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Nouns and Case Endings Making Sense of Verb Tenses Understanding Different Moods Those Pesky Participles and Irritating Infinitives

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Nouns and Case Endings Eight cases in the Greek grammar system: Nominative The case of designation Typically the subject of the sentence oJ a[nqrwpoV ginwvskei (The man knows.) Genitive (of) The case of description (often describing a possessor) Attributes quality to the word it modifies oJ oi\koV tou: ajnqrwvpou (the house of the man or the mans house)

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Nouns and Case Endings Ablative (from) Often combined with the Genitive case Uses the same form as the Genitive case The case of separation oJ a[vnqrwpoV pevmpei tou;V douvlouV tou: oi[kou (the man sends the slaves from the house) Dative (to) Case of interest Used often to express the indirect object of a verb oJ ajpovstoloV levgei lovgouV toi:V ajnqrwvpoiV (The apostle says words to the men.)

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Nouns and Case Endings Locative (in) Often combined with the Dative case Uses the same form as the Dative case The case of location or position oJ a[nqrwpoV didavskei tw/: oi[kw/ (The man teaches in the house.) Instrumental (with or by) Often combined with the Dative case Uses the same form as the Dative case The case of means oJ a[nqrwpoV didavskei lovgoiV (The man teaches with words.)

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Nouns and Case Endings Accusative The case of limitation It marks the limit or end of an action Mainly used as the direct object of a verb oJ a[nqrwpoV levgei lovgouV (The man says words.) Vocative The case of address ajdelfev, blevpw oi\kon (Brother, I see a house.)

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Nouns and Case Endings There are three declensions in the Greek language: 1 st Declension - a sound predominates 2 nd Declension - o sound predominates 3 rd Declension consonant stems predominate A Greek noun is identified in three ways: Case Gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) Number (singular or plural) Ex. Nominative masculine singular (NMS)

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Nouns and Case Endings 1 st Declension Nouns Singular Feminine Nouns Masculine Nouns day glory voice disciple young man Nom. hJmevra dovxa fwnhv maqhthvV neanivaV Gen. hJmevraV dovxhV fwnh:V maqhtou: neanivou Dat. hJmevra/ dovxh/ fwnh:/ maqhth:/ neaniva/ Acc. hJmevran dovxan fwnhvn maqhthvn neanivan Voc. hJmevra dovxa fwnhv maqhtav neaniva

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Nouns and Case Endings 1 st Declension Plural Feminine Nouns Masculine Nouns days glories voices disciples young men N & V hJmevrai dovxai fwnaiv maqhtaiv neanivai Gen. hJmerw:n doxw:n fwnw:n maqhtw:n neaniw:n Dat. hJmevraiV dovxaiV fwnai:V maqhtai:V neanivaiV Acc. hJmevraV dovxaV fwnavV maqhtavV neanivaV

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Nouns and Case Ending The Definite Article Singular Plural Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut. Nom. oJ hJ tov oiJ aiJ tav Gen. tou: th:V tou: tw:n tw:n tw:n Dat. tw:/ th:/ tw:/ toi:V tai:V toi:V Acc. tovn thvn tov tou:V tavV tav

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Nouns and Case Endings 2 nd Declension Masculine SingularPlural Nom. oJ a[nqrwpoV (on)oiJ a[nqrwpoi (a) Gen. tou: ajnqrwvpoutw:n ajnqrwvpwn Dat. tw/: ajnqrwvpw/toi:V ajnqrwvpoiV Acc. to;n a[nqrwpon (on) tou;V ajnqrwvpouV (a) Voc. a[nqrwpe a[nqrwpoi *Neuter endings are in brackets (def art. to [sing.] and ta [pl.]) * Feminine nouns take the feminine definite article, but take the same noun endings as the masculine nouns ( hJ oJdovV the way).

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Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension Most difficult of the declensions to master. It contains over thirty paradigms. Characteristics of the 3 rd declension: Gen. sing. ends in -V (-oV most frequently] Dat. sing. ends in i Nom., Voc., Acc. pl. end in -V (-eV and -oV most frequently] Gen. pl. ends in wn Dat. pl. ends in si(n)

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Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension Singular Masc./Fem. Neuter Nom. -V, nonenone Gen. -oV-oV Dat. -i-i Acc. -a or -n none

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Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension Plural Masc./Fem.Neuter Nom. -eV-a Gen. -wn-wn Dat. -si-si Acc. -aV-a

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Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension (paradigm examples) oJ a[rcwn (stem is ajrcont- ) (Masculine) SingularPlural Nom. a[rcwna[rconteV Gen. a[rcontoVajrcovntwn Dat. a[rcontia[rcousi(n) Acc. a[rcontaa[rcontaV

