156

Notes

Preface

1. Terry Eagleton, The Function of Criticism, London: Verso, 1984, p. 10. 2. Ibid., p. 65. 3. Ibid., p. 66. 4. In A Critique of Postcolonial Reason Toward a History of the Vanishing Present

(1999), Spivak sets out on a deconstructive reading of Kant, the philoso-pher whose endeavours were highly acclaimed as resuscitating Western philosophy from its metaphysic slumber. Through the notion of the ‘native informant’ as a conceptual leveller of the system of binary opposi-tions between centre and periphery, Spivak tracks the figure of the other in Kant’s oeuvre.

5. Clement Rosset, Ethique et Moralité, Paris: Editions Que Sais-Je?, 1992, p. 12.

6. Ibid., p. 14. 7. Ibid., p. 16. 8. Ayi Kwei Armah, The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born, Portsmouth:

Heinemann, 1988. 9. Edward Said, The World, the Text and the Critic, Massachussetts, Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1983, p. 146.10. Of all postcolonial critics, Spivak is the most self- conscious. She rarely

misses an occasion to talk about herself and the interconnections between the personal and the extra- personal. In her case, and as the out-come of an accident of birth, colonialism and the questions related to it have become a major concern.

11. Homi Bhabha, ed. Nation and Narration, London: Routledge, 1990, p. 1.12. Anthony Appiah, ‘Is the Post- in Postmodernism the Post- in Postcolonial?’,

Critical Inquiry, 17(Winter 1990), p. 353.13. Benita Parry, Postcolonial Studies: A Materialist Critique, London: Routledge,

2004, p. 85.14. Quoted in S.S. Prawer, Karl Marx and World Literature, Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1978, p. 332.15. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings,

1972–1977, New York: Pantheon Books, 1980, p. 76.

1 Postcolonialism: (Un)Necessary Preamble

1. When Aijaz Ahmed published his book In Theory: Classes Nations Literatures, it has provoked, among other things, a blistering attack from a number of quarters to the extent that it was characterized by Bryan

Notes 157

Cheyette in The Times Higher as ‘this extraordinarily offensive volume’. The origin of the denunciation was supposed to be Ahmed’s ‘hostile’ critique of Said. The outrage was so great that Cheyette declared: ‘it is to Verso’s discredit that they have published a volume that will be grist to the mill of those who wish to dismiss out of hand any kind of theoretical thinking about “race” and “nation” in literary studies’. It is really ironic how criticism can turn into a form of recrimination! For the reception of Said and the reaction of his sympathizers, see Bart Moore Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, London & New York: Verso, 1997, p. 17.

2. In reviewing Spivak’s A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Terry Eagleton sets out on a quest for a baedecker, ‘a secret handbook’, for postcolonialism. His conclusion is the sum total of two rules. The first one reads: ‘begin by rejecting the whole notion of postcolonialism’. In other words, it is hard to find any one critic who can openly admit to being a postcolonial. The second rule, which I will take up at some length in Part III of this book, concerns the style of the postcolonial discourse: ‘be as obscurantist as you can decently get away with’. See Terry Eagleton, ‘In The Gaudy Supermarket’, London Review of Books, vol. 21, No.10, 13 May 1999.

3. Stephen Slemon, ‘The Scramble for Postcolonialism’, in De- scribing Empire Postcolonialism and Textuality, eds Chris Tiffin and Alan Lawson, London: Routledge, 1994, pp. 16–17.

4. Harold Bloom, The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages, New York: Harcourt, 1994.

5. Quoted in Robert Young, ‘Postpositivist Realism and the Return of the Same: The Rational Subject and Post (post) modern Liberalism’, Cultural Logic (an online magazine), p. 1.

6. For this insightful comparison, I have drawn on Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. Willard R. Trask, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1953, p. 7.

7. With the ongoing imperialist onslaught on the Arab World (Palestine and Iraq), it is hard to see how postcolonial our times are!

