nouns a noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing or idea. proper noun: names a particular...

Nouns A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing or idea. Proper Noun: names a particular person, place, or thing and is capitalized. Ex: Chase Utley, Philadelphia, White House Common Noun: does not name a particular person place or thing. Ex: woman, city, building

Nouns A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing or idea. Concrete noun: names an object that can be perceived by the senses. Ex: hat, desk, book, box Abstract noun: names a quality, a characteristic, an idea. Ex: Beauty, strength, love, courage Collective noun: names a group. Ex: team, crowd, class Ex. 25-27

Singular and Plural Nouns A singular noun names only one person, place, thing or idea. Ex: sister, school, chair, joy A plural noun names more than one person place, thing or idea. Sisters, schools, chairs, joys.

Singular and Plural Nouns 1) To form the plural of most singular nouns, add s. Grapegrapes Househouses 2) To form the plural of nouns ending with: ch, sh, ss, z, or x, add es. Churchchurches Glassglasses Tax taxes 3) To form the plural of nouns ending in a y preceded by a consonant, change the y to i and add es. Armyarmies Ladyladies

Singular and Plural Nouns 4) To form the plural of nouns ending with y preceded by a vowel, add s. Donkeydonkeys Daydays 5) For a letter or a numeral, add s. Xxs 100100s 6) To form the plural of a noun ending in o, add s or es. Pianopianos Zerozeroes PotatoPotatoes

Singular and Plural Nouns 7) To form the plural of some nouns ending in f or fe, change the f or fe to ve and add s. For others, simply add s. Loafloaves Lifelives Chiefchiefs 8) Some singular nouns change form in the plural. Manmen Childchildren 9) Some singular nouns are the same in singular and plural. Deerdeer Sheepsheep

Singular and Plural Nouns 10) Compound Nouns are made up of more than one word. Often compound nouns are separated by a hyphen. The main word in a compound noun is made plural. Sister-in-lawsisters-in-law Great-grandfathergreat-grandfathers Man-of-warmen-of-war 29

Pronouns A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or of more than one noun. Ex: Anglers complained about the weather forecast. They said it had not warned them of the storm. Ex: An umbrella and a book were left in the cafeteria. They have not been claimed. An antecedent is the word to which a pronoun refers. Sometimes a pronoun takes the place of another pronoun. Ex: One of the film projectors is broken. It has been sent out for repair. 76-67

Pronouns Personal Pronouns as subjects Singular Plural First PersonIwe Second Person youyou Third Personhe, she, itthey 78-68

Pronouns Personal Pronouns as objects. Singular Plural First Person meus Second Person youyou Third Personhim, her, itthem 80-71

Pronouns Personal Pronouns that show Possession Possessive personal pronouns show ownership. Some are used alone: MineYoursHisHers Ours Theirs Ex: That computer is hers. Some are used as adjectives to describe a noun: MyYourHisHer ItsOur Their Ex: That is her computer. 90-83

Pronouns Personal Pronouns that show possession Ex: Those pretzels are mine. My dog ate a wheel of cheese. His father works for the government. Where is your homework? Laura gave me her slice of pizza.

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns SingularPlural First Personmyselfourselves Second Personyourselfyourselves Third Personhimself, herselfthemselves itself These are not acceptable: hisself, theirself, theirselves

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Reflexive ends in self or selves and indicates that someone or something performs an action to, for, or upon itself (that the subject performs AND receives the action.) Joy helped herself to some turkey. They poured some milk for themselves. Intensive ends in self or selves and simply adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun in the same sentence. The mayor herself attended the carnival. Frank fixed the refrigerator himself. (Hint: If you omit an intensive pronoun, the sentence will contain the same basic information.)

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Reflexive I gave myself plenty of time to get to work. You should let yourself into the house. Jim bought a shirt for himself. Jill read to herself. The dog scratched itself. We treated ourselves to pizza. You can make yourselves at home. The children are able to dress themselves.

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns Intensive I myself am sick of the heat. You yourself are responsible for this mess! The president himself appeared at the rally. The actress wrote those lines herself. The cat caught the mouse itself. We ourselves made the meal. You yourselves can win this game. The troops themselves helped the people escape the burning building.