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Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension (paradigm examples) hJ savrx (stem is sark- ) (Feminine) SingularPlural Nom. savrxsavrkeV Gen. sarkovVsarkw:n Dat. sarkivsarxiv(n) Acc. savrkasavrkaV

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Noun and Case Endings 3 rd Declension (paradigm examples) to; sw:ma (stem is swmat- ) (Neuter) SingularPlural Nom. sw:maswvmata Gen. swvmatoVswmavtwn Dat. swvmatiswvmasi(n) Acc. swvmaswvmata

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Identifying Verbs (Parsing) Tense Tense is the quality of a verb that deals with action. Verbs have time of action (past, present, future). Verbs have kind of action (linear or punctiliar). Voice Voice is the indicator of relationship between verb and subject Three types of voice: active, passive, middle

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Identifying verbs (cont.) Mood Mood helps to discover the relations of action to reality. Action is either actually taking place or is potential. Person (first, second, third) Number (singular or plural) * 1 st person singular Aorist active indicative (1sAAI)

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Present Indicative The present tense indicates progressive action at the present time. The indicative mood relates the reality of action from the viewpoint of the speaker. Present Active Indicative of luvw SingularPlural luvw I loose/am loosing luovmen We loose luveiV you loose luvete you loose luvei he, she, it looses luvousi they loose

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Present Middle/Passive Indicative of luvw Notice the middle and passive forms are the same. Function will be determined by context. SingularPlural luvomai I loose myself I am being loosed luovmeqa We loose ourselves We are being loosed luvh/ - you loose yourself you are being loosed luvesqe you loose yourself you are being loosed luvetai he looses himself he is being loosed luvontai they loose themselves they are being loosed

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Indicative Formation of the future indicative: Future active indicative: primary stem + s + primary endings = Future lu + s + w = luvsw Future passive indicative: primary aorist stem + s + pass. personal endings = FPI luqh + s + omai = luqhvsomai

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Active Indicative SingularPlural luvsw I will loose luvsomen we will loose luvseiV you will loose luvsete you will loose luvsei he, she, it will loose luvsousi they will loose

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Middle Indicative SingularPlural luvsomai I will loose myself lusovmeqa we will loose ourselves luvsh/ - you will loose yourself luvsesqe you will loose yourselves luvsetai he will loose himself luvsontai they will loose themselves

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Future Passive Indicative SingularPlural luqhvsomai I will be loosed luqhsovmeqa we will be loosed luqhvsh/ - you will be loosed luqhvsesqe you will be loosed luqhvsetai he will be loosed luqhvsontai they will be loosed

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Imperfect Indicative The imperfect is continuous action in past time. It is best illustrated by a single line (). The imperfect is signified by the syllabic augment - e If the verb begins with a vowel, the word take the temporal augment, where the original vowel is lengthened: e lengthens to h ( ejgeivrw h[geiron ) o lengthens to w ( ojfeivlw w[feivlon ) a lengthens to h ( ajkouvw h[kouon )

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Imperfect Active Indicative augment + present stem + secondary active endings SingularPlural e[luon I was loosing ejluvomen we were loosing e[lueV you were loosing ejluvete you were loosing e[lue(n) he, she, it was loosing e[luon they were loosing

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Imperfect Middle & Passive Indicative augment + primary stem + secondary mid/pass. end. SingularPlural ejluovmhn I was loosing myself / I was being loosed ejluovmeqa we were loosing ourselves we were being loosed ejluvou you were loosing yourself / you were being loosed ejluvesqe you were loosing yourselves you were being loosed ejluveto he was loosing himself / he was being loosed ejluvonto they were loosing themselves they were being loosed

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses The function of the imperfect tense: Progressive past action (Descriptive) he was speaking Attempted past action (Conative) he tried to speak Repeated past action (Iterative) he kept on speaking Beginning past action (Inceptive) he began to speak

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Aorist Active Indicative (First & Second) This is a tense that speaks of past time. The kind of action is punctiliar (snapshot). The aorist is written in the simple past tense. Like the imperfect, it takes the augment (the augment rules apply just as in the imperfect).

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Active Indicative Augment + present stem + sa + secondary endings SingularPlural e[lusa I loosed ejluvsamen we loosed ejluvsaV you loosed ejluvsate you loosed e[luvse he, she, it loosed e[lusan they loosed

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Middle Indicative Augment + first aorist active stem + secondary mid./pass. end SingularPlural ejlusavmhn I loosed myself ejlusavmeqa we loosed ourselves ejluvsw you loosed yourself ejluvsasqe you loosed yourselves ejluvsato he loosed himself ejluvsanto they loosed themselves

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses First Aorist Passive Indicative Augment + present stem + passive voice morpheme + secondary active endings SingularPlural ejluvqhn I was loosed ejluvqhmen we were loosed ejluvqhV you were loosed ejluvqhte you were loosed ejluvqh he was loosed ejluvqhsan - they were loosed

