Notes

Prologue: Urban Hermeneutics and the Problem of the Fetish Space

1. Martha Rosler, “Notes on Quotes,” Wedge 2 (1982): 68.2. David Harvey argues that the “failure to penetrate and demystify the

purely fetishistic readings [of daily urban life] can generate behaviors and actions fraught with all manner of consequences.” Abiding by Harvey’s cautionary tale, and following Henri Lefebvre’s dialectic of the production of space, I propose the concept of the fetish space as an umbrella notion for a number of interrelated constructs. David Harvey, Consciousness and the Urban Experience (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985), 251; Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space, trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991).

3. Paul Auster, The New York Trilogy: City of Glass (London: Penguin, 1987), 157. All subsequent text references are to pages of this edition.

4. Harvey, Consciousness and the Urban Experience, 36; Neil Smith, Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space, rev. ed. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990), 130.

5. Albert Einstein, foreword to Concepts of Space: The History of Theories of Space in Physics, ed. Max Jammer, 3rd ed. (New York: Dover Publications, 1993), xv. Einstein outlines two kinds of space that dominated scientific thought before relativity theory: “space as positional quality of the world of material objects” and “space as container of all material objects.”

6. “At a geographical scale,” with the preposition “at” rather than “on,” as everyday usage has it, is the established disciplinary formu-lation employed in geographical scholarship. Thus, at urban scale, at neighborhood scale, are part of the customary jargon of space and spatiality.

7. The main proponent of the socialization of space is philosopher Henri Lefebvre who developed the theory of the production of space, a radical position in the 1970s.

8. Richard Lehan, The City in Literature: An Intellectual and Cultural History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 265–283.

9. Ibid., 265.10. Ibid., 266.11. Peter Brooker, New York Fictions: Modernity, Postmodernism and

the New Modern (London: Longman, 1996), 130.

200 NOTES

12. Lehan, City in Literaturȩ 289.13. Bart Eeckhaut and Bart Keunen, “Whatever Happened to the Urban

Novel,” The 3 Cities Project: New York Essays, last updated November 16, 2000, http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/3cities/barts.htm.

14. Brian Wallis, ed., If You Lived Here: The City in Art, Theory and Social Activism (Seattle: Bay Press, 1991).

15. “We shall not be moved,” Centre for the Study of Political Graphics, http://www.politicalgraphics.org.

16. David Harvey, The Urban Experience (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989), 229–255.

17. Sallie Westwood and John Williams, “Imagining Cities,” in Imagining Cities: Scripts, Sign and Memory, ed. Sallie Westwood and John Williams (London: Routledge, 1997), 5.

18. Doreen Massey, Spatial Divisions of Labor: Social Structures and the Geography of Production, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge), 284, quoted in Westwood and Williams, “Imagining Cities,” 5.

19. See David Harvey, “From Space to Place and Back Again,” in Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures and Global Change, ed. Jon Bird et al. (London: Routledge, 1993), 3–29; Sharon Zukin, Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 11–23.

20. Manuel Castells, The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach, trans. Alan Sheridan (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), 443. Castells refers to space per se as a “conjuncture.”

21. Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the “Prison Notebooks,” ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1971), 117–118. Gramsci’s usage of con-junctural is opposed to organic, that is “of a more permanent char-acter, long-standing.”

22. William Sites, Remaking New York: Primitive Globalization and the Politics of Urban Community (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), xiii–v.

23. See Robert Siegle, Suburban Ambush: Downtown Writing and the Fiction of Insurgency (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).

24. Clifford Geertz “Thick Description: Toward an Interpretive Theory of Culture,” in The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays (New York: Basic Books, 1973), 3–30.

1 The Paradigmatic Exceptionality of New York: Scaffolding a Radical

Literary Urbanism

1. Morris Janowitz, introduction to The City, ed. Robert E. Park, Ernest Burgess, and Roderick E. McKenzie (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), viii.

NOTES 201

2. Robert E. Park, “The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the Urban Environment,” in Park, Burgess, and McKenzie, City, 1.

3. See Roderick D. McKenzie, “The Ecological Approach to the Study of the Human Community,” in Park, Burgess, and McKenzie, City, 63–79; for a critique of urban ecology, see Mark Gottdiener, “Urban Ecology, Economics and Geography: Spatial Analysis in Transition,” in The Social Production of Urban Space, ed. M. Gottdiener (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), 25–69.

4. Sara Blair, “Cultural Geography and the Place of the Literary,” American Literary History 10 (1998): 544.

5. Zukin, Landscapes of Power, 39 (see prologue, n. 19).6. See Sara Blair’s mild diatribe against “entrenched” modes of reading

amongst literary critics, which she herself cannot entirely avoid.7. Karen Mossberger and Gerry Stoker, “The Evolution of Urban

Regime Theory: The Challenge of Conceptualization,” Urban Affairs Review 36 (2001): 811.

8. Anthony D. King, ed., Re-presenting the City: Ethnicity, Capital and Culture in the Twenty-First Century Metropolis (London: MacMillan, 1996).

9. Anthony D. King, “Introduction: Cities, Texts and Paradigms,” in King, Re-Presenting the City, 5.

10. Ibid., 10.11. John Tagg, “This City Which is Not One,” in King, Re-presenting

the City, 179.12. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New

York: Harper, 1975), 83.13. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and

Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982), 101–139.

14. Jane Jacobs, “Gradual Money and Cataclysmic Money,” in The Death and Life of Great American Cities (London: Pimlico, 1961), 305–331.

15. Peter Marcuse, “Space and Race in the Post-Fordist City,” in Urban Poverty and the Underclass: A Reader, ed. Enzo Mingione (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 196–197; see also, Peter Marcuse, “Not Chaos, but Walls: Postmodernism and the Partitioned City,” in Postmodern Cities and Spaces, ed. Sophie Watson and Katherine Gibson (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 243–253.

16. José Ramon Sànchez, “Residual Work and Residual Shelter,” in Critical Perspectives on Housing, ed. Rachel G. Bratt, Chester Hartman, and Ann Meyerson (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), 202–220. This article tackles poverty as a tangential outcome of growth. Sanchez deals with the transforming hous-ing and working conditions of immigrant labor after the Second World War in American cities, with a focus on the Puerto Rican

202 NOTES

community, enticed to big cities and then slowly discarded as unem-ployable and as a result, increasingly impossible to house.

17. Nan Ellin, Postmodern Urbanism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 261.18. Josef Esser and Joachim Hirsch, “The Crisis of Fordism and the

Dimensions of a ‘Post-Fordist’ Regional and Urban Structure,” in Post-Fordism: A Reader, ed. Ash Amin (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 77.

19. Robert Beauregard, Voices of Decline: The Postwar Fate of U.S. Cities (London: Routledge, 1993), 281.

20. Ibid., 285.21. Ibid.22. Ibid., 6.23. Ibid., 280.24. Peter Marcuse, “Housing Policy and The Myth of the Benevolent

State,” in Bratt, Hartman, and Meyerson, Critical Perspectives on Housing, 248–263.

25. Gil Troy, “Morning in America”: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980s (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 204.