8. ‘Colonialism’, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2002 edn, 4 CDs. 9. Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘European Expansion since 1763’.10. Encyclopaedia Britannica, ‘Penetration of the West of Asia and Africa’.11. Edward Said, ‘Representing the Colonized: Anthropology’s Interlocutors’,

Critical Inquiry 15 (Winter 1989), p. 209.12. Edward Said, ‘L’humanisme, dernier rempart contre la barbarie’, Le monde

diplomatique, Sept. 2003, pp. 20–1.13. Edward Said, Orientalism, London: Pantheon Books, 2003, p.xi.14. Wolfgang J. Momsen, Theories of Imperialism, trans. P. S. Falla, New York:

Randon House, 1980, p. 120.15. Anne Mc Lintock, ‘The Angel of Progress’, in Colonial Discourse and

Postcolonial Theory: A Reader, eds Ratrick Williams and Laura chrisman, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988, p. 296.

158 Notes

16. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, A Critique of Post- colonial Reason Toward a History of the Vanishing Present, Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1999, p. 216.

17. Mahmoud Darwish, Al Manfa al mutadarij, Al Karmel (51) 1997, p. 230.18. Ernesto Sabato, The Writer in the Catastrophe of Our Time, Hecate: Council

Oak Books, 1990, p. 76.19. Claribel Alegria, ‘Latinidad and the Artist’,’ in Critical Fictions: The Politics of

Imaginative Writing, Phil Mariani, ed., New York: Bay Press, 1991, p. 106.20. Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other. Trans.

Richard Howard, New York: Harper and Row, 1982, p. 11.21. Mahmoud Darwish, ‘Al Manfa al mutadarij’, p. 231.22. Quoted in Edward Said ‘Afterword’, Orientalism, London: Pantheon

Books, 1995, p. 350.23. Quoted in Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Poscolnialism, London: Routledge,

1988, p.xii.24. Trinh T.Minh-Ha, ‘ No Master Theories’ in The Postcolonial Studies Reader,

eds Bill Aschcroft, G. Griffiths and H. Tiffin, London: Routledge, 1995, p. 215.

25. Edward Said, ‘Afterword’, Orientalism, London: Pantheon Books, 1995, p. 330.

26. Quoted in Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, eds Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: An introduction, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988, p. 12.

27. Quoted in Bart Moore Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, London, New York: Verso, 1997, p. 14.

28. Edward Said, ‘Afterword’, Orientalism, p. 346.29. Quoted in Bart Moore Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory, p. 13.30. Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, 1983.31. Anthony Appiah, ‘Is the Post- in Postmodernism the Post- in Postcolonial?’,

Critical Inquiry, vol. 17(1990), p. 354.32. Ihab Hassan, ‘Pluralism in Postmodern Perspective’, Critical Inquiry 12

(Spring 1986), pp. 504–8.33. Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge,

trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massremi, Theory and History of Literature, vol. 10, Minneapolis, 1984, p. xxiv.

34. Edward Said, ‘Representing the Colonized: Anthropology’s Interlocutors’, Critical Inquiry 15 (Winter 1998), p. 222.

35. Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture, London: Routledge, 1995, p. 171.36. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Empire Writer Back. Theory

and Practice in Post- colonial Literatures, London: Routledge, 1989, p. 196.

2 A Four- hundred- year- old Woman

1. Anne Mclintock, ‘The Angel of Progress’, in Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory : A Reader, eds Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988, p. 298.

Notes 159

2. Quoted by Elleke Boehmer, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature. p. 4. 3. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, ‘On the Abolition of the English Department’, in The

Postcolonial Studies Reader, p. 438. 4. G.C. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic: Interviews, Strategies, Dialogues, ed.

Sarah Harasym, London: Routledge, 1990, p. 101. 5. Ibid., p. 67. 6. G.C. Spivak. The Spivak Reader, eds Donna Landry and Gerald Maclean,

New York: Routledge; 1996, p. 3. 7. G.C. Spivak, In Other Worlds: Essays In Cultural Politics, New York:

Routledge, 1988, p. 201. 8. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic. p. 7. 9. Quoted by Spivak, Outside in the Teaching Machine, New York: Routledge,

1993, pp. v.10. Ibid. p. v.11. Spivak., In Other Worlds, p. 102.12. Ibid., p. 103.13. Ibid., p. 123.14. Ibid., p. 201.15. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 107.16. Ibid., p. 104.17. Quoted by J. Culler, On Deconstruction. Theory and Criticism After

