138

Introduction

1. [Harriet Martineau], ‘Female Industry’, Edinburgh Review 109 (April 1859), 333.

2. See, among others, Alexis Easley’s First-Person Anonymous: Women Writers and Victorian Print Media, 1830–70 (2004); Linda Peterson’s Becoming AWoman of Letters: Myths of Authorship and Facts of the Victorian Market (2009); Beth Palmer’s Women’s Authorship and Editorship in VictorianCulture: Sensational Strategies (2011); Graham Law on Brame in PamelaGilbert’s Companion to Sensation Fiction (2011).

3. Barbara Onslow, Women of the Press in Nineteenth-Century Britain(Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 149.

4. See, for example, Lillian Nayder, Unequal Partners: Charles Dickens, WilkieCollins, and Victorian Authorship (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2002), 8; MelissaSchaub, ‘The Serial Reader and the Corporate Text: Hard Times and North and South’, Victorian Review 39.1 (2013), 183; Gill Gregory, The Life and Work of Adelaide Procter (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1992), 192.r

5. Mark W. Turner, Trollope and the Magazines: Gendered Issues in Mid-Victorian Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000), 188.

6. Margaret Beetham, ‘Towards a Theory of the Periodical as a Publishing Genre’, Investigating Victorian Journalism, ed. Laurel Brake, Aled Jones andLionel Madden (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1990), 21.

7. Laurel Brake, ‘Writing, Cultural Production, and the Periodical Press in theNineteenth Century’, Writing and Victorianism, ed. J. B. Bullen (London:Longman, 1997), 54. See also James Mussell’s Science, Time and Space in the Late-Nineteenth-Century Press (2007).

1 Women, Work and the Victorian Press

1. Walter E. Houghton, ‘The Wellesley Index: Notes on Index II’, II VictorianPeriodicals Newsletter 3.4 (1970), 18.r

2. Alexis Easley, First-Person Anonymous. Women Writers and Victorian Print Media, 1830–1870 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), 27. Easley draws on earlier research on Fraser’s by Patrick Leary. See Patrick Leary, ‘Fraser’s Magazineand the Literary Life, 1830–1847’, Victorian Periodicals Review 27.2 (1994), 118–120.

3. Leary, ‘Fraser’s Magazine and the Literary Life’, 119.4. Marysa Demoor, Their Fair Share: Women, Power and Criticism in

the Athenaeum, From Millicent Garrett Fawcett to Katherine Mansfield,1870–1920 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000).

Notes

Notes 139

5. Carol T. Christ, ‘“The Hero as Man of Letters”: Masculinity and VictorianNonfiction Prose’, in Victorian Sages and Cultural Discourse: Renegotiating Gender and Power, ed. Thaïs E. Morgan (New Brunswick: Rutgers Uni-rversity Press, 1990), 21.

6. Onslow, Women of the Press, 82. 7. Onslow, Women of the Press, 82. 8. Anne Lohrli, Household Words: A Weekly Journal, 1850–1859 (Toronto:

University of Toronto Press, 1973), 24.9. Deborah A. Thomas, Dickens and the Short Story (Philadelphia: Universityy

of Pennsylvania Press, 1982), 143.10. Linda K. Hughes, ‘On New Monthly Magazines, 1859–60’, BRANCH:

Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History, ed. Dino FrancoFelluga, extension of Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net, accessedt30 March 2013.

11. Ellen Jordan, Hugh Craig and Alexis Antonia, ‘The Brontë Sisters andthe Christian Remembrancer: A Pilot Study in the Use of the “Burrows Method” to Identify the Authorship of Unsigned Articles in the Nineteenth-Century Periodical Press’, Victorian Periodicals Review 39.1 (2006), 22.

12. John Drew and Hugh Craig, ‘Did Dickens write “Temperate Temperance”? (An Attempt to Identify Authorship of an Anonymous Article in All the Year Round)’,dd Victorian Periodicals Review 44.3 (2011), 267–290.

13. Censuses have been conducted each decade by the General Register Office (GRO) from 1841 onwards, with the exception of 1941, when no census was taken due to the Second World War.

14. Search terms included: publisher, editor, editress, sub-editor, sub-editress,contributor, journalist, correspondent, compositor, compositress, newsa-gent, news agent and news vendor, as well as more general press-related keywords such as: newspaper(s), periodical(s), magazine(s), journal(s) andpress.

15. In his entry on newsagents for the Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism Andrew King notes that ‘the history of the retail trade outside the major players’, like the W. H. Smith railway stalls, ‘remains much more obscure [than that of wholesale distribution]’.

16. 1881 census record for the Bradlaugh household, RG11/162 f. 94 p. 30, Census Returns of England and Wales, Kew, Surrey, England: The NationalArchives of the UK (TNA), Public Record Office.

17. 1881 census record for Lois Simpson, RG11/551 f. 102 p. 27.18. 1881 census records for Lois E. Simpson and James Simpson, RG12/238 f.

68 p. 20.19. 1881 census record for Emily L. Barker, RG11/1844 f. 26 p. 7.20. 1881 census records for Mary Ann Bligh, RG11/987 f. 58 p. 13 and Mary

Benham, RG11/1789 f. 34 p. 2. 21. 1881 census record for Mary Cullen, RG11/41 f. 16 p. 25.22. 1871 and 1891 census records for the Cullen household, RG10/1634 f.

115 p. 36 and RG12/491 f. 70 p. 64.23. 1881 census record for Ada Dicken, RG11/3406 f. 7 p. 7.

140 Notes

24. 1891 census record for Ada Dickin [sic], RG12/2737 f. 159 p. 34; 1901 census record for Ada L. Mavis, RG13/3222 f. 91 p. 14.

25. 1881 and 1891 census records for Annie Pyatt, RG11/3352 f. 147 p. 9 andRG12/2704 f. 47 p. 5.

26. 1881 census records for Frances E. and Mary A. E. Longhurst, RG11/560f. 22 p. 40; 1891 census record for Emily Longhurst, RG12/1083 f. 154p. 4; 1891 census record for Mary A. E. Longhurst, RG12/1328 f. 50 p. 20.

27. 1881 census record for Margaret Ely, RG11/345 f. 64 p. 26; 1901 censusrecord for Margaret Pearce Ely, RG13/249 f. 73 p. 59; 1881 census recordfor Eleanor Kate Rutherford, RG11/200 f. 38 p. 2; 1901 census record forEleanor K. Rutherford, RG13/117 f. 92 p. 7.

28. 1881 census record for Elizabeth Ovens, RG11/793 f. 793 p. 37; 1891 census record for Elizabeth Moore (née Ovens), RG12/573 f. 42 p. 28; 1881 census record for Margaret Weede, RG11/43 f. 36 p. 66; 1891 censusrecord for Margaret Helena Weede, RG12/30 f. 18 p. 27.

29. 1891 census record for Eliza Francis, RG12/598 f. 16 p. 25.30. 1861 census record for Isabella M. Beeton, RG9/783 f. 83 p. 8.31. 1861 census record for Christina Rosetti [sic], RG9/96 f. 77 p. 54.32. 1871 census record for Christina Georgina Rossetti, RG10/212 f. 5 p. 4.33. 1851 census record for Matilda M. Pullan, HO107/1493 f. 40 p. 42.34. 1891 census record for Charlotte M. Wilson, RG12/1050 f. 86 p. 12.35. See Introduction, note 6, p. 5.36. 1881 census records for Matilda Eliza Brown, RG11/835 f. 101 p. 18, Horatia

R. F. Gatty, RG11/49 f. 98 p. 53 and Elizabeth Lowe, RG11/45 f. 100 p. 29. 37. 1871 census record for Catherine Burroughs, RG10/239 f. 99 p. 55; 1881

census record for Catherine H. Burroughs, RG11/175 f. 60 p. 12; 1891census record for Hester C. Burroughs, RG12/109 f. 84 p. 6.

38. Christening record for Huster [sic] Catherina Overhead, 16 June 1830, England Births and Christenings, 1538–1975, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J7LF-FVG, accessed 14 May 2013; death record for William Overhead, 18 December 1840, England Deaths andBurials, 1538–1991, FamilySearch https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J84C-8YX, accessed 14 May 2013.

39. Marriage entry for James Colman Burroughs and Catherine HesterOrchead [sic], April–June 1854, England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index, 1837–1915.

40. Record for Hester Catherine Burroughs in the National Probate Calendar, Index of Wills and Administrations (1898).

41. 1881 census record for Louisa E. Patterson, RG11/686 f. 53 p. 46.42. Death entry for Pickering Patterson, January–March 1878, England &

Wales, FreeBMD Death Index, 1837–1915; 1871 census record for LouisaPatterson, RG10/1031 f. 59 p. 46.

43. 1891 census record for Louisa E. Patterson, RG12/478 f. 56 p. 6; 1901census record for Louisa E. Patterson, RG13/208 f. 73 p. 29; 1911 census record for Louisa Elizabeth Patterson, RG14/2592/22.

44. Record for Louisa Elizabeth Patterson in the National Probate Calendar,Index of Wills and Administrations (1920).

Notes 141

45. Louisa Elizabeth Patterson, Find A Grave, http://www.findagrave.com, accessed 24 May 2013.

46. See Frances Ross’s family tree of the Ferranti family on the Ancestry.com website.

47. Christ, ‘The Hero as Man of Letters’, 21–22.48. Lohrli, Household Words, 386.49. 1851 census record for the Norris household, HO107/1581, folio and

page illegible.50. Mary Russell Mitford, letter to Rev. Hugh Pearson, 23 November 1854,

Letters of Mary Russell Mitford, vol. 2, ed. Henry Chorley (London: Bentley,1872), 226.

51. Mary Russell Mitford, letter to Emily Jephson, 28 November 1854, TheFriendships of Mary Russell Mitford, vol. 2, ed. A. G. L’Estrange (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1882), 301.

52. 1861 census record for Maria Norris, RG9/165 f. 67 p. 71.53. 1881–1891 census records for Maria Norris and Charlotte Barber,

RG11/2170 f. 8 p. 9 and RG12/1706 f. 137 p. 32.54. Tamara S. Wagner, ‘“Very Saleable Articles, Indeed”: Margaret Oliphant’s

Repackaging of Sensational Finance’, Modern Language Quarterly 71.1 y(2010), 53.

55. Onslow, Women of the Press, 82.56. 1841 census record for Caroline White, HO107/324 f. 6 p. 23.57. 1851 census record for Caroline White, HO107/1496 f. 1021 p. 22; 1871

census record for Caroline A. White, RG10/14 f. 15 p. 24; 1881 censusrecord for Caroline White, RG11/861 f. 108 p. 7.

58. Caroline Alice White, Application Form, 27 April 1877, Archive of theRoyal  Literary Fund, British Library Manuscript Collection, Loan 96 RLF1/2022/1.

59. The full title was The Household; A Magazine of Domestic Economy and Home Enjoyment.

60. Eliza Meteyard to Octavian Blewitt, 2 April 1877, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/4.61. Caroline Alice White to the Committee of the Royal Literary Fund,

27 April 1877, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/2.62. Caroline Alice White to the Committee of the Royal Literary Fund,

27 April 1877, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/2.63. Camilla Crosland to Octavian Blewitt, 30 March 1877, Loan 96 RLF

1/2022/3.64. Eliza Meteyard to Octavian Blewitt, 2 April 1877, Loan 96 RLF 1/

2022/4.65. George William Lovell to Octavian Blewitt, 20 April 1877, Loan 96 RLF

1/2022/5; Valentine Bartholomew to the Committee of the Royal Literary Fund, 8 May 1877, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/8.

66. Receipt, signed Caroline Alice White, 18 May 1877, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/10.

67. Caroline Alice White, Application Form, 20 February 1879, Loan 96 RLF1/2022/12; Caroline Alice White to the Committee of the Royal LiteraryFund, 7 February 1879, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/13.

142 Notes

68. Caroline Alice White to the Committee of the Royal Literary Fund,7 February 1879, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/13.

69. Theodosius Purland to the Committee of the Royal Literary Fund,February 1879, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/14.

70. Schedule of payments to Caroline Alice White, 13 March–11 October1879, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/22.

71. 1891 census record for Caroline White, RG12/2133 f. 159 p. 9. Eliza Meteyard to Octavian Blewitt, 11 February 1879, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/19.

72. 1901–1911 census records for Caroline White, RG13/867 f. 86 p. 29 and RG14/3386/212.

73. Will of Caroline White, dated 29 May 1908, probate 16 September 1912 to Gurney White Buxton, nephew, Principal Registry, London.

74. Caroline Alice White, Application Form, 27 April 1877, Loan 96 RLF1/2022/1.

75. Caroline Alice White to the Committee of the Royal Literary Fund, 27April 1877, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/2.

76. Camilla Crosland to Octavian Blewitt, 30 March 1877, Loan 96 RLF1/2022/3; Eliza Meteyard to Octavian Blewitt, 2 May 1877, Loan 96 RLF 1/2022/7.

77. Christening record for Caroline White, 1 November 1812, England Births and Christenings 1538–1975, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J9L7-GLN, accessed 28 May 2013; Will of Caroline White, Principal Registry, London.

78. 1841 census record for Caroline White, HO107/324 f. 6 p. 23.79. 1851 census record for Caroline White, HO107/1496 f. 1021 p. 22.80. 1861 census record for Caroline A. White, RG9/123 f. 87 p. 12.81. 1871 census record for Caroline A. White, RG10/14 f. 15 p. 24; 1881–1891

census records for Caroline White, RG11/861 f. 108 p. 7 and RG12/2133 f. 159 p. 9.

82. Caroline A. White, Sweet Hampstead and Its Associations (London: Elliot Stock, 1900), ix.

83. White, Sweet Hampstead, ix–x.84. White, Sweet Hampstead, x.85. 1901–1911 census records for Caroline White, RG13/867 f. 86 p. 29 and

RG14/3386/212. ‘Court News’, Times (13 January 1912): 11.

2 Selling Domesticity: Eliza Warren Francis and theLadies’ Treasury

1. Margaret Beetham and Kay Boardman, eds., Victorian Women’s Magazines (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), 38.