Interrogative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns used to begin a question. An interrogative pronoun may or may not have a specific antecedent. What, which, who, whom, whose What do you mean? Which of the vegetables do you want? Who is always used for subjects. Ex: Who is coming to the party? Whom is always used for objects. Ex: Whom did you meet after school? Ex: For whom did you buy that gift?

Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns help specify one of many different people, places or things. Singular: this, that Plural: these, those May come before or after their antecedents. Ex: Those books shouldnt be on the table. Ex: Of all the celebrations in the world, that is my favorite.

Relative Pronouns Relative Pronouns relate clauses. Begins a subordinate clause and connects it to another idea in the sentence. that, which, who, whom, whose (Use who or whom when referring to a person. Do not use that) Independent ClauseSubordinate clause We planted a shrubthat attracts ladybugs. I saw a cicadawhich was a surprise. Tyler is the playerwho pitched first.

Relative, Demonstrative, or Interrogative We planted a shrub that attracts ladybugs. (Relative) That shrub attracts ladybugs. (Demonstrative) Who won the pie-eating? (Interrogative) Jim is the student who won the pie-eating contest. (Relative) Is that the woman who won the award?

Indefinite Pronouns May refer to people, places, or things, often without specifying which ones. Some may have an antecedent, but many do not. Ex. Everyone in the building must be evacuated. Something is making noise in the attic. Many students are going to the football game. Few will miss it.

Indefinite Pronouns Singular another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, something Plural both, few, many, others, several Singular or Plural depending on the context. all, any, more, most, none, some

Pronouns 5. Which of you, upon returning home from a trip, suddenly notices how different all of the rooms look to you? 6. Some of your possessions may look unfamiliar to you, and a few of them may seem totally alien. 7. Eventually, the impression of newness wears off, and your house takes on its familiar appearance. 8. Each of us can regain the ability to see freshly if we make full use of our sense of sight.

Pronouns 9. We must see the shapes of the objects themselves instead of thinking about their function. 10. According to Claude Monet, a French impressionist painter whose works are world-famous, in order to see as an artist, we must forget the names of the things that we are looking at.

Adjectives Words used to describe a noun or pronoun or to give a noun or pronoun a more specific meaning. The process by which an adjective describes a word or makes it more specific is called modification.

Adjectives Answer the questions What kind?rare coinlucky one Which one?first trythat dog How many? seven daysfew people How much?adequate timeno money 107-96

Adjectives Small work boats were sailed extensively for pleasure in early colonial times. The first pleasure schooner was built in 1816. It was built specifically as a large, luxurious yacht. American yacht clubs started around the 1840s. Six members of the New York Yacht Club financed Americas first racing yacht.

Predicate Adjectives A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject of the sentence. Ex: Jill was happy over the outcome of the game. Today, the waves are wild and rough.

Articles Three adjectives the, an, and a are called articles. The = a definite article Indicates the noun it modifies refers to a specific person, place, or thing. The batter stepped into the batters box. A, an = indefinite articles Indicate the nouns they modify refer to any one of a class of people, places, or things. Ex: Give me a baseball. Give me an umbrella. Home Depot is having a one-day sale.

Nouns used as Adjectives A noun used as an adjective answers the question What kind? or Which one? about the noun that follows it. Ex: She bought chocolate ice cream (What kind of ice cream?) He broke his ring finger (Which finger?)

Proper Adjectives A proper adjective is a proper noun used as an adjective or as an adjective formed from a proper noun. Ex: Boston newspaperBostonian dialect India inkIndian curry

Compound Adjectives A compound adjective is an adjective made up of more than one word. Hyphenated long-distance runner saber-toothed tiger Combined examples bedtime story household goods

Pronouns Used as Adjectives Personal / Possessive A personal pronoun that can be used as an adjective answers the question Which one? about a noun that follows it. My, your, his, her, its our, and their can be thought of as pronouns because they have antecedents. They can also be thought of as adjectives because they modify nouns. Ex: My daughter left her new backpack at school.