Structuralism, pp. 85–6.18. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 76.19. Quoted by J. Culler, On Deconstruction, p. 49.20. Quoted by Donna Landry and Gerald Maclean, eds, The Spivak Reader,

p. 16.21. Ibid., p.16.22. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 73.23. Ibid., p. 1.24. Jamaica Kincaid, ‘New Antigua’, in The Postcolonial Studies Reader,

pp. 92–3.25. Elleke Boehmer, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature, p. 16.26. Quoted by Paul Carter, ‘Naming Place’, in The Postcolonial Studies Reader,

p. 404.27. Spivak., The Postcolonial Critic, p. 39.28. Ibid., p. 9.29. Quoted by Donna Landry and Gerald Maclean, eds, The Spivak Reader, p. 3.30. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 165.31. Ibid., p. 156.32. Edward Said ‘Representing the Colonized: Anthropology’s Interlocutors’,

Critical Inquiry 15 (Winter 1998), p. 222.33. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 210.

3 The Greatest Gift of Deconstruction

1. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 179.

160 Notes

2. Ibid., p. 180. 3. Tzvetan Todorov, Literature and Its Theorists, trans. Catherine Porter,

Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987, p. 182. 4. Ibid., p. 183. 5. Ibid., p. 184. 6. Ibid., p. 184. 7. Ibid., pp. 185–6. 8. Ibid., pp. 185–6. 9. Ibid., p. 186.10. Spivak, In Other Worlds. p. 180.11. Ibid., p. 95.12. Ibid., p. 95.13. Ibid., p. 95.14. Ibid., pp. 96–7.15. Ibid., p. 97.16. Ibid., p. 96.17. Ibid., p. 100.18. Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford, Blackwell: 1983)

pp. 17–20.19. Gauri Viswanathan, The Masks of Conquet: Literary Study and British Role in

India (New York: Columbia University Press, 1989, p. 3).20. Ibid., p. 20.21. Ibid., p. 14.22. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 119.23. Spivak, ‘Speculations on Reading Marx: After reading Derrida’, in

Poststructuralism and the Question of History, eds Derek Attridge et al., New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 33.

24. Ibid., p. 34.25. Quoted by Spivak., In Other Worlds, p. 213.26. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 126.27. Ibid., p. 133.28. Ibid., p. 197.29. Ibid., p. 198.30. Ibid., p. 201.31. Ibid., p. 204.32. Ibid., pp. 204–5.33. Ibid., p. 213.34. Spivak, ‘Can The Subaltern Speak?’, p. 67.35. Ibid., p. 63.36. Ibid., p. 79.37. Iibid., p. 103.38. Ibid., p. 104.39. Ibid., p. 104.40. Quoted in Stephen Morton, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, London and

New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 68.41. Ibid., p. 104.

Notes 161

4 Spivak and the Literary Canon

1. Quoted in Stephen Morton, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, London and New York: Routledge, 2003, p. 107.

2. Ibid., p. 114. 3. Edward. W. Said, ‘Yeats and Decolonization’, in Nationalism, Colonialism

and Literature, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990, p. 79. 4. Ibid., p. 80. 5. Ibid., p. 82. 6. Ibid., p. 89. 7. Ibid., p. 92. 8. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 15. 9. Ibid., p. 18.10. Ibid., p. 19.11. Ibid., p. 20.12. Ibid., p. 20.13. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 11.14. Ibid., p. 11.15. W.S. Di Piero, ‘The Cinque- Spotted Shadow’, The Sewanee Review, Spring

1987, Vol. XCV, No. 2, p. 287.16. Morris Dickstein, ‘Wordsworth And Solitude’, The Sewanee Review, Spring

1987, Vol. XCV, No. 2, p. 253.17. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 43.18. Ibid., p. 57.19. Ibid., p. 253.20. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 74.21. Ibid., p. 76.

5 Representation and Resistance

1. The range of postcolonialism is so wide that it can extend to even Western mathematics. See Alan Bishop, ‘Western Mathematics: The Secret Weapon of Cultural Imperialism’, Race and Class, 32(2), 1990.