26. See Peter H. Rossi, Down and Out in America: The Origins of Homelessness (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), one of the most in-depth sociological studies of homelessness in the United States.

27. Marcuse, “Housing Policy,” 248. Marcuse explains both myths and demystifies their assumptions with a view to showing that housing is an ideologically sponsored construct in the hands of the state.

28. For the development of social state-sponsorship and the decline of the New Deal order, see Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989); the best ideological support of the myth of the meddling state comes from the “bible” of Reaganite fed-eralism, Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984); for the debunking of the myth of the meddling state, see William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987); Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear, Malign Neglect: Homelessness in an American City (San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers, 1993); Michael B. Katz, The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989); for the myth of the benevolent state translated into welfare policies that are aimed to quiet down the poor and the underclass and to instill political quiescence, see Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail (New York: Vintage Books, 1979).

29. Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth Century America (Norman: University of Oklahoma

NOTES 203

Press, 1992); Neil Smith, “Tompkins Square Park: Riots, Rents and Redskins,” The Portable Lower East Side 6, no. 1 (1989): 1–36; Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (London: Routledge, 1996).

30. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 645.31. Ibid., p. 646.32. See Alexander von Hoffman, House by House, Block by Block:

The Rebirth of America’s Urban Neighborhoods (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

33. Smith, “Tompkins Square Park,” 1, 7.34. Slotkin, “The Crisis of Public Myth,” in Gunfighter Nation,

624–660.35. Ibid., 654–655.36. Harvey, Consciousness and the Urban Experience, 7 (see prologue,

n. 2).37. See Sharon Zukin, Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban

Change (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1982) and The Cultures of Cities (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995); John Mollenkopf and Manuel Castells, Dual City: Reconstructing New York (New York: Russell Sage, 1991).

38. Ferdinand Tönnies, Community and Society: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, ed. and trans. Charles P. Loomis (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1957), 223–231.

39. François Weil, A History of New York, trans. Jody Gladding (New York: University of Columbia Press, 2004), 220.

40. Ann Douglas, Terrible Honesty: Mongrel Manhattan in the 1920s (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995).

41. Scott Lash and John Urry, The End of Organized Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1987), 164.

42. Eric Monkkonen, “The Sense of Crisis: A Historian’s Point of View,” in Cities in Stress: A New Look at the Urban Crisis, ed. Mark Gottdiener (London: Sage, 1986), 21.

43. Robert Fitch, The Assassination of New York (London: Verso, 1993), xvii–xviii. Fitch argues that post-1960s New York is “littered with Rockefeller urban plans,” which he considers to be the engineer of a degenerate urbanism that would only build on the FIRE economy.

44. George J. Lankevich, New York City: A Short History (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 215–222; Sites, “Building an Urban Neoliberalism: The Long Rebirth of New York,” in Remaking New York, 31–69 (see prologue, n. 22).

45. Sharon Zukin, “Our World Trade Center,” in After the World Trade Center: Rethinking New York City, ed. Michael Sorkin and Sharon Zukin (New York: Routledge, 2003), 17. In Zukin’s account of post-9/11 New York, the “regime of money” is opposed to the “regime of memory.”

46. Castells, Urban Question, 416 (see prologue, n. 20).

204 NOTES

47. Joseph P. Fried, “City’s Housing Administrator Proposes ‘Planned Shrinkage’ of Some Slums,” New York Times, February 3, 1976, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.

48. Jennifer Wolch and Michael Dear, Malign Neglect: Homelessness in an American City (San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publishers, 1993).

49. Sites, Remaking New York, xiii.50. For a detailed analysis of the “rise and fall of the Koch coalition,”

see John Hull Mollenkopf, A Phoenix in the Ashes: The Rise and Fall of the Koch Coalition in New York City Politics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).

51. Ibid., 15. As Mollenkopf points out, and Clarence Stone demon-strates in his study of Atlanta, biracial urban regimes were gaining ground during the 1980s.

52. Lash and Urry, End of Organized Capitalism, 5–12.53. Neil Smith, “Contours of a Spatialized Politics: Homeless Vehicles

and the Production of Geographical Scale,” Social Text 33 (1992): 62.

54. Neil Smith and Cindi Katz, “Grounding Metaphor: Towards a Spatialized Politics,” in Place and the Politics of Identity, ed. Michael Keith and Steve Pile (London: Routledge, 1993).

55. Rosalyn Deutsche, “Reasonable Urbanism,” in Giving Ground: The Politics of Propinquity, ed. Joan Copjec and Michael Sorkin (New York: Verso, 1999), 177–180; David Harvey, Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1996), 7, quoted in Blair, “Cultural Geography,” 549.

56. Harvey, Justice, Nature, 46, quoted in Blair, “Cultural Geography,” 549.

57. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Steven Rendall (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 100.

58. Smith and Katz, “Grounding Metaphor,” in Keith and Pile, Place and the Politics of Identity, 68.

59. Ibid.60. Ibid., 75–80.61. See also Hayden White, Figural Realism: Studies in the Mimesis

Effect (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 4, 8–9. White uses the phrase “tropological abductions” with reference to the representation of past historical events. He takes issue with the divide between “factual” and “figurative truth,” an opposition endorsed by traditional historiography, and demonstrates that the writing of history cannot be extricated from rhetorical figuration.

62. James S. Duncan, “Me(trope)oils: or Hayden White Among the Urbanists,” in King, Re-presenting the City, 253–267.

63. Ibid., 266.64. Blair, “Cultural Geography,” 584.65. Mossberger and Stoker, “The Evolution of Urban Regime Theory,”

815–817.

NOTES 205

66. Andrew Thacker, “The Idea of a Critical Literary Geography,” New Formations: The Spatial Imaginary 57 (Winter 2005/2006): 56–73; Julian Murphet, “Grounding Theory: Literary Theory and the New Geography,” in Post-Theory: New Directions in Criticism, ed. Martin McQuillan, Graeme MacDonald, Stephen Thomson, and Robin Purves (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 200–208; Blair, “Cultural Geography,” 544–567.

67. Thacker, “The Idea of a Critical Literary Geography,” 56–57.68. Ibid., 63.69. Blair, “Cultural Geography,” 555.70. Ibid., 551.71. Ibid., 555.72. Murphet, “Grounding Theory,” 201.73. Ibid.74. Lefebvre, Production of Space, 14–15 (see prologue, n. 2).75. Ibid., 14.76. Ibid., 16.77. Ibid., 11.78. Ibid., 7.79. Zukin, Landscapes of Power, 185 (see prologue, n. 19).80. Harvey, Urban Experience, 14 (see prologue, n. 16).81. Lefebvre, Production of Space, 34–37.82. Deutsche, “Reasonable Urbanism,” in Copjec and Sorkin, Giving

Ground, 175–201.83. Doreen Massey, “New Directions in Space,” in Social Relations and

Spatial Structures, ed. Derek Gregory and John Urry (London: MacMillan, 1985), 19.

84. See, for example, the set of debates in Claudio Minca, ed., Postmodern Geography: Theory and Praxis (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001).