2. Kathryn Hughes, The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs. Beeton (New York:Knopf, 2006), 321, 235.

3. Christening record for Eliza Jervis, 19 June 1811, England Births and Christenings 1538–1975, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/

Notes 143

MM9.1.1/NXXX-Z7G, accessed 3 June 2013. Eliza Jervis writes to her uncle in November 1826: ‘I am now 16 years old the 23rd of Decr’. (Eliza Warren Francis [as Eliza Jervis], letter to John Honiball, [November 1826], John Honiball Correspondence 1811–1837, William Cullen Library,University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 12 ALS A256f.) The letteris cross-written, badly faded and has no legible date. Another letter by her brother Henry, dated 27 November 1826, however, suggests that it was written shortly before his and that the two letters were sent together to Honiball.

4. Marriage of Eliza Jervis and Walter Warren, 30 June 1836, St Cuthbert,Wells, Somerset Marriages (post-1754), Somerset & Dorset Family History Society, FindMyPast, accessed 17 May 2010. 1841 census record for Eliza tWarren, HO107/700/7 f. 29 p. 2, Census Returns of England and Wales,Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives of the UK (TNA), PublicRecord Office. Charles Booth, Charles Booth Online Archive, original survey notebooks, B347 pp109, 111, http://booth.lse.ac.uk/, accessed 4 April 2013.

5. Certificate of Registration of Death for Walter Warren, Kirkgate, District of the Township of Leeds, 26 March 1844, General Register Office; ‘Died’,Leeds Mercury (30 March 1844), 5.y

6. I have not been able to trace any surviving copies of the Book of the Boudoir. The book is advertised in the Lady’s Newspaper for 26 August; 2, r9 and 23 September and 21 October 1848.

7. ‘Mrs. Warren’s Needlework Showrooms’, Lady’s Newspaper (8 July 1848),r1.

8. 1851 census record for Eliza Warren, HO107/1573 f. 322 p. 10. See alsoKate Macdonald and Jolein De Ridder, ‘Mrs Warren’s Professions: Eliza Warren Francis (c.1810–1900), Editor of the Ladies’ Treasury (1857–1895)yand London Boarding-House Keeper’, Publishing History 66 (2009), 49–61.y

9. ‘Married’, Bristol Mercury (22 November 1851), 8. 1851 census record for yFrederic Francis, HO107/1573 f. 528 p. 24.

10. Will of Frederic Francis Searcher Landing Waiter of Customs of No 4Brunswick Place Lewisham Road, New Cross, Kent, dated 12 April 1856,Records of the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, National Archives, PROB 11/2238/184. Brunswick Place was a development on Lewisham Way consisting of ‘three pairs of semi-detached houses with long slopingroofs’ built in 1806 (‘Deptford New Town: A 19th Century Working ClassEstate: Development 1810–1840’, Ideal Homes: A History of South East London Suburbs, University of Greenwich, http://www.ideal-homes.org.uk/case-studies/deptford-new-town/5, accessed 5 April 2013). The housesstill exist, but shop fronts were added and the space between each pair filled up by four-storey brick buildings in the second half of the nineteenth century.

11. Eliza Warren Francis to the Secretary of the Royal Literary Fund, 24 October 1898, Archive of the Royal Literary Fund, British LibraryManuscript Collection, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/2.

144 Notes

12. ‘Answers to Correspondents’, Timethrift (December 1851), 192.t13. ‘Lumps of Gold’, Illustrated London News (24 February 1849), 127.14. Eliza Warren Francis and Matilda Marian Pullan [as Mrs Warren and Mrs

Pullan], Treasures in Needlework (London: Ward and Lock, 1855), xv.15. ‘To Work-Table Correspondents’, Family Friend (February 1856), 77.d16. Will of Frederic Francis.17. Certificate of Registration of Death for Frederic Francis, Camberwell,

31 May 1856, General Register Office. See also ‘Deaths’, Morning Chronicle(3 June 1856), 8.

18. All contributions to the ‘Work Table Friend’ for 1862–1863 are unsigned. The new series starting in 1864 has a ‘Ladies’ Department’ conducted by‘Madame Rosalie’ containing beauty and fashion tips as well as needle-work patterns under the subheading ‘The Work Table’.

19. 1861–1891 census records for Eliza Francis, RG9/451 f. 156 p. 8,RG10/850 f. 23, p. 39, RG11/822 f. 103 p. 48 and RG12/598 f. 16 p. 25.

20. ‘Lotty’s Experiences. How She Tried to Manage her House on TwoHundred Pounds a Year’, London Society (November 1865), 432–445;Huntley Smyth, ‘“The Vexed Question”: Can I Marry On £300 A Year?’Churchman’s Shilling Magazine (March 1868), 46–60; Dora Hope, ‘How IManaged My Picnic’, Girls Own Paper (21 August 1880), 536–537; ‘My “AtrHome” and How I Managed It’, Girl’s Own Paper (9 February 1884), 289.r

21. ‘All Work and Some Play’, Punch (1 August 1857), 48.22. ‘The Ladies’ Treasury’, Illustrated Review (November 1872), 271; ‘Thew

Ladies’ Treasury’, Eclectic Review 4 (November 1860), 550.w23. ‘Opinions of the Press in 1866’, Ladies’ Treasury (December 1866), 354.y24. Richard Noakes, ‘The Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine’, Science in the

Nineteenth-Century Periodical, http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/sciper/browse/ED_desc.html, accessed 30 November 2009. Sally Shuttleworth, GowanDawson and Richard Noakes, ‘Women, Science and Culture: Sciencein the Nineteenth-Century Periodical’, Women: A Cultural Review 12.1 w(2001), 62.

25. In a notice to correspondents, Mrs Warren reassured ‘Tom D.’ that the magazine received ‘many enquiries from men, who seem to read the Ladies’ Treasury as much as women do, and frequently ask for informa-ytion on some topics’ (‘Notices to Correspondents’, Ladies’ Treasury [May y1890], 320).

26. For a more detailed discussion of the Treasury of Literature see Jolein De Ridder, ‘What? How? Why?: Broadening the Mind with the Treasury of Literature (1868–1875), Supplement to the Ladies’ Treasury (1857–1895)’,yVictorian Periodicals Review 43.2 (2010), 174–195, and Jolein De Ridder andwMarianne Van Remoortel, ‘From Fashion Colours to Spectrum Analysis:Negotiating Femininities in Mid-Victorian Women’s Magazines’, Women’sHistory Review 21.1 (2012), 21–36.

27. ‘The Domestic Life of Margherita, Queen of Italy’ by ‘Leader Scott’ waspublished with a full-page engraving in the Ladies’ Treasury for February 1889.

Notes 145

28. Eliza Warren Francis to Lucy E. Baxter, 8 October 1888, property of the author.

29. ‘Autograph Letter Signed (“Lucy E Baxter | Leader Scott”) to “Miss Scofield”’, 19 January 1889, Catalogue of Richard M. Ford Ltd., anti-quarian bookseller, London, http://www.richardfordmanuscripts.co.uk/catalogue, accessed 25 November 2010.

30. Marie Maclean, ‘Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral’, New Literary History 22.2 (1991), 276. See Gérard Genette, Paratexts: Thresholdsof Interpretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

31. Maclean, ‘Pretexts and Paratexts’, 276.32. ‘The Queen as Maiden, Wife and Widow’, Ladies’ Treasury (October 1887),y

575–578; ‘The Wedding of the Bride of the Sea in Olympia’, Ladies’ Treasury (July 1892), 421–423; ‘A Halfpenny A Day’,y Ladies’ Treasury (Julyy1892), 417–418.

33. ‘Fancy Work for Ladies’, Ladies’ Treasury, March–January 1857–1861; ‘Cookery for £200 a Year, and for Greater and Lesser Incomes’, Ladies’ Treasury, February–December 1869; ‘Cookery for All Incomes’, Ladies’ Treasury, January–December 1870; ‘A Series of Family Dinners and How to Carve Them’, Ladies’ Treasury, January–July 1871.

34. Warren Francis, ‘Is the Use of Tobacco Injurious?’ Ladies’ Treasury (Decembery1872), 289–291; Warren Francis, ‘Vegetation on the Waters of the LowerAmazon’, Ladies’ Treasury (February 1873), 71–72; Warren Francis, ‘The yHybernation of Insects’, Ladies’ Treasury (December 1874), 298–299.y

35. E. W. F., ‘The Daguerreotype, the Photograph and the Stereoscope’, Ladies’ Treasury (July 1876), 387–388; W. F., ‘The Early Life of Charles Dickens’, yLadies’ Treasury (January 1872), 29–33; E. W. F., ‘Malaga’,y Ladies’ Treasury(July 1873), 21–23; The Editor, ‘The Poets of the Seventeenth Century’, Ladies’ Treasury (September 1866), 159–161; The Editor, ‘What is Glass?’ yLadies’ Treasury (September 1875), 128–131; The Editor, ‘The Fire at the yCrystal Palace’, Ladies’ Treasury (February 1867), 85–87; The Editor, ‘ToyVentilate Rooms’, Ladies’ Treasury (June 1864), 181–182.y

36. Warren Francis, ‘The Fire at the Crystal Palace’, 85.37. Warren Francis, ‘To Ventilate Rooms’, 182.38. ‘Notices to Correspondents’, Ladies’ Treasury (May 1869), 80; (November y

1864), 352; (December 1864), 380.39. ‘Notices to Correspondents’, Ladies’ Treasury (February 1862), 64; (Juney

1863), 172.40. ‘Notices to Correspondents’, Ladies’ Treasury (February 1865), 63;y

(November 1865), 351.41. ‘Notices to Correspondents’, Ladies’ Treasury (October 1862), 320; y

(October 1864), 320; (June 1866), 363.42. Eliza Warren Francis [as ‘The Editor’], ‘The Widow’, Ladies’ Treasury

(October 1857), 230.43. ‘Marriages’, Bristol Mercury (16 May 1857), 8.y44. Eliza Warren Francis [as ‘The Editor’], ‘A Sister’s Bridal’, Ladies’ Treasury

(October 1857), 236.

146 Notes

45. Eliza Warren Francis [as ‘The Editor’], ‘Fraternal Love’, Ladies’ Treasury(February 1858), 38.

46. 1861 census record for Arabella Creswell [sic], RG9/3594 f. 18 p. 29.47. Eliza Warren Francis [as ‘The Mother of a Family’], ‘How I Managed

My House on Two Hundred Pounds a Year’, Ladies’ Treasury (Januaryy1863), 40.

48. Eliza Warren Francis [as ‘The Mother of a Family’], ‘How I Managed My House on Two Hundred Pounds a Year’, Ladies’ Treasury (February y1863), 70.

49. Eliza Warren Francis [as ‘The Mother of a Family’], ‘How I ManagedMy House on Two Hundred Pounds a Year’, Ladies’ Treasury (September y1863), 257.

50. Eliza Warren Francis [unsigned], ‘How I Managed My Children, From Infancy to Marriage’, Ladies’ Treasury (May 1865), 140.y

51. Warren Francis, ‘How I Managed My Children’, 141.52. Warren Francis, ‘How I Managed My Children’, 141.53. Warren Francis, ‘How I Managed My Children’, 141.54. Warren Francis, ‘How I Managed My Children’, 141.55. Eliza Warren Francis [as Mrs Warren], How I Managed My Children from

Infancy to Marriage (London: Houlston and Wright, 1865), 60.56. Warren Francis discontinued the column in the Treasury after discover-

ing that her recipes had been copied by American women’s magazines.These pirated columns in turn had been collected in an English cookery book ‘as the property of the lady who compiled it’ (Eliza Warren Francis[as Mrs. Warren], ‘Cookery For £200 A Year’, Ladies’ Treasury [January y1869], 2). The American Literary Gazette and Publishers’ Circular announcedthe publication of The Epicure by Putnam & Son on 15 April 1869, butthis edition was probably pirated as well (‘The Epicure. By Mrs. Warren’,American Literary Gazette and Publishers’ Circular [15 April 1869], 294). The column was reintroduced into the Ladies’ Treasury in January 1895. InDecember, the final issue of the magazine, Warren Francis announced herintention to ‘continue this article in book form by Mrs. Warren’, but theplan was never executed (Eliza Warren Francis [unsigned], ‘The Epicure’, Ladies’ Treasury [December 1895], 841).

57. Eliza Warren Francis [unsigned], ‘Comfort for Small Incomes; Or,Mrs. Janet Wynter’s Experiences in Housekeeping’, Ladies’ Treasury(December 1865), 370.

58. Eliza Warren Francis [unsigned], ‘A Scheme for the Education of Daughters of Working Men’, Ladies’ Treasury (April 1862), 111.y

59. Her three sisters were christened in 1819, 1820 and 1822 respectively (Christening records for Catharine Jervis, 9 July 1819, England Birthsand Christenings 1538–1975, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J31W-R54, accessed 3 June 2013; Jane Jervis, 27 August1820, England Births and Christenings 1538–1975, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/J7N3-PZZ; Arabella Jervis, 10 February1822, England Births and Christenings 1538–1975, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.1.1/NXXX-87X, accessed 3 June 2013.

Notes 147

60. Eliza Warren Francis [as Eliza Jervis], letter to John Honiball.61. John Jervis was declared bankrupt in 1841 (‘Notice’, London Gazette

[23 November 1841], 2993).62. In his will, Frederic Francis expressed the wish that his wife would con-

tinue to devote her ‘Motherlike’ love to a ‘dear talented boy’ named Walter Wheeler. The characterization of Warren Francis’s affection for the boy as ‘motherlike’ seems to confirm that she had no children of her own to take care of.

63. Eliza Warren Francis [unsigned], ‘On the Training of Servants’, Ladies’ Treasury (February 1885), 93. Warren Francis is obviously speaking fromyher own experience, but presents the account as reported to her by refer-ring to a ‘lady who will not take servants of the usual description’, and instead ‘trains girls of sixteen to work in a methodical and intelligent manner; she will not take them older, says they are not “trainable,” but permeated with bad advice and slovenly ideas’ (Warren Francis [unsigned], ‘On the Training of Servants’, 93).