2. Edward Said, Orientalism, London: Penguin, 1995; repr. 1978, p. 53. 3. Ibid., p. 101. 4. Sir Walter Scott, The Talisman, ed. Dent. London: Dent, 1980, p. 24. 5. Ibid., pp. 38–9. 6. Edward Said, Orientalism, p. 60. 7. Scott, Introduction, The Talisman, p. 2. 8. Ibid., p. ix. 9. Edgar Johnson, Sir Walter Scott.: The Great Unknown, London: Hamish

Hamilton, 1970, p. 933.10. Ibid., p. 937.11. Sir Walter Scott, Ivanhoe, ed. Dent, (London: Dent, 1980, p. 36).12. Ibid., p. 39.

162 Notes

13. Ibid., p. 42.14. Ibid., p. 80.15. Sir Walter Scott, The Talisman, p. 20.16. Quoted by Hans E. Tutsh, Facets of Arab Nationalism, Detroit: Wayne

University Press, 1965, p. x.17. Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain, Trans. H.T. Love- Porter, New York:

The Modern Library, 1927, p. 315.18. Toni Morrison, Playing in the Dark Whiteness and the Literary Imagination,

Harvard: Library of Congress, pp. 9–10.19. Thomas Mann, ibid., p. 548.20. Walter Allen, The English Novel, Great Britain: Pelican Books, 1954, p. 90.21. Paul Bowles, Without Stopping, London: Peter Owen, 1972, p. 127.22. Ibid., p. 127.23. Ibid., p. 152.24. Ibid., p. 283.25. Ibid., p. 305.26. Cited in Edward Said, ‘Representing the Colonized: Anthropology’s

Interlocutors’, Critical Inquiry 15, Winter 1989, pp. 205–25.27. Ibid., p. 207.28. Ibid., p. 215.29. Edward Said, Orientalism, pp. 136–9.30. Aijaz Ahmed, In Theory, London: Verso, 1992, pp. 165–70.31. Ibid., pp. 165–70.32. Elleke Boehmer, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature. Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1995, p. 2.33. Herman Melville, Moby Dick, London: Penguin, 1994, p. 119.34. Helen Triffin, ‘Postcolonial Literatures and Counter-discourse’, in The

Postcolonial Studies Reader, eds Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, London: Routledge, 1995, p. 95.

35. Ibid., p. 96.36. Jenny Shape, ‘Figures of Colonial Resistance’, in The Postcolonial Studies

Reqder, eds Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Teffini, London: Routledge, 1995, p. 100.

37. Bart Moore Gilbert, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, London & New York: Verso, 1997, pp. 26–8.

38. Quoted in ibid., p. 27.39. Ibid., p. 27.40. Ibid., p. 27.41. Quoted in ibid., p. 29.42. Quoted by Jenny Sharpe, ‘Figures of colonial Resistance’, pp. 100–1.43. Ibid., pp. 100–1.

6 English in the Clamped Mortar of Empire

1. Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, p. xp.

Notes 163

2. To the question, ‘why do you write in French?’, Senghor replied ‘mais on me posera la question: “pourquoi, dés lors, é crivez- vous en Français?” parce que nous sommes des metis culurels, parce que, si nous sentons en négres, nous nous éxprimons en Français, parce que le Français est une langue à vocation universelle, que notre message s’adresse aussi aux Français de France et aux autres hommes, parce que le francais est une langue de gentillesse et d’honneteté … Et puis le Français nous a fait don de ses mots abstraits si rares dans nos langues maternelles ou les larmes se font pierres précieuses. Chez nous, les mots sont naturellement nimbés d’un halo de sève et de sang; les mots du français rayonnent “de mille feux, comme des diamonts, des fuseés qui éclairent notre nuit”’ (In Wa Thiong’o, Ngugi, ‘The Language of African Literature’ In Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader, eds Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988, p. 454, note 11).

3. E.J. Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, p. 71.

4. Cited in ibid., p. 36. 5. Quoted in Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, London, New York:

Verso, 1983, p. 91. 6. Thomas Macaulay, Minute on Indian Education, quoted in Edward Said,

The World, the Text and the Critic, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1983, p. 12.

