

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

/ 37

10. Poisoning

This section describes hospitalisations due to unintentional poisoning. WHO classifies the cause of

poisoning hospitalisations by the substance that caused the poisoning (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). These

substances include narcotics and hallucinogens, other pharmaceuticals, antidepressants, gases and

vapours, alcohol and other and unspecified substances. A poisoning event can also be intentional. A

self-inflicted poisoning is classified as self-harm, and a poisoning inflicted on one person by another is

classified as interpersonal violence. Hospitalisations due to intentional poisoning are covered in other

sections of this report (see Section 7 on self-harm and Section 9 on interpersonal violence).

In NSW, poisoning was the third leading cause of death in NSW during 1998-2002, with 1,118 deaths,


fatal and non-fatal poisoning in NSW has been estimated at $245 million—$13.2 million in direct costs

and $232 million in mortality and morbidity costs (Potter-Forbes & Aisbett, 2003).

Poisoning-related hospitalisation data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 were used to describe the profile

of poisoning-related hospitalisations of NSW residents. Hospitalisation data from 1999–2000 to 2003–

2004 were used in the majority of the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from

1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Poisoning was the seventh leading cause of injury hospitalisation for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–

2004, and accounted for 3.3% of all injury-related hospitalisations. During these years, there were

16,828 hospitalisations due to poisoning, at a rate of 51.2 per 100,000 population (Table 3). There were

approximately 3,365 hospitalisations per year due to poisoning during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for poisoning for both females and males decreased from 101.0

and 82.9 per 100,000 population respectively in 1991-92 to 46.7 and 48.8 per 100,000 population

respectively in 2003–2004 (Figure 15). The hospitalisation rate for both males and females decreased

significantly during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004. For males, the rate decreased by 3.0% per year (95%

confidence interval for the decrease: 2.4% to 3.6%) and for females the rate decreased by 5.2% per year

(95% confidence interval for the decrease: 4.6% to 5.7%).

POISONINg


Figure 15. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to poisoning by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Young children aged 0-4 years had the highest rate of poisoning-related hospitalisation at 147.3 per

100,000 population during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Individuals aged 20–24 years had the second

highest rate of hospitalisation (86.0 per 100,000 population) during this same time period (Figure 16).

Figure 16. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for poisoning by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

The hospitalisation rate was slightly higher in males (53.3 per 100,000 population) than for females

(49.0 per 100,000 population), with males accounting for 52% of poisoning-related hospitalisations

during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Table 16).

Other pharmaceuticals (31.3%) and anti-depressants, barbiturates and tranquilizers (30.0%) were the

two substances that accounted for almost two-thirds of the poisoning-related hospitalisations during

1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

41

Figure 17. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to poisoning by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 0

2040

6080

100

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Young children aged 0-4 years had the highest rate of poisoning-related hospitalisation at 147.3 per 100,000 population during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Individuals aged 20–24 years had the second highest rate of hospitalisation (86.0 per 100,000 population) during this same time period (Error! Reference source not found.).


050

100

150

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

41

Figure 17. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to poisoning by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

020

4060

8010

0

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Young children aged 0-4 years had the highest rate of poisoning-related hospitalisation at 147.3 per 100,000 population during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Individuals aged 20–24 years had the second highest rate of hospitalisation (86.0 per 100,000 population) during this same time period (Error! Reference source not found.).


050

100

150

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

/ 39POISONINg

Table 16. Injury hospitalisations by poisoning substance, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004



3 Includes non-opioid analgesics, antipyretics, antirheumatics, and drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system.


Table 17 shows the number of poisoning-related hospitalisations by age group for the period 1999–

2000 to 2003–2004. Other pharmaceuticals, which include non-opioid analgesics, antipyretics,

antirheumatics, and drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system, were the most common cause of

poisoning-related hospitalisations for children aged 14 years or less and for individuals aged 65 years

or older. Anti-depressants, barbiturates and tranquilizers were the most frequent cause of poisoning-

related hospitalisation for individuals aged 15–64 years.

summAry

Poisoning was the seventh leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents


yearly hospitalisation rate for poisoning was estimated to have decreased in males by 3.0% per year and

by 5.2% per year for females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 3,185 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a poisoning, giving a

hospitalisation rate of 47.8 per 100,000 population. Nearly one-fifth of those hospitalised following a

poisoning (18.9%) were aged four years or less and just over one-third (36.8%) were aged 15-34 years.

Other pharmaceuticals, and anti-depressants, barbiturates and tranquilizers were the types of

substances that most commonly led to a poisoning-related hospitalisation. Females were more likely

to be hospitalised following a poisoning associated with other pharmaceuticals or anti-depressants,

barbiturates and tranquilizers than males, while males were more likely to be hospitalised following a

poisoning associated with other and unspecified substances and narcotics and hallucinogens.

39

The hospitalisation rate was slightly higher in males (53.3 per 100,000 population) than for females (49.0 per 100,000 population), with males accounting for 52% of poisoning-related hospitalisations during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Table 16).

Other pharmaceuticals (31.3%) and anti-depressants, barbiturates and tranquilizers(30.0%) were the two substances that accounted for almost two-thirds of the poisoning-related hospitalisations during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

Table 16. Injury hospitalisations by poisoning substance, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female Substance N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Other pharmaceuticals3 5,266 16.0 (15.6,16.4) 2,355 14.4 (13.8,15.0) 2,911 17.5 (16.9,18.2)

Antidepressants, barbiturates and tranquilizers

5,048 15.4 (15.0,15.8) 2,366 14.4 (13.8,15.0) 2,683 16.3 (15.7,17.0)

Narcotics and hallucinogens 2,137 6.5 (6.2,6.8) 1,340 8.2 (7.8,8.7) 797 4.8 (4.5,5.2)

Alcohol 598 1.8 (1.7,2.0) 321 2.0 (1.7,2.2) 277 1.7 (1.5,1.9)

Gases and Vapours 387 1.2 (1.1,1.3) 287 1.7 (1.5,2.0) 100 0.6 (0.5,0.7)

Other and unspecified 3,392 10.3 (10.0,10.6) 2,072 12.6 (12.1,13.2) 1,320 7.9 (7.5,8.4)

All4 16,828 51.2 (50.4,51.9) 8,739 53.3 (52.2,54.5) 8,088 49.0 (47.9,50.0)

1 Age-adjusted rate per 100,000 population. 2 95% confidence interval. 3 Includes non-opioid analgesics, antipyretics, antirheumatics, and drugs acting on the autonomic

nervous system. 4 The number of NSW residents hospitalised interstate during 2003–2004 was imputed and as a result


Table 17 shows the number of poisoning-related hospitalisations by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Other pharmaceuticals, which include non-opioid analgesics, antipyretics, antirheumatics, and drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system, were the most common cause of poisoning-related hospitalisations for children aged 14 years or less and for individuals aged 65 years or older. Anti-depressants, barbiturates and tranquilizers were the most frequent cause of poisoning-related hospitalisation for individuals aged 15–64 years.

SummaryPoisoning was the seventh leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 3.3% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for poisoning was estimated to have decreased in males by 3.0% per year and by 5.2% per year for females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 3,185 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a poisoning, giving a hospitalisation rate of 47.8 per 100,000 population. Nearly one-fifth of those hospitalised following a poisoning (18.9%) were aged four years or less and just over one-third (36.8%) were aged 15-34 years.

Other pharmaceuticals, and anti-depressants, barbiturates and tranquilizers were the types of substances that most commonly led to a poisoning-related hospitalisation. Females were more likely to be hospitalised following a poisoning associated with


Tab

le 1

7. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

pois

onin

g1 b

y ag

e gr

oup

and

caus

e, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1O

ther

phar

ma-

ceut

ical

s2

1,78

9

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

126

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

138

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

1,11

2

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

1,18

1

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

876

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

540

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

244

Oth

erph

arm

a-

ceut

ical

s2

673

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

5,26

6 2

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

634

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

75

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

93

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

911

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns69

5

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

470

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

321

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

191

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

293

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

5,04

8 3

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns10

3

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

8Al

coho

l 45

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns52

5

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

647

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns40

9

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns16

5

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns79

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns13

8

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns2,

137

4

Alco

hol

27Al

coho

l 6

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns17

Alco

hol

220

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

90Al

coho

l 10

0 Al

coho

l 62

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

31

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

22Al

coho

l 59

8 5

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

25

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns5

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

13

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

50Al

coho

l 89

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

89

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

59Al

coho

l 26

Alco

hol

22

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

387

Oth

er61

2 O

ther

113

Oth

er69

Oth

er50

9 O

ther

643

Oth

er46

0 O

ther

385

Oth

er23

8 O

ther

361

Oth

er3,

392

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

2In

clud

es n

on-o

pioi

d an

alge

sics

, ant

ipyr

etic

s, a

ntirh

eum

atic

s, a

nd d

rugs

act

ing

on th

e au

tono

mic

ner

vous

sys

tem

.

44

Tab

le 1

7. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

pois

onin

g1 b

y ag

e gr

oup

and

caus

e, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1O

ther

phar

ma-

ceut

ical

s2

1,78

9

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

126

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

138

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

1,11

2

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

1,18

1

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

876

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

540

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

244

Oth

erph

arm

a-

ceut

ical

s2

673

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

5,26

6 2

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

634

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

75

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

93

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

911

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns69

5

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

470

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

321

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

191

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

293

Anti-

depr

essa

nts

5,04

8 3

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns10

3

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

8Al

coho

l 45

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns52

5

Oth

erph

arm

a-ce

utic

als2

647

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns40

9

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns16

5

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns79

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns13

8

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns2,

137

4

Alco

hol

27Al

coho

l 6

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns17

Alco

hol

220

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

90Al

coho

l 10

0 Al

coho

l 62

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

31

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

22Al

coho

l 59

8 5

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

25

Nar

cotic

s an

d ha

lluci

noge

ns5

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

13

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

50Al

coho

l 89

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

89

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

59Al

coho

l 26

Alco

hol

22

Gas

es a

nd

vapo

urs

387

Oth

er61

2 O

ther

113

Oth

er69

Oth

er50

9 O

ther

643

Oth

er46

0 O

ther

385

Oth

er23

8 O

ther

361

Oth

er3,

392

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

2In

clud

es n

on-o

pioi

d an

alge

sics

, ant

ipyr

etic

s, a

ntirh

eum

atic

s, a

nd d

rugs

act

ing

on th

e au

tono

mic

ner

vous

sys

tem

.

/ 41

11. Non-motor vehicle road transport

This section describes hospitalisations due to non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries. Non-

motor vehicle road transport-related injuries include incidents involving pedestrians, pedal cyclists, and

animal riders (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). For example, an incident in which a pedestrian is injured in

a collision with a pedal cyclist is included in this section; incidents involving injuries to pedestrians

caused by collisions with motor vehicles are covered in Section 5 on motor vehicle transport. Animal

riders or pedal cyclists who are injured in incidents that do not involve motor vehicles are included in

this section.