64. Eliza Warren Francis to Mr Lachlan, 27 January 1880, Bodleian Library,Oxford, Shelley adds. e. 4/2, fol. 6r.

65. ‘Book Sales’, Academy (30 August 1879), 158.66. Eliza Warren Francis to Mr Lachlan, 20 February 1880, Shelley adds. e.

4/2, fol. 10r.67. ‘Eliza Warren Fund’, Author 7 (1897), 250.68. ‘On One of the Wet Days’, Hearth and Home (15 October 1896), 837;

‘Literary Gossip’, Athenaeum (16 May 1896), 652.69. ‘The Literary Looker-On’, National Observer (28 November 1896), 43.r70. Application Form, Eliza Warren Francis, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/1.71. Eliza Warren Francis to the Secretary of the Royal Literary Fund, October

1898, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/3.72. Eliza Warren Francis to the Secretary of the Royal Literary Fund,

24 October 1898, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/2.73. Warren Francis did retain the copyrights to the books published by

Houlston, but it is likely that the terms of the contracts were heavily in favour of the publisher, she herself receiving little more than a nominal share in the profits.

74. Eliza Warren Francis to the Secretary of the Royal Literary Fund, 24 October 1898, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/2.

75. Eliza Warren Francis to the Secretary of the Royal Literary Fund, 24 October 1898, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/2.

76. Application Form, Eliza Warren Francis, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/1.77. James Judd to the Secretary of the Royal Literary Fund, 19 October 1898,

Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/4.78. E. H. Farnfield to the Secretary of the Royal Literary Fund, 24 October

1898, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/6; H. Annesley Eccles to the Secretary of theRoyal Literary Fund, 20 October 1898, Loan 96 RLF 1/2525/5.

79. Frances Helena Low, 13 May 1899–1 November 1934, Archive of the Royal Literary Fund, British Library Manuscript Collection, Loan 96 RLF1/2584.

148 Notes

80. Eliza Meteyard (pseudonym Silverpen), 30 June 1851–April 1879, Archive of the Royal Literary Fund, British Library Manuscript Collection, Loan96 RLF 1/1269.

81. Caroline Alice White, 30 March 1877–12 December 1879, Archive of theRoyal Literary Fund, British Library Manuscript Collection, Loan 96 RLF1/2022.

82. Certificate of Registration of Death for Eliza Warren Francis, Croydon, 5January 1900, General Register Office for England and Wales.

83. Alexis Easley, First-Person Anonymous: Women Writers and Victorian Print Media, 1830–1870 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), 2.

3 Threads of Life: Matilda Marian Pullan andNeedlework Instruction

1. See, for example, Megan Ward, ‘“A Charm in Those Fingers”: Patterns,Taste, and the Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine’, Victorian PeriodicalsReview 41.3 (2008), 248–269 and Thad Logan, The Victorian Parlour (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 166.

2. The Lady’s Library was not Pullan’s first foray into authorship. A novel, The Court Partial of 18–. A Tale of Military Life, was published in two anonymous volumes in 1844. For other publications outside the fieldof fancywork instruction, see S. Austin Allibone, A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors, vol. 2 (Philadelphia:J. B. Lippincott, 1882), 1703.

3. For a comprehensive discussion and bibliography of fancywork manualssee Esther Potter, ‘English Knitting and Crochet Books of the NineteenthCentury’, Library 10.1 (1955), 25–40; 10.2 (1955), 103–119.y

4. ‘The Lady’s Library’, Morning Chronicle (10 September 1850), 8.5. Matilda Marian Pullan, Maternal Counsels to a Daughter (London: Darton, r

1855), 306.6. Jeffrey A. Auerbach, ‘What They Read: Mid-Nineteenth Century English

Women’s Magazines and the Emergence of a Consumer Culture’, Victorian Periodicals Review 30.2 (1997), 121.

7. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, Lady’s Newspaper 389 (10 Juner1854), 361.

8. The Work-Table. A Supplement to The Lady’s Newspaper and Pictorial Timesfirst appeared in December 1855.

9. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, Lady’s Newspaper 394 (15 Julyr1854), 24; 398 (12 August 1854), 88; 445 (7 July 1855), 8.

10. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, Lady’s Newspaper 507 (13September 1855), 168.

11. ‘List of Exhibitors in the Crystal Palace’, Daily News (21 April 1851),2; Official Descriptive and Illustrated Catalogue of the Great Exhibitionof the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851, vol. 2 (London: Spicer Brothers, 1851), 560.

Notes 149

12. ‘Needlework in the Great Exhibition’, Illustrated Exhibitor 15 (13 Septemberr1851), 275.

13. ‘Work. By the Editress of the ‘The Lady’s Library’, New Monthly Belle Assemblée 34.1 (January 1851), 58.

14. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘Infant’s Frock’, Ladies’ Companion (May 1850), 168–169; Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘Accomplishments for Ladies’, Home Circle 5.107 (19 July 1851), 44.

15. ‘The Lady’s Library’, 8.16. ‘To Ladies’, Morning Post (27 October 1851), 1; ‘Exhibition Point Lace’,t

Lady’s Newspaper (28 June 1851), 354.r17. ‘Madame Pullan’, Lady’s Newspaper (4 February 1854), 79.r18. ‘Madame Pullan’, Lady’s Newspaper (11 March 1854), 158.r19. Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, 360; Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’,

Ladies’ Companion 3.1 (January 1853), 39.20. Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, 39.21. Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, 36; Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘The Work-Table

Friend’, Family Friend 8.94 (1853), 318.d22. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘Fancy Needlework’, Governess (1855), 172.23. Matilda Marian Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work (New York: Dick

& Fitzgerald, 1859), xvi.24. Record of birth of Matilda Marianne Chesney, 1819, Newry, Down,

Ireland, Ireland, Births and Baptisms, 1620–1911, Ancestry, accessed 7 June 2013. Pullan was born at Prospect House, the residence of her grandfa-ther Alexander Chesney, in the seaside village of Annalong, Ireland. SeeAllibone, A Critical Dictionary, 1703.

25. Pullan, Maternal Counsels, 291.26. Stanley Lane-Poole and James Falkner, ‘Charles Cornwallis Chesney

(1826–1876)’ and Roger T. Stearn, ‘George Tomkyns Chesney(1830–1895)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Online Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), accessed 9 May 2013; Pullan, Maternal Counsels, n. p.

27. Pullan, Maternal Counsels, 226.28. Stearn, ‘Sir George Tomkyns Chesney’; 1841 census records for Sophia

Chesney, HO107/255/15 f. 8 p. 11 and Matilda Chesney, HO107/1275/4 f. 38 p. 19, Census Returns of England and Wales (Kew, Surrey, England: TheNational Archives of the UK, Public Record Office).

29. Cress [Alice Hobbins], ‘That “Little Church,” Which is Familiarly Known All over the Country as “The Little Church Round the Corner”’, Inter Ocean (30 August 1879), 5.

30. The Asiatic Journal lists a Miss Chesney departing for Madras in itsOctober 1834 issue and returning to England in May 1838 (‘IndiaShipping’, Asiatic Journal 15 [October 1834], 123 and 26 [May 1838], 57). A contribution by Pullan to the New York Leader contains an amusinganecdote about her attendance, at the age of sixteen, of a military paradenear Madras, during which her horse joined a troop of horse artillery, ‘going through the manœuvres with the precision of a soldier’ with her,

150 Notes

a ‘little Amazonian figure in blue habit and gold-laced cap’, on its back (Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘Dress, Art and Fashion’, New York Leader [ June16, 1860], 3).

31. Cress, ‘That “Little Church”’, 5. Following Houghton’s advice, she wrote a letter to her mother ‘asking for a reconciliation, and a few days beforeshe died she received a kind answer, which seemed greatly to comfort her’ (Cress, ‘That “Little Church”’, 5).

32. Stearn, ‘Sir George Tomkyns Chesney’; Record of marriage of Samuel Pullan and Matilda Mary Anne Chesney, Saint Mary at Lambeth, Register of Marriages (London: London Metropolitan Archives), P85/MRY1/419.

33. The marriage certificate lists two local witnesses.34. Certificate of Registration of Birth for Samuel Charles Chesney Pullan,

The South West London Union, 7 March 1846, General Register Office. Certificate of Registration of Death for Samuel Charles Chesney Pullan,West London South, 13 March 1846, General Register Office for England and Wales.

35. Matilda M. Pullan is listed as a widow in the 1851 census. I have not been able to determine Samuel Pullan’s date of death.

36. 1851 census record for Matilda M. Pullan, HO107/1493, f. 40, p. 42.37. ‘The Hand-Book of Needlework. By Miss Lambert’, Art-Union 4 (June

1842), 143.38. Beth Harris, ‘The Works of Women are Symbolical’: The Victorian Seamstress

in the 1840s, Doctoral dissertation, City University of New York, 1997,excerpted online at The Victorian Web, http://www.victorianweb.org/gender/ugoretz1.html, accessed 2 February 2015.

39. Jane Sowerby, Victorian Lace Today (Sioux Falls: XRX Books, 2006), 40.40. Frances Lambert, The Hand-Book of Needlework (London: John Murray,

1846), vii. Who ‘F. S.’ was has never been established, but the England and Wales Marriage Index offers a good candidate. The marriage betweenFrances Lambert and David Dewing Stribling (a tailor living off Guilford Street) on 30 July 1843 is the only one in London for the period 1840–1845between a woman by the name of Frances Lambert and a man whose surname starts with the letter S (Guildhall, St Andrew Holborn, Register of Marriages, 1843–1844, P69/AND2/A/01/Ms 6672/12, London MetropolitanArchives). Frances Stribling died of typhoid fever, aged 40, on 8 January1849, less than two years after Frances Lambert announced her withdrawalfrom public life (Certificate of Registration of Death for Frances Stribling, Grays Inn Lane, 8 January 1849, General Register Office).

41. ‘Hand-Book of Needlework’, 143.42. Mrs. Rivers Turnbull, ‘Introduction’, The Selected Works of Mdlle. Riego

(London: Horace Cox, 1904), 2, 5–6.43. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘The Work-Table Friend’, Family Friend 9.105

(1853), 196.44. Advertisement, Family Treasury 1 (December 1853), wrapper; ‘To y

Correspondents’, Ladies Companion 1.6 (June 1852), 336.45. Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, 360.

Notes 151

46. Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, 39; ‘A General Invitation’, Lady’s Newspaper 317(22 January 1853), 59.

47. Pullan, ‘The Work-Table’, 361.48. Pullan, Maternal Counsels, 306.49. Pullan, Maternal Counsels, 305–306.50. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘Institution and Training-School’, Lady’s Newspaper

404 (23 September 1854), 188.51. S. S., ‘Women’s Work. Designing Patterns’, Once a Week 4 (26 January

1861), 124.52. Pullan, Maternal Counsels, 310.53. Pullan, Maternal Counsels, 310.54. Alison Kay, The Foundations of Female  Entrepreneurship: Enterprise, Home

and Household in London, c.1800–1870 (London: Routledge, 2009), 16.55. Pullan, Maternal Counsels, 304–305.56. Certificate of Registration of Birth for Henry Hall Rawdon Chesney,

Twickenham, 24 February 1852, General Register Office.57. 1851 census record for Matilda M. Pullan.58. ‘Salon de Travail’, Morning Post (27 July 1852), 1; Record of baptism fort

Henry Hall Rawdon Chesney, Christ Church, Albany Street, Registerof Baptisms (London: London Metropolitan Archives), P90/CTC2/002. Again, the name of the father is not provided.

59. Marriage of Thomas Smith Metcalfe and Matilda Marian Pullan, 16 July 1855, Saint Matthew, Saint Marylebone, Register of Marriages (London: London Metropolitan Archives), P89/MTW/007.

60. Marriage certificate; 1851 census record for Thomas S. Metcalfe, H107/1490 f. 67 p. 42.

61. ‘Mrs. Pullan’, Lady’s Newspaper 470 (29 December 1855), 402.r62. The Home Circle ceased publication in 1854, the Governess in 1856. By

1858, the London and Paris Ladies’ Magazine of Fashion no longer identi-fied Pullan as the editor.

63. ‘Ladies’ Page’, Ladies’ Companion 24 (October 1863), 223.64. Cress, ‘That “Little Church”’, 5.65. Cress, ‘That “Little Church”’, 5.66. Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, 1820–1897, Records of

the United States Customs Service, Record Group 36 (Washington, DC: National Archives), microfilm roll M237_181, line 55, list number 1427. Pullan appears on the passenger list as ‘Matilda Metcalf’, travelling in a second-class cabin. Her son must have travelled on another ship, since the list makes no mention of him.

67. M. M. Pullan to Mr. [John Maw] Darton, New York, 11 December [1860], property of the author.

68. Christ Church, Saint Marylebone, Register of Banns of Marriage (London:London Metropolitan Archives), P89/CTC/094. There is no correspond-ing marriage certificate.

69. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘To the Ladies’, Frank Leslie’s New Family Magazine(March 1858), 281.

152 Notes

70. See, for example, New York Leader (16 July 1859), 1; (27 August 1859), 3; r(21 January 1860), 3; (4 February 1860), 3.

71. An earlier attempt had foundered in a dispute with the publisher Ward and Lock. The Lady’s Dictionary of Needlework, only sixty-four pages long,was published without Pullan’s approval in 1856.

72. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, xi–xii.73. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, x.74. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, xi.75. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, xvi.76. Matilda Marian Pullan, ‘To the Ladies’, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper

115 (13 February 1858), 175. Hatton, whose initials are given elsewhereas ‘C. H.’, was probably Caroline Hatton, a single woman in her earlythirties who travelled to the United States on the same ship as Pullan and whose name appears on the passenger list immediately following hers.

77. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, xv.78. ‘Stage Dressing’, Milwaukee Sentinel 244 (16 October 1872), n. p.79. Quoted in ‘Sewing Machines’, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper 229r

(21 April 1860), 332. 80. ‘Puff and Push’, Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal 17.434 (24 April 1852), 259.81. Death record for Maria [sic] Pullan, 19 February 1862, New York, NYC

Municipal Archives, Department of Records. ‘Cancer of the uterus’ isgiven as the cause of death. John M. Scudder, A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of Women (Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys, 1857), 249.

82. ‘Chambermaid and Seamstress’, New York Herald (25 April 1861), 6.d83. Lew Wallace et al., Living Leaders of the World (Chicago: Hubbard, 1889),

200–201. Wallace does not identify the woman whose job Squier took over, but all evidence points to Pullan.

84. Wallace et al., Living Leaders of the World, 200–201.85. Reprinted in George MacAdam, The Little Church Around the Corner (Newr

York: Putnam’s, 1925), 114.86. A copy labelled ‘Mrs. Pullan’s will’ and signed Matilda Metcalfe is kept in

the Laura Keene papers at the Library of Congress, MMC–0870.87. Bills and receipts in the Laura Keene papers suggest that the money was

used to pay for the boy’s schooling. Kept with the copy of the will is a listof possessions held in trust by Keene until they were collected by him in 1876. The acknowledgement of receipt is signed ‘Henry Rawdon Pullan’.The items on the list include a pair of sleeve buttons, a watch and two medals, a wedding ring and marriage certificate, a workbox, letters, pho-tographs, and some fifty books, most of them religious and educational works for children.

88. Death record for Maria [sic] Pullan.89. ‘Obituary’, Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper 328 (8 March 1862), 247.r90. ‘Obituary’, 247.91. ‘Obituary’, 247.92. 1861 census record for the Mee household, RG9/40 f. 42 p. 14.93. Frances Lambert, Practical Hints on Decorative Needlework (London: John

Murray, 1848), iv.

Notes 153

94. ‘Answers to Correspondents’, Era (23 September 1849), 8.95. Will of Eleonore Riego de la Branchardière, dated 25 December 1878,

probate 31 January 1888 to Mary Jane Mitchell, Principal Registry, London.

96. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, ix.97. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, ix.98. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, xv.99. Pullan, The Lady’s Manual of Fancy-Work, ix, xiv, xv.

4 Christina Rossetti and the Economics of Periodical Poetry

1. Dolores Rosenblum, ‘Christina Rossetti’s Religious Poetry: Watching, Looking, Keeping Vigil’, Victorian Poetry 20.1 (1982), 33.y

2. Antony H. Harrison, Christina Rossetti in Context (Chapel Hill: University tof North Carolina Press, 1988), 56; Mary Arseneau, ‘Pilgrimage and Postponement: Christina Rossetti’s “The Prince’s Progress”’, VictorianPoetry 32.3/4 (1994), 279; Lorraine Janzen Kooistra, y Christina Rossetti and Illustration: A Publishing History (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002), 38.y

3. Kooistra, Christina Rossetti and Illustration, 22. 4. William Michael Rossetti, Some Reminiscences of William Michael Rossetti,

vol. 1 (New York: Scribner’s, 1906), 45. 5. 1851 census record for the Rossetti household, HO107/1493 f. 130 p. 13,

Census Returns of England and Wales, Kew, Surrey, England: The NationalArchives of the UK (TNA), Public Record Office.

6. William Michael Rossetti, letter to Frances Rossetti, 20 July 1853, Selected Letters of William Michael Rossetti, ed. Roger W. Peattie (University Park:Pennsylvania State University Press, 1990), 45.

7. William Michael Rossetti, letter to Frances Rossetti, 12 September 1853, Selected Letters of William Michael Rossetti, 43.

8. Alison Chapman, ‘Father’s Place, Mother’s Space’, The Culture of ChristinaRossetti. Female Poets and Victorian Contexts, ed. Mary Arseneau, AntonyH. Harrison and Lorraine Janzen Kooistra (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1999), 238.

9. Chapman, ‘Father’s Place, Mother’s Space’, 238.10. 1861 census record for Christina Rosetti [sic], RG9/96 f. 77 p. 54. 1871

census record for Christina Georgina Rossetti, RG10/212 f. 5 p. 4.11. Christina Rossetti, letter to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 23 December 1864,

The Letters of Christina Rossetti. A Digital Edition, ed. Antony H. Harrison,http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/crossetti/, accessed 11 January 2010.

12. Christina Rossetti, letter to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 23 December 1864, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

13. Christina Rossetti, letter to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 10 February 1865,Letters of Christina Rossetti.

14. Christina Rossetti, letter to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 23 December 1864, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

154 Notes

15. Christina Rossetti, The Complete Poems, ed. R. W. Crump and Betty S. Flowers (New York: Penguin, 2005), 94.

16. Christina Rossetti, letter to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 30 January 1865,Letters of Christina Rossetti.

17. Christina Rossetti, letter to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 23 December 1864, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

18. George J. Worth, Macmillan’s Magazine, 1859–1907. ‘No Flippancy or Abuse Allowed’ (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), 20.

19. Quoted in Worth, Macmillan’s Magazine, 1859–1907, 9.20. Kathryn Ledbetter, Tennyson and Victorian Periodicals: Commodities in

Context (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), 57.t21. Quoted in Worth, Macmillan’s Magazine, 1859–1907, 49.22. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, letter to Christina Rossetti, January 1861, The

Correspondence of Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The Formative Years. 1835–1862.Volume 2. 1855–1862, ed. William E. Fredeman (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer,2002), 348.

23. Alexis Easley, First-Person Anonymous: Women Writers and Victorian Print Media, 1830–1870 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004), 169.

24. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, 8 April 1864, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

25. William Michael Rossetti, The Poetical Works of Christina Georgina Rossetti,With Memoir and Notes (London: Macmillan, 1904), lxvii.

26. Lorraine Janzen Kooistra, ‘Copyright and Control: Christina Rossetti and Her Publishers’, Outsiders Looking In: The Rossettis Then and Now, ed. DavidClifford and Laurence Roussillon (London: Anthem, 2004), 61.

27. Kooistra, Christina Rossetti and Illustration, 10; Jan Marsh, Christina Rossetti. A Writer’s Life (New York: Penguin, 1994), 278.

28. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, 7 January 1863, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

29. Christina Rossetti, letter to Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 15 April 1865, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

30. Alexander Macmillan, letter to J. Henry Shorthouse, 18 February 1881,Letters of Alexander Macmillan, ed. George A. Macmillan (Glasgow: Robert MacLehose, 1908), 310.

31. Marsh, Christina Rossetti, 461.32. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, 23 April 1881, Letters of

Christina Rossetti.33. Alexander Macmillan, letter to Sir John Coleridge, 30 July 1873, Letters of

Alexander Macmillan, 272.34. Alexander Macmillan, letter to J. Henry Shorthouse, 18 February 1881,

Letters of Alexander Macmillan, 310.35. Linda K. Hughes, ‘Victorian Literature and Periodicals: Mid-Victorian

Culture Wars and Cultural Negotiations. A Graduate Seminar’, Victorian Periodicals Review 39.4 (2006), 320.w

36. Hughes, ‘Victorian Literature and Periodicals’, 321.37. Marsh, Christina Rossetti, 295.38. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, 7 January 1863, Letters

of Christina Rossetti.

Notes 155

39. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, 3 February 1863, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

40. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, 5 February 1863, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

41. Marsh, Christina Rossetti, 295.42. Worth, Macmillan’s Magazine, 1859–1907, 21.43. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, 3 February 1863, Letters

of Christina Rossetti.44. Kooistra, Christina Rossetti and Illustration, 93.45. William Michael Rossetti, Poetical Works of Christina Georgina Rossetti, li.46. £1 1s. for ‘Up-Hill’ (February 1861); £1 1s. for ‘A Birthday’ (April 1861);

£2 2. for ‘An Apple-Gathering’ (August 1861) (See letters to AlexanderMacmillan, 5 February 1861, 5 April 1861 and 3 February 1863, Letters of Christina Rossetti). Rossetti’s correspondence is the best source for gainingsome insight into her financial dealings with Macmillan. The company’s financial records from the 1860s have not survived, nor have the book contracts with Rossetti, for that matter.

47. In 1877, ‘as one of the most distinguished poets of the day’, Rossetti ‘waspaid as much as £10 (with copyright reserved)’ by the Athenaeum for‘Mirrors of Life and Death’ (Simon Humphries, Christina Rossetti. Poems and Prose [Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008], xxii.).

48. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, [2 March 1863], Letters of Christina Rossetti.

49. Christina Rossetti, letters to Alexander Macmillan, [2 March 1863] and 1December 1863, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

50. Constance W. Hassett, Christina Rossetti: The Patience of Style(Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005), 5.

51. Christina Rossetti, ‘A Birthday’, Macmillan’s Magazine 3.18 (April 1861), 498.

52. Isobel Armstrong, Victorian Poetry: Poetry, Poetics and Politics (London: Routledge, 1993), 357; Suzanne M. Waldman, The Demon & the Damozel:Dynamics of Desire in the Works of Christina Rossetti and Dante GabrielRossetti (Athens: Ohio University Press, 2008), 18.

53. Harrison, Christina Rossetti in Context, 111.t54. Harrison, Christina Rossetti in Context, 111.t55. Harrison, Christina Rossetti in Context, 112.t56. Harrison, Christina Rossetti in Context, 112.t57. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, letter to William Allingham, 10 May 1861, The

Correspondence of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 357.58. See also Marianne Van Remoortel, ‘New Contexts, New Meanings:

Reprints of Dante Rossetti’s and Christina Rossetti’s Poetry in the American Press’, Journal of Pre-Raphaelite Studies 22.1 (2013), 75–86.

59. ‘New Books’, Standard (23 April 1883), 2.d60. Oscar Wilde, ‘The Woman’s World. Literary and Other Notes I’, Selected

Journalism, ed. Anya Clayworth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004),88–89.

61. Virginia Woolf, ‘I Am Christina Rossetti’, The Second Common Reader: Annotated Edition, ed. Andrew McNeillie (San Diego: Harcourt, 1986), 244.

156 Notes

62. Hassett, Christina Rossetti, 5.63. ‘Concerts Various’, Musical World 46.28 (11 July 1868), 490; ‘Grandd

Amateur Concert’, Nottinghamshire Guardian  (17 February 1882), 8; ‘Mr. Isidore de Lara’s Grand Morning Concert’, Morning Post  (30 Junet1886), 7; ‘Amateur Concert in Aid of the Chester Deaconess Nursing Institution’, Cheshire Observer (7 January 1882), 7; ‘Brief Summaryrof Country News’, Musical Times and Singing Class Circular 24.480r(February 1883), 97; ‘District Intelligence’, Ipswich Journal (15 November1884), 12; ‘Concert at Newburgh Priory’, York Herald (3 February 1887),d6; ‘Local and District News’, Leicester Chronicle (14 February 1891), 2.

64. Ada L. Halstead, The Bride of Infelice: A Novel (San Francisco: Bancroft,1892), 7.

65. R. L. Gorton, ‘At First Sight’, Ladies’ Treasury (November 1893), 653–654.y66. M. A. Makins, ‘Won by Stratagem’, Belgravia 68.270 (1889), 217.67. Rossetti, William Michael, ed., Rossetti Papers, 1862–1870 (New York:

Scribner’s, 1903), 197.68. Christina Rossetti, letter to Amelia Barnard Heimann, 12 July 1866,

Letters of Christina Rossetti.69. John M. Munro, ed., Selected Poems of Theo. Marzials (Beirut: American

University of Beirut, 1974), 5.70. Christina Rossetti, letter to Frank T. Marzials, [September 1881], Letters of

Christina Rossetti.71. Christina Rossetti, letter to Frank T. Marzials, 30 May 1882, Letters of

Christina Rossetti.72. Hassett, Christina Rossetti, 5.73. W. A. ‘Authors’ Rights’, Athenaeum (23 January 1869), 130. The song may

have been a recent setting by Walter Maynard of William Allingham’spoem ‘Homeward Bound’, which contains several significant variationsfrom the original text.

74. Christina Rossetti [as C. G. R.], ‘Authors’ Rights’, Athenaeum (30 January 1869), 177.

75. Christina Rossetti, letter to Dante G. Rossetti, 18 January 1865, Letters of Christina Rossetti.

76. Christina Rossetti, letter to Alexander Macmillan, 26 December 1864,Letters of Christina Rossetti.

77. William Michael Rossetti, Poetical Works of Christina Georgina Rossetti, 481.

78. Christina Rossetti, Complete Poems, 892.79. ‘Song. (After Christina G. Rossetti)’, Judy, or the London Serio-Comic Journal

(28 March 1888), 149.80. ‘Remember. (After Christina G. Rossetti)’, Judy, or the London Serio-Comic

Journal (18 April 1888), 182.81. ‘An Unexpected Pleasure. (After Christina G. Rossetti)’, Judy, or the London

Serio-Comic Journal (29 February 1888), 101.82. Hassett, Christina Rossetti, 9.83. William Michael Rossetti, Poetical Works of Christina Georgina Rossetti,

481.

Notes 157

84. Hassett, Christina Rossetti, 9.85. Davenport Adams, ‘Books and Things Bookish’, Belgravia 95 (1898), 315.86. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own. Three Guineas, ed. Morag Shiach

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 16.

5 The Fine Art of Satire: Florence and Adelaide Claxton and the Magazines

1. In 1859, perhaps in an attempt to protect his own assets from credi-tors, Downes Edwards sold Ravenscliffe for £1,700 to his eldest son,with Mary Ellen Edwards signing the deed as a witness. The propertywas sold to a third party soon afterwards. (Sale. Downes Edwards and wife to Richard Downes Edwards. Ravencliffe in the parish of Braddan,29 August 1859, MS 09494/1859/09/044 and Sale. Richard D. Edwards to William Lancaster. Ravenscliffe in the parish of Braddan, 12 September1860, MS 09494/1860/09/041, Manx National Library and Archives, Douglas, Isle of Man.) Three years earlier, Downes Edwards had insti-tuted two suits in the High Court of Chancery, the first claiming to be next of kin and the second claiming to be a creditor of the artist PriceCarter Edwards, who had died without offspring (‘Pursuant to a Decree of the High Court of Chancery’, London Gazette [12 February 1856], 563; ‘Pursuant to a Decree of the High Court of Chancery’, London Gazette[21 March 1856], 1141).