7. Cited in Edward W. Said, The World, the Text and the Critic, Massachussetts, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, p. 12.

8. Thomas Macaulay, ibid,, p. 430. 9. Cited in Edward W. Said, Orientalism, London: Penguin, 1995 (1978), p. 132.10. Alex Haley, Roots, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc. 1976, p. 270.11. This phenomenon of one language devouring and annihilating another

language is what the French critic, Louis- Jean Calvet, calls ‘glotophagia’.12. A similar debate has been unfolding about the status of French in

Francophone Africa. For an insider perspective on this question in Morocco, see B. Himmich, Al Francphonia wa Maasato Adabina al Faransi, Casablanca: Imprimerie Najah al Jadida, 2002.

13. See Henry Louis Gates, Jr, ‘Editor’s Introduction: Writing Race and the Difference It Makes’, in ‘Race’, Writing And Difference eds Henry Louis Gates, Jr, Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Hess, 1986, p. 13.

14. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, ‘The Language of African Literature’ p. 438.15. Franz Fanon, The Wretched of The Earth, trans. Constance Farrington,

New York: Grove Press, 1968, p. 41.16. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, ‘The Language of African Literature’ pp. 439–40.17. Ibid., p. 443.18. Chinua Achebe, ‘The African Writer and the English Language’, in

Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial theory: A Reader, eds Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988, p. 434.

19. Jamaica Kincaid, ‘A Small Place’, in The Post- Colonial Studies Reader, eds Bill Ashcroft, Grareth Griffths and Helen Tiffin, London: Routledge, 1995, p. 92.

164 Notes

20. Bill Aschcroft, Gareth Griffths and Helen Tiffin, The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Postcolonial Literatures, London: Routledge, 1989, p. 48.

21. Cited in ibid., p. 49.22. Bill Aschcroft, ‘Constitutive Graphonomy’, in The Postcolonial Studies

Reader, eds Bill Aschcroft et al., London: Routledge, 1995, p. 300.23. Cited by Terry Eaglelon, Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford: Basil

Blackwell, 1983, p. 2.24. Bart Gilbert Moore, Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics, London

New York: Verso, 1997, p. 167.

7 Identity

1. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Habitations of Modernity: Essays in the Wake of the Subaltern Studies, London: University of Chicago Press, 2002, p. 123 (199–234).

2. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008, p. xiii.

3. Ibid., p. xii. 4. Philomena Mariani, ‘God Is Man’, in Critical Fictions: The Politics of

Imaginative Writing, Seattle: Bay Press, 1991, p. 2. 5. D. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe, p. 255. 6. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge ed. Colin Gorder, New York: Pantheon

Books, 1977, p. 81. 7. Quoted in Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism, London & New

York: Routledge, 1998, pp. 52–3. 8. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, New York: Vintage Books, 1994,

p. 278. 9. Quoted in Jonathan Culler, On Deconstruction. Theory and Criticism After

Structuralism, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1982, p. 86.10. Quoted in Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism, p. 53.11. Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, New York: Time Inc., 1994,

p. 160.12. Quoted in Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism, p. 211.13. Amilcar Cabral, ‘National Liberation and Culture’, in Colonial Discourse

and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader, eds Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988, p. 54.

14. Patrick Brantlinger, ‘Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent, in ‘Race’, Writing and Difference, ed. Henry Lowis Gates, Jr, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986, p. 186.

15. Quoted by Marwin Harris, Culture, Man, and Nature, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1971, p. 507.

16. Patrick Brantlinger, ‘Victorians Africans’, p. 205.17. Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism, p. 115.18. Werner Sollors, ‘Who Is Ethnic?’ in The Postcolonial Studies Reader, eds Bill

Aschcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, London: Routledge, 1995, p. 220.

19. Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism, p. xi.