Hospitalisation data for non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries were used to describe the

profile of non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries involving NSW residents. Hospitalisation

data during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority of the analyses, except for the trend

analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries were the eighth leading cause of injury-related

hospitalisation in the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted for 3.0% of all injury-related

hospitalisations (Table 3). During this period, there were 15,177 hospitalisations for non-motor vehicle

road transport-related injuries, at a rate of 46.6 per 100,000 population.

Age-adjusted hospitalisation rates were higher in males than females in all years between 1989–1990

and 2003–2004 (Figure 17). There was no change in the hospitalisation rate for males between 1989–

1990 and 2003–2004, but for females the rate decreased significantly by 1.7% per year (95% confidence

interval for the decrease: 1.1% to 2.2%).

NON-MOTOR vEHICLE ROAD TRANSPORT


Figure 17. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

In both males and females, age-specific hospitalisation rates for non-motor vehicle road transport-related

injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were highest in those aged 10–14 years (Figure 18).

Figure 18. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

46


020

4060

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

In both males and females, age-specific hospitalisation rates for non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were highest in those aged 10–14 years (Error! Reference source not found.).


050

100

150

200

250

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

46


020

4060

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

In both males and females, age-specific hospitalisation rates for non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were highest in those aged 10–14 years (Error! Reference source not found.).


050

100

150

200

250

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

/ 43

Injuries to pedal cyclists accounted for almost two-thirds (65.0%) of injury-related hospitalisations by

non-motor vehicle road transport-related causes for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and rates

for males were about four times higher than rates for females (Table 18). Injuries to animal riders were

the second most common cause of non-motor vehicle road transport-related injury hospitalisation, and

these injuries were more common in females than in males. Overall, the hospitalisation rate was about

100% higher for males than for females.

Table 18. Injury hospitalisations by non-motor vehicle road transport-related cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




Table 19 shows the number of hospitalisations due to non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries

by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Injuries to pedal cyclists were the most common

non-motor vehicle road transport-related hospitalisation in those aged 1–44 years and 65 years or

older.

summAry

Non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries were the eighth leading cause of hospitalisation due

to injury involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 3.0% of all

injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for non-motor vehicle road transport-

related injuries was estimated to have decreased by 1.7% per year for females during 1989–1990 to

2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 3,195 hospitalisations of NSW residents following non-motor vehicle road

transport-related incidents, giving a hospitalisation rate of 48.4 per 100,000 population. More than

two-fifths (43.4%) of those hospitalised as a result of an other transport-related injury were aged 5–19

years.

Pedal cyclists and animal riders were the types of non-motor vehicle transport-related incidents that had

the highest hospitalisation rates. Males had higher rates of hospitalisation for cycling-related injuries,

while females had higher rates of hospitalisation for injuries related to incidents as an animal rider (e.g.

equestrian). The overall hospitalisation rate was about 100% higher for males than for females.

NON-MOTOR vEHICLE ROAD TRANSPORT44

Injuries to pedal cyclists accounted for almost two-thirds (65.0%) of injury-related hospitalisations by non-motor vehicle road transport-related causes for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and rates for males were about four times higher than rates for females (Table 18). Injuries to animal riders were the second most common cause of non-motor vehicle road transport-related injury hospitalisation, and these injuries were more common in females than in males. Overall, the hospitalisation rate was about 100% higher for males than for females.

Table 18. Injury hospitalisations by non-motor vehicle road transport-related cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004


Pedal cyclist 10,026 30.8 (30.2,31.4) 8,032 48.6 (47.5,49.7) 1,994 12.5 (11.9,13.0)

Animal rider 4,556 13.9 (13.5,14.4) 1,811 11.0 (10.5,11.5) 2,745 17.1 (16.4,17.7)

Pedestrian 595 1.8 (1.7,2.0) 373 2.3 (2.1,2.5) 222 1.3 (1.2,1.5)

All3 15,177 46.6 (45.8,47.3) 10,216 61.9 (60.7,63.1) 4,961 30.9 (30.0,31.8)



Table 19 shows the number of hospitalisations due to non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Injuries to pedal cyclists were the most common non-motor vehicle road transport-related hospitalisation in those aged 1–44 years and 65 years or older.

SummaryNon-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries were the eighth leading cause of hospitalisation due to injury involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 3.0% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for non-motor vehicle road transport-related injuries was estimated to have decreased by 1.7% per year for females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 3,195 hospitalisations of NSW residents following non-motor vehicle road transport-related incidents, giving a hospitalisation rate of 48.4 per 100,000 population. More than two-fifths (43.4%) of those hospitalised as a result of an other transport-related injury were aged 5–19 years.

Pedal cyclists and animal riders were the types of non-motor vehicle transport-related incidents that had the highest hospitalisation rates. Males had higher rates of hospitalisation for cycling-related injuries, while females had higher rates of hospitalisation for injuries related to incidents as an animal rider (e.g. equestrian). The overall hospitalisation rate was about 100% higher for males than for females.


48

Tab

le19

. Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r no

n-m

otor

veh

icle

roa

d tr

ansp

ort-

rela

ted

inju

ries

1 by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 19

99–2

000

to 2

003–

2004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Pe

dal c

yclis

t 45

1 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 1,

957

Peda

l cyc

list

3,00

0 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 1,

811

Peda

l cyc

list

1,10

9 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 77

2 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 51

9 An

imal

ride

r 25

9 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 15

1 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 10

,026

2

Anim

al ri

der

69An

imal

ride

r 37

4 An

imal

ride

r 81

7 An

imal

ride

r 1,

031

Anim

al ri

der

722

Anim

al ri

der

684

Anim

al ri

der

482

Peda

l cyc

list

256

Anim

al ri

der

118

Anim

al ri

der

4,55

6 3

Pede

stria

n 59

Pe

dest

rian

55

Pede

stria

n 62

Pe

dest

rian

105

Pede

stria

n 71

Pe

dest

rian

62

Pede

stria

n 50

Pe

dest

rian

43

Pede

stria

n 85

Pe

dest

rian

595

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

48

Tab

le19

. Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r no

n-m

otor

veh

icle

roa

d tr

ansp

ort-

rela

ted

inju

ries

1 by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 19

99–2

000

to 2

003–

2004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Pe

dal c

yclis

t 45

1 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 1,

957

Peda

l cyc

list

3,00

0 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 1,

811

Peda

l cyc

list

1,10

9 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 77

2 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 51

9 An

imal

ride

r 25

9 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 15

1 Pe

dal c

yclis

t 10

,026

2

Anim

al ri

der

69An

imal

ride

r 37

4 An

imal

ride

r 81

7 An

imal

ride

r 1,

031

Anim

al ri

der

722

Anim

al ri

der

684

Anim

al ri

der

482

Peda

l cyc

list

256

Anim

al ri

der

118

Anim

al ri

der

4,55

6 3

Pede

stria

n 59

Pe

dest

rian

55

Pede

stria

n 62

Pe

dest

rian

105

Pede

stria

n 71

Pe

dest

rian

62

Pede

stria

n 50

Pe

dest

rian

43

Pede

stria

n 85

Pe

dest

rian

595

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

/ 45

12. Natural and environmental factors

This section describes injury hospitalisations due to natural and environmental factors. Natural and

environmental factors can contribute to injury-related hospitalisations in a number of ways, including:

excessive temperatures (i.e., very hot and very cold temperature), natural events (e.g. mudslides, floods)

and venomous plants or animals (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992).

In NSW, natural and environmental factors were the twelfth leading cause of death in NSW during 1998-

2002, with 67 deaths, giving a mortality rate of 0.2 per 100,000 population (Schmertmann et al, 2004).

The lifetime cost of fatal and non-fatal injury associated with natural and environmental factors in NSW

has been estimated at $27.8 million—$13.7 million in direct costs and $14.2 million in mortality and

morbidity costs (Potter-Forbes & Aisbett, 2003).

Hospitalisation data for natural and environmental factor-related injuries were used to describe the profile

of natural and environmental factor-related injuries involving NSW residents. Hospitalisation data during

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority of the analyses, except for the trend analyses,

which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Natural and environmental factor-related injuries were the ninth leading cause of injury hospitalisation in

the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted for 2.7% of all injury-related hospitalisations (Table

3). During this period, there were 13,789 hospitalisations for natural and environmental factor-related

injuries, at a rate of 41.9 per 100,000 population. There were approximately 2,758 hospitalisations per

year due to natural and environmental factor-related injuries during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for natural and environmental factor-related injuries has been

gradually increasing from 34.2 per 100,000 population in 1989–1990 to 42.0 per 100,000 population

in 2003–2004. The hospitalisation rate for both males and females increased significantly during 1989–

1990 to 2003–2004 (Figure 19). For males the rate significantly increased by 1.1% per year (95%

confidence interval for the increase: 0.7% to 1.5%) and for females the rate increased significantly by

2.0% per year (95% confidence interval for the increase: 1.5% to 2.4%).

NATURAL AND ENvIRONMENTAL FACTORS


Figure 19. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to natural and environmental factor-related injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Children aged 0-4 and 5–9 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rates for natural and

environmental factor-related injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 at 62.8 per 100,000

population and 49.6 per 100,000 population, respectively (Figure 20).

Figure 20. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for natural and environmental factor-related injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

50


010

2030

4050

60

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Children aged 0-4 and 5–9 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rates for natural and environmental factor-related injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 at 62.8 per 100,000 population and 49.6 per 100,000 population, respectively (Error! Reference source not found.).


020

4060

80

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

50


010

2030

4050

60

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Children aged 0-4 and 5–9 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rates for natural and environmental factor-related injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 at 62.8 per 100,000 population and 49.6 per 100,000 population, respectively (Error! Reference source not found.).


020

4060

80

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

/ 47

Almost three-quarters of hospitalisations as a result of natural and environmental factor-related injuries

resulted from contact with venomous plants and animals (37.0%), being bitten or struck by a dog

(19.6%), and being bitten or struck by a mammal (excluding dogs) (17.3%) (Table 20). The overall

hospitalisation rate was about 54% higher for males than for females.

Table 21 shows the number of hospitalisations due to natural and environmental factor-related injuries

by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Contact with venomous plants and animals,

being bitten or struck by a dog, and contact with non-venomous insects were common causes of natural

and environmental factor-related hospitalisation for all age groups. The number of dog bites or being

struck by a dog involving children aged 1–4 years was high compared to all other age groups.

Table 20. Injury hospitalisations by natural and environmental factor-related cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




summAry

Natural and environmental factors were the ninth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation


hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for natural and environmental factor-related injuries was

estimated to have increased significantly by 2.0% per year for males and by 1.1% per year for females

during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

NATURAL AND ENvIRONMENTAL FACTORS

48

Almost three-quarters of hospitalisations as a result of natural and environmental factor-related injuries resulted from contact with venomous plants and animals(37.0%), being bitten or struck by a dog (19.6%), and being bitten or struck by a mammal (excluding dogs) (17.3%) (Table 20). The overall hospitalisation rate was about 54% higher for males than for females.