2. ‘Fine-Art Gossip’, Athenaeum (13 August 1881), 217. 3. Pamela Gerrish Nunn, ‘Look Homeward Angel: Marshall Claxton’s

Emigrant’, Art Bulletin of Victoria 32 (1991), 8. 4. Eleanor C. Clayton, English Female Artists, vol. 2 (London: Tinsley,

1876), 44. 5. Clayton, English Female Artists, 41–43. 6. Christening record for Florence Anne Claxton, 2 January 1839, England

Births and Christenings 1538–1975, FamilySearch, https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:J396-Y7V, accessed 8 February 2015.

7. 1841 census record for the Claxton household, HO107/686 f. 34 p. 63. 8. Clayton, English Female Artists, 43. 9. ‘A Class of Ladies’, Athenaeum (19 December 1857), 1. Claxton charged

10s. 6d. per two-hour lesson.10. 1851 and 1861 census records for Rebecca Solomon, HO107/1494 f. 219

p. 23; RG9/173 f. 122 p. 5.11. Henry Treffry Dunn, Recollections of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and His

Circle, or Cheyne Walk Life, ed. Gale Pedrick (London: Elkin Mathews, 1904), 14.

12. See advertisements in the Athenaeum: ‘Leigh’s School of Fine Art’,Athenaeum (23 November 1861), 669 and ‘Mr. Thomas Heatherley’, Athenaeum (31 October 1863), 554.

13. ‘The Society of Female Artists’, English Woman’s Journal 1.3 (1 May 1858), 208.

158 Notes

14. ‘Society of Female Artists’, Athenaeum (3 April 1858), 439.15. Deborah Cherry, Beyond the Frame: Feminism and Visual Culture, Britain

1850–1900 (London: Routledge, 2000), 22–23.16. ‘Society of Female Artists’, English Woman’s Journal, 208.17. Katy Deepwell, ‘A History of the Society of Women Artists’, The Society

of Women Artists Exhibitors, 1855–1996, vol. 1, ed. Charles Baile deLaperrière (Calne: Hilmarton Manor Press, 1996), xvii.

18. ‘Society of Female Artists’, English Woman’s Journal, 205.19. ‘The Society of Female Artists’, Lady’s Newspaper (6 June 1857), 355.r20. ‘The Society of Female Artists’, Lady’s Newspaper (19 February 1859), 125.r21. ‘New Society of Female Artists’, Times (25 May 1857), 12.22. ‘The Royal Academy’, Athenaeum (30 April 1859), 581.23. [Harriet Martineau] ‘Female Industry’, Edinburgh Review 109.222

(April 1859), 293–336; Caroline Alice White [as C. A. W.], ‘PassingEvents Re-Edited’, Ladies’ Companion [April 1859], 223–224; ‘The RoyalAcademy’, Athenaeum (12 March 1859), 361–362; An Art Student, ‘TheRoyal Academy. To the Editor of the Examiner’, Examiner (12 March r1859), 164; ‘Fine Art Gossip’, Athenaeum (19 March 1859), 394. The ‘Art Student’ was probably Laura Herford (see Cherry, Beyond the Frame, 16).

24. E. M. Ward, Memories of Ninety Years (London: Hutchinson, n.d.), 59.25. Deborah Cherry, ‘Women Artists and the Politics of Feminism 1850–1900’,

Women in the Victorian Art World, ed. Clarissa Campbell Orr (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995), 54.

26. Pamela Gerrish Nunn, Victorian Women Artists (London: Women’s Press,1987), 69.

27. The engraving appeared on the cover of the 16 October 1858 issue. Clayton mistakenly gives the title as ‘Checkmated’ and the year of publi-cation as 1859 (See Clayton, English Female Artists, 77).

28. See, for example, Rebecca Solomon, ‘Spending a Sou’, Illustrated LondonNews (4 December 1858), 517 and ‘The Friend in Need’, Illustrated London News (23 April 1859), 400; Elizabeth Murray, ‘Pifferari Playing to the Virgin – Scene in Rome’, Illustrated London News (26 March 1859),305; Margaret Backhouse, ‘Children Minding Their Mother’s Stall – TheFish Market’, Illustrated London News (26 March 1859), 308; Kate Swift,‘Cross-Purposes’, Illustrated London News (17 March 1860), 265.

29. The reproduction appeared in the 1860 ‘Picture Exhibitions of London’supplement to the Illustrated London News (2 June 1860).

30. Adelaide Burgess, ‘Old Brocades, the Sack of Aunt Tabitha’s Wardrobe’,Lady’s Newspaper (5 March 1859), 157; Sarah F. Hewett, ‘Hop-Picking atrSevenoaks, Kent’, Lady’s Newspaper (30 April 1859), 273.r

31. Clayton, English Female Artists, 44–45. Clayton mistakenly gives the year of publication as 1859.

32. Florence Claxton, ‘“Miserable Sinners” of Christchurch, Oxford’,Illustrated Times (18 December 1858), 408.

33. Stanton Wiltshire Austin [as V. D.], ‘“Miserable Sinners” of Christchurch, Oxford’, Illustrated Times (18 December 1858), 407.

Notes 159

34. Adelaide Claxton, ‘The Course at Calcutta’, Illustrated Times (30 July1859), 2.

35. M. H. Spielmann, The History of ‘Punch’ (New York: Cassell, 1895), 502, ’529.

36. Catherine Flood, ‘Contrary to the Habits of their Sex? Women Drawingon Wood and the Careers of Florence and Adelaide Claxton’, Crafting the Woman Professional in the Long Nineteenth Century: Artistry and Industry in Britain, ed. Kyriaki Hadjiafxendi and Patricia Zakreski (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), 108.

37. Flood, ‘Contrary to the Habits of their Sex’, 108.38. Cherry, Beyond the Frame, 46.39. See ‘The Confessional’, Times (18 August 1858), 9.40. ‘Monthly Retrospect’, United Presbyterian Magazine (November 1858), 521.e41. See, for example, ‘The Confessional in the Church’, Times (19 October

1858), 9. 42. See, for instance, ‘The Confessional in Belgravia’, Standard (12 Juned

1858), 5; ‘The Confessional’, Lady’s Newspaper (28 August 1858), 134;r‘The Boyn-Hill [sic] Confessional’, Times (25 September 1858), 6.

43. Florence Claxton, ‘Utopian Christmas’, London Illustrated News ChristmasSupplement (24 December 1859), 602.t

44. ‘The Court’, Illustrated London News (31 December 1859), 636.45. Florence Claxton, ‘England and Australia. Daughters Here. Sons There’,

Illustrated Times (25 April 1863), 297.46. Florence Claxton, ‘England versus Australia. Needlewomen here. A

Modiste There’, Illustrated Times (13 June 1863), 404.47. Florence Claxton, ‘England versus Australia. Partners Here. Partners

There’, Illustrated Times (5 December 1863), 361; ‘England versus Australia. A Spinster Here. A Bachelor There’, Illustrated Times(16 January 1864), 45.

48. Florence Claxton, ‘Christmas in Leap Year’, London Illustrated NewsChristmas Supplement (22 December 1860), 606.t

49. Florence Claxton, ‘England versus Australia. Governesses Here. Want of Governesses There’, Illustrated Times (6 June 1863), 393. The two remain-ing pairs, ‘Servants Here. Servants There’ and ‘Dress Circles Here. Dress Circles There’, appeared in the Illustrated Times for 19 September 1863 and 26 December 1863 respectively.

50. The State Library of New South Wales has undated pencil studies (V*/Cart/37a-b) of both illustrations. Claxton probably made them duringher stay in Sydney in 1850–1854.

51. Adelaide Claxton, ‘The Business of Marriage. No. V. The Honeymoon’,Judy (18 May 1870), 40.y

52. See also ‘Florence Claxton, “March: Ye Spring Fashions”’, Online Exhibitionon Fashionable Women’s Clothing. Curatorial Project for the Database of Mid-Victorian Illustration, https://fashionablewomensclothingexhibitiondmvi.wordpress.com/2013/12/10/florence-claxton-march-ye-spring-fashions,accessed 15 January 2015.

160 Notes

53. See Introduction, note 6, p. 5.54. ‘Omnibus Life in London’, London Illustrated News (11 June 1859), 571.55. ‘Public Amusements’, Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper (17 March 1861), 8.r56. ‘Fine Arts’, Morning Post (14 February 1861), 6.t57. Richard D. Altick, The Presence of the Present: Topics of the Day in the

Victorian Novel (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), 377.58. Cherry, Beyond the Frame, 26; Griselda Pollock, Differencing the Canon:

Feminist Desire and the Writing of Art’s Histories (London: Routledge,1999), 218.

59. ‘Newspaper Brigade’, Ragged School Union Magazine 19.216 (December 1866), 267.

60. Charles Fairbanks, Aguecheek (Boston: Shepard, Clark, and Brown, 1859),27.

61. See Martin Hewitt, The Dawn of the Cheap Press in Victorian Britain: TheEnd of the ‘Taxes on Knowledge’, 1849–1869 (London: Bloomsbury, 2014), 102–103.

62. Malcolm Warner, Anne Helmreich and Charles Brock, The Victorians: British Painting, 1837–1901 (Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1996),109; Charles Baile de Laperrière, The Society of Women Artists Exhibitors,1855–1996, vol. 1 (Calne: Hilmarton Manor Press, 1996), 240.

63. Bentley Papers, British Library, Add MS 46666, vol. 107, ff. 11–206 passim.

64. Marriage licence for George Gordon Turner and Adelaide Sophia Claxton,Crisp’s London Marriage Licences (Canterbury: The Institute of Heraldic and Genealogical Studies), available via Ancestry.com.

65. 1881 census record for the Turner household, RG11/1352 f. 54 p. 26.66. 1891 census record for the Turner household, RG12/1034 f. 81 p. 28.67. Adelaide Claxton, Brainy Odds and Ends (London: A. Claxton, 1900),

advertisement on back cover.68. Adelaide Sophia Turner, ‘Armpit-Crutch for Bed-Rests and Chair-Backs’,

US Patent 827125 A, filed 2 February 1906 and issued 31 July 1906.69. Record for George Gordon Turner in the National Probate Calendar,

Index of Wills and Administrations (1905).70. 1911 census record for Adelaide Sophia Turner, RG14/3624/157.71. Adelaide Claxton Gordon Turner, London, England, Electoral Registers,

1832–1965 (London: London Metropolitan Archives), available viaAncestry.com.

72. Adelaide C. Turner, July–September 1927, England & Wales, FreeBMDDeath Index, 1916–2007.

73. Clayton, English Female Artists, 45.74. ‘Marriages’, Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine (1 December 1868), iii.75. 1871 census record for the Gauntlett household, RG10/75 f. 61 p. 57.76. 1881 census record for the Claxton household, RG11/1364 f. 47 p. 8.77. See Anne Anderson, ‘The China Painter: Amateur Celebrities and

Professional Stars at Howell and James’s “Royal Academy of ChinaPainting”’, Crafting the Woman Professional in the Long Nineteenth Century:

Notes 161

Artistry and Industry in Britain, ed. Kyriaki Hadjiafxendi and PatriciaZakreski (Farnham: Ashgate, 2013), 123–144.

78. 1891 census record for Florence Farrington, RG12/45 f. 23 p. 39.79. 1911 census record for Florence Farrington, RG14/5698/422.80. ‘Octogenarian Artist’s Death’, Times (5 May 1920), 13.81. ‘Aged Artist’s Suicide’, Nottingham Evening Post (6 May 1920), 4.t82. See also ‘A Victim to Veronal’, Edinburgh Evenings News (4 May 1920), 2;

‘Veronal Bottles in Dead Woman’s Bedroom’, Yorkshire Telegraph and Star(4 May 1920), 5.

83. ‘Victim to Veronal’, 2.84. ‘Fine Arts. Society of Female Artists’, Daily News (14 February 1859), 2.

6 Back-Room Workers Stepping Forward: Emily Faithfull and the Compositors of the Victoria Press

1. Emily Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, English Woman’s Journal 6.32 (1860), 124.l 2. ‘The Victoria Press’, Illustrated London News 1093 (15 June 1861), 555;

‘Employment of Women in Printing Offices’, Lady’s Newspaper 808r(21 June 1862), 385; Matilda Hays [as M. M. H.], ‘A Ramble with Mrs. Grundy. A Visit to the Victoria Printing Press’, English Woman’s Journal5.28 (1860), 270.

3. Emily Faithfull, ‘Preface’, in The Victoria Regia. A Volume of Original Contributions in Poetry and Prose, ed. Adelaide A. Procter (London: Emily Faithfull and Co., 1861), vii.

4. Emily Faithfull, ‘Women Compositors’, English Woman’s Journal 8.43 (1861), 38.

5. Frances Robertson, Print Culture. From Steam Press to Ebook (London: Routledge, 2013), 55–56.

6. Emily Faithfull, Three Visits to America (Edinburg: Douglas, 1884),24–25.

7. W. H. W., ‘Provincial Notes’, Printers’ Journal (5 August 1867), 352. 8. William E. Fredeman, ‘Emily Faithfull and the Victoria Press: An Experiment

in Sociological Bibliography’, Library 5th Series 29 (1974), 140.y 9. Michelle Tusan, Women Making News: Gender and Journalism in Modern

Britain (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2005), 43; Michelle Tusan,‘Reforming Work: Gender, Class, and the Printing Trade in VictorianBritain’, Journal of Women’s History 16.1 (2004), 106.y

10. Jennifer Phegley, Educating the Proper Woman Reader: Victorian Family Literary Magazines and the Cultural Health of the Nation (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2004), 194; Maria Frawley, ‘The Editor as Advocate:Emily Faithfull and The Victoria Magazine’, Victorian Periodicals Review 31.1 (1998), 90.