Notes 165

20. Ibid., p. xii.21. Stuart Hall, ‘New Ethnicities’, in The Postcolonial Studies Reader, p. 224. 22. Abdelkabir Khatibi, Penser le Maghreb, Rabat: SMER, 1993, p. 76.23. Léopold Sédar Senghor, ‘Négritude: A Humanism of the Twentieth

Century’, in Colonial Discoure and Postcolonial Theory: A Reader, p. 27.24. Ibid., p. 28.25. Ibid., p. 30.26. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, ‘The Language of African Literature’, in Colonial

Discourse and Postcolonial Theory, note 9, p. 454.27. Quoted in George Lamming, ’Occasion For Speaking’, in The Postcolonial

Studies Reader, p. 15.28. Amilcar Cabral, ‘National Liberation and Culture’, in Colonial Discourse

and Postcolonial Theory, p. 60.29. Stuart Hall, ‘Cultural Identity and Diaspora’, in Colonial Discourse and

Postcolonial Theory, p. 398.30. Ibid., p. 395.31. Ibid., p. 401.32. Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture, London and New York: Routledge,

1995, pp. 44–5.33. Homi Bhabha, ‘Signs Taken for Wonder: Question of Ambivalence and

Authority under a Tree Outside Delhi, May 1817’, in ‘Race’, Writing, and Difference, p. 173.

34. Ania Loomba, Colonialism / Postcolonialism, p. 178.35. Quoted in Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin, The Empire

Writes Back, London: Routledge, 1989, p. 189.36. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington,

London: Penguin Books, 1967, p. 40.

8 Nationalism

1. Thomas Carlyle, ‘On the Mission of the Great Anglo- saxon “Race”’, in The Imperialism Reader, ed. Louis L. Snyder, New York : D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc, 1963, p. 109.

2. Quoted in Thomas Carlyle, ‘On The Mission of the Great Anglo- Saxon “Race” ’, p. 109.

3. Quoted in Elleke Boehmer, Colonial and Postcolonial Literature, p. 12. 4. Ibid., p. 12. 5. Rudyard Kipling, ‘Take up the White Man’s Buden’, in The Imperialism

Reader. ed. Louis L. Snyder, New York: D. van Nostrand company, Inc, 1962, pp. 87–8.

6. Ibid., p. 87. 7. James W. Muller, ‘Churchill The Writer’, The Wilson Quarterly, Winter

1994, vol. XVIII, No. 1, p. 48. 8. Quoted ibid., p. 39. 9. Quoted in Tariq Ali, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and

Modernity, London, Verso, 2002, p. xxxi.10. Frantz Fanon, ‘National Culture’, in The Postcolonial Studies Reader, p. 156.

166 Notes

11. Ibid., p. 155.12. Amilcar Cabral, ‘National Liberation and Culture’, in Colonial Discourse

and Postcolonial Theory: Reader, eds Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman, London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1988, pp. 53–6.

13. Chidi Amuta, ‘Fonon, Cabral and Ngugi on National Liberation, in The Posctolonial Studies Reader, pp. 158–9.

14. Quoted in Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism, London and New York: Routledge, 1998, p. 147.

15. This model can be gauged against Michel Pécheux’s schema alluded to earlier.

16. Ibid., p. 147.17. Edward Said, Orientalism, London: Penguin, 1995(1978), p. 259n.18. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism, New York: Vintage Books, 1994,

p. 318.19. Edward Said. Afterword, Orientalism, p. 338.20. Ibid., p. 338.21. Aijaz Ahmed, In Theory, London: Verso, 1992, p. 161.

9 The Essay and the Essayist

1. Jacques Derrida, L’écriture et La Différence, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1967, p. 67

2. Ibid., p. 70. 3. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. G.C. Spivak, Baltimore: Johns

Hopkins, 1976, p. 160. 4. Jurgen Habermas, Le Discours Philosophique de la Modernité, trans. Christian

Bouchindhomme et Rainer Rochlitz, France: Gallimard, 1985, p. 45. 5. Ibid.. p. 50. 6. G.C. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 217. 7. Ibid., p. 220. 8. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p.160. 9. Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason Toward a History of the Vanishing

Present, p. 40.10. David Bedggood, ‘Saint Jacques: Derrida and The Ghost of Marxism‘

Counterpunch4, on- line magazine.11. Quoted in Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, p. 70.12. Ibid., p. 71.13. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 110.14. Joseph Conrad, Lord Jim, London: Penguin Books, 1994, p. 130.