85. Edward Soja, “Exploring the Postmetropolis,” in Minca, Postmodern Geography, 37–56.

86. Claudio Minca, “Postmodern Temptations,” in Minca, Postmodern Geography, 196–225.

87. Zukin, Loft Living, 208.88. Cindi Katz, “Hiding the Target: Social Reproduction in the

Privatized Urban Environment,” in Minca, Postmodern Geography, 93–110.

89. Don Mitchell, “Postmodern Geographical Praxis? The Postmodern Impulse and the War Against Homeless People in the ‘Post-justice’ City,” in Minca, Postmodern Geography, 81; Neil Smith, “Rescaling Politics: Geography, Globalism and the New Urbanism,” in Minca, Postmodern Geography, 147–165.

90. Katz, “Hiding the Target,” 93–110.91. Massey, “New Directions in Space,” 11; for a history of geographi-

cal thought, an excellent source is Smith, Uneven Development (see prologue, n. 4).

206 NOTES

92. Mark Gottdiener, The Social Production of Urban Space (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), 5. Mark Gottdiener views “settle-ment space,” a primary unit in the analysis of the social production of space.

93. Lefebvre, Production of Space, 32.94. Smith, Uneven Development, 85; Smith, The New Urban Frontier,

77–79.95. Harvey, “The Urbanization of Capital,” in Urban Experience,

17–58.96. Castells, “Epistemological Introduction,” Urban Question, 1–6;

Manuel Castells, “Collective Consumption and Urban Contradictions in Advanced Capitalism,” in City, Class and Power, trans. Elizabeth Lebas (London: MacMillan, 1978), 15–36.

97. Harvey, Consciousness and the Urban Experience, xviii.98. Clarence N. Stone, “Systemic Power in Community Decision

Making: A Restatement of Stratification Theory,” American Political Science Review 74 (1980): 978–990; Clarence N. Stone, “Preemptive Power: Floyd Hunter’s ‘Community Power Structure’ Reconsidered,” American Journal of Political Science 32, no. 1 (February 1988): 82–104.

99. Clarence N. Stone, “It’s More than the Economy after All: Continuing the Debate about Urban Regimes,” Journal of Urban Affairs 26, no. 1 (2004): 9; for interpretations of Urban Regime Theory, see Mossberger and Stoker, “The Evolution of Urban Regime Theory,” 810–835 and Jonathan Davies, “Urban Regime Theory: A Normative Empirical Critique,” Journal of Urban Affairs 24, no. 3 (2002): 1–17; a staple anthology of urban regime and regulation theory is Mickey Lauria, Reconstructing Urban Regime Theory: Regulating Urban Politics in a Global Economy (New York: Sage, 1997).

100. Stone, “Systemic Power,” 980; Bob Jessop, “A Neo-Gramscian Approach to the Regulation Regime,” in Lauria, Reconstructing Urban Regime Theory, 59.

101. Sharon Zukin and Paul DiMaggio, introduction to Structures of Capital: The Social Organization of the Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 15–20. Zukin and DiMaggio discuss four types of extra-economic contextualization or “embed-dedness”: cognitive, cultural, structural, and political.

102. Marshall M. A. Feldman, “Spatial Structures of Regulations and Urban Regimes,” in Lauria, Reconstructing Urban Regime Theory, 47. According to Feldman, basic means of regulation, in contra-distinction to “the institutional forms that use these means,” are command (in the form of coordination, “issuance, enforcement, surveillance”), exchange (extended away from its common defining associations with the market place), common bonds, reciprocity, altru-ism, and solidarity, each with their “distinct spatial dynamic.” These

NOTES 207

regulate the processes of production like materials (flows of goods and their infrastructural basis), value (commodity value and finan-cial circuits), personnel (the availability of labor, consumption pat-terns), information, property rights, and last but not least authority as the exercise of “power over others” or else “power to take actions.” Feldman, “Spatial Structures of Regulation,” 33–39, 41–44.

103. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements (London: Edward Arnold, 1983), 311.

104. Lefebvre, Production of Space, 36.105. Stone, “It’s More than the Economy after All,” 9–12.

2 Downtown, Uptown, and the Urbanization of Literary Consciousness

1. Zukin, Cultures of Cities, 46 (see chap. 1, n. 37).2. Kenneth T. Jackson and David S. Dunbar, Empire City: New York

through the Centuries (New York: University of Columbia Press, 2002), 687. For an extensive study of historic preservationist rede-velopments, see Zukin, Cultures of Cities and Loft Living (see chap. 1, n. 37).

3. Smith, New Urban Frontier, 88 (see chap. 1, n. 29).4. Janet Abu-Lughod and others, eds., From Urban Village to East

Village: The Battle for New York’s Lower East Side, (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 335–351.

5. Steven Clay and Rodney Philips, A Secret Location on the Lower East Side: Adventures in Writing (New York: The New York Public Library and Granary Books, 1998).

6. For a brief history, see Weil, A History of New York (see chap. 1, n. 39). Although not extensive, Weil’s history is highly praised for its explanations of urban processes alongside the city’s factual history.

7. Ibid., 250.8. John Reed, The Day in Bohemia or Life among the Artists (New

York: Hillacre Bookhouse, 1913), quoted in Weil, History of New York, 249.

9. Raymond Williams, “Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory,” in Culture and Materialism (London: Verso), 37–45.

10. See Peter Schjeldahl, “That Eighties Show: Revisiting East Village,” New Yorker, January 24, 2005, http://www.newyorker.com/archive /2005/01/24/050124craw_artworld.

11. Neil Smith, “Contours of a Spatialized Politics: Homeless Vehicles and the Production of Geographical Scale,” Social Text 33 (1992): 66.

12. See for example, Peter Brooker, “Fellow Modernists in Postmodern Times,” chap. 3 in New York Fictions: Modernity, Postmodernism, the New Modern (London: Longman, 1996).

208 NOTES

13. Harvey, Urban Experience, 256, 258 (see prologue, n. 16).14. Smith, “The Production of Space,” in Uneven Development, 66–95

(see prologue, n. 4).15. Brooker, New York Fictions, 7–22 (see prologue, n. 11).16. Reed Whittemore, “Ode to New York,” in Jackson and Dunbar,

Empire City, 835.17. Theodore Dreiser, “ ‘The City of My Dreams’ from The Color of a

Great City,” in Jackson and Dunbar, Empire City, 539.18. Alfred Kazin, “ ‘Beyond’ from A Walker in the City,” in Jackson and

Dunbar, Empire City, 680.19. F. Scott Fitzgerald, “My Lost City,” in Jackson and Dunbar, Empire

City, 606.20. See Kremena Todorova, “ ‘Oy, a good men!’: Urban Voices

and Democracy in Henry Roth’s Call It Sleep,” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 48, no. 3 (2006): 258.

21. Brian Stosuy, introduction to Up Is Up But So Is Down (New York: New York University Press, 2006), 22–23.

22. Siegle, Suburban Ambush, 401 (see prologue, n. 23).23. Ibid., 388–393.24. Smith, Uneven Development, 77.25. Harvey, Consciousness and the Urban Experience, 251 (see prologue,

n. 2).26. Ibid., 252.27. Michael Carter, “Manifesto,” Red Tape 3 (1983).28. Lehan, City in Literature, 291 (see prologue, n. 8).29. On the redefinition of the everyday in urban settings, see Michael

Peter Smith, Transnational Urbanism: Locating Globalization (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), 117.

30. Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, Poor People’s Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail, 2nd ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 20.

31. Clay and Rodney, Secret Location, 139; for a fully f ledged review of these magazines, including Bomb, Wedge, Red Tape, see Robert Siegle’s chapter on village zines in Suburban Ambush and Clay and Rodney’s Secret Location, for a most complete and annotated anni-versary bibliographic index; other anthologies include Alan Moore and Josh Gosciak, eds., A Day in the Life: Tales from the Lower East, 1940–1990 (New York: Evil Eye Books, 1990) and Kurt Hollander, Low Rent: A Decade of Prose and Photographs from the Portable Lower East Side (New York: Grove Press, 1994).

32. Joel Rose and Catherine Texier, introduction to Between C & D: New Writing from the Lower East Side Fiction Magazine (London: Penguin, 1988), xi.

33. Kurt Hollander, introduction to Low Rent, xvi. Hollander’s intro-duction to the volume is his inside critique of one of the most con-troversial cultural projects on the Lower East Side

NOTES 209

34. See Christopher Mele, Selling the Lower East Side: Culture, Real Estate and Resistance in New York City (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2000).

35. Ed Sanders, “The Muffins of Sebek,” in Moore and Gosciak, Day in the Life, 47.

36. Patrick McGrath, “Manhattan Gothic,” Between C & D 1, no. 1 (1984): 14.

37. Eduardo Mendoza, “ ‘Jackson Square’ from Nueva York,” The Portable Lower East Side 6, no. 1 (1986): 39–45.

38. David W. Dunlap, “Plan to Use a Hotel to House the Homeless Fought by Neighbors,” New York Times, January 13, 1984, ProQuest Historical Newspapers. The NIMBY (not in my back yard) “syndrome” came to characterize neighborhood conflicts over housing the homeless and the destitute. It is connected with neighborhood sanitization and preservation.

39. Mendoza, “Jackson Square,” 41.40. Rosalie Smith, “Remembrance,” The Portable Lower East Side 6,

no. 1 (1989): 121–127.41. Ibid., 122, 125.42. George Konrad, “New York City Notebooks,” The Portable Lower

East Side 6, no. 1 (1989): 57–62.43. Ibid., 59.44. Ibid., 58.45. Lisa Blaushild, “Witness,” in Rose and Texier, Between C & D, 6–9.46. Ibid., 8.47. See chap. 1, n. 37.48. Blaushild, “Witness,” 6, 7, 8.49. Lehan, City in Literature, 9.50. Blaushild, “Witness,” 8.51. Michael Carter, “Lecture on Third Avenue (After V-Effect),”

Redtape 1 (1982). All subsequent text references are to lines of this edition.

52. Siegle, Suburban Ambush, 8.53. Scott Las and John Urry, Economies of Signs and Spaces (London:

Sage, 1994), 5–7.54. Craig Gholson, “Temple to the Economics of Love,” in Rose and

Texier, Between C & D, 153–159.55. Ibid., 153.56. Liam Kennedy, Race and Urban Space in Contemporary American

Culture (London: Routledge, 2000), 20–32. Liam Kennedy’s analysis of The Bonfire of the Vanities reworks Mike Davis’s notion of paranoid spatiality, which Davis theorizes in City of Quartz. Excavating the Future of Los Angeles (London: Pimlico, 1998), and views it as the cause of the destruction of public space where fear of the other is the mediating factor in the construction of the West Coast residential city.

210 NOTES

57. Liam Kennedy, “ ‘It’s the third world down there!’: Urban Decline and (Post)national Mythologies in Bonfire of the Vanities,” Modern Fiction Studies 43 (1997): 100.

58. Tom Wolfe, “Introduction: Stalking the Billion Footed Beast,” in Bonfire of the Vanities (London: Picador, 1987), vii–xxx.

59. Hollander, introduction to Low Rent, xi–ii.60. Ibid.61. Ibid.62. Janet Abu-Lughod, “Welcome to the Neighborhood,” in Abu-

Lughod and others, From Urban Village to East Village, 17–40.63. Melissa Fisher and Greg Downey, Frontiers of Capital: Ethnographic

Reflections on the New Economy (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 23.

64. Louis Wirth, “Urbanism as a Way of Life,” American Journal of Sociology 44 (1938): 1–24.

65. Eeckhaut and Keunen, “Whatever Happened to the Urban Novel,” (see prologue, n. 13).

3 Scale, Culture, and Real Estate: The Reproduction of Lowliness

in GR E AT JONES STR EET

1. Edward Sanders, “The Age,” in Stosuy, Up Is Up But So Is Down, 37 (see chap. 2, n. 21).

2. Ibid., 35.3. Jean-Michel Basquiat, Downtown 81, directed by Edo Bertoglio,

(1981; New York: Zeitgeist Films, 2002), DVD.4. Tom Wolfe, “The ‘Me’ Decade and the Third Great Awakening,”

New York, August 23, 1976, 26–40.5. Sam Binkley, Getting Loose: Lifestyle Consumption in the 1970s

(Durham: Duke University Press. 2007); Peter Clecak, America’s Quest for the Ideal Self: Dissent and Fulfilment in the 60s and 70s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983).

6. Clecak, America’s Quest, 6.7. Smith, “Contours of a Spatialized Politics,” 66 (see chap. 2, n. 11).8. Clecak, America’s Quest, 4.9. Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture,

Society and Politics (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2001).10. Clecak, America’s Quest, 4.11. Ibid., 25.12. Schulman, Seventies, 15.13. Ibid., 19.14. Ibid., xi.15. Ibid., xv.16. Binkley, Getting Loose, 4.17. Ibid., 6.

NOTES 211

18. Clecak, America’s Quest, 6.19. Ibid.20. Ibid., 21.21. Wolfe, “The ‘Me’ Decade,” 17.22. Ibid., 16.23. Ibid., 18.24. Christopher Lasch, “From The Culture of Narcissism: American

Life in An Age of Diminishing Expectations,” in American Social Character: Modern Interpretations from the ’40s to the Present, ed. Rupert Wilkinson (New York: IconEditions, 1992), 260–1.

25. Ibid.26. Wolfe, “The ‘Me’ Decade,” 5.27. Mitchel Y. Abolafia, Making Markets: Opportunism and Restraint

on Wall Street (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 9–13, 20–27.

28. Schulman, Seventies, xii–iv.29. Binkley, Getting Loose, 4.30. “The 1970s: Readers’ Forum,” New York Times Magazine,

September 2003.31. Zukin, “Our World Trade Center,” in Sorkin and Zukin, After the

World Trade Center, 14 (see chap. 1, n. 45).32. Marshall Berman, “When Bad Buildings Happen to Good People,”

in Sorkin and Zukin, After the World Trade Center, 1–12.33. Ibid.34. Don DeLillo, Players (New York: Vintage, 1977), 18–19.35. Ibid., 23–24.36. Ibid., 27.37. Ibid.38. Marshal Berman, All That Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of

Modernity (London: Verso, 1982), 330.39. Ibid., 314.40. Ann Douglas in Leslie Berger, “New York’s Tomorrow: 12

Visions,” New York Times, January 5, 2003, http://www.nytimes .com/2003/01/05/nyregion/new-york-s-tomorrow-12-visions .html?scp=1&sq=new%20york’s%20tomorrow:%2012%20visions&st=cse.