11. Pauline A. Nestor, ‘A New Departure in Women’s Publishing: “TheEnglish Woman’s Journal” and “The Victoria Magazine”’, Victorian Periodicals Review 15.3 (1982), 102.w

162 Notes

12. Hilary Fraser, Stephanie Green and Judith Johnston, Gender and the Victorian Periodical (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 161.

13. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, 124.14. Sarah Richmond briefly discusses the correspondence between Faithfull

and Head in the Times but does not mention the compositors’ lettersin the Standard (Sarah Richmond,d Philanthropy, Entrepreneurship and Transnational Exchange: Women’s Campaigns for Employment in Berlin and London, 1859–1900 [doctoral dissertation, University of Nottingham, 2011], 222–223.)

15. Emily Davies, Emily Davies: Collected Letters, 1861–1875, ed. Ann B.Murphy and Deirdre Raftery (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia,2004), 100.

16. W. H. W., ‘Provincial Notes’, 352.17. William Wilfred Head, ‘Employment of Women in Printing Offices’,

Printers’ Journal (19 August 1867), 382.18. Emily Faithfull, ‘To the Editor of the Times’, Times (12 October 1867), 7.19. ‘Unfit Employment for Women’, Daily News (12 October 1867), 2.20. William Wilfred Head, ‘To the Editor of the Times’, Times (14 October

1867), 9.21. William Wilfred Head, ‘To the Editor of the Times’, Times (16 October

1867), 5.22. Jane Flindell [as Matilda Alexander], ‘The Victoria Press. To the Editor’,

Standard (2 November 1867), 2.d23. Flindell, ‘Victoria Press’, 2.24. Emily Faithfull, ‘The Victoria Press. To the Editor’, Standard (5 November d

1867), 3.25. Emily Faithfull, ‘The Victoria Press. To the Editor’, Standard (13 Novemberd

1867), 6.26. Faithfull ‘Victoria Press’, (13 November 1867), 6.27. Faithfull ‘Victoria Press’, (13 November 1867), 6.28. William Wilfred Head, ‘The Victoria Press. To the Editor’, Standard

(14 November 1867), 6.29. According to Head, Faithfull agreed to pay ‘a composition of 4s. in the

pound upon several thousands’ (‘Victoria Press’, 6). The London Gazetteannounced the dissolution of the partnership between Emily Faithfulland Henry Stone, stationers and booksellers, at 14 Princes Street, on6 January 1865 (‘Notice’, London Gazette [6 January 1865], 69).

30. Eliza Hughesdon, Sarah Oliver, Agnes Harrop, Rebecca Isaacs, LucyMothersole, Emma Reid, Sarah Davies, Blanche Restieaux, Marion Martin, Mary Nunn, Isabella Inwards and Julia Griffin, ‘To the Editor’, Standard (14 November 1867), 6.d

31. Emily Faithfull, ‘The Victoria Press. To the Editor’, Standard (15 November d1867), 5.

32. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, (15 November 1867), 5.33. Entries for William Wilfred Head in the 1901 census (RG13/687

f.  133 p.  12) and the National Probate Calendar, Index of Wills and Administrations (1913).

Notes 163

34. Entry for Emily Faithfull in the National Probate Calendar (1895).35. ‘Obituary. Miss Emily Faithfull’, Times (3 June 1895), 4.36. Barbara Onslow, Women of the Press in Nineteenth-Century Britain

(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), 149–150.37. ‘The Victoria Printing-Office’, Daily News (6 January 1862), 2. Faithfull

presumably gave Restieaux a copy of the Victoria Regia. A copy bearing the inscription ‘Presented to Blanche Restieaux for general proficiency in printing Emily Faithfull Victoria Press 1862’ was recently offered for salefor £350 by Oxford House Books of Hay-on-Wye, UK.

38. 1861 census record for the Holyoake household, RG9/221 f. 38 p. 79. For the sake of clarity, I refer to the women by their maiden names even when discussing their married lives.

39. Fanny Pinto was born on 24 July 1845 (London Metropolitan Archives,Shoreditch St Leonard, Register of Baptism, P91/LEN/A/01/Ms 7496/55);her father died on 6 February 1852 (Certificate of Registration of Deathfor William Pinto, Shoreditch, 6 February 1852, General Register Officefor England and Wales).

40. 1861 census record for Martha Pinto, RG9/171 f. 31 p. 10. According to an announcement in the Morning Post, Fanny Pinto was one of thirty tchildren elected into the asylum that year (Charles Nottidge, ‘Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb’, Morning Post (10 January 1855), 1).t

41. 1861 and 1871 census records for the Reid household, RG9/165 f. 4 p. 7 and RG10/337 f. 9 p. 11.

42. 1861 census record for Mary Nunn, RG9/160 f. 137 p. 41; 1861 census record for Robert Nunn, RG9/160 f. 71 p. 40.

43. 1861 census records for Rebecca Isaacs, RG9/273 f. 121 p. 24 and Manon R. Martin, RG9/115 f. 72 p. 3.

44. See advertisements in the Times (14 January 1839), 2; (12 July 1839), 2; (20 January 1841), 2.

45. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, 123.46. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, 123.47. ‘The Victoria Press. Female Compositors’, Powell’s Domestic Magazine 3

(1860), 105.48. Hays, ‘A Ramble’, 278. Clanchy may have been the wife of the Limerick

printer Michael Clanchy, who died in 1854 at the age of 28 (‘Deaths’, Limerick Chronicle [8 February 1854], Limerick City Council, http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/02%2008%2054.pdf, accessed 4 April 2013).

49. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, 123.50. 1871 census record for Rebecca Isaacs, RG10/348 f. 19 p. 32.51. Austin Holyoake’s involvement was not revealed until 1869, when

Faithfull pursued a libel action against journalist James Grant. For a more detailed account, see Richmond, Philanthropy, Entrepreneurship and Transnational Exchange, 206–210.

52. 1861 census record for the Holyoake household, RG9/221 f. 38 p. 79; Faithfull later wrote about Austin Holyoake that ‘his sister-in-law was oneof my compositors’ (Emily Faithfull, ‘Faithfull v. Grant. To the Editor of the Times’, Times [11 August 1869], 5).

164 Notes

53. Faithfull, ‘Faithfull v. Grant’, 5.54. See George Jacob Holyoake, The Last Days of Mrs. Emma Martin (London:

Watson, 1851), 2–3.55. 1881 census record for Anna Conquer and Jane Flindell, RG11/193 f. 92

p. 18.56. 1891 census record for Mary Clanchy, RG12/402 f. 136 p. 9.57. Certificate of Registration of Death for Fanny Pinto, Shoreditch, 21 June

1870, General Register Office. The death certificate gives her occupationas seamstress.

58. 1881 census record for William and Lucy Slyth, RG11/587 f. 86 p. 34.59. 1911 census record for Lucy Maria Slyth, RG14/9643/193.60. 1891 census record for the Corbett household, RG12/391 f. 18 p. 37.61. 1901 census record for Annie Corbett, RG13/411 f. 61 p. 7.62. 1881 census record for Mary E. Nunn, RG11/301 f. 45 p. 24. Marriage

entries for Mary Elizabeth Nunn and George Edward Sayer, July–September 1884, England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index, 1837–1915.

63. 1891 and 1901 census records for the Nunn household, RG12/181 f. 70 p. 22 and RG13/215 f. 60 p. 32–33.

64. 1881, 1891 and 1901 census records for the Hick household, RG11/395 f. 11 p. 16; RG12/221 f. 96 p. 7; RG13/1252 f. 117 p. 43.

65. Record of marriage for Eliza Dakin Hughesdon and Edward Walter G.Hodgson, April–June 1872, England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index,1837–1915.

66. 1891 census record for the Hodgson family, RG12/428 f. 132 p. 32. ClareHodgson, admitted 19 November 1888, Lark Hall Lane School, Admissionand Discharge Registry for Girls, School Admissions and Discharges,1840–1911, London Metropolitan Archives, available at Ancestry.com

67. 1901 census record for the Hodgson family, RG13/448 f. 17 p. 26.68. Record for Walter George Hodgson in the National Probate Calendar,

Index of Wills and Administrations (1902).69. 1871 census record for Julia Griffin, RG10/390 f. 26 p. 48; 1881 census

record for Julia A. Loeschman, RG11/232 f. 88 p. 30.70. Entry for Julia Ann Loeschman in the National Probate Calendar (1944).71. 1871 census record for the Bayston household, RG10/420 f. 420 p. 8.72. 1891 census record for Eliza A. Bayston, RG12/84 f. 47 p. 88.73. Entry for Eliza Ann Bayston in the National Probate Calendar (1919).74. 1871 and 1911 census records for the Freestone household, RG10/478 f.

14 p. 21 and RG14/9773/219.75. 1891 census record for the Hemingway household, RG12/428 f. 22 p. 35.76. Record of marriage for Emma Reid and Robert Mountain Davey, 13 March

1879, Holy Trinity, Newington, P92/TRI/036.77. Bob Davey, personal communication, 11 May 2013.78. Certificate of Registration of Death for Manon Roland Searle,

Berkhampstead, 30 November 1874, General Register Office.79. Certificate of Registration of Death for Henry Jones Salmone, Brighton, 2

March 1867, General Register Office; Certificate of Registration of Death forEmma Salmone, Marylebone, 21 September 1878, General Register Office.

Notes 165

80. Bessie R. Parkes, ‘The Balance of Public Opinion in Regard to Woman’s Work’, English Woman’s Journal 9.53 (1862), 342; Emily Faithfull[as E. W. F.], ‘Open Council’, English Woman’s Journal 10.55 (1862), 70.

81. Faithfull, ‘Open Council’, 70.82. Jessie Boucherett, ‘How to Provide for Superfluous Women’, Woman’s

Work and Woman’s Culture. A Series of Essays, ed. Josephine E. Butler(London: Macmillan, 1869), 31.

83. Emily Faithfull, ‘Woman’s Work: With Special Reference to IndustrialEmployment’, Journal of the Society of Arts (31 March 1871), 382.

84. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, 125.85. 1871, 1881 and 1891 census records for the Davies household, RG10/603

f. 8 p. 9; RG11/534 f. 10 p. 14; RG12/353 f. 111 p. 46.86. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, 122.87. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, 123.88. Faithfull, ‘Victoria Press’, 124.89. Tusan, ‘Reforming Work’, 110.90. Frawley, ‘The Editor as Advocate’, 92.91. Tusan, ‘Reforming Work’, 112.92. Frawley, ‘The Editor as Advocate’, 92.93. Phegley, Educating the Proper Woman Reader, 158.r94. “Fido” was Davies’s nick name for Faithfull.95. Davies, Collected Letters, 91.96. Davies, Collected Letters, 91.97. Jane Holyoake, ‘To the Editor of the Times’, Times (10 August 1869), 8.98. ‘Literary Intelligence’, Publishers’ Circular (16 August 1869), 509–510.r

99. Rebecca Isaacs, Lucy Maria Mothersole and Annie Ellen Davis, ‘LiteraryIntelligence’, Publishers’ Circular (1 September 1869), 529–530. r

100. Fredeman, ‘Emily Faithfull and the Victoria Press’, 142.

Conclusion

1. Quoted in S. H. Sadler, The Higher Education of the Young: Its Social,Domestic and Religious Aspects (London: Routledge, 1907), 183.

2. ‘Obituary. Florence Marryat’, Daily News (28 October 1899), 8. 3. Quoted in Sadler, Higher Education, 182. 4. Curtis Brown, ‘Riches from her Pen’, Chicago Tribune (3 September

1899), 14. 5. Christina Rossetti, letter to Amelia Barnard Heimann, 1 June [1863],

The Letters of Christina Rossetti. A Digital Edition, ed. Antony H. Harrison,http://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/crossetti/, accessed 10 February 2015.

6. James Mussell, ‘The Matter with Media’, 2013 MLA Annual Convention,Sheraton Boston Hotel, Boston, MA, 4 January 2013, European Society for Periodical Research, http://www.ru.nl/esprit/resources/what-journal-towards, accessed 30 May 2013, 5.

166

Electronic sources

Periodical databases19th Century British Library Newspapers (Gale)19th Century UK Periodicals (Gale)19th Century US Newspapers (Gale)British Periodicals (ProQuest)Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition

Historical sourcesAncestryFamilySearchFind A GraveFindMyPastFreeBMDNational Archives

Archives

Bentley Papers, British Library, LondonGeneral Register Office for England and WalesLaura Keene Papers, Library of Congress, WashingtonManx National Library and Archives, Douglas, Isle of ManNYC Municipal Archives, Department of RecordsPrincipal Registry of the Family Division, LondonRoyal Literary Fund Archive, British Library, LondonShelley Papers, Bodleian Library, OxfordWilliam Cullen Library, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

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American Authors. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1882.

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———. A Room of One’s Own. Three Guineas. Ed. Morag Shiach. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Worth, George J. Macmillan’s Magazine, 1859–1907. ‘No Flippancy or Abuse Allowed’. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003.