10 For Language, Against Style

1. Colin McCabe, ‘Foreword’, in G.C. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. v. 2. Ibid., p. v. 3. Ibid., pp. x–xi.

Notes 167

4. Spivak, ‘Explanation and Culture: Marginalia’, in In Other Worlds, p. 107.

5. Colin McCabe, ‘Foreword’, p. x. 6. Bart Moore Gilbert, Postcolonial Discourse: Contexts, Practices, Politics,

London and New York: Verso, 1997, p. 167. 7. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, in Gilbert, p. 166. 8. Bart Moore Gilbert, p. 166. 9. Quoted in Gilbert, p. 167.10. Spivak, ‘Reading the World: Literary Studies in the Eighties’, note 1,

p. 281.11. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, Constance Farrington, trans.,

London: Penguin, 1967, p. 177.12. Quoted in Anna Smith, Julia Kristeva: Readings of Exile and Estrangement,

London: Macmillan, 1996, p. 37.13. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 38.14. Quoted in Anna Smith, p. 5.15. Ibid., p. 5.16. Ibid., p. 4.17. In her A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, Spivak underscores once again that

difference by criticising Kristeva attitide following the 9/11 events in USA. She quotes kristeva as saying: “this challenged giant (the United States)… may, in fact, be on the point of becoming a David before the growing Goliath of the Third World. I dream that our children will prefer to join this David, with his errors and impasses, armed with our erring and circling about the Idea, the Logos, the Form: in short, the old Judeo- Christian Europe. If it is only an illusion, I like to think it may have a future’, p. 66.

18. Spivak, ‘Draupadi’, in In Other Worlds, p. 188.19. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 9.20. Quoted in S.S. Prawer, Karl Marx and World Literature, Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1978, p. 332.21. P. Sollers was quoted as saying: ’Nous ne sommes rien d’autre, en dern-

iére analyse, que notre systéme écriture/lecture’, in Jonathan Culler, Structuralist Poetics, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975, p. 112.

22. Quoted in J. Culler, p. 76.23. Ibid., pp. 76–7.24. Henry Louis Gates, Jr, ‘Editor’s Introduction: Writing “Race” and the

Difference It Makes’, in ‘Race’ Writing and Difference, Henry Louis Gates, Jr, ed., Chicago: University of Chicago, 1986, p. 7.

25. Ibid., p. 9.

11 Utopian in a World Without Utopia

1. Kwame Anthrony Appiah, ‘The Postcolonial and the Postmodern’, in The Postcolonial Studies Reader. p. 11.

2. Ibid., p. 120. 3. Ibid., p. 123.

168 Notes

4. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 39. 5. Ibid., p. 39. 6. Ibid., p. 39. 7. Ibid., p. 39. 8. Ibid., p. 31. 9. Ibid., pp. 48–9.10. Ibid., p. 167.11. Ibid., p. 75.12. Ayi Kwei Armah. The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born, USA: Heinemann:

1968.13. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 185.14. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 11.15. Ibid., p. 76.16. Franz Fanon, The Wretched of The Earth, trans. Constance Farrington.,

New York, Grove Press, Inc. 1968, p. 218.17. Jean François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition. A Report on Knowledge, p. 5.18. Ibid., p. 5.19. Serge Latouche, L’occidentalisation du Monde, Paris: Editions de la decou-

verte, 1989).20. Quoted in Cultural Imperialism, p. 8.21. Anne Mclintock, ‘The Angel of Progress’, p. 295.22. bell hooks, ‘Postmodern blackness’, in Colonial Discourse and Postcolonial

Theory: A Reader, p. 423.23. Kwame Anthony Appiah, ‘The Postcolonial and the Postmodern,’ in The

Postcolonial Studies Reader, p. 119.24. George Lamming, ‘The Occasion for Speaking’, in The Postcolonial Studies

Reader, p. 13.25. Ibid., p. 13.26. James Baldwin, Notes of a Native Son, London: Micheal Joseph, 1964, p. 14.27. Spivak, ‘Bonding in Difference’, interview with Alfred Arteaga, in The

Spivak Reader, p. 19.

12 The Complicity Between Postcolonialism and Imperialism

1. Spivak, The Spivak Reader, Donna