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Indicative Second Aorist functions the same as first aorist. The second aorist does not take the s past tense morpheme. The stem changes in the second aorist. This happens in the English past tense: preach becomes preached teach becomes taught

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Active Indicative of leivpw (I leave) Augment + Aorist stem + secondary endings SingularPlural e[lipon I left ejlivpomen we left e[lipeV you left ejlivpete you left e[lipe(n) he left e[lipon they left

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Middle Indicative Augment + aorist stem + secondary middle ending SingularPlural ejlipovmhn I left for myself ejlipovmeqa we left for ourselves ejlivpou you left for yourself ejlivpesqe you left for yourselves ejlivpeto he left for himself ejlivponto they left for themselves

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Second Aorist Passive Indicative of ajpostevllw Augment + Aorist stem + secondary active endings SingularPlural ajpestavlhn I was sent ajpestavlhmen we were sent ajpestavlhV you were sent ajpestavlhte you were sent ajpestavlh he was sent (she, it) ajpestavlhsan they were sent

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Perfect Indicative This is the Greek tense of completed action with a resulting state of being ( ). The primary emphasis is the resulting state of being. The perfect is easy to spot because of the reduplicated stem. Also, the perfect tense sign is k.

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Perfect Active Indicative reduplicated stem + ka + secondary active endings SingularPlural levluka I have loosed leluvkamen we have loosed levlukaV you have loosed leluvkate you have loosed levluke(n) he has loosed luluvkasi they have loosed

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative reduplicated stem + primary middle/passive personal endings SingularPlural levlumai I have loosed myself I have been loosed leluvmeqa we have loosed ourselves we have been loosed levlusai you have loosed yourself you have been loosed levlusqe you have loosed yourselves you have been loosed levlutai he has loosed himself he has been loosed levluntai they have loosed themselves they have been loosed

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Making Sense of Verb Tenses The Pluperfect Indicative It represents the past tense of the perfect. Because it is past, it takes an augment. The pluperfect is seldom used in the NT (John 9:22). Pluperfect Active Indicative SingularPlural ejleluvkein I had loosed ejleluvkeimen we had loosed ejleluvkeiV you had loosed ejleluvkeite you had loosed ejleluvkei he had loosed ejleluvkeisan they had loosed

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Understanding Different Moods Summary of the Various Moods Indicative The child runs Subjunctive If the child should run Expresses action not really taking place, but is objectively possible. The child has the ability to run. Of the three potential moods, this one is nearest to reality. Optative Oh, that the child would run Expresses action not really taking place, but is subjectively possible. This is the mood furthest removed from reality.

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Understanding Different Moods Imperative Run, child! Expresses action that is not really taking place, but is volitionally possible. It is two steps from real action of the indicative mood. Indicative is the only mood which speaks of real action. The other three moods are those of potential action.

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Understanding Different Moods The Subjunctive Mood Forms of the Subjunctive This mood occurs rarely in the perfect tense. Besides the rare cases in the perfect tense, this mood occurs only in the present and aorist tenses. Good News!! The subjunctive mood is the most regular of all the moods. This means that the endings are the same throughout each conjugation.

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Understanding Different Moods Present Active Subjunctive of luvw present stem + lengthened connecting vowel + primary endings SingularPlural luvw I should loose luvwmen we should loose luvh/V you should loose luvhte you should loose luvh/ - he, she, it should loose luvwsi(n) they should loose

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Understanding Different Moods Present Middle/Passive Subjunctive of luvw present stem + lengthened connecting vowel + primary mid/pass endings SingularPlural luvwmai I should loose myself I should be loosed luwvmeqa we should loose ourselves we should be loosed luvh/ - you should loose yourself you should be loosed luvhsqe you should loose yourselves you should be loosed luvhtai he should loose himself he should be loosed luvwntai they should loose themselves they should be loosed

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Understanding Different Moods Further notes on the subjunctive The first aorist active and middle subjunctive is based on the same endings with the added s after the primary stem ( luvsw, luvsh/V, luvsh/, etc.) The first aorist passive subjunctive is formed by adding the q to the present stem plus the primary endings with the circumflex accent ( luqw:, luqh:/V, luqh/:, etc.). The second aorist is built on the stem change of the second aorist with no s plus the primary and middle endings. There is no augment in the subjunctive mood.

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Understanding Different Moods Various expressions of the subjunctive: Hortatory Subjunctive used in first person plural e[lqwmen eijV to;n oi\kon (1pAAS) Let us go into the house. Prohibitive Subjunctive used in the aorist second person; forbids the beginning of an act eijV peirasmo;n mh; eijsenevgkh/V hJma:V (2sAAS) Lead us not into temptation. Dont ever lead us into temptation.