Table 21 shows the number of hospitalisations due to natural and environmental factor-related injuries by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Contact with venomous plants and animals, being bitten or struck by a dog, and contact with non-venomous insects were common causes of natural and environmental factor-related hospitalisation for all age groups. The number of dog bites or being struck by a dog involving children aged 1–4 years was high compared to all other age groups.

Table 20. Injury hospitalisations by natural and environmental factor-related cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004


Venomous plants/ animals 5,097 15.5 (15.1,15.9) 3,266 19.8 (19.2,20.5) 1,831 11.1 (10.6,11.7)

Struck/bitten by dog 2,703 8.2 (7.9,8.5) 1,466 8.9 (8.4,9.4) 1,237 7.5 (7.1,7.9)

Struck/bitten by mammal (excluding dogs)

2,389 7.2 (6.9,7.5) 1,381 8.4 (8.0,8.9) 1,008 6.1 (5.7,6.4)

Non-venomous insects 1,290 3.9 (3.7,4.2) 701 4.2 (3.9,4.6) 589 3.6 (3.3,3.9)

Excess temperature 749 2.2 (2.1,2.4) 474 3.0 (2.8,3.3) 275 1.5 (1.3,1.6)

Plant thorns and spines 411 1.2 (1.1,1.4) 271 1.7 (1.5,1.9) 140 0.8 (0.7,1.0)

Reptiles 397 1.2 (1.1,1.3) 269 1.6 (1.4,1.8) 128 0.8 (0.6,0.9)

Air pressure 196 0.6 (0.5,0.7) 121 0.7 (0.6,0.9) 75 0.5 (0.4,0.6)

Contact with marine animals 139 0.4 (0.4,0.5) 114 0.7 (0.6,0.8) 25 0.2 (0.1,0.2)

Natural events 74 0.2 (0.2,0.3) 43 0.3 (0.2,0.3) 31 0.2 (0.1,0.3)

Other 344 1.0 (0.9,1.2) 226 1.4 (1.2,1.6) 118 0.7 (0.6,0.8)

All3 13,789 41.9 (41.2,42.6) 8,332 50.8 (49.7,51.9) 5,457 32.9 (32.0,33.8)



SummaryNatural and environmental factors were the ninth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 2.7% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for natural and environmental factor-related injuries was estimated to have increased significantly by 2.0% per year for males and by 1.1% per year for females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 2,818 hospitalisations of NSW residents after being injured due to natural and environmental factors, giving a hospitalisation rate of 42.0 per 100,000 population. Around one-quarter (23.1%) of those hospitalised following an injury due to natural and environmental factors were aged 15 years or less.

Venomous plants and animals, being bitten or struck by a dog and being bitten or struck by a mammal (excluding dogs) were the types of natural and environmental


In 2003–2004, there were 2,818 hospitalisations of NSW residents after being injured due to natural and

environmental factors, giving a hospitalisation rate of 42.0 per 100,000 population. Around one-quarter

(23.1%) of those hospitalised following an injury due to natural and environmental factors were aged

15 years or less.

Venomous plants and animals, being bitten or struck by a dog and being bitten or struck by a mammal

(excluding dogs) were the types of natural and environmental factors that had the highest hospitalisation

rates. The overall hospitalisation rate was about 54% higher for males than for females.

/ 49NATURAL AND ENvIRONMENTAL FACTORS53

Tab

le 2

1. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

natu

ral a

nd e

nvir

onm

enta

l fac

tor-

rela

ted

inju

ries

1 by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 19

99–2

000

to 2

003–

2004

Age

Gro

up

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1D

og b

ites

547

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 41

4

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 41

6

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 69

3

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 84

0

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 85

7

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 68

2

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 43

6

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 40

7

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 5,

097

2 Ve

nom

ous

plan

ts/ a

nim

als

352

Dog

bite

s 38

5D

og b

ites

180

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s31

6

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s31

0

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s37

3

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s36

8

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s33

5

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s35

5D

og b

ites

2,70

33

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 24

5

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 13

4

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 11

3D

og b

ites

202

Dog

bite

s 30

8D

og b

ites

269

Dog

bite

s 27

7D

og b

ites

228

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

31

8

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s2,

382

4 O

ther

mam

mal

bi

tes

126

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s93

Oth

er m

amm

al

bite

s10

5

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 19

0

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 16

6

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 17

2

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 11

6

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 82

Dog

bite

s 30

7

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 1,

290

5R

eptil

es35

Rep

tiles

32R

eptil

es41

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

86

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

95

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

84

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

64

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

56

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 72

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

74

96

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

22

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

31

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

27Ai

r pre

ssur

e 54

Air p

ress

ure

76

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

82

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

60

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

48

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

58

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

411

7 Pl

ant t

horn

s an

d sp

ines

13

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

#

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

24

Rep

tiles

53R

eptil

es58

Rep

tiles

65R

eptil

es50

Rep

tiles

41R

eptil

es22

Rep

tiles

396

8N

atur

al e

vent

s #

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

#

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

13

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

31

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

57Ai

r pre

ssur

e 42

Air p

ress

ure

22

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

7

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

7Ai

r pre

ssur

e 19

69

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

#N

atur

al e

vent

s #

Nat

ural

eve

nts

#

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

25

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

29

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

29

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

20N

atur

al e

vent

s #

Nat

ural

eve

nts

6

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

139

10–

– –

Nat

ural

eve

nts

18N

atur

al e

vent

s 15

Nat

ural

eve

nts

13N

atur

al e

vent

s 11

Air p

ress

ure

#–

Nat

ural

eve

nts

74

Oth

er

18O

ther

14O

ther

19O

ther

52O

ther

52O

ther

61O

ther

48O

ther

33O

ther

54O

ther

352

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

51

tab

le2

1.n

um

ber

ofh

osp

ital

isat

ion

sfo

rn

atu

rala

nd

en

viro

nm

enta

lfac

tor-

rela

ted

inju

ries

1 by

age

gro

up

an

dc

ause

,ns

W,1

999–

2000

to

200

3–20

04

Age

Gro

up

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1St

ruck

/bitt

en b

y do

g54

7

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 41

4

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 41

6

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 69

3

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 84

0

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 85

7

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 68

2

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 43

6

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 40

7

Veno

mou

spl

ants

/ ani

mal

s 5,

097

2Ve

nom

ous

plan

ts/ a

nim

als

352

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

385

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

180

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

31

6

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

31

2

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

37

5

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

36

8

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

33

5

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

35

5

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

2,70

33

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 24

5

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 13

4

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 11

3

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

202

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

308

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

269

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

277

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

228

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

31

8

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

2,

389

4St

ruck

/bitt

en b

y ot

her m

amm

al

127

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

94

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

othe

r mam

mal

10

6

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 19

0

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 16

6

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 17

2

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 11

6

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 82

Stru

ck/b

itten

by

dog

307

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 1,

290

5R

eptil

es35

Rep

tiles

32R

eptil

es41

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

86

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

95

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

84

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

64

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

56

Non

-ven

omou

s in

sect

s 72

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

74

96

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

22

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

31

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

27Ai

r pre

ssur

e 54

Air p

ress

ure

76

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

82

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

60

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

48

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

58

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

411

7Pl

ant t

horn

s an

d sp

ines

13

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

#

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

24

Rep

tiles

53R

eptil

es58

Rep

tiles

65R

eptil

es51

Rep

tiles

41R

eptil

es22

Rep

tiles

397

8N

atur

al e

vent

s #

Exce

ss

tem

pera

ture

#

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

13

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

31

Plan

t tho

rns

and

spin

es

57Ai

r pre

ssur

e 42

Air p

ress

ure

22

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

7

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

7Ai

r pre

ssur

e 19

69

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

#N

atur

al e

vent

s #

Nat

ural

eve

nts

#

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

25

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

29

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

29

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

20N

atur

al e

vent

s #

Nat

ural

eve

nts

6

Cont

act w

ith

mar

ine

anim

als

139

10–

– –

Nat

ural

eve

nts

18N

atur

al e

vent

s 15

Nat

ural

eve

nts

13N

atur

al e

vent

s 11

Air p

ress

ure

#–

Nat

ural

eve

nts

74

Oth

er

17O

ther

13O

ther

18O

ther

52O

ther

50O

ther

59O

ther

47O

ther

33O

ther

54O

ther

344

1

# Ce

ll si

zes

repr

esen

t few

er th

an fi

ve h

ospi

talis

atio

ns o

r dat

a ha

ve b

een

rem

oved

to p

reve

nt id

entif

icat

ion

of c

ell s

izes

less

than

five

.


13. Foreign bodies

This section describes hospitalisations due to unintentional foreign body-related injuries. Foreign body-

related injuries include incidents involving the eye or other orifice but do not include poisons or venoms

(WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992).

Hospitalisation data for foreign body-related injuries were used to describe the profile of foreign body-

related injuries in NSW. Hospitalisation data during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority

of the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Foreign body-related injuries were the tenth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in the period

1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted for 1.7% of all injury hospitalisations (Table 3). During this

period, there were 8,628 hospitalisations for foreign body-related injuries, at a rate of 26.1 per 100,000

population.

The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for foreign body-related injuries increased significantly by 1.7%

per year (95% confidence interval for the increase: 1.2% to 2.3% per year) for males during the period

1989–1990 to 2003–2004, but there was no significant change in the rate for females over the same

period (Figure 21).

Figure 21. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to foreign body-related injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Foreign body-related injuries were highest in those aged 0-4 years in both males and females. The age-

specific hospitalisation rates for both sexes were also high in those aged 70 years or older (Figure 22).

54

14. Foreign bodies

Foreign body-related injuries are an unintentional cause of injury-related hospitalisation (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). Foreign body-related injuries include incidents involving the eye or other orifice but do not include poisons or venoms (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992).

Hospitalisation data for foreign body-related injuries were used to describe the profile of foreign body-related injuries in NSW. Hospitalisation data during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority of the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Foreign body-related injuries were the eleventh leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted for 1.4% of all injury hospitalisations (Table 3). During this period, there were 8,628 hospitalisations for foreign body-related injuries, at a rate of 26.1 per 100,000 population.

The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for foreign body-related injuries increased significantly by 1.7% per year (95% confidence interval for the increase: 1.2% to 2.3% per year) for males during the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004, but there was no significant change in the rate for females over the same period (Error! Reference source not found.).

Figure 23. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to foreign body-related injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

010

2030

40

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

/ 51FOREIgN BODIES

Figure 22. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for foreign body-related injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

Around 60% of all foreign body-related hospitalisations were of males (Table 22). The alimentary tract

(e.g. the oesophagus and mouth) and the respiratory tract were the two most common locations where

foreign body-related injuries leading to hospitalisation occurred. The overall hospitalisation rate was

about 56% higher in males than in females.

Table 22. Injury hospitalisations for foreign bodies, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004



Table 23 shows the number of hospitalisations due to foreign body-related injuries by age group for the

period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Young children 1–4 years and individuals aged 65 years and older had

the highest number of hospitalisations for foreign body-related injuries.

summAry

Foreign body-related injuries were the tenth leading cause of hospitalisation due to injury involving NSW

residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 1.7% of all injury-related hospitalisations.