179

‘Academy Belles’, 111Adams, W. D., 82Ainsworth’s, 25All the Year Round, 12, 79Allingham, William, 37, 86American Agriculturist, 65tAncestry.com, 12Angel in the House, 76anonymity, 2, 3, 9, 11, 40, 62Antonia, Alexis, 12Archive.org, 11Ardenne, Adrienne, 83Argosy, 75, 100Armitage, Edward, 95Armstrong, Isobel, 81Arnold, Matthew, 76‘Arrival of Overland Travellers at

Point de Galle, Ceylon’, 102Art Journal, 98The Art of Imitating Oil Paintings

Without a Knowledge of Drawing, 34gg

Arthur’s, 65Art- Union, 58, 59Atalanta, 112Athenaeum, 9, 47, 86, 93, 96, 98Auerbach, Jeffrey, 53Aunt Judy’s Magazine, 20, 100Austin, Mary, 59Author, r 46– 7authorship attribution

Burrows method for, 12computer- aided tests for, 11–12

‘Autumn Reverie, An’, 111

Backhouse, Margaret, 99Baker, Eliza Ann, 122, 124, 126Bakers’ Record, 16Bartholomew, Anne, 95Bartholomew, Valentine, 26Baxter, Lucy E. (Leader Scott), 36–7

Baynes, Robert H., 87Beetham, Margaret, 5

A Magazine Of Her Own? Domesticity and Desire in the Woman’s Magazine, 1800– 1914, 4

Beeton, Isabella, 30, 36, 40–1Beeton, Samuel, 30Beeton’s Book of Household

Management, 30tBeeton’s Christmas Annual, 100Belgravia, 75, 85, 90, 100, 112Bell, Mackenzie, 90Benham, Jane, 98Bennoch, Francis, 26Bentley Papers, 110Bentley’s Miscellany, 33Besant, Walter, 49

Author, r 46–7Blackmore, R. D., 76Blackwood’s Magazine, 10, 24Blaine, Robertson, 96Blewitt, Octavian, 25, 26Blind, Mathilde, 9Bodichon, Barbara, 96, 97Book of Household Management, 41tBooks of the Boudoir, 31rBoucheret, Jessie, 127–8‘The Bourne’, 80Bow Bells, 24, 36, 99Bowers, Georgina, 100, 110Boyd, Marianne, 100, 110Boys’ and Girls’ Own Magazine, 65Bradbury and Evans, 15Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, 2, 112,

133, 134Brake, Laurel, 5Brame, Charlotte Mary, 2, 24Branchardière, Eleonore Riego

de la, 52Breadalbane, Lady, 84The Bride of Infelice, 84–5

Index

180 Index

Bristol Literary Magazine, 124British Periodicals, 11British Victorian Women’s Periodicals:

Beauty, Civilization, and Poetry, 4Brodie, John Lamont, 62Brontë, Charlotte, 12Brown, Matilda, 20Bunsbury, Selina, 9Burgess, Adelaide, 99Burrows, Henry W., 71

authorship attribution method, 12Bury and Norwich Post and Suffolk

Herald, 16‘The Business of Marriage’, 104, 106Buss, Robert William, 94Butler, Samuel

Hudibras, 44

Caledonian Press, 117Cassell’s Illustrated Family Paper, 36rCassell’s Magazine, 36, 100Census Enumerators’ Books, 13census of 1841, 28census of 1851, 23census of 1861, 19census of 1871, 19, 29census of 1881, 13–18census of 1891, 18, 19, 29Chamber’s Magazine, 25Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal, 67Chapman and Hall, 15‘Cheap at a Guinea’, 111Cherry, Deborah, 98, 101, 108Chesney, Alexander, 57Chesney, Charles Cornwallis, 57, 58Chesney, Francis Rawdon, 57Chesney, George Tomkyns, 57Chesney, Matilda Mary Anne, 57The Choice of Paris: An Idyll, 99Christ, Carol T., 10, 22Christian Remembrancer, 12r‘Christmas in Leap Year’, 104‘Christmas Pantomime, A’, 111Churchman’s Family Magazine, 100Churchman’s Shilling Magazine, 34Civil Registration Indexes, 12Clanchy, Mary, 122–4

Claverings, 112Claxton, Adelaide, 7, 92–114,

133, 135‘Academy Belles’, 111‘The Business of Marriage’,

104, 106‘Cheap at a Guinea’, 111‘Christmas in Leap Year’, 104‘Christmas Pantomime, A’, 111‘The Course at Calcutta’, 99, 102‘How We Got Up Our Charades at

Christmas’, 111‘The Lady With the Little Feet’, 111‘Rather Suspicious’, 111‘Riddles of Love’, 111speaking images, 100–6The Standard- Bearer , 99, r 106–10standards of living, 106–14women’s artistic activities,

professionalization of, 94–8Claxton, Florence, 7, 92–114, 135

‘Arrival of Overland Travellers atPoint de Galle, Ceylon’, 102

‘Autumn Reverie, An’, 111The Choice of Paris: An Idyll, 99‘Christmas in Leap Year’, 104‘Daughters Here’/‘Sons There’, 103‘England versus Australia.

Governesses Here. Want of Governesses There’, 105

‘March: Ye Spring Fashions’, 106‘Needlewomen Here’/‘A Modiste

There’, 103‘Partners Here’/‘Partners There’, 103Scenes from the Life of a Female

Artist, 96t‘Servants Here’/‘Servants There, 104speaking images, 100–6‘A Spinster Here’/‘A Bachelor

There’, 103standards of living, 106–14widowhood of, 113–14women’s artistic activities,

professionalization of, 94–8Claxton, Marshall, 92Clayton, Ellen, 98, 113

English Female Artists, 93

Index 181

Cleave’s Penny Gazette of Variety, 25Collins, Wilkie, 3Comfort For Small Incomes, 30, 34,

42, 48Comic Magazine, 98Comic Offering, 98ggCommittee of the Royal Literary

Fund, 25Companion to the Work- Table, 52The Complete Poems of Christina

Rossetti, 81, 88Cons, Emma, 125‘Consider’, 75Coode, Helen Hoppner, 100Cookery for an Income of £200 a Year,r

46, 48Cookery for Maids of All Work, 34, 35Cooper, Alfred W., 111Corbett, William Campbell, 125Corbould, Edward Henry, 94Cornhill, 75, 100, 112Cornwallis, Charles, 57‘The Course at Calcutta’, 99, 102The Court Crochet Collar and Cuff

Book, 31The Court Crochet Doyley Book, 31Courthope, William John, 49Cowen, Frederic, 83Craig, Hugh, 12Craik, Dinah Mulock, 76Crochet Book, 52Croker, T. F. Dillon, 26Crosland, Camilla, 25, 26, 49Crosland, Newton, 26, 49Crowe, Jane, 118, 131Crump, Rebecca

The Complete Poems of ChristinaRossetti, 81, 88

Daily News, 44, 98, 99, 118Daily Telegraph, 110Darton, John Maw, 64Davey, Robert Mountain, 126David Copperfield, 23Davies, Emily, 118, 131Davies, Sarah, 122, 128Davis, Annie Ellen, 122, 125, 131

Davison, Duncan, 83Deepwell, Katy, 97Democrat, 67tDemoor, Marysa, 9Deverell, Walter, 95Dickens, Charles, 3, 10, 38

All the Year Round, 79Dickens Journals Online, 11, 12, 22Dictionary of National Biography

(DNB), 30Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century

Journalism, 9Dobell, Sydney, 76Douglas Jerrold’s Shilling

Magazine, 25Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan, 47Drawing- Room Magazine , 31, 32,

52–3Drew, John, 12Dunn, Edith, 95, 100Duval, Marie, 100

Easley, Alexis, 2, 9, 49, 76Eastlake, Charles Lock, 94Eccles, H. Annesley, 49‘Echo’, 87Edinburgh Review, 98editorial identity, 3–4Edwards, Downes, 92Edwards, Kate, 110, 111Edwards, Mary Ellen, 7, 95, 96, 99,

100, 110– 12, 133A Game at Chess, 99

Egley, William MawOmnibus Life in London, 106

Elegant Work for DelicateFingers, 34

Eliot, George, 2, 3Eliza Cook’s Journal, 25Eliza Warren Fund, 46‘England versus Australia.

Governesses Here. Want of Governesses There’, 105

English Female Artists, 93English Girls’ Journal, 25English Woman’s Journal, 8, 96,

115, 127

182 Index

Englishwoman’s Domestic Magazine,19, 30, 35, 36, 53, 63, 100

‘The Epicure’, 42–3Essex and West Suffolk Gazette, 16Examiner, 98r

Fairbanks, Charles, 109Faithfull, Emily, 7–8, 24, 61

and compositors of Victoria Press, 115–32

Family Friend, 25, 33, 34, 50, 53, 63Family Herald, 24Family Treasury, 60FamilySearch.org, 12Farnfield, E. H., 49Farrington, Ernest, 113“Female Industry,” 1, 98Female Middle-Class Emigration

Society and, 103The Female School of Design, 95Ferranti, Cesar Zani de, 22‘Few Words on Geology’, 10, 23FindMyPast.co.uk, 12‘The Fire at the Crystal Palace’, 38Flindell, Jane, 122, 123Flindell, Thomas, 123Flood, Catherine, 100–1Flowers, Betty, 88Forester’s Miscellany, 25Fortnightly Review, 10Foster, Mariana, 66, 68Fox, Eliza, 95Francis, Eliza Warren, 6, 52, 69,

134, 135The Art of Imitating Oil Paintings

Without a Knowledge of Drawing, 34gg

Beeton’s Book of Household Management, 30t

Books of the Boudoir, 31rComfort For Small Incomes, 30, 34,

42, 48Cookery for an Income of £200 a

Year, 46, 48rCookery for Maids of All Work, 34, 35The Court Crochet Collar and Cuff

Book, 31

The Court Crochet Doyley Book, 31death of, 49Drawing- Room Magazine , 31, 32,

52–3early years and widowhood, 31–5as editor of Ladies’ Treasury, 30–49Elegant Work for Delicate Fingers, 34‘The Epicure’, 42–3‘Fraternal Love’, 40‘Gentlemen’s Comforter in

Crochet’, 32guises of, 35–44A House and Its Furnishings, 34, 48How I Managed My Children from

Infancy to Marriage, 30, 34, 41–3How I Managed My House on Two

Hundred Pounds a Year, 30, 34, 41, 43

How the Lady- Help Taught Girls to Cook and Be Useful, 44

‘Knitted Opera Cap with NettedBorder’, 32

‘Knitted Shell Mat’, 32‘The Mother and Daughter’, 40‘Music Stool Covering in

Crochet’, 32My Lady- Help, and What She

Taught Me, 44old age, realities of, 44– 9‘Pen Wiper’, 32‘The Poetry of Flowers’, 32The Point- Lace Crochet Collar

Book, 31A Scheme for the Education of the

Daughters of Working Men, 34, 43‘Shakespeare’s Female

Characters’, 32The Short- way Crochet Edging

Book, 32signatures, use of, 20, 37–9, 46‘Sister’s Bridal, A’, 40‘The Spirit of Needlework’, 32Timethrift; or All Hours Turned to

Good Account, 32, 33, 43t‘Toilet Cushion, Oak Leaf

Pattern’, 32Treasures in Needlework, 33, 50

Index 183

The Way It Is Done, 34‘The Widow’, 39–40A Young Wife’s Perplexities, 46

Francis, Frederic, 32, 34Frank Leslie’s Illustrated

Newspaper, 68Frank Leslie’s New Family Magazine,

65, 66Fraser, Hilary, 117Fraser’s Magazine, 9‘Fraternal Love’, 40Frawley, Maria, 117, 130Fredeman, William, 116Free Exhibition, 97FreeBMD, 12Freedom, 19French Gallery Winter Exhibition, 99‘From House to Home’, 87

Gabriel, Virginia, 87Gale NewsVault, 11tGale

19th Century British Library Newspapers, 11

19th Century UK Periodicals, 1119th Century U.S. Newspapers, 82

A Game at Chess, 99Gardner, A. K., 68Gaskell, Elizabeth, 2, 3, 11

Life of Charlotte Brontë, 12Gatty, Horatia Katharine Frances, 20Gazette of Fashion, 65gendered performativity, 37genealogical research, 12–13GenealogyBank, 82‘Gentlemen’s Comforter in

Crochet’, 32Gillies, Margaret, 95Girl’s Own Paper, 34, 100rGladstone, F. E., 83Goblin Market, 7, 73, t 76–8, 80, 87,

88, 90Godey’s, 65Goldsmith

Poetical Works, 44Good Words, 75Google Books, 11

Governess, 53, 56Graham’s Illustrated Magazine, 65Grant, James, 131Graphic, 100, 112Great Exhibition of 1851, 54Green, Stephanie, 117Greenaway, Kate, 95, 100Griffin, Julia Ann, 122, 126Griffiths, Eliza, 11Grote, Harriet, 96‘Grown and Flown’, 87

Hale, Sarah Jane, 67‘Halfpenny A Day, A’, 38Halstead, Ada L.

The Bride of Infelice, 84–5Hand- Book of Needlework , 58Harper’s Young People, 100Harris, Beth, 58Harrison, Antony H., 81HathiTrust Digital Library, 11Hatton, Miss, 66Hays, Matilda, 115, 123Head, William Wilfred, 130

‘Matilda Alexander’, 118, 119The Victoria Press: Its History and

Vindication, 121Heart and Home, 47Heath, Alfred, 94Heimann, Amelia Barnard, 85‘Helen Grey’, 82Henry Hall Rawdon Chesney, 62Herford, Laura, 95, 97Hervey, T K, 10Hewett, Sarah F., 99Hick, William Maggee, 125Hobbins, Alice, 64Hodgson, Walter, 125–6Hogg, James, 110Holyoake, Austin, 132Holyoake, George Jacob, 124Home Circle, 53, 55Home Journal, 65homosocial bonding, 97Houghton, G. H., 57, 58, 68Houghton, Walter E., 6, 9, 64A House and Its Furnishings, 34, 48

184 Index

Household Journal, 65Household Words, 3, 10, 11, 21, 22, 33Household, 25How I Managed My Children from

Infancy to Marriage, 30, 34, 41–3How I Managed My House on Two

Hundred Pounds a Year, 30, 34,r41, 43

How the Lady- Help Taught Girls to Cook and Be Useful, 44

‘How We Got Up Our Charades atChristmas’, 111

Howitt, Anna Mary, 95Howitt, Mary, 49, 67Howitt, William, 49Hudibras, 44Hughes, Kathryn

The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs. Beeton, 30

Hughes, Linda K., 11, 79Hughes, Thomas, 76Hughesdon, Eliza Dakin, 122, 125

identities, public performance of,23– 9

Illustrated Exhibitor, 54rIllustrated Family Journal, 25Illustrated London News, 99, 102,

104, 108, 115Illustrated Magazine, 25, 63Illustrated Times, 99, 110Inter Ocean, 64Inwards, Isabella, 122, 126Isaacs, Rebecca, 122, 131

Jameson, Anna, 97Jervis, Ada, 47Jewish Chronicle, 124Jewsbury, Geraldine, 9Johnson, Harry John, 62Johnson, Rossiter