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Understanding Different Moods Deliberative Subjunctive used to express a question whether rhetorical or real tiv ei[pw uJmi:n (1sAAS) What shall I say to you? Emphatic Negation Subjunctive employs double negative ouj mh; ejkquvgwsin (3pAAS) They shall be no means escape. Final Subjunctive use of subordinate clause to express purpose e[rcomai i{na ei[pw aujtw:/ I come in order that I may speak to him.

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Understanding Different Moods Probable Future Condition Subjunctive This is used in conjunction with eja;n. Expresses action that is not really taking place but which probably will take place in the future. jEa;n ei[pwmen If we say.

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Understanding Different Moods The Imperative Mood Introduction Appears in the present and aorist tenses only There is no first person in the imperative mood The third person in the imperative must be translated with a permissive idea in mind let him...

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Understanding Different Moods Forms of the Imperative Present Active Imperative Present Middle / Passive Imperative SingularPlural lu:e you continue loosing luvete you continue loosing luevsqw let him continue loosing luevswsan let them continue loosing SingularPlural luvon you loose yourself you be loosed luvesqe you loose yourself you be loosed luevsqw let him loose himself let him be loosed luevsqwsan let them loose themselves let them be loosed

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Understanding Different Moods First Aorist Active Imperative First Aorist Middle Imperative SingularPlural lu:son you loose luvsate you loose lusavtw let him loose lusavtwsan let them loose SingularPlural lu:sai you loose yourself luvsasqe you loose yourselves lusavsqw let him loose himself lusavsqwsan let them loose themselves

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Understanding Different Moods First Aorist Passive Imperative Second Aorist Active Imperative SingularPlural luvqhti you be loosed luvqhte you be loosed luqhvtw let him be loosed luqhvtwsan let them be loosed SingularPlural livpe you loose livpete you loose lipevtw let him loose lipevtwsan let them loose

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Understanding Different Moods Second Aorist Middle Imperative Second Aorist Passive Imperative SingularPlural lipou: - you leave yourself livpesqe you leave yourself lipevsqw let him leave himself lipevsqwsan let them leave themselves SingularPlural ajpostavlhqi you be sent ajpostavlhte you be sent ajpostalhvtw let him be sent ajpostalhvtwsan let them be sent

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Understanding Different Moods Functions of the Imperative The imperative is the mood which expresses action which is to be realized by the exercise of the will of one person upon that of another. Like the subjunctive, the time of action is lost in the imperative mood. The present imperative is action which is in progress lu:e aujtovn continue loosing him The aorist imperative is action which is not yet started lu:son aujtovn loose him

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Understanding Different Moods Various expressions of the imperative mood Cohortative a positive command Prohibitive a negative command (only in the present) mh; lu:e aujtovn stop loosing him mh; levgete tau:ta stop saying these things Entreaty expression of a request as opposed to a command pavter a{gie, thvrhson aujtou;V ejn tw/: ojnovmativ sou. Holy Father, keep them in thy name. Permissive third person imperative luevtw to;n a[nqrwpon let him continue loosing the man lusavtw to;n a[nqrwpon let him loose (start loosing) the man

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Understanding Different Moods The Optative Mood Formation of the Optative Mood There are only 67 instances of the optative mood in the Greek NT. This is our third mood of potential. The letter combinations of oi, ai, and ei are frequent in the optative mood. Like the other moods of potential, the augment is not present in the aorist.

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Understanding Different Moods Function of the Optative Mood This is the mood which is the furthest removed from reality. The indicative mood declares something to be. The subjunctive mood expresses a feasible action. The imperative mood expresses a command and is contingent upon the volition of the one receiving the command. Hewett stated in his grammar, ... the optative expresses a polite request without any connotation of anticipated realization; it has an air of perplexity or possibility; it always has a remoteness with regard to whether or not the action might come into being (p. 194).

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Understanding Different Moods The optative can be translated into English using various words that convey the idea of remoteness: (may, can, might, should, could, would) The optative of wishing: plhrwvsai uJma:V pavshV cara:V kai; eijrhvnhV may he fill you with all joy and peace (Rom. 15:13) oJ qeo;V th:V eijrhvnhV aJgiavsai uJma:V oJlotelei:V may the God of peace sanctify you entirely (1 Thess. 5:23) mh gevnoito may it never be (Rom. 6:2, 15; 7:7) (God forbid)

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Understanding Different Moods The potential optative Potential of perplexity - mhvpote aujto;V ei[h oJ CristovV (PAopt.) whether he should be the Christ. (Luke 3:15) Potential of possibility - tiv a]n poihvsaien tw:/ jIhsou: (AAopt.) what they might do to Jesus (Luke 6:11) The fourth class condition optative: 1 Peter 3:14 ajll j eij kai; pavscoite (PAopt.) but if you should suffer