The yearly hospitalisation rate for foreign body-related injuries was estimated to have increased

significantly by 1.7% per year for males during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 1,737 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a foreign body-related

injury, giving a hospitalisation rate of 25.9 per 100,000 population. Around one-fifth (20.2%) of those

hospitalised following a foreign body-related injury were aged 4 years or less.

55

Foreign body-related injuries were highest in those aged 0-4 years in both males and females. The age-specific hospitalisation rates for both sexes were also high in those aged 70 years or older (Error! Reference source not found.).


020

4060

8010

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Around 60% of all foreign body-related hospitalisations were of males (Error!Reference source not found.). The alimentary tract (e.g. the oesophagus and mouth) and the respiratory tract were the two most common locations where foreign body-related injuries leading to hospitalisation occurred. The overall hospitalisation rate was about 56% higher in males than in females.


All Persons Male Female Type N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

All8,628 26.1 (25.6,26.7) 5,214 31.9 (31.0,32.8) 3,414 20.4 (19.8,21.1)

1 Rate per 100,000 population. 2 95% confidence interval.

Error! Reference source not found. shows the number of hospitalisations due to foreign body-related injuries by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Young children 1–4 years and individuals aged 65 years and older had the highest number of hospitalisations for foreign body-related injuries.

52

Foreign body-related injuries were highest in those aged 0-4 years in both males and females. The age-specific hospitalisation rates for both sexes were also high in those aged 70 years or older (Figure 22).


020

4060

8010

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

Around 60% of all foreign body-related hospitalisations were of males (Table 22). The alimentary tract (e.g. the oesophagus and mouth) and the respiratory tract were the two most common locations where foreign body-related injuries leading to hospitalisation occurred. The overall hospitalisation rate was about 56% higher in males than in females.


All Persons Male Female

Type N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

All 8,628 26.1 (25.6,26.7) 5,214 31.9 (31.0,32.8) 3,414 20.4 (19.8,21.1)

1 Rate per 100,000 population. 2 95% confidence interval.

Table 23 shows the number of hospitalisations due to foreign body-related injuries by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Young children 1–4 years and individuals aged 65 years and older had the highest number of hospitalisations for foreign body-related injuries.


Tab

le 2

3. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

fore

ign

body

-rel

ated

inju

ries

1 by

age

gro

up, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Al

l1,

844

All

968

All

382

All

632

All

705

All

853

All

914

All

852

All

1,47

8 Al

l8,

628

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

57

Tab

le 2

3. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

fore

ign

body

-rel

ated

inju

ries

1 by

age

gro

up, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to

2003

–200

4

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Al

l1,

844

All

968

All

382

All

632

All

705

All

853

All

914

All

852

All

1,47

8 Al

l8,

628

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

/ 53

14. Fire and burns

This section describes injury hospitalisations due to fire and burns. WHO classifies the cause of fire/

burns-related hospitalisations by the location or circumstance in which the fire/burn occurred (WHO,

1977; WHO, 1992). These locations and circumstances include fires in buildings and other structures,

fires not in buildings, ignition of flammable material, burns (contact with heat and hot substances,

including scalds), and ignition of clothing and nightwear.

In NSW, fire/burns were the eighth leading cause of death in NSW during 1998-2002, with 180 deaths,


fatal and non-fatal fire/burns in NSW has been estimated at $75.2 million—$14.3 million in direct costs

and $60.9 million in mortality and morbidity costs (Potter-Forbes & Aisbett, 2003).

Fire/burns hospitalisation data were used to describe the profile of fire/burns hospitalisation involving

NSW residents. Hospitalisation data from 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used for the majority of

analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

Fire/burns were the eleventh leading cause of injury hospitalisation from 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, and

accounted for approximately 1.6% of all injury-related hospitalisations. During this period, there were

7,892 hospitalisations due to fire/burns in NSW at a rate of 24.0 per 100,000 population (Table 3). The

overall hospitalisation rate was about 92% higher for males than for females. There were approximately

1,578 hospitalisations per year due to fire/burns during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for injury due to fire/burns has been gradually decreasing from

28.5 per 100,000 population in 1989–1990 to 23.6 per 100,000 population in 2003–2004 (Figure 23).

The hospitalisation rate was estimated to have decreased significantly by 1.1% per year during 1989–

1990 to 2003–2004 (95% confidence interval for the decrease: 0.6% to 1.6%).

FIRE AND BURNS


Figure 23. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to fire/burns by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Children aged four years or less had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rate for fire/burns at 99.1

per 100,000 population during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Males aged 15-19 and 20–24 years (41.5 per

100,000 population and 41.4 per 100,000 population, respectively) and males aged 85 years or older

(34.6 per 100,000 population) also had high hospitalisation rates for injuries resulting from fire/burns

compared to all other age groups during this same period (Figure 24).

Figure 24. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for injury due to fire/burns by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

59

Figure 25. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to fire/burns by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 0

1020

3040

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Children aged four years or less had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rate for fire/burns at 99.1 per 100,000 population during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Males aged 15-19 and 20–24 years (41.5per 100,000 population and 41.4 per 100,000 population, respectively) and males aged 85 years or older (34.6 per 100,000 population) also had high hospitalisation rates for injuries resulting from fire/burns compared to all other age groups during this same period (Error! Reference source not found.).


020

4060

8010

012

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

59

Figure 25. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to fire/burns by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

010

2030

40

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Children aged four years or less had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rate for fire/burns at 99.1 per 100,000 population during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Males aged 15-19 and 20–24 years (41.5per 100,000 population and 41.4 per 100,000 population, respectively) and males aged 85 years or older (34.6 per 100,000 population) also had high hospitalisation rates for injuries resulting from fire/burns compared to all other age groups during this same period (Error! Reference source not found.).


020

4060

8010

012

0

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

/ 55

Approximately 60% of injury-related hospitalisations for fire/burns were due to burns (contact with

heat and hot substances), with hospitalisation rates for burns (contact with heat and hot substances),

being higher in males (16.8 per 100,000 population) than females (11.5 per 100,000 population) during

1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Table 24).

Table 24. Injury hospitalisations by fire/burns type, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




Table 25 shows the number of hospitalisations by age group and cause for the period 1999–2000 to

2003–2004. In all age groups, burns (contact with heat and hot substances), were the most common

cause of fire/burns hospitalisation. There was a particularly high frequency of burns (contact with heat

and hot substances), for young children aged 0–4 years.

summAry

Injuries resulting from fire/burns were the eleventh leading cause of hospitalisation due to injury


hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for fire/burns-related injuries was estimated to have

decreased by 1.1% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 1,567 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a fire/burn-related injury,

giving a hospitalisation rate of 23.6 per 100,000 population. Just over one-quarter (27.8%) of those

hospitalised following a fire/burn-related injury were aged four years or less.

Burns (contact with heat and hot substances) accounted for around 60% of all fire/burn-related

hospitalisations. The overall hospitalisation rate was about 92% higher for males than for females.

FIRE AND BURNS57

Approximately 60% of injury-related hospitalisations for fire/burns were due to burns(contact with heat and hot substances), with hospitalisation rates for burns (contactwith heat and hot substances), being higher in males (16.8 per 100,000 population) than females (11.5 per 100,000 population) during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 (Table 24).

Table 24. Injury hospitalisations by fire/burns type, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female Fire/burns type N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Burn - contact with heat and hot substances

4,663 14.2 (13.8,14.6) 2,777 16.8 (16.2,17.5) 1,886 11.5 (11.0,12.0)

Ignition of flammable material 997 3.1 (2.9,3.2) 886 5.4 (5.0,5.7) 111 0.7 (0.6,0.8)

Building fire 536 1.6 (1.5,1.8) 318 1.9 (1.7,2.2) 217 1.3 (1.1,1.5)

Fire not in building 390 1.2 (1.1,1.3) 310 1.9 (1.7,2.1) 80 0.5 (0.4,0.6)

Ignition of clothing and nightwear

158 0.5 (0.4,0.6) 108 0.7 (0.5,0.8) 50 0.3 (0.2,0.4)

Other and unspecified 1,306 4.0 (3.8,4.2) 893 5.5 (5.1,5.8) 413 2.4 (2.2,2.7)

All fire/burns3 7,892 24.0 (23.5,24.5) 5,184 31.5 (30.7,32.4) 2,708 16.4 (15.8,17.0)



Table 25 shows the number of hospitalisations by age group and cause for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. In all age groups, burns (contact with heat and hot substances), were the most common cause of fire/burns hospitalisation. There was a particularly high frequency of burns (contact with heat and hot substances), for young children aged 0–4 years.

SummaryInjuries resulting from fire/burns were the eleventh leading cause of hospitalisation due to injury involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 1.6% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for fire/burns-related injuries was estimated to have decreased by 1.1% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 1,567 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a fire/burn-related injury, giving a hospitalisation rate of 23.6 per 100,000 population. Just over one-quarter (27.8%) of those hospitalised following a fire/burn-related injury were aged four years or less.

Burns (contact with heat and hot substances) accounted for around 60% of all fire/burn-related hospitalisations. The overall hospitalisation rate was about 92% higher for males than for females.


Tab

le 2

5. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

inju

ry d

ue t

o fir

e/bu

rns1

by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 199

9–20

00 t

o 20

03–2

004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Bu

rn1,

927

Burn

291

Burn

209

Burn

496

Burn

432

Burn

413

Burn

296

Burn

206

Burn

393

Burn

4,66

3 2

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

56

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

41

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

150

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

308

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

168

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

118

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

98

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

52

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

78

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

997

3

Not

in

build

ing

27

Not

in

build

ing

28

Not

in

build

ing

20

Not

in

build

ing

113

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

96

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

89

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

64

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

43

Igni

tion

of

flam

mab

lem

ater

ial

43

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

536

4Ig

nitio

n of

fla

mm

able

mat

eria

l18

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

12

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

16

Priv

ate

dwel

ling

81

Not

in

build

ing

81

Not

in

build

ing

54

Not

in

build

ing

36

Not

in

build

ing

11

Not

in

build

ing

19

Not

in

build

ing

390

Oth

er11

8 O

ther

80O

ther

76O

ther

223

Oth

er18

9 O

ther

215

Oth

er14

1 O

ther

89O

ther

176

Oth

er1,

306

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

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fire

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9–20

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2004

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15–2

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927

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Burn

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Burn

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Burn

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Burn

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of

flam

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ial

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Igni

tion

of

flam

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flam

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168

Igni

tion

of

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118

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size

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mov

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tific

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cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

/ 57

15. Machinery injuries

This section describes hospitalisations due to unintentional machinery-related injuries. Different types

of machinery can cause injury-related hospitalisations. These types of machinery include agricultural

and lifting and transmission, and other types of machinery (WHO, 1977; WHO, 1992). For example,

machinery-related injuries could result from contact with lifting and transmission devices, such as

chain hoists or winches, or from contact with agricultural machinery, like harvesting machinery, such

as threshers.