Pronouns Used as Adjectives Demonstrative All four demonstrative pronouns this, that, these, those can be used as adjectives. When used as adjectives, they are called demonstrative adjectives. Example: She sailed these. (pronoun) She sailed these boats. (adjective)

Pronouns Used as Adjectives Interrogative Only three of the interrogative pronouns which, what, whose can be used as adjectives. When used as adjectives, they are called interrogative adjectives. Example: Which did she see? (pronoun) Which ship did she see? (adjective)

Pronouns Used as Adjectives Indefinite Many of the indefinite pronouns can be used as adjectives. When used as adjectives, they are called indefinite adjectives. Example: Each boat had several sails. They brought more rigging.

Action Verbs An action verb is a verb that tells what action someone or something is performing. The king rules. Famine struck the people. p. 49 ex. 44 Action verbs show mental action as well as visible action. Visible = We chose two books about Alaska. Mental = They remember the film about Alaska.

Action Verbs: Transitive An action verb is transitive if it directs action toward someone or something named in the sentence. The receiver of the action of a transitive verb is called the object of the verb. Examples Pat carried her books to the lecture. Beth dropped the hot pizza on the floor. We saw Grandma at the store To determine whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, ask Whom? or What? After the verb. If you can find the answer in the sentence, the verb is transitive. If you cannot, the verb is intransitive.

Action Verbs: Intransitive An action verb is intransitive if it does not direct action toward someone or something named in the sentence. Intransitive verbs have no receiver. Examples The temperature fell quickly. Wilber worked late. Jane studies in the morning. I sleep in class. Note: Intransitive verbs are frequently followed by adverbs or prepositional phrases.

Transitive or Intransitive? Most action verbs can be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another. Bill reads books about Alaska. Bill reads every night. I drive to school. I drive the truck. Can you create your own examples of verbs that can be both transitive and intransitive?

Linking Verbs A linking verb is a verb that connects a word at or near the beginning of the sentence with a word at or near the end. Few in number but widely used. Do NOT show action. Examples Sarah is an astronaut. (renames) Sarah = astronaut. She is happy. (describes) She = happy Sometimes a verb can be an action verb in one sentence and linking in another. Robbie grew taller. (describes) Robbie grew tomatoes (transitive)

Transitive, Intransitive, Linking? 1) Find the verb in the sentence. 2) Does this verb show action? If so, proceed to step 3; if not, proceed to step 4. 3) If the verb shows action, ask what? or whom? after the verb. If you have a direct answer that receives the action = transitive. James caught the ball. James saw Jim at the game. If you do have a direct answer that renames or describes the subject = linking. James felt sick. If you dont have a direct answer = intransitive. James ran to the bathroom. 4) If the verb doesnt show action, but is a being verb that links a noun or adjective with the sentences subject, then you have a linking verb.

Transitive, Intransitive, Linking? 1) Timmy found a dollar on the floor in the hallway. 2) Timmy looked for the dollars owner. 3) Timmy felt confused. 4) Timmy is happy with his dollar.

Helping Verbs Helping verbs are verbs that can be added to another verb (main verb) to make a single verb phrase. A single verb phrase is formed from as many as four words. Verb phrases include the main verb and all of its helpers. Any of the forms of be as well as some other verbs can be used as helping verbs. Memorize them! Examples Without helping verbs: They sing in the morning. With helping verbs: They will sing in the morning. They might sing in the morning.

Helping Verbs Verb phrases are often interrupted by other words. Words together: They will be flying in the morning. Words separated They will definitely be flying in the morning. You should not leave without a pass. I have always been wary of flying.

Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Often, adding ly to an adjective creates an adverb. Ex: loud crying; baby cried loudly An adverb modifying a verb answers the questions Where? Fell below, move aside When? Arrived today; left early How? In what way? Happily ran; ended abruptly. To what extent? (How often? or how much?) Wash completely; have not completed; partially understands

Adverbs Examples: She drives carefully. Carefully tells how she drives. She drives early and late. Early and late tell when she drives. She drives everywhere. Everywhere tells where she drives. She can almost drive. Almost tells to what extent she can drive. She drives daily. Daily tells how often she drives.

Adverbs Some adverbs, such as really, actually, truly, indeed, are mostly used for emphasis. These are classified as adverbs of extent. Ramona can really cook. He can actually drive. Some nouns may be used as adverbs. Examples I called her yesterday. She is leaving tomorrow. We expect them Monday.