41. See Linda Hutcheon, A Poetics of Postmodernism: History, Theory, Fiction (London and New York: Routledge, 1988).

42. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., “Foreword to the Twentieth-Anniversary Edition,” in The Fan Man, William Kotzwinkle (New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1974), 5.

43. Ibid.44. Ibid., 6.45. Kotzwinkle, Fan Man, 135.46. Schulman, Seventies, 81.47. Clecak, American’s Quest, 248.

212 NOTES

48. Don DeLillo, Great Jones Street (London: Penguin, 1973), 16. All subsequent text references are to pages of this edition.

49. Smith, “Rescaling Politics: Geography, Globalism and the New Urbanism,” in Minca, Postmodern Geography, 155, 156 (see chap. 1, n. 84).

50. Smith, New Urban Frontier, 156 (see chap. 1, n. 29).51. Mele, Selling the Lower East Side, 150 (see chap. 2, n. 34).52. Zukin, Landscapes of Power, 253 (see prologue, n. 19).53. Janet Abu-Lughod, “Welcome to the Neighborhood,” in Abu-

Lughod and others, From Urban Village to East Village, 17 (see chap. 2, n. 4).

54. Mark Wigley, “Insecurity by Design,” in Sorkin and Zukin, After the World Trade Center, 74.

55. Saskia Sassen, “Globalisation and the Formation of Claims,” in Copjec and Sorkin, Giving Ground, 92 (see chap. 1, n. 55).

56. Zukin, Loft Living and Cultures of Cities (see chap. 1, n. 37).57. Keller Easterling, “Enduring Innocence,” in Sorkin and Zukin,

After the World Trade Centre, 190.58. Stuart Hall, The Hard Road to Renewal (London: Verso, 1988),

257.59. Mele, Selling the Lower East Side, 212.60. Zukin, Landscapes of Power, 20–21.61. Michael Sorkin in Berger, “New York’s Tomorrow.”62. Jacobs, “Gradual Money and Cataclysmic Money” (see chap. 1,

n. 14).63. Tony Bennett, Simon Frith, Larry Grossberg, and John Shepherd,

Rock and Popular Music: Politics, Policies, Institutions (London: Routledge, 1993), 9.

64. Gramsci, Selections from the “Prison Notebooks,” 107 (see prologue, n. 21).

65. Mossberger and Stoker, “The Evolution of Urban Regime Theory,” 812 (see chap. 1, n. 7).

4 K ILL THE POOR: Low-Rent Aesthetics and the New Housing Order

1. Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives (New York: Hill and Wang, 1957), 215.

2. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1176–1184; see also, Janet L. Abu-Lughod, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America’s Global Cities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 91.

3. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 205–206.4. Matthew L. Wald, “No Simple Way for the City to End Housing

Burden,” New York Times, December 3, 1983, http://www.nytimes

NOTES 213

.com/1983/12/03/nyregion/no-simple-way-for-city-to-end-housing -burden.html.

5. Marcuse, “Space and Race in the Post-Fordist City,” in Mingione, Urban Poverty and the Underclass, 191 (see chap. 1, n. 15). Marcuse discusses “advanced homelessness” as the main feature of the tran-sition to the post-Fordist city. Amongst the quantitative data in support of his thesis, he lists the proliferation of stories about home-lessness in the New York Times.

6. Alyssa Katz, “Back to the Old Neighborhood,” City Limits, November 2001.

7. “Not Another SoHo,” East Village Eye, December 1984, 4.8. Abu-Lughod, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, 180. In her history

of New York City, she dates the moment of the formation of “civic consciousness” in the 1930s when the New Deal city model, one based on actor participation, was implemented and “First Houses,” the first public housing in New York City, built up.

9. Joel Rose, Kill the Poor (London: Paladin Grafton Books, 1988), 243. All subsequent text references are to pages of this edition.

10. See Ronald Lawson, The Tenant Movement in New York City, 1904–1984 (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1986), 209–271; Sites, “Urban Movements, Local Control,” in Remaking New York, 101–36 (see prologue, n. 22).

11. Batteries not Included, directed by Matthew Robbins (1987; Los Angeles: Universal Studios, 2005). DVD.

12. Bratt, Hartman, and Meyerson, introduction to Critical Perspectives on Housing, xi–xvii (see chap. 1, n. 16).

13. Ibid.14. Frederic Jameson, The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially

Symbolic Act (London: Routledge, 2002), 71–72.15. Richard Plunz and Janet Abu-Lughod, “The Tenement as a Built

Form,” in Abu-Lughod and others, From Urban Village to East Village, 64.

16. For a detailed examination of the material history of housing, see Richard Plunz, The History of Housing in New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).

17. Plunz and Abu-Lughod, “The Tenement as a Built Form,” 65.18. See n. 10 above. William Sites’s history of housing activism looks at

the changes in the forms of struggles over the neighborhood.19. The array of studies that concentrate on the late twentieth-century

housing in New York City, even when scaled down to the borough of Manhattan or further to the neighborhood of the Lower East Side, remains extraordinarily wide and multibranching. A comprehensive bibliographic guide is also bound to take into account the numerous, general accounts of post-1975 New York City that broach, as a rule, the momentous intertwined questions of houses and housing prac-tices, be it federal or municipal, tenant or landlord-based, legislative

214 NOTES

or activist, architectural or socioeconomic, political or cultural. The topical selection of the most seminal works under scrutiny may com-prise, but is not restricted to, the following titles. A comprehensive ethnographic study, which documents the sweat-equity projects, is Malve von Hassle’s Homesteading in New York City (1978–1993): The Divided Heart of Loisaida (Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1996); a historical account of tenants’ organizations is Ronald Lawson’s The Tenant Movement (see n. 10 above); an analysis of gentrification and housing struggles through the lenses of ethnicity and gender is Vicky Muniz’s Resisting Gentrification and Displacement: Voices of Puerto Rican Women of the Barrio (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1998); the best-selling attempts to crystallize the multiple per-spectives on housing and/or homelessness in New York are Janet Abu-Lughod’s articles in her anthology From Urban Village to East Village (see chap. 2, n. 4), Christopher Mele’s culturally slanted Selling the Lower East Side (see chap. 2, n. 34), or Brian Wallis’s live X-ray of grassroots activism “If You Lived Here” (see prologue, n. 14); community studies and urban politics are tackled by Ira Katznelson in City Trenches: Urban Politics and the Patterning of Urban Class in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); com-munity and public actions are aligned with globalization and urban regime theories by William Sites in Remaking New York; gentrifica-tion in New York City is analyzed by Neil Smith’s numerous studies, most notably, The New Urban Frontier (see chap. 1, n. 29); the critical approaches to housing and/or the underclass are tackled in Bratt, Hartman, and Meyerson, Critical Perspectives on Housing.