In NSW, machinery-related incidents were the fourteenth leading cause of death in NSW during 1998-

2002, with 40 deaths, giving a mortality rate of 0.1 per 100,000 population (Schmertmann et al, 2004).

The lifetime cost of fatal and non-fatal machinery-related incidents in NSW has been estimated at $35.6

million—$8.4 million in direct costs and $27.3 million in mortality and morbidity costs (Potter-Forbes

& Aisbett, 2003).

Hospitalisation data for machinery-related injuries were used to describe the profile of machinery-

related injuries involving NSW residents. Hospitalisation data during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were

used for the majority of the analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990

to 2003–2004.

Machinery-related injuries were the twelfth leading cause of injury hospitalisation in the period 1999–

2000 to 2003–2004, and accounted for 1.5% of all injury hospitalisations (Table 3). During this period,

there were 7,656 hospitalisations for machinery-related injuries, at a rate of 23.3 per 100,000 population.

There were about 1,531 hospitalisations each year in the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004.

The age-adjusted hospitalisation rate for machinery-related injuries by year decreased significantly

between 1989–1990 and 2003–2004 (Figure 25) by 3.0% each year for both males and females (95%

confidence interval for the decrease: 2.6% to 3.3%).

MACHINERY INJURIES


Figure 25. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to machinery-related injuries by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

The age-specific hospitalisation rates for machinery-related injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–

2004 were highest for males aged 20–24 years and 25–29 years (Figure 26). Hospitalisation rates for

males were higher than rates for females for all age groups, with the overall hospitalisation rate for

males being about 1059% higher than for females.

Figure 26. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for machinery-related injuries by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

63


010

2030

4050

6070

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

The age-specific hospitalisation rates for machinery-related injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were highest for males aged 20–24 years and 25–29 years (Error! Reference source not found.). Hospitalisation rates for males were higher than rates for females for all age groups, with the overall hospitalisation rate for males being about 1059% higher than for females.


020

4060

80

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

63


010

2030

4050

6070

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

The age-specific hospitalisation rates for machinery-related injuries for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were highest for males aged 20–24 years and 25–29 years (Error! Reference source not found.). Hospitalisation rates for males were higher than rates for females for all age groups, with the overall hospitalisation rate for males being about 1059% higher than for females.


020

4060

80

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

/ 59

Rates of hospitalisations were highest for other machinery-related causes (Table 26). This category

included hospitalisations due to injuries caused by woodworking and metalworking machinery, although

the number of hospitalisations due to these causes was not able to be extracted individually for all

of the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. For 2002-03 and 2003–2004, the most common causes of

hospitalisation due to ‘other machinery’ were injuries due to woodworking machinery (30.7%), other

specified machinery (27.7%) and metalworking machinery (10.7%).

Table 26. Injury hospitalisations by machinery-related cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




Table 27 shows the number of hospitalisations due to machinery-related injuries by age group for the

period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. For all age groups, other machine-related injuries were the most

common. For those aged 15–64 years, injuries due to lifting and transmission machinery were the

second most common cause of machinery-related hospitalisation.

summAry

Machinery-related injuries were the twelfth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW

residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 1.5% of all injury-related hospitalisations.

The yearly hospitalisation rate for fall-related injuries was estimated to have decreased by 3.0% per year

for both males and females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 1,516 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a machinery-related injury,

giving a hospitalisation rate of 22.5 per 100,000 population. More than four-fifths (84.8%) of those

hospitalised following a machinery-related injury were aged 15–59 years.

Other types of machinery were the types of machinery that most commonly led to a hospitalisation. The

overall hospitalisation rate was about 1059% higher for males than for females.

MACHINERY INJURIES

61

Rates of hospitalisations were highest for other machinery-related causes (Table 26). This category included hospitalisations due to injuries caused by woodworking and metalworking machinery, although the number of hospitalisations due to these causes was not able to be extracted individually for all of the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. For 2002-03 and 2003–2004, the most common causes of hospitalisation due to ‘other machinery’ were injuries due to woodworking machinery (30.7%), other specified machinery (27.7%) and metalworking machinery (10.7%).

Table 26. Injury hospitalisations by machinery-related cause, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004


Lifting and transmission 907 2.8 (2.6,2.9) 827 5.0 (4.7,5.4) 79 0.5 (0.4,0.6)

Agricultural 550 1.7 (1.5,1.8) 508 3.1 (2.8,3.4) 42 0.3 (0.2,0.3)

Other 6,199 18.8 (18.4,19.3) 5,719 34.8 (33.9,35.7) 480 2.9 (2.7,3.2)

All3 7,656 23.3 (22.7,23.8) 7,055 42.9 (41.9,43.9) 601 3.7 (3.4,4.0)



Table 27 shows the number of hospitalisations due to machinery-related injuries by age group for the period 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. For all age groups, other machine-related injuries were the most common. For those aged 15–64 years, injuries due to lifting and transmission machinery were the second most common cause of machinery-related hospitalisation.

SummaryMachinery-related injuries were the twelfth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 1.5% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for fall-related injuries was estimated to have decreased by 3.0% per year for both males and females during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 1,516 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a machinery-related injury, giving a hospitalisation rate of 22.5 per 100,000 population. More than four-fifths (84.8%) of those hospitalised following a machinery-related injury were aged 15–59 years.

Other types of machinery were the types of machinery that most commonly led to a hospitalisation. The overall hospitalisation rate was about 1059% higher for males than for females.


Tab

le 2

7. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

mac

hine

ry-r

elat

ed1

inju

ries

by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 199

9–20

00 t

o 20

03–2

004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Ag

ricul

tura

l 17

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

12

Agric

ultu

ral

13

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

13

8

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

21

9

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

20

0

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

15

0

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

10

9 Ag

ricul

tura

l 69

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

90

7 2

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

14

Agric

ultu

ral

10

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

11

Agric

ultu

ral

65Ag

ricul

tura

l 80

Agric

ultu

ral

98Ag

ricul

tura

l 11

3 Ag

ricul

tura

l 85

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

54

Agric

ultu

ral

550

Oth

er74

Oth

er53

Oth

er81

Oth

er1,

108

Oth

er1,

346

Oth

er1,

325

Oth

er1,

142

Oth

er66

1 O

ther

409

Oth

er6,

199

1#

Cell

size

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pres

ent f

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than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

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vent

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tific

atio

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cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

65

Tab

le 2

7. N

umbe

r of

hos

pita

lisat

ions

for

mac

hine

ry-r

elat

ed1

inju

ries

by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 199

9–20

00 t

o 20

03–2

004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Ag

ricul

tura

l 17

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

12

Agric

ultu

ral

13

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

13

8

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

21

9

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

20

0

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

15

0

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

10

9 Ag

ricul

tura

l 69

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

90

7 2

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ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

14

Agric

ultu

ral

10

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

11

Agric

ultu

ral

65Ag

ricul

tura

l 80

Agric

ultu

ral

98Ag

ricul

tura

l 11

3 Ag

ricul

tura

l 85

Lifti

ng a

nd

tran

smis

sion

54

Agric

ultu

ral

550

Oth

er74

Oth

er53

Oth

er81

Oth

er1,

108

Oth

er1,

346

Oth

er1,

325

Oth

er1,

142

Oth

er66

1 O

ther

409

Oth

er6,

199

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

/ 61

16. Near-drowning

This section describes hospitalisations due to unintentional near-drowning WHO classifies the cause of

a near-drowning hospitalisation by the location in which the near-drowning event occurred (WHO, 1977;

WHO, 1992). The locations of near-drowning include a bathtub, swimming pool, natural water, boat-

related or other location. Near-drowning may also be intentional, but a self-inflicted near-drowning event

that results in hospitalisation is classified as an attempt at self-harm and is included in Section 7.

In NSW, drowning was the sixth leading cause of death in NSW during 1998-2002, with 468 deaths,


drowning and near-drowning in NSW has been estimated at $71.8 million—$682,336 in direct costs and

$71.1 million in mortality and morbidity costs (Potter-Forbes & Aisbett, 2003).

Near-drowning data from 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 were used to describe the profile of near-drowning

hospitalisation involving NSW residents. Hospitalisation data from 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 were used

for the majority of analyses, except for the trend analyses, which used data from 1989–1990 to 2003–

2004.

Near-drowning was the thirteenth leading cause of injury hospitalisation during 1999–2000 to 2003–

2004, and accounted for approximately 0.2% of all injury-related hospitalisations. During this period,

there were 914 people hospitalised for near-drowning at a rate of 2.8 per 100,000 population (Table 3).

Approximately 183 people were hospitalised each year as the result of near-drowning during 1999–2000

to 2003–2004. Around 70% of near-drowning hospitalisations were of males.

Males had a hospitalisation rate for near-drowning during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 at least two-and-

a-half times the rate for females. Between 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 there was a noticeable decrease

in the near-drowning hospitalisation rate for males (Figure 27). The hospitalisation rate was estimated

to have decreased significantly by 2.4% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004 (95% confidence

interval for the decrease: 1.2% to 3.5%).

NEAR-DROWNINg


Figure 27. Hospitalisation rate for injury due to near-drowning by sex, NSW 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Children aged 0-4 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rate as a result of a near-drowning

event during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, with males aged 0-4 years (25.8 per 100,000 population) having

a hospitalisation rate nearly twice that of females of the same age group (14.2 per 100,000 population)

(Figure 28).

Figure 28. Age-specific hospitalisation rate for near-drowning by sex, NSW, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

67


01

23

45

6

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Children aged 0-4 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rate as a result of a near-drowning event during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, with males aged 0-4 years (25.8 per 100,000 population) having a hospitalisation rate nearly twice that of females of the same age group (14.2 per 100,000 population) (Error! Reference source not found.).


05

1015

2025

30

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

67


01

23

45

6

Year

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99 99-00 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04

Males Females

Children aged 0-4 years had the highest age-specific hospitalisation rate as a result of a near-drowning event during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004, with males aged 0-4 years (25.8 per 100,000 population) having a hospitalisation rate nearly twice that of females of the same age group (14.2 per 100,000 population) (Error! Reference source not found.).


05

1015

2025

30

Age-group (years)

Rat

e pe

r 100

,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+

Males Females

/ 63NEAR-DROWNINg

Swimming pools and natural water were the two locations that led to a near-drowning hospitalisation

most frequently, and accounted for 38.1% and 29.3% of all near-drowning hospitalisations, respectively.

Hospitalisation rates were higher for males than females for all locations except for near-drowning in

bathtubs (Table 28).

Table 28. Injury hospitalisations by near-drowning location, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004




Table 29 shows near-drowning hospitalisations by age group and location for NSW residents during

1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Bathtubs were the location of the majority of near-drowning in children aged

less than 1 year. Swimming pools were the location where most near-drowning that led to hospitalisation

occurred in children aged 1–4 and 5–9 years. For people aged 10 years and older, natural water was the

most common location where near-drowning occurred that led to hospitalisation.

summAry

Near-drowning was the thirteenth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents


yearly hospitalisation rate for near-drowning was estimated to decrease for both males and females by

2.7% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 188 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a near-drowning event,

giving a hospitalisation rate of 2.8 per 100,000 population. Just less than one-half (43.9%) of those

hospitalised following a near-drowning event were aged 4 years or less.

