notre dame extended research community 1 history of machines: big to small michael crocker valerie...
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Notre Dame extended Research CommunityHistory of Machines: Big to
Small
Michael CrockerValerie GossPatrick MooneyRebecca Quardokus
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Early “Computer” – 19th Century Loom
Programmable with punch cards
Joseph MarieJacquard
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Difference Engine/Analytic Engine
Charles Babbage(1822)
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ENIAC – First Electrical Computer (1946)
Programmable with switches and cables
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Smaller and Smaller Devices
Vacuum Tube Discrete Transistors
Integrated Circuits
(1946) (1955) (1960)
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Computers Since 1971 (Intel 4004)
2-3 ThousandTransistors
1-2 BillionTransistors
10 Megabytes
1 Terabyte
92 ThousandInstr/Sec
147 BillionInstr/Sec
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Moore’s Law
A predicted trend Predicted in 1965 (will last at least 10
years) Density doubles every two years Also applies to speed and storage capacity
Prediction has lasted for 40+ years With some minor exceptions Transistors are very small now (<100nm) Required Nanotechnology Research!
Exponential has lasted for 100+ years
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Speed and Cost
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45nm Node Transistors (2007)
Well inside the nano realm!
Fabrication of these transistors requires very precise lithography
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Fabrication
Photolithography 32nm half pitch: ~$4 Billion for fab facility Double patterning, Immersion lithography
Electron Beam Lithography A few nanometer feature size patterning Limitation is scattering, not the beam! Takes a long time, not mass production
Self Assembly Not precise control Instead, automatic arrangement
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Self Assembly
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Self Assembly with DNA!
Using DNA, it should be possible to fabricate many
patterns without lithography
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Imaging is Very Important
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) Why are these important? Nano devices are unknown
behaviors, properties, & uses All at the nano-scale Biological processes could tell us so much!