20. Smith, “Local Arguments: From ‘Consumer Sovereignty’ to the Rent Gap,” in The New Urban Frontier, 51–74.

21. Iver Peterson, “Tenements of the 1880s Adapt to 1980s,” New York Times, January 3, 1988, 8.

22. Howard B. Burchman, “Urban Vietnam,” City Limits, March 1981, 2.23. Leslie Bennetts, “Lower East Siders Assail Proposal to Destroy

Drug Trade Buildings,” New York Times, July 22, 1982, http://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/22/nyregion/lower-east-siders-assail -proposal-to-destroy-drug-trade-buildings.html.

24. Carter B. Horsley, “The Making of a City Neighborhood,” New York Times, December 24, 1978.

25. Marcuse, “Space and Race,” 200.26. Mele, Selling the Lower East Side, 239.27. See Katznelson, City Trenches, which stresses the “atomistic” turn

in social studies manifest in their renewed swerve toward the com-munity or the neighborhood as the main unit of social analysis.

28. Marcuse, “Space and Race,” 202.29. Katznelson, City Trenches, 193.30. Donald N. Bigelow, “Introduction,” in Riis, How the Other Half

Lives, ix.

NOTES 215

31. Martha Rosler, “Installation View of ‘Homeless: The Street and Other Venues’,” in Wallis, “If You Lived Here,” 50.

32. Frances Fox Piven, “Discussion: Planning,” in Wallis, “If You Lived Here,” 245.

33. Peter Marcuse, “What Kind of Planning after September 11? The Market, the Stakeholders, Consensus or . . . ?,” in Sorkin and Zukin, After the World Trade Center, 157 (see chap. 1, n. 45).

34. von Hassle, Homesteading in New York City, 30.35. Brian Sullivan, “A Lexicon of Jargon for the 1980s,” City Limits,

January 1981, 2.36. von Hassle, Homesteading in New York City, 32.37. Dictionary of Real Estate Terms, 6th ed., s.v. “flipping” and

“warehousing.”38. Janet Abu-Lughod, “Defending the Cross-Subsidy Plan: The

Tortoise Wins Again,” in Abu-Lughod and others, From Urban Village to East Village, 313–334.

39. Lawson, Tenant Movement, 270.40. Sanders, “The Muffins of Sebek,” 47 (see chap. 2, n. 35).41. Abu-Lughod, “Welcome to the Neighborhood,” 17–40 (see chap. 2,

n. 4). Her article is the most extensive, accurate, and complex mapping of the eastern parts of Lower Manhattan as she takes the reader on a virtual social, historical, and cultural tour of the Lower East Side.

42. Shelly Halpern, “Will the Real Lower East Side Stand UP!,” New York Times, August 15, 1984, 22.

43. Jason Stanley, “Names and Rigid Designation,” in A Companion to the Philosophy of Language, ed. Bob Hale and Crispin Wright (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), 555–585.

44. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 76.45. Cf. Siegle’s interpretation of the novel focuses on the reenactment of

repressed suburban contents and on what he calls “the primary move-ment of social difference,” “a rather postmodern middle groundless-ness in which JoJo finds himself living the existential deferral and the ideological spacing implicit in that difference.” Siegle, Suburban Ambush, 283–284.

46. Richard LeGates and Chester Hartman, “The Anatomy of Displacement in the United States,” in Gentrification of the City, ed. Neil Smith and Peter Williams (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1986), 180. LeGates and Hartman analyze the gentrification process and the profile of in-movers and out-movers. According to them, the “come-back to the city” by gentrifiers is a misnomer because most movers into gentrified or gentrifiable areas are actually moving from other parts of the city, not from suburban fringe-belts.

47. “Operation Pressure Point” was a pseudo-militarized municipal pro-gram, intended to cleanse the New York neighborhoods of drugs and drug dealers.

48. Sites, Remaking New York, 131.

216 NOTES

49. See Smith, New Urban Frontier, 57, for a discussion of gentrifiers as producers and consumers.

50. Merriam-Webster OnLine, s.v. “benefice,” accessed August 22, 2013, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/benefice.

51. “The Homesteading Pitch,” City Limits, March 1981, 23.52. von Hassle, Homesteading in New York City, 30.53. “Jews Picket Court on Housing Ruling,” New York Times, February

15, 1973.54. Sites, Remaking New York, 73.55. Marcuse, “Space and Race,” 196–197.56. Tom Wolfe, Bonfire of the Vanities (London: Picador, 1987), 13.57. Josh Friedman, “Koch to New York: I’m Mad as Hell,” Soho Weekly

News, December 17, 1980, 70.58. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 207.59. Constance DeJong, “I.L.T.O.E,” Top Stories 15 (1983).60. Susan Hayward, Key Concepts in Cinema Studies (London:

Routledge, 1996), 370, 389.61. Peter Marcuse, “New York Builds on Division,” City Limits, March

1988, 29.62. Ibid., 10.

5 Uneven City: BR IGHTNESS FALLS and the Ethnography of Fictitious Finance

1. Ronald Reagan, “Address Before a Joint Session of Congress on the State of the Union,” February 4, 1986, in Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, http://www .presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=36646. The “free and unfettered” market governed Reagan’s new federalist social project; “unifica-tion” under the banner of economic opportunism becomes a purely rhetorical device during a time when poverty and formation of the underclass were on the rise, in cities like New York.

2. Greg Downey and Melissa S. Fisher, “Introduction: The Anthropology of Capital and the Frontiers of Ethnography,” in Frontiers of Capital: Ethnographic Reflections on the New Economy, ed. Melissa S. Fisher and Greg Downey (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006), 18–19.

3. Tama Janowitz, “The Same but Not the Same,” in Area Code: New York Days, New York Nights (London: Bloomsbury, 2002), 262.

4. Celeste Lindsey, “Michael Musto’s Downtown,” East Village Eye, August 1986, 17. Lindsey argues that the middle class enjoy immu-nity to the poverty and squalor of the downtown whilst leading a lifestyle that is “on the edge” and fits the downtown cultural ethos.

5. Janowitz, “The Same but Not the Same,” 263.6. I shall be using terms like “meltdown,” “crash,” “slump,” “down-

turn,” and “depression” as generic synonyms for “crisis.” However,

NOTES 217

I acknowledge that they are not, by any means, simply interchange-able, and that every term may channel the debate about the late 1980s market crash in different, albeit congruous, directions. For a socio-economic insight into the linguistics indeterminacy and multitude of these terms, see William Safire, “On Language: What Happened to the Market,” New York Times, November 8, 1987, http://www .nyt imes.com/1987/11/08/magazine/on-language-what -happened-to-the-market.html?scp=1&sq=%E2%80%98On%20L a n g u a g e : % 2 0 W h a t % 2 0 H a p p e n e d % 2 0 t o % 2 0 t h e % 2 0Market%E2%80%99&st=cse.

7. Maureen Dowd, “Youth—Art—Hype: A Different Bohemia,” New York Times, November 17, 1985; Zukin and DiMaggio, introduc-tion to Structures of Capital, 15 (see chap.1, n. 101).

8. David Harvey, “Cracks in the Edifice of the Empire State,” in Sorkin and Zukin, After the World Trade Centre, 58 (see chap. 1, n. 45).