Swimming pools and natural water were the most common locations of a near-drowning event that led

to a hospitalisation. Males had higher rates of hospitalisation due to near-drowning in all locations than

females, except bathtubs.

65

Swimming pools and natural water were the two locations that led to a near-drowning hospitalisation most frequently, and accounted for 38.1% and 29.3% of all near-drowning hospitalisations, respectively. Hospitalisation rates were higher for males than females for all locations except for near-drowning in bathtubs (Table 28).

Table 28. Injury hospitalisations by near-drowning location, NSW, number, rate and CI, 1999–2000 to 2003–2004

All Persons Male Female Location N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2 N Rate1 95%CI2

Pools 348 1.1 (1.0,1.2) 223 1.3 (1.2,1.5) 126 0.8 (0.7,0.9)

Natural water 268 0.8 (0.7,0.9) 206 1.3 (1.1,1.4) 61 0.4 (0.3,0.5)

Bathtub 68 0.2 (0.2,0.3) 35 0.2 (0.1,0.3) 33 0.2 (0.1,0.3)

Boat-related 62 0.2 (0.1,0.2) 47 0.3 (0.2,0.4) 15 0.1 (0.0,0.1)

Other 168 0.5 (0.4,0.6) 124 0.7 (0.6,0.9) 43 0.3 (0.2,0.4)

All3 914 2.8 (2.6,3.0) 636 3.8 (3.5,4.1) 278 1.7 (1.5,1.9)



Table 29 shows near-drowning hospitalisations by age group and location for NSW residents during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004. Bathtubs were the location of the majority of near-drowning in children aged less than 1 year. Swimming pools were the location where most near-drowning that led to hospitalisation occurred in children aged 1–4 and 5–9 years. For people aged 10 years and older, natural water was the most common location where near-drowning occurred that led to hospitalisation.

SummaryNear-drowning was the thirteenth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation involving NSW residents between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, accounting for 0.2% of all injury-related hospitalisations. The yearly hospitalisation rate for near-drowning was estimated to decrease for both males and females by 2.7% per year during 1989–1990 to 2003–2004.

In 2003–2004, there were 188 hospitalisations of NSW residents following a near-drowning event, giving a hospitalisation rate of 2.8 per 100,000 population. Just less than one-half (43.9%) of those hospitalised following a near-drowning event were aged 4 years or less.

Swimming pools and natural water were the most common locations of a near-drowning event that led to a hospitalisation. Males had higher rates of hospitalisationdue to near-drowning in all locations than females, except bathtubs.


Tab

le29

. Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r ne

ar-d

row

ning

1 by

age

grou

p an

d ca

use,

NSW

, 199

9–20

00 t

o 20

03–2

004

Age

grou

p

Ran

k 0-

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

1Po

ol25

2 Po

ol44

Nat

ural

wat

er

16N

atur

al w

ater

63

Nat

ural

wat

er

42N

atur

al w

ater

42

Nat

ural

wat

er

24N

atur

al w

ater

15

Nat

ural

wat

er

17Po

ol34

8 2

Nat

ural

wat

er

32N

atur

al w

ater

14

Pool

16Po

ol 9Bo

at re

late

d 19

Pool 7

Boat

rela

ted

9 Bo

at re

late

d 10

Boat

rela

ted

8 N

atur

al w

ater

26

8 3

Bath

tub

59Ba

thtu

b #

Bath

tub

#Bo

at re

late

d 8

Pool 6

Boat

rela

ted

# Po

ol #Po

ol #Po

ol 7Ba

thtu

b68

4Bo

at re

late

d #

Bath

tub

#

Bath

tub

#Ba

thtu

b #

Boat

rela

ted

62O

ther

89O

ther

11O

ther #

Oth

er23

Oth

er12

Oth

er 9O

ther

10O

ther #

Oth

er #O

ther

168

1#

Cell

size

s re

pres

ent f

ewer

than

five

hos

pita

lisat

ions

or d

ata

have

bee

n re

mov

ed to

pre

vent

iden

tific

atio

n of

cel

l size

s le

ss th

an fi

ve.

69

Tab

le29

. Num

ber

of h

ospi

talis

atio

ns fo

r ne

ar-d

row

ning

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/ 65

17 Conclusions and recommendations

This report describes the profiles of thirteen injury mechanisms that resulted in hospitalisation of NSW

residents. Information on only a small proportion of the burden of non-fatal injury in NSW is presented

in this report, because most injuries do not require admission to hospital. For example, injuries are also

treated by general practitioners, by ambulance services, by emergency departments, or by allied health

professionals (e.g. physiotherapists).

During the period 1989–1990 to 2003–2004, the overall injury hospitalisation rate of NSW residents did

not change significantly. However, yearly hospitalisation rates significantly decreased or increased for a

number of injury mechanisms (Table 30).

Priority areas identified for prevention activities from the analysis of injury-related hospitalisations of

NSW residents from 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 based on hospitalisation rates in the population are

listed below.

fAlls

Falls were the leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in NSW between 1999–2000 and 2003–

2004, with on average 35,015 fall-related hospitalisations per year during this period. Just over one-

third (34.8%) of injury-related hospitalisations were due to falls. Falls on the same level and from one

level to another for both males and females, particularly for individuals aged 65 years or older, were

the main significant causes of hospitalisation. In addition, falls from buildings and from ladders and

scaffolding are leading causes of hospitalisation for males.

motorvehicletrAnsPort

Motor vehicle transport was the second leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in NSW. Injuries

related to motor vehicle transport accounted for on average 10,640 hospitalisations per year in NSW

between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, and accounted for about 10.6% of injury-related hospitalisations.

Leading causes of motor-vehicle related injury were vehicle occupants involved in a traffic incident for

both males and females, and motorcycle incidents in both traffic and non-traffic situations for males,

particularly those aged 15–54 years. Of concern was the particularly high rate of motor vehicle transport-

related injuries in males aged 15–24 years (502.3 per 100,000 population), compared to the overall rate

for all age groups (169.3 per 100,000 population).

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


struckby/struckAgAinstinjuries

Struck by/struck against injuries were the third leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in

NSW between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, with about 7,130 hospitalisations per year in this period.

Hospitalisation rates were particularly high in males aged 15–24 years as a result of being struck by/

struck against a person or object.

Table 30. Significant changes1 in injury-related hospitalisation rates by mechanism, NSW, 1989–1990 to 2003–2004

Injury mechan�sm Males Females

Falls

Complications of care


Struck by/against

Self-harm

Cut/pierce -


Poisoning

Non-motor vehicle road transport -


Foreign bodies -

Fire and burns

Machinery

Near-drowning

All injury - -

1 An upwards facing arrow indicates a significant increase and a downwards facing arrow indicates a significant decrease. A dash indicates no significant trend.

self-hArm

Self-harm was the fourth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in NSW between 1999–2000

and 2003–2004, with on average 6,615 hospitalisations per year in this period. The leading cause of

self-harm-related hospitalisation was poisoning for both males and females. This was the most common

cause of self-harm-related hospitalisation in all age groups. Rates of self-harm-related hospitalisation

were particularly high for self-harm events involving females aged 15–24 years and males aged 25–34

years.

/ 67

cut/Pierce-relAteDinjuries

Cut/pierce-related injuries were the fifth leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in NSW 2003–

2004, with about 6,210 hospitalisations per year in this period. The leading causes of cutting and

piercing injuries were contact with sharp glass in both males and females, and knives and other powered

household goods for males particularly those aged 15-44 years.

interPersonAlviolence

Interpersonal violence was the sixth leading cause of injury hospitalisation in NSW between 1999–

2000 and 2003–2004, and accounted for approximately 5,940 hospitalisations per year. Assault by

bodily force or by sharp or blunt objects were the leading causes of interpersonal violence-related injury

between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004. Males aged 15-44 years had particularly high rates of interpersonal

violence-related injury hospitalisations.

imProveDDAtAcollection

Details regarding the causal factors and the circumstances surrounding the injury event are not often

captured in routinely collected hospital administration datasets, such as the NSW ISC. High quality

information is necessary for monitoring the incidence of injury among the residents of NSW. Listed

below are recommendations for changes to injury classification and data collection systems in NSW

that would improve our knowledge of the incidence of injury events and their causes, and subsequently

improve injury prevention activities in NSW.

DAteofinjury

The number of injury-related hospitalisations is not equivalent to the number of incident injury cases that

result in hospitalisation, even after excluding transfers and statistical discharges. Some patients have

several admissions to hospital for ongoing treatment and rehabilitation for the same injury. Multiple

admissions are also a problem because of differing criteria among hospitals for admission over time

and across geographical regions. The NSW ISC does not capture information relating to date of injury.

If such a variable were introduced, it could be used with probabilistic data linkage methods (or a unique

patient identifier) to determine whether a given episode of care for a patient was the first admission to

hospital for a particular injury.

imProveDinjuryclAssificAtion

falls

The second most common type of fall leading to hospitalisation is other and unspecified. This category

accounted for about 7,000 hospitalisations each year between 1999–2000 and 2003–2004, at a rate of

103.5 per 100,000. The lack of detail provided by this code regarding the type of fall that occurred limits

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


the identification of appropriate fall-related injury prevention strategies. An assessment of the feasibility

of developing and incorporating additional detail into the ICD-10-AM classification system regarding the

type of fall that occurred is strongly recommended.

cutandpierce-relatedinjuries

The second most common type of cut/pierce-related injury leading to hospitalisation was other mechanism,

which corresponds to ICD-10-AM external cause code W29 “Contact with other powered hand tools and

household machinery”. This code includes injuries due to can-openers, knives, sewing machines and

chain-saws. Lack of detail about the particular tool causing the injury limits injury prevention activities

aimed at reducing the incidence of cut/pierce-related injuries due to these devices. An assessment of the

feasibility of developing and incorporating additional detail into the classification system regarding the

type of tool that resulted in the cut/pierce-related injury is recommended.

foreignbodies

This mechanism corresponds to ICD-10-AM external cause code W44 “Foreign body entering into

or through eye or natural orifice”. Lack of detail about the particular foreign body causing the injury

limits injury prevention activities aimed at reducing the incidence of injuries due to foreign bodies. An

assessment of the feasibility of developing and incorporating additional detail into the classification

system regarding the type of foreign body that resulted in the injury is recommended.

struckby/struckagainst

The lack of information regarding the type of object that struck the person or the details regarding the

two objects that the person was caught between limits injury prevention activities aimed at reducing

the incidence of injuries due to struck by/struck against injuries. An assessment of the feasibility of

developing and incorporating additional detail into the classification system regarding the type of object

that resulted in the struck by/struck against injury is recommended.

fireandburns

There were 1,149 hospitalisations during 1999–2000 to 2003–2004 as a result of an other and unspecified

fire/burn. This represented 14.6% of fire and burn-related hospitalisations during this period. The lack of

detail provided by this category regarding the type of fire/burn involved in the incident is likely to hamper

the development of injury prevention strategies. An assessment of the feasibility of developing and

incorporating additional detail into the classification system regarding the type of fire/burn that resulted

in the injury is recommended.