Adverbs Adverbs modify adjectives by answering one question: To what extent? She is a really good driver. (modifies good) He is too eager to start driving. (modifies eager) The thunder is very far away. (modifies far) My brother was unusually quiet this morning. (modifies quiet)

Adverbs Adverbs modifying other adverbs come directly before the adverb they modify. The electrician worked very carefully. (modifies carefully) The hummingbird visits almost daily. (modifies daily) The car followed too closely. (modifies closely) She left extremely quickly. (modifies quickly)

Adverbs Follow these steps to finding all the adverbs in a sentence. 1) Find the verb and ask: When? Where? How? To what extent? 2) If you find an adverb using step one, look at the word directly in front of it. Is that word describing the adverb? 3) Find all adjectives in the sentence. Is the word directly in front of each adjective describing it by answering: To what extent?

Adverbs or Adjectives Identifying a word as either an adverb or adjective can be confusing. Remember adjectives answer: What kind?Which one? How many?How much? Remember adverbs answer: When? Where? How? To what extent? Just because a word ends in ly doesnt mean its an adverb.

Prepositions A preposition is a word used to show the relation of a noun or a pronoun to some other word in the sentence. The eagle flew above the trees. The puppy ran through the yard, around the tree, and into the house.

Prepositions Object of the Preposition A preposition always appears in a phrase. The noun or pronoun at the end of a prepositional phrase is the object of the preposition. The eagle flew above the trees. The puppy ran through the yard, around the tree, and into the house. A group of words may act as a preposition. Ex: on account of; in spite of; in front of Put the trophy in front of the picture.

Prepositions Object of the Preposition When pronouns are used as objects of a preposition, they must be in the objective case. Ex: We gave the book to her. The disagreement between Tom and me has been settled.

Prepositions Practice: Create sentences using the following prepositions. 1) above 2) against 3) below 4) by 5) during 6) for 7) into 8) of 9) until 10) up

Conjunctions Conjunctions are words used to connect other words or groups of words. Coordinating Conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet) (FANBOYS) Examples My sister and brother ran the program. They wrote short yet effective report. The cup fell but didnt spill. Put the bags on the table or in the closet. Bob left early, so I left with him. I had to hurry, for I didnt want to be late.

Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions (always appear in pairs) bothandeitherorneithernor not onlybut alsowhetheror Examples He watched both the lions and tigers. Either take out the trash or wash the dishes. We should not only work hard, but we should also take this seriously.

Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions connect two complete ideas by making one of the ideas subordinate to the other. (Subordinate means to place below another in rank or importance) The subordinating conjunction always comes before the subordinate idea. Examples We protect the wetlands because they are important to the ecosystem. As soon as the volunteers arrived, the cleanup work began.

Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunction or Preposition? It is a subordinating conjunction if the word is connecting two complete ideas. At other times, it is simply the first word in a prepositional phrase. Examples Until you finish your wetland research, you are not ready to begin writing. (Subordinating conjunction) Until recent decades, people were not as proactive in preserving the environment. (Preposition)

Conjunctions Conjunctive Adverbs an adverb that acts as a conjunction to connect complete ideas. Examples Maureen loves animals; moreover, she is a student of plant and animal life. I arrived late; consequently, I received demerits. I completed my homework; however, I left it on the bus.

Interjections Interjections are words that express feeling or emotion; they function independently of a sentence. Because an interjection is unrelated to any other words in the sentence, set it off from the other words by inserting an exclamation point or a comma. Pain Ouch! That burns. Joy Wow! This is great! Contempt Ugh, thats gross.

Midterm Exam Parts of Speech Nouns (Common, Proper, Abstract, Collective), Pronouns (Personal, Possessive, Reflexive, Intensive, Interrogative, Relative, Indefinite), Adjectives, Verbs (Transitive, Intransitive, Linking, Helping), Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections Literature Short Story: Elements of a Fiction (Plot, Characters, Conflict, Setting, Theme), The Gift of the Magi, The Scarlet Ibis, and The Cask of Amontillado. Poetry: Simile, Metaphor, Personification, Meter, Rhyme Scheme, I Wandered Lonely As a Cloud, The Road Not Taken, Dream Deferred, Dreams, To be of use, Hope is the thing with feathers

nouns a noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing or idea. proper noun: names a particular...

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