9. Tama Janowitz, “The New York Economy,” in Area Code, 253.10. Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1991), 83–84. Sassen emphasizes that the trading of financial instruments, “the buying and the selling afforded by an instrument,” acquires use value in itself instead of marking the utility of that which these instruments are traded for; utility thus becomes a residue of an older “original” regime of accumulation.

11. Wolfe, “Introduction: Stalking the Billion-Footed Beast,” (see chap. 2, n. 58).

12. Tama Janowitz, “The Story of Publishing as Told by an Author,” in Area Code, 191–192.

13. Jay McInerney, Brightness Falls (London: Bloomsbury, 1992), 3. All subsequent text references are to pages of this edition.

14. Lash and Urry, Economies of Signs and Spaces, 164–165 (see chap. 2, n. 52); Lash and Urry, End of Organised Capitalism, 8 (see chap. 1, n. 41).

15. Ibid.16. “Poison pill [is] a strategic move by a takeover target company to

make its stock less attractive to an acquirer.” Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms, 6th ed., s.v. “poison pill.”

17. Don DeLillo, Great Jones Street (London: Penguin, 1973), 27.18. Julian Brash, “Invoking Fiscal Crisis: Moral Discourse and Politics

in New York City,” Social Text 21, no. 3 (2003): 59–83; Abolafia, Making Markets (see chap. 3, n. 27). Brash examines fiscal crisis as a discursive practice whilst Abolafia looks at the trade market as a social practice, the market as structurally embedded.

19. Jay McInerney, Bright Lights, Big City (London: Flamingo, 1984), 65.

218 NOTES

20. Caryn James, “New York’s Spinning Literary Circles,” New York Times, April 26, 1987, http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/26 /magazine/new-york-s-spinning-literary-circles.html?scp=1&sq =New%20York%E2%80%99s%20Spinn ing%20Litera r y%20Circles%E2%80%99&st=cse.

21. Cathleen Schine, “Boy Editor in the Naked City,” review of Brightness Fallş by Jay McInerney, New York Times, May 31, 1992, http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/31/books/boy-editor-in -the-naked-city.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm; Dave Eldeman, “Brightness Falls: Vintage Contemporaries,” review of Brightness Fallş by Jay McInerney, Baltimore Evening Sun, June 21, 1993.

22. Edwin McDowell, “The New Role of Random House,” New York Times, May 5, 1985, http://www.nytimes.com/1985/05/05/business /the-new-role-of-random-house.html.

23. Ibid., for a more detailed exposition of the change in publishing strategies within Random House as a result of the acquisition by Condé Nast.

24. Henri Lefebvre, Writing on Cities, trans. Eleonore Kofman and Elizabeth Lebas (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 103. Lefebvre calls the basis of urban life a “morphology,” yet he argues for a non-separation between the city as a “present and immediate reality, a practico-material and architectural fact,” and the urban as a “social reality made up of relations.”

25. Graham Caveney, “Psychodrama: Que’est-ce que c’est?,” in Essays on American Blank Generation Fiction, ed. Elizabeth Young and Graham Caveney (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1992), 71–72.

26. Stephanie Girard, “ ‘Standing at the Corner of Walk and Don’t Walk’: Vintage Contemporaries, Bright Lights, Big City and the Problem of Betweenness,” American Literature 68, no. 1 (March 1996): 162–163.

27. Brooker, New York Fictions, 137 (see prologue, n. 11).28. Ibid., 142.29. Ibid., 221–222.30. Ibid., 220.31. Ibid., 142.32. Harvey, “From Space to Place and Back Again,” 15 (see prologue,

n. 19).33. Frederic Jameson, “Culture and Finance Capital,” in The Cultural

Turn: Selected Writings on the Postmodern, 1983–1998 (London: Verso, 1998), 144, 145. Jameson argues for a necessary distinction between the analysis of the mode of production, or more simply the economic, and the investigation of social reproduction, of social classes in particular, which he believes to have been extensively privileged by literary analysts. In Jameson’s view, maintaining these analytical spheres autonomous is enforced by the necessity to avoid “category mistakes.”

NOTES 219

34. Josef Esser and Joachim Hirsch, “Post-Fordist Regional and Urban Structure,” in Amin, Post-Fordism, 74 (see chap. 1, n. 18).

35. Jameson, “Culture and Finance Capital,” 136–161. Jameson insists on the de-territorializing and re-territorializing features of capital, in other words its spatial migration across regions, especially trans-national migration, and along with it, the migration of production sites.

36. Zukin, Landscapes of Power, 194 (see prologue, n. 19).37. Sassen, Global City, 337.38. Zukin and DiMaggio, introduction to Structures of Capital, 15.39. Smith, New Urban Frontier, 77 (see chap. 1, n. 29).40. Marcuse, “Space and Race,” in Mingione, Urban Poverty and the

Underclass, 196–197 (see chap. 1, n. 15).41. The downtown is the “spatial imposition of centralized economic

and political power.” David Harvey quoted in Sharon Zukin, Landscapes of Power, 185.

42. Smith, New Urban Frontier, 79.43. Stone, “Systemic Power,” 982 (see chap. 1, n. 98).44. Ibid., 978–979.45. Michael Lewis, The Money Culture (London: Hodder & Stoughton,

1991). After having left Salomon Brothers in the aftermath of the 1987 crash, Lewis turned his insider’s perspective into muckraking journalism and wrote the famous Liar’s Poker and a series of articles later gathered under the title The Money Culture.

46. “Art as Business,” Soho Weekly News, January 31, 1980.47. Dowd, “Youth—Art—Hype.”48. The Port Authority quoted in Bess Myerson, “New York City and

the Arts: A Case of Symbiosis,” For Your Information: Practical Information for Those Who Create and Work in the Arts 1 (Winter 1985): 7.

49. Zukin, Cultures of Cities, 1 (see chap. 1, n. 37).50. Downey and Fisher, Frontiers of Capital, 11 (see chap. 2, n. 63).51. White, Figural Realism (see chap. 1, n. 61).52. Dictionary of Finance, s.v. “bull market” and “bear market.”53. Benjamin Lee and Edward LiPluma quoted in Downey and Fisher,

Frontiers of Capital, 10.54. “Leveraged Buyout [is the] takeover of a company using borrowed

funds.” Dictionary of Finance, s.v. “leveraged buyout.”55. See Steven Brint, “Upper Professionals: A High Command of

Commerce, Culture and Civic Regulation,” in Mollenkopf and Castells, Dual City, 155–176 (see chap.1, n. 37); Barbara Ehrenreich, Fear of Falling: The Inner Life of the Middle Class (New York: HarperPerennial, 1989). There are debates concerning the kinds of social categories to which the new white-collars of the 1980s belong. Some qualify them as a social or professional stratum whilst others give them the full benefits of class status.

220 NOTES

Epilogue: The Politics of Urban Writing and the Hegemony of FIRE

1. Richard Kostelanetz, “From ‘The East Village 1970–71’,” in Stosuy, Up Is Up But So Is Down, 27–28 (see chap. 2 n. 21).

2. “From Koff No 2: Koff Manifesto,” in Stosuy, Up Is Up But So Is Down, 53.