/ 69CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

18. References

Australian Bureau of Statistics. Labour statistics: Concepts, sources and methods, Cat no. 6102.0.55.001

www.abs.gov.au – accessed 13 May 2005.

Australian Water Safety Council. National water safety plan: 2004-2007. Sydney: Australian Water Safety

Council; 2004.

Dobson, A., Kuulasmaa, K., Eberle, E., Schere, J. Confidence intervals for weighted sums of Poisson

parameters. Statistics in Medicine 1991; 10: 457-62.

Kreisfeld, R., and Harrison, J. Injury deaths, Australia 1999. Adelaide: AIHW; 2005. (Injury Research and

Statistics Series Number 24).

Krug, E., Sharma, g., and Lozano, R. The global burden of injuries. American Journal of Public Health

2000;9(4):523-526.

Miller, T,. and Levey, D. Cost outcome analysis in injury prevention and control: eighty-four recent

estimates for the United States. Medical Care 2000; 38(6):562-582.

Mishara, B. Conceptions of death and suicide in children aged 6-12 and their implications for suicide

prevention 1999; 29(2): 105-118.

National Centre for Classification in Health. ICD-10-AM, 2nd Edition. Sydney: National Centre for

Classification in Health, 2000.

National Coding Centre. The Australian version of the international classification of diseases, 9th revision,

clinical modification (ICD-9-CM). Sydney: University of Sydney, 1996.

National Injury Prevention Advisory Council. Directions in injury prevention. Report 2: Injury prevention

interventions - good buys for the next decade. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 1999.

Peden, M., Mcgee, K., Sharma, g. The injury chart book: A graphical overview of the global burden of

injuries. geneva, WHO, 2002.

Population Health Division. The health of the people of New South Wales: Report of the Chief Health

Officer, 2004. Sydney: NSW Department of Health, 2004.

Potter-Forbes, M., and Aisbett, C. Injury costs! A valuation of the burden of injury in New South Wales

1998-1999. Sydney: NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre, 2004.


Robertson, L. Injury epidemiology: Research and control strategies. New York, Oxford University Press,

1998.

Schmertmann, M., Finch, C., and Williamson, A. NSW Injury profile: A review of injury deaths during

1998–2002. Sydney: NSW Injury Risk Management Research Centre, 2004.

World Health Organization. International classification of diseases 9th Revision. geneva: WHO, 1977.

World Health Organization. International classification of diseases and related health problems 10th

Revision. geneva: WHO, 1992.

/ 71REFERENCES


Appendix 1. List of Ecodes by mechanism 75

Appendix 1. List of Ecodes by mechanism

Injury Mechanism ICD-9 Ecodes ICD-10 Ecodes

Cut/pierce E920 W25–W29, W45

Fall E880–E886, E888, E929.3 W00–W19

Fire/burns E890–E899, E924, E929.4 X00–X19

Foreign bodies E914–E915 W44


E960–E969 X85 – Y09, Y87.1

Machinery E919 (.0–.9) W24, W30, W31


E810–E825, E929.0 V02–V04 (.0, .9), V09 (.0,.2), V12–V14 (.0–.5,.9), V19 (.0– .6), V20–V28(.0–.5,.9), V29 (.0.–.6,.8,.9), V30–V79(.0–.7,.9), V80 (.3–.5), V81–V82(.0,.1), V87 (.0–.8), V88 (.0–.9), V89 (.0,.2), V83–V86 (.0–.3, .5–.7,.9)


E900–E909, E928 (.0–.2) W42–W43, W53–W64, W92–W99, X20–X39, X51–X57

Near-drowning E830, E832, E910 V90, V92, W65–W74

Non-motor vehicleroad transport

E826–E829 V01, V05, V06, V09 (.1,.3,.9), V10–V11, V15–V19 (.3,.8,.9), V80 (.0–.9)

Poisoning E850–E869, E929.2 X40 –X49

Struck by/struck against

E916–E917.9 W20–W22, W50–W52

Self-harm E950–E959 X60– X84, Y87.0

/ 73APPENDICES

Appendix 2. List of disease and injury categories for top 10 causes of hospitalisation

76

Appendix 2. List of disease and injury categories for top 10 causes of hospitalisation

Disease or Injury Category ICD-10-AM Ncode

Certain infectious and parasitic diseases A00–B99

Neoplasms (Cancer) C00–D48

Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism

D50–D89

Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases E00–E90

Mental and behavioural disorders F00–F99

Diseases of the nervous system G00–G99

Diseases of the eye and adnexa H00–H59

Diseases of the ear and mastoid process H60–H95

Diseases of the circulatory system I00–I99

Diseases of the respiratory system J00–J99

Diseases of the digestive system K00–K93

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue L00–L99

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

M00–M99

Diseases of the genitourinary system N00–N99

Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium O00–O99

Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period P00–P96

Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities

Q00–Q99

Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified (Ill-defined conditions)

R00–R99

Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes

S00–T98

Factors influencing health status and contact with health services

Z00-Z99


Appendix 3. List of Ecodes by injury mechanism and injury mechanism subcategory

77


Injury Mechanism Injury Mechanism

Subcategory

ICD-10 Ecodes

Cut/pierce W25–W29, W45 Sharp glass W25 Knives W26 Other hand tools W27 Lawnmower W28 Other powered household

goods W29

Other mechanism All remaining cut/pierce Ecodes

Fall W00–W19 Same level W00-W03, W18 While being carried W04 One level to another W05–W09,W14,W15,W17 Stairs/steps W10 Ladder or scaffolding W11, W12 Building or other structure W13 Diving or jumping into water W16 Unspecified type All remaining falls Ecodes

Fire/burns X00–X19Building fire X00, X02 Fire-not in a building X01, X03 Ignition of flammable material X04 Burn - contact with heat and

hot substances X10–X19

Other and unspecified type All remaining fire/burn Ecodes

Foreign bodies W44 Interpersonal

violence (IPV) X85 – Y09, Y87.1

Poisoning X85, X87–X90 Suffocation X91 Firearm X93–X95 Sharp or blunt object X99, Y00 Bodily force Y04–Y05, Y07 Other and unspecified means All remaining IPV Ecodes

Machinery W24, W30, W31 Agricultural W30 Lifting and transmission W24 Other and unspecified W31 Motor vehicle

transport (MVT) V02–V04 (.0, .9), V09 (.0,.2), V12–V14 (.0–.5,.9), V19 (.0– .6), V20–V28(.0–.5,.9), V29 (.0.–.6,.8,.9), V30–V79(.0–.7,.9), V80 (.3–.5), V81–V82(.0,.1), V87 (.0–.8), V88 (.0–.9), V89 (.0,.2), V83–V86 (.0–.3, .5–.7,.9)

77



Subcategory

ICD-10 Ecodes


goods W29











/ 75APPENDICES

77



Subcategory

ICD-10 Ecodes


goods W29











77



Subcategory

ICD-10 Ecodes


goods W29











78


Subcategory

ICD-10 Ecodes

MV occupant—traffic V30–V79(.4–.7,.9), V83–V86 (.0–.3)

MV occupant—non-traffic V30–V79(.0–.3), V83–V86 (.5–.7,.9)

Motorcycle—traffic V20–V28(.3–.5,.9), V29 (.4.–.6,.8,.9)

Motorcycle—non-traffic V20–V28 (.0–.2), V29 (.0–.3) Pedal cyclist—traffic V12–V14 (.3–.5,.9), V19 (.4–

.6)Pedal cyclist –non-traffic V12–V14 (.0–.2), V19 (.0–.2) Pedestrian—traffic V02–V04 (.1, .9), V09 (.2) Pedestrian—non-traffic V02–V04 (.0), V09 (.0) Other and unspecified user—

trafficV80 (.3–.5), V81–V82 (.1), V87 (.0–.8), V89 (.2)

Other and unspecified user—non-traffic

V81–V82 (.0), V88 (.0–.9), V89 (.0)

Natural/ environmental factors

W42–W43, W53–W64, W92–W99, X20–X39, X51–X57

Venomous plants/ animals X20-X29 Bitten or struck by dog W54 Bitten or struck by other

mammals (excluding dogs) W53, W55

Non-venomous insects W57 Excess temperature W92-W93, X30-X31 Plant thorns and spines W60 Reptiles W58-W59 Air pressure W94 Contact with marine animals W56 Natural events X32-X39 Other All remaining

natural/environmental Ecodes

Near-drowning V90, V92, W65–W74 Boat-related V90.0–.9, V92.0–.9 Bathtub W65, W66 Pools W67, W68 Natural water W69, W70 Other and unspecified

locationAll remaining drowning Ecodes

Non-motor vehicle road transport

V01, V05, V06, V09 (.1,.3,.9), V10–V11,V15–V19 (.3,.8,.9), V80 (.0–.9)

Pedestrian V01, V05, V06, V09 (.1,.3,.9) Pedal cyclist V10, V11, V15–V19 (.3,.8,.9)

Animal rider V80 (.0–.9)

Poisoning X40 –X49 Other pharmaceuticals X40, X43–X44 Antidepressants, barbiturates,

tranquilisers X41

Narcotics and hallucinogens X42 Alcohol X45


78


Subcategory

ICD-10 Ecodes

MV occupant—traffic V30–V79(.4–.7,.9), V83–V86 (.0–.3)

MV occupant—non-traffic V30–V79(.0–.3), V83–V86 (.5–.7,.9)

Motorcycle—traffic V20–V28(.3–.5,.9), V29 (.4.–.6,.8,.9)

Motorcycle—non-traffic V20–V28 (.0–.2), V29 (.0–.3) Pedal cyclist—traffic V12–V14 (.3–.5,.9), V19 (.4–

.6)Pedal cyclist –non-traffic V12–V14 (.0–.2), V19 (.0–.2) Pedestrian—traffic V02–V04 (.1, .9), V09 (.2) Pedestrian—non-traffic V02–V04 (.0), V09 (.0) Other and unspecified user—

trafficV80 (.3–.5), V81–V82 (.1), V87 (.0–.8), V89 (.2)

Other and unspecified user—non-traffic

V81–V82 (.0), V88 (.0–.9), V89 (.0)

Natural/ environmental factors

W42–W43, W53–W64, W92–W99, X20–X39, X51–X57

Venomous plants/ animals X20-X29 Bitten or struck by dog W54 Bitten or struck by other

mammals (excluding dogs) W53, W55

Non-venomous insects W57 Excess temperature W92-W93, X30-X31 Plant thorns and spines W60 Reptiles W58-W59 Air pressure W94 Contact with marine animals W56 Natural events X32-X39 Other All remaining

natural/environmental Ecodes

Near-drowning V90, V92, W65–W74 Boat-related V90.0–.9, V92.0–.9 Bathtub W65, W66 Pools W67, W68 Natural water W69, W70 Other and unspecified

locationAll remaining drowning Ecodes

Non-motor vehicle road transport

V01, V05, V06, V09 (.1,.3,.9), V10–V11,V15–V19 (.3,.8,.9), V80 (.0–.9)

Pedestrian V01, V05, V06, V09 (.1,.3,.9) Pedal cyclist V10, V11, V15–V19 (.3,.8,.9)

Animal rider V80 (.0–.9)

Poisoning X40 –X49 Other pharmaceuticals X40, X43–X44 Antidepressants, barbiturates,

tranquilisers X41

Narcotics and hallucinogens X42 Alcohol X45

77



Subcategory

ICD-10 Ecodes


goods W29











79


Subcategory

ICD-10 Ecodes

Gases and vapours X47 Other and unspecified drug or

substance All remaining poisoning Ecodes

Self-harm X60– X84, Y87.0 Poisoning X60-–X69 Suffocation X70 Drowning X71 Firearm X72–X74 Sharp or blunt object X78 Jumping from building or

other high structure X80, X81

Jumping/lying in front of moving object

X81

Other and unspecified means All remaining suicide Ecodes

Struck by/against W20–W22, W50–W52 Falling object W20 Caught between two objects W23 Other/unspecified All remaining struck by/struck

against Ecodes

/ 77

App

endi

x 4.