Works of the British Poets, 82Johnston, Judith, 117Jopling, Louise, 95Jordan, Ellen, 12Joy, Thomas Musgrove

The Omnibus – One In, One Out, 106t

Judy: The London Serio- Comic Journal, 88, 100

Kaufmann, Angelica, 96Keene, Laura, 68Keepsake, 25Kent Coast Times, 16‘The King’s Daughter’, 65, 68Kingsley, Charles, 76Kingsley, Henry, 76‘Knitted Opera Cap with Netted

Border’, 32‘Knitted Shell Mat’, 32Knitting Book, 52

The Ladies’ Book of Fancy Work, 56The Ladies’ Cabinet, 10, 22, 23, 53, 56tLadies’ Companion, 4, 22, 25, 28, 53,

54, 60, 63, 64, 98, 134The Ladies’ Complete Guide to

Crochet, Fancy Knitting and Needlework, 66

Ladies’ Newspaper, 63rLadies’ Treasury, 4, 6, 19, 20, 30–50,

69, 84‘The Lady With the Little Feet’, 111The Lady’s Library, 52, 60The Lady’s Manual of Fancy- Work,

66, 68Lady’s Newspaper, 60, 63, 99, 102, 115rLady’s Pictorial, 133Lambert, Frances

Hand- Book of Needlework , 58Knitting Book, 52Practical Hints on Decorative

Needlework, 69Landseer, Charles, 94Landseer, John, 94Langbridge, Frederick, 82–3‘Last Night’, 75Law, Graham, 2Lawson, Francis Wilfrid, 111Ledbetter, Kathryn

British Victorian Women’s Periodicals: Beauty, Civilization, and Poetry, 4

Leslie, Frank, 67–8

Index 185

Liebhart, Mademoiselle, 84The Life and Times of Madame de

Stael, 23Life of Charlotte Brontë, 12‘Light Love’, 78–81Linton, Eliza Lynn, 3, 11‘The Little Church Around the

Corner’, 68Little Folks, 100Little Wide Awake, 100Loeschman, Alexander, 126Lohrli, Anne, 6, 10, 22, 23London and Paris Ladies’ Magazine of

Fashion, 53– 4London Reader, 24rLondon Society, 34, 99, 100, 106,

110, 111Love Poems of Three Centuries, 83Love- knots and Bridal- bands, 82Lovell, George W., 26Low, Frances Helena, 49Lowe, Elizabeth, 20Lyrics of Love, from Shakespeare to

Tennyson, 82

Mackenzie, A. C., 83Maclean, Marie, 37Macmillan, Alexander, 76Macmillan and Co., 15, 73, 77Macmillan’s Magazine, 7, 19,

73– 5magazine illustration, women in,

98– 100A Magazine Of Her Own? Domesticity

and Desire in the Woman’sMagazine, 1800– 1914, 4

Makins, M. A.‘Won by Stratagem’, 85

Manchester Times, 22‘March: Ye Spring Fashions’, 106Martin, Manon Roland, 122–4, 126Martineau, Harriet, 2, 3, 61

‘Female Industry’, 1, 98Marzials, Theo, 84, 85

‘My Love is Come’, 84Masson, David, 79Masters, Ellen T., 46

Maternal Counsels to a Daughter, 57, r60, 61

‘Matilda Alexander’, 118, 119‘Maude Clare’, 79Maxwell, John, 133Mearns, Lois, 100Mee, Cornelia, 51, 59, 69

Companion to the Work- Table, 52Work- Table Magazine, 52

Mellor, Agnes Edith (Harrop), 122, 123, 125

Messrs. Walter Evans and Co., 54Metcalfe, Thomas Smith, 64Meteyard, Eliza, 26, 49Michael, William, 72Millais, John Everett, 95Miller, Florence Fenwick, 133‘Miserable Sinners’, 99–100Mitchell’s Newspaper Press

Directory, 1Mitford, Mary Russell, 23Moncrieff, Nita Gaetano, 84, 85Morning Advertiser, 131rMorning Chronicle, 52, 99Morning Post, 62tMorning Star, 110rMoser, Mary, 96‘The Mother and Daughter’, 40Mothersole, Lucy Maria, 122,

125, 131Mozley, Anne, 12Murray, Elizabeth, 99‘Music Stool Covering in

Crochet’, 32Musical Mirror, 84rMusical Standard, 84Musical Times, 84Mussell, James, 136‘My Heart is Like a Singing

Bird’, 83My Lady- Help, and What She Taught

Me, 44‘My Love is Come’, 83, 84Myra’s Journal, 20

Nameless and Friendless, 95–6National Archives, 12

186 Index

National Association for the Promotion of Social Science (NAPSS), 115, 117

National Institution, 97National Observer, 47rNational Reformer, 15, 16rNeedle, a Magazine of Ornamental

Work, 53New City Gallery, 99New Monthly Belle Assemblée, 23, 53New Poems, 7719th Century British Library

Newspapers, 11Nineteenth- Century Serials Edition

(NCSE), 1119th Century UK Periodicals, 1119th Century U.S. Newspapers, 82Norris, Maria, 11

‘Few Words on Geology’, 10, 23The Life and Times of Madame de

Stael, 23Philip Lancaster, 23r‘The Son of Sorrow’, 22‘The Uses of Sorrow’, 22

North Star, 64rNorton, Caroline, 76Nottingham Evening Post, 114tNovello, 83Nunn, Mary Elizabeth, 122, 123Nunn, Pamela Gerrish, 93, 98, 125

Odd Fellow Quarterly, 25O’Donnell, Jessie Fremont, 83Oliphant, Margaret, 3, 24, 76Oliver, Sarah, 122Omnibus Life in London, 106The Omnibus – One In, One Out, 106tOn Female Emigration, 103‘On the Training of Servants’, 44Once a Week, 61, 79, 99‘One Day’, 80Onslow, Barbara, 6, 10, 22, 23,

24– 5Women of the Press in Nineteenth-

Century Britain, 3, 121Osborn, Emily Mary, 97–8

Nameless and Friendless, 95–6

A Pageant and Other Poems, 77Palmer, Beth, 2Pardoe, Miss, 10Parkes, Bessie, 127, 129parody, compliment of, 87–91Pasquier, James Abbott, 111Paterson, Helen, 100Patmore, Coventry, 76Paul, Kegan, 76‘Pen Wiper’, 32People’s and Howitt’s Journal, 25People’s Magazine, 100periodical

archives, 18–23as date- stamped commodity, 5,

19, 106poetry, economics of, 71–91as publishing genre, 5

Peterson, Linda, 2Peterson’s, 65Phegley, Jennifer, 117philanthropical entrepreneurship, 129Philip Lancaster, 23rPhilp, R. K.

Family Friend, 33The Pickwick Papers, 94Pinto, Fanny, 122, 125Poems, 78, 90Poetical Works, 44, 77, 80The Poetical Works of Christina

Rossetti, 88‘The Poetry of Flowers’, 32Poets of the Nineteenth Century, 82‘The Poets of the Seventeenth

Century’, 38The Point-Lace Crochet Collar Book ,

31Pollock, Griselda, 108Portland Gallery, 99Practical Hints on Decorative

Needlework, 69The Prince’s Progress, 7, 74–6, 78, 90Printers’ Journal, 116, 118Procter, Adelaide Anne, 3, 11ProQuest

British Periodicals, 11pseudonymity, 11

Index 187

Publisher’s Circular, 122, 131rPullan, Matilda Marian, 6–7, 24,

134, 135career in fancywork, building,

52– 6death of, 67–70early life and London career,

56– 64final years in New York, 64–7‘The King’s Daughter’, 65, 68The Ladies’ Book of Fancy Work, 56The Lady’s Library, 52, 60Maternal Counsels to a Daughter,r

57, 60, 61and needlework instruction,

50– 70‘The Regent’s Son’, 65, 68Treasures in Needlework, 33, 50

Pullan, Samuel Charles Chesney, 58Punch, 35, 100

Quatremayne, Frank, 84Queen, 19, 20, 100‘The Queen as Maiden, Wife and

Widow’, 38Queen Mab, 44Queen’s Institute, 117Quiver, 100r

Rae, Henrietta, 95Raphael Tuck and Sons, 83‘Rather Suspicious’, 111Reasoner, 124rReformer, 16r‘The Regent’s Son’, 65, 68Reid, Emma, 122, 126, 128‘Remember’, 88Restieaux, Blanche, 122, 125, 128‘Riddles of Love’, 111Riego, Mademoiselle, 50

Crochet Book, 52Needle, a Magazine of Ornamental

Work, 53Riego, Mlle, 63, 69Roberts Brothers, 82Robertson, Frances, 116Rogers, Emma, 126

Rossetti, Christina, 7, 112, 134Angel in the House, 76‘The Bourne’, 80‘Consider’, 75and economics of periodical

poetry, 71– 91engaging with Macmillan, 73–80Goblin Market, 7, 73, t 76–8, 80, 87,

88, 90‘Last Night’, 75‘Light Love’, 78–81‘Maude Clare’, 79New Poems, 77‘One Day’, 80A Pageant and Other Poems, 77parody, compliment of, 87–91Poems, 78, 90Poetical Works, 77, 80poetry remediated, 81–7The Prince’s Progress, 7, 74– 6, 78, 90Speaking Likenesses, 77, 78‘Spring Fancies’, 75‘Up- Hill’, 76, 82, 87

Rossetti, Dante Gabriel, 71, 73, 77,82, 85, 95

Rossetti, William Michael, 89The Poetical Works of Christina

Rossetti, 88Royal Academy Exhibition

of 1857, 96Royal Academy Schools, 94, 95, 97,

98, 111Royal Literary Fund, 25–7, 47Rye, Maria, 61

Female Middle- Class Emigration Society and, 103

On Female Emigration, 103

Scenes from the Life of a FemaleArtist, 96t

A Scheme for the Education of theDaughters of Working Men, 34, 43

School Music Review, 84Schroeder, Henry F.

‘My Heart is Like a Singing Bird’, 83Scott, Juliana Hepzibeth, 22Scott, William, 22

188 Index

‘ Sea-Dreams’, 76self- reflexive fiction, 24‘Shakespeare’s Female Characters’, 32Sharp, Elizabeth

Women’s Voices, 83Sharpe, Mary Anne, 95Sharpe’s London Magazine, 25, 63Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 44Sheridan, Louisa, 98The Short Life and Long Times of

Mrs. Beeton, 30The Short- way Crochet Edging Book, 32‘Sister’s Bridal, A’, 40Smith, Alice Mary, 87Smith, Elizabeth Oakes, 67Society for Promoting the

Employment of Women (SPEW), 115, 117, 129, 135

Society of Arts, 94Society of British Artists, 96Society of Female Artists (SFA), 96–9,

106, 113, 135Solomon, Rebecca, 95, 96, 98–100‘The Son of Sorrow’, 22Sophia, Adelaide, 94Speaking Likenesses, 77, 78‘The Spirit of Needlework’, 32Sporting Opinion, 126‘Spring Fancies’, 75St James’s Magazine, 25St Nicholas, 100Standard, 119–21, 127, 130The Standard- Bearer , 99, r 106–10standards of living, 106–14Stephens, Ann S.

The Ladies’ Complete Guide to Crochet, Fancy Knitting and Needlework, 66

Sunday Magazine, 100Sweet Hampstead and Its

Associations, 29Swift, Kate, 99Szczepanowski, Stanislas, 22

Tablets of the Heart, 82tTaylor, Ella, 100Tekusch, Margaret, 95, 97

Temple Bar, 75rTennyson, 80

‘ Sea- Dreams’, 76Thackeray, 3TheGenealogist.co.uk, 12Thomas, Deborah A., 11Thorndike, Herbert, 84Thorp, Gabriel, 84Three Songs, 83Times, 29, 99, 104, 114, 118, 121,

127, 130Timethrift; or All Hours Turned to

Good Account, 32, 33, 43tTinsley’s, 75‘To Ventilate Rooms’, 38‘Toilet Cushion, Oak Leaf Pattern’, 32Traventi, Signor, 84, 85

‘My Love is Come’, 83Treasures in Needlework, 33, 50Trollope, Frances, 11

Claverings, 112Turner, George Gordon, 112–13Turner, Mark, 3–4Tusan, Michelle, 116–17, 129

‘An Unexpected Pleasure’, 88–90United Presbyterian Magazine, 101‘Up- Hill’, 76, 82, 87‘The Uses of Sorrow’, 22

Vallentine, Isaac, 124Victoria Magazine, 8, 117, 135Victoria Press

reconsidered, 127–32women of, tracing, 121–7

The Victoria Press: Its History and Vindication, 121

Victoria Regia, 116Victoria, 75Victorian periodical studies, 2Villette, 12

Wagner, Tamara S., 24Waldman, Suzanne, 81Waller, D. Wilmarth, 68Walters, Catherine ‘Skittles’, 108Ward, Henrietta, 15, 95, 98

Index 189

Watts, Alaric, 49The Way It Is Done, 34Webster, Augusta, 9‘The Wedding of the Bride of the

Sea in Olympia’, 38Weldon’s Ladies’ Journal, 21Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals

( 1965– 1988), 2, 9, 10, 22Westminster Review, 10‘What is Glass’, 38White, Caroline Alice, 4, 24– 7, 49, 98

Sweet Hampstead and Its Associations, 29

Who Do You Think You Are?, 12‘The Widow’, 39–40Wilde, Oscar, 83Willmott, R. A.

Poets of the Nineteenth Century, 82

Wills, William Henry, 10Women of the Press in Nineteenth-

Century Britain, 3, 121Women Poets of the Victorian Era, 83women’s artistic activities,

professionalization of, 94–8Women’s Printing Office, 117Women’s Voices, 83‘Won by Stratagem’, 85Woolf, Virginia, 83, 90Works of the British Poets, 82Work- Table Magazine, 52World We Live In, 118Worth, George J., 75

Yonge, Charlotte Mary, 76Young Ladies’ Journal, 21A Young Wife’s Perplexities, 46