3. George Konrad, “The Gentle Subversiveness of Literature,” The Portable Lower East Side 3 (1986): 69.

4. Sarah Shulman, “Profiles and Positions,” Bomb (Winter 1993): 12.5. Smith, New Urban Frontier, 211 (see chap. 1, n. 29).6. See Samuel R. Delany, Times Square Red, Times Square Blue (New

York: New York University Press, 1999).7. Jay McInerney, The Good Life (London: Bloomsbury, 2006), 353.8. Ibid., 115.9. Ibid., 120.

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11–12see also housing; village papers

“Age, The,” 83–4Alphabet City, 133, 191anthropology, structural

and uptown v. downtown, 77Area Code 212

“The Economy of New York,” 153–5

New York Days, New York Nights, 152

“The Same but Not the Same,” 152–3

Atlanta, 23see also Stone, Clarence

Auster, Paul, 2, 11see also City of Glass

authenticity, spaces of, 90see also communities, alternative

Barthes, Roland, 38Basement Tapes, 95Basquiat, Jean-Michel, 83–4Batteries Not Included, 146–7Beauregard, Robert, 27–8

see also urban declineBerman, Marshall, 92Between C & D, 65–6Binkley, Sam

on “loosening of the self,” 87Blair, Sara, 40–1

on American culture and geography, 41

blank fictionand Brightness Falls, 165, 167, 170

Blaushild, Lisasee “Witness”

Bomb, 193bonanza economics, 29Bonfire of the Vanities, The, 75–6Bright Lights, Big City, 57, 74, 76

critical reviews of, 167–8and writing finance, 165

Brightness Falls, 2, 17character roles and plot

trajectories, 157–62, 188–9financial market, 184–5as financial writing, 165

aesthetics of finance, 186–7mapping neighborhoods, 173–5narrative strategy in, 175

(see also New York Trilogy, Inc.)power structures, 177–80as radical urban narrative, 170–2relational space, 175reviews of, 166–7and urban practices, 49

Brooker, Peter, 10on Brightness Falls, 169–70

Burgess, Ernest, 38

Call It Sleep, 59canonical writers, 56, 75capital

and gentrification, 29investments of, 166and space, 47, 174–5, 182, 219n

Carter, Michael, 192see also “Lecture on Third

Avenue;” Red TapeCaveney, Graham, on blank fiction,

167–8

Index

234 INDEX

Centre for the Study of Political Graphics, 12

Charity Organization Movement, 114

Chicagoand urban sociology, 21

chronotope, 49cities

AmericanEast v. West Coast, 38, 146–7

dystopian, 25–7utopian

“city upon a mighty hill,” 25City Limits, 115–16City of Glass, 3–9

narcissism, textual, 4, 8space

abstract, 5–6, 12, 44and capital, 5, 7New York, mapping of, 7scale and movement, 4semiotic, 6, 7, 9, 43social and relational, 7, 8vision of, 5

city, v. the urban, 218nClecak, Peter, 86

on “democratization of personhood,” 88

see also decadismcoalitions, political

Koch administration, 35see also New York City

municipalityColor of a Great City, The, 57–8communities, alternative, 87,

89–90conjuncture, 13, 155, 197counterculture

see downtown v. uptown; seventies

creative destructionliterary, 14see New York City, creative

destruction; Schumpeter, Joseph

cultural institutions, in New York, 52

Davis, Mike, 38decadism, 86, 153–5

“me decade,” 88–9see also “Age, The;” eighties;

seventiesDeJong, Constance, 145DeLillo, Don, 2, 15, 162–5

see also Great Jones Street; Kotzwinkle, William; Players

demystification, urban, 9, 10, 12, 28–9, 35

see also City of Glass; creativedestruction

Deutsche, Rosalynon rhetorical encoding, 36

DIA Art Foundation, 11–12, 194dialectic of space

see Lefebvre, Henri; socio-spatial dialectic

dominant culture, and New York redevelopment, 52

Dos Passos, John, 56–7Douglas, Ann, 93downtown

see Between C & D; Portable Lower East Side, The; real estate

v. uptown, 15–16, 173–4culture, 53–4, 76–7

writers and magazines, 14–15, 64–6, 133

Downtown 81, 84Dreiser, Theodore, 56–8Duncan, James S.

on spatial figuration, 37–8Dylan, Bob, 95

“East Village, 1970–71,” 191economies, literary and urban,

11, 49eighties, 153–5ethnic identity

in Fordist v. post-Fordist literature, 55

see also Kill the Poor

INDEX 235

ethnography, literary, 49, 56, 79, 166see also New York literary canon;

New York literature

Fan Man, 94–5see also Great Jones Street

federalism, neo-conservative, 2, 28, 32, 216n

and housing, 116and writing, 62

fetish space, 3, 12, 199ncity as textual reading, 10modernism and postmodernism,

9–10mystifications, 3, 9–10, 63see also Duncan, James, S.; Katz,

Cindi; production of space; space, figurative

finance, fictitious, 74emergence of, 154, 183–4ethnography of, 16

Financial District, 76–8, 173, 174–5financial writing

see writingFIRE industry, 2, 33–4

and arts, 153, 181–2and culture, 54, 183in literature, 62, 74–6

fiscal crisis, 32–3see also New York City

Fitzgerald, Scott F.“My Lost City,” 58see urbanism, literary

flâneur, 36, 57see also City of Glass; “New York

City Notebooks;” Walker in the City, A

Fordism, and post-Fordism, 13, 26–7, 187–8

frontier, myth of the, 29–30and art, 182and Lower East Side, 34, 143, 150

gentrification, 47, 126, 141, 215n“Gentle Subversiveness of

Literature,” 192–3

geographyand literary codes, 49and literature, 38, 44see also radical geography

Gholson, Craigsee “Temple to the Economics of

Love”Girard, Stéphanie

on Vintage Contemporaries 84 and Bright Lights, Big City, 168

globalizationurban, 24

Good Life, The, 17, 196–7grassroots culture, 53–4grassroots narratives, 11, 14, 64–6

see also activism; Lower East SideGreat Depression, 31–2, 154Great Gatsby, The, 57Great Jones Street, 2, 16, 93–4

and circulation of capital, 108–9v. downtown narratives, 85and lowly urbanism, 100place in, 99–100plot trajectories, 95–8

roles in, 95and social reproduction, 97–8

street and neighborhood mapping, 101

the underground, 106–9urban practices in, 49

history, 102–3power structures, 110redevelopment, 105scale, 97–8, 103–4, 111–12

Harvey, Davidon spatial abstractions, 36, 199n“urbanization of consciousness,”

12, 14, 62hermeneutic, urban, 2, 11

of FIRE, 183–4literary, 13

and scale, 17Hollander, Kurt, 67

see also Portable Lower East Side, The

236 INDEX

homelessness, 73, 126–7, 213nhomesteading, 16, 128–30, 141–2

see also sweat-equityhousing

crisis, 125–6politics of, 115–7, 126representation of, 66–8, 112–3,

127studies, 213–4nsystem, 126–8see also City Limits;

homesteading; Kill the Poor; Lower East Side; Riis, Jacob

How the Other Hal