A

ge-s

peci

fic r

ates

of h

ospi

talis

atio

n by

age

gro

up a

nd m

echa

nism

APPENDICES

78

App

endi

x 4.

Age

-spe

cific

rat

es o

f hos

pita

lisat

ion

by a

ge g

roup

and

mec

hani

sm

Tab

le 3

1. A

ge-s

peci

fic ra

tes

of h

ospi

talis

atio

n pe

r 100

,000

pop

ulat

ion

by a

ge g

roup

and

mec

hani

sm fo

r all

pers

ons,

NSW

, 199

9–20

00 to

200

3–20

04

Age

grou

p

Mec

hani

sm<1

1–

4 5–

9 10

–14

15–2

4 25

–34

35–4

4 45

–54

55–6

4 65

+ To

tal

Falls

32

0.3

607.

4 68

7.1

604.

2 31

0.8

230.

1 22

2.5

291.

9 43

7.6

1631

.6

522.

8

Mot

or v

ehic

le tr

ansp

ort

14.8

54

.7

83.9

13

5.9

344.

7 21

7.8

152.

5 12

1.9

99.6

11

8.4

162.

1

Stru

ck b

y/ag

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t 55

.2

181.

6 13

1.1

163.

0 18

1.4

131.

8 87

.0

67.7

50

.2

50.6

10

8.8

Self-

harm

* -

- -

37.7

20

5.4

177.

9 14

6.6

90.9

45

.8

26.0

11

5.1

Cut/p

ierc

e 15

.9

74.6

67

.7

71.9

15

7.5

135.

4 10

3.7

82.0

71

.0

42.9

94

.6

Inte

rper

sona

l vio

lenc

e 53

.5

16.5

6.

9 27

.1

219.

1 17

8.9

116.

7 59

.0

27.6

14

.8

90.8

Pois

onin

g 56

.3

169.

8 14

.8

16.6

75

.0

68.8

48

.0

34.5

25

.2

34.8

51

.2

Non

-mot

or v

ehic

le

road

tran

spor

t 1.

4 33

.1

106.

0 17

1.4

66.7

39

.1

30.3

23

.7

17.4

8.

2 46

.6

Nat

ural

/ en

viro

nmen

tal f

acto

rs

15.3

74

.5

49.7

41

.6

38.8

41

.2

40.8

38

.7

39.6

37

.1

41.9

Fore

ign

bodi

es

41.6

95

.9

43.0

16

.9

14.3

14

.5

17.0

20

.6

26.6

34

.1

26.1

Fire

and

bur

ns

90.7

10

1.2

20.1

20

.8

27.6

19

.9

17.7

14

.3

12.5

16

.4

24.0

Mac

hine

ry

0.9

5.8

3.3

4.6

29.6

33

.8

32.4

31

.7

26.7

12

.3

23.3

Nea

r-dr

owni

ng

13.1

21

.9

3.2

1.7

2.4

1.6

1.3

1.1

1.0

0.9

2.8

Othe

r inj

urie

s 11

4.7

123.

4 11

2.6

219.

0 35

7.2

290.

5 23

2.2

195.

5 18

0.3

207.

2 22

8.3

All i

njur

y 79

3.8

1560

.5

1329

.4

1532

.5

2030

.5

1581

.3

1248

.6

1073

.4

1061

.2

2235

.4

1,52

2.9

* h

ospi

talis

atio

n ra

te p

er 1

00,0

00 p

opul

atio

n ag

ed 1

0 ye

ars

or o

lder

.


Tabl

e 32

. Age

-spe

cific

rate

s of

hos

pita

lisat

ion

per 1

00,0

00 p

opul

atio

n by

age

gro

up a

nd m

echa

nism

for m

ales

, NSW

, 199

9–20

00 to

200

3–20

04

Age

grou

p

Mec

hani

sm

<1

1–4

5–9

10–1

4 15

–24

25–3

4 35

–44

45–5

4 55

–64

65+

Tota

l

Falls

32

5.7

669.

6 76

9.1

859.

4 48

0.1

325.

1 28

1.2

310.

9 38

1.1

1184

.0

537.

1

Mot

or v

ehic

le tr

ansp

ort

16.2

65

.7

111.

4 20

1.3

490.

0 32

6.8

214.

9 15

2.0

113.

2 13

1.2

221.

7

Stru

ck b

y/ag

ains

t 60

.1

208.

1 17

0.5

247.

3 30

5.7

225.

6 14

2.0

106.

8 75

.7

54.4

16

6.4

Self-

harm

* -

- -

13.3

12

7.4

165.

3 12

2.9

74.0

39

.0

29.2

91

.5

Cut/p

ierc

e 16

.8

90.4

84

.1

95.8

25

1.9

214.

0 15

5.8

121.

3 10

8.0

66.6

14

2.7

Inte

rper

sona

l vio

lenc

e 55

.8

17.7

9.

0 40

.9

358.

7 28

5.2

174.

0 91

.6

42.9

19

.8

142.

1

Pois

onin

g 53

.4

184.

6 18

.1

14.6

67

.4

79.1

53

.1

37.2

23

.5

33.5

53

.3

Non

-mot

or v

ehic

le ro

ad

tran

spor

t2.

3 42

.5

123.

5 23

0.5

94.3

53

.3

38.5

30

.5

25.1

13

.6

61.9

Nat

ural

/ env

ironm

enta

l fa

ctor

s14

.8

85.6

60

.0

49.7

48

.8

53.9

49

.2

47.3

45

.7

43.6

50

.8

Fore

ign

bodi

es

47.9

93

.6

50.2

20

.6

18.6

19

.7

23.6

26

.7

33.5

43

.5

31.9

Fire

and

bur

ns

103.

1 11

8.1

22.3

29

.8

41.4

29

.3

23.9

19

.2

17.1

18

.8

31.5

Mac

hine

ry

0.9

8.2

4.3

7.3

54.6

64

.0

59.4

58

.0

49.1

24

.6

42.9

Nea

r-dr

owni

ng

13.7

28

.8

3.9

1.6

3.6

2.7

2.0

1.8

1.4

1.3

3.8

Othe

r inj

urie

s 12

7.4

145.

1 12

7.7

301.

5 55

7.7

444.

1 33

0.3

254.

9 20

6.4

177.

4 30

8.5

All i

njur

y 83

8.1

1757

.8

1554

.1

2113

.8

2900

.2

2288

.3

1670

.8

1332

.1

1161

.6

1841

.6

1873

.8

* h

ospi

talis

atio

n ra

te p

er 1

00,0

00 p

opul

atio

n ag

ed 1

0 ye

ars

or o

lder

.

/ 79APPENDICES80

Tabl

e 33

. Age

-spe

cific

rate

s of

hos

pita

lisat

ion

per 1

00,0

00 p

opul

atio

n by

age

gro

up a

nd m

echa

nism

for f

emal

es, N

SW, 1

999–

2000

to 2

003–

2004

Age

grou

p

Mec

hani

sm

<1

1–4

5–9

10–1

4 15

–24

25–3

4 35

–44

45–5

4 55

–64

65+

Tota

l

Falls

31

4.6

541.

8 60

0.8

336.

0 13

3.9

135.

9 16

3.7

273.

1 49

5.1

1930

.3

487.

7

Mot

or v

ehic

le tr

ansp

ort

13.3

43

.1

55.0

67

.1

193.

1 10

9.8

90.1

91

.7

85.7

10

9.8

101.

8

Stru

ck b

y/ag

ains

t 50

.0

153.

8 89

.6

74.3

51

.7

38.7

32

.0

28.5

24

.1

45.2

49

.8

Self-

harm

* -

- -

63.3

28

7.1

190.

2 17

0.2

107.

8 52

.8

24.0

13

9.6

Cut/p

ierc

e 14

.9

58.0

50

.5

46.8

59

.1

57.5

51

.6

42.6

33

.2

22.8

46

.3

Inte

rper

sona

l vio

lenc

e 51

.2

15.2

4.

6 12

.6

73.7

73

.6

59.4

26

.3

12.0

10

.7

38.8

Pois

onin

g 59

.3

154.

1 11

.2

18.7

83

.0

58.5

42

.9

31.8

27

.0

35.6

49

.0

Non

-mot

or v

ehic

le ro

ad

tran

spor

t0.

5 23

.2

87.6

10

9.3

37.9

25

.0

22.1

16

.8

9.5

3.8

30.9

Nat

ural

/ env

ironm

enta

l fa

ctor

s15

.9

62.9

38

.8

33.1

28

.4

28.7

32

.4

30.1

33

.5

31.5

32

.9

Fore

ign

bodi

es

35.0

98

.3

35.5

12

.9

9.7

9.3

10.4

14

.5

19.4

26

.2

20.4

Fire

and

bur

ns

77.5

83

.4

17.7

11

.3

13.1

10

.5

11.6

9.

4 7.

8 14

.3

16.4

Mac

hine

ry

1.0

3.3

2.3

1.8

3.5

3.9

5.4

5.3

3.7

1.8

3.7

Nea

r-dr

owni

ng

12.5

14

.7

2.3

1.9

1.1

0.6

0.5

0.3

0.7

0.5

1.7

Oth

er in

jurie

s 10

1.3

100.

6 96

.7

132.

4 14

8.0

138.

2 13

4.0

135.

9 15

3.5

226.

4 14

5.3

All i

njur

y 74

6.9

1352

.4

1092

.6

921.

6 11

23.3

88

0.3

826.

4 81

4.1

958.

1 24

83.1

11

45.6

* h

ospi

talis

atio

n ra

te p

er 1

00,0

00 p

opul

atio

n ag

ed 1

0 ye

ars

or o

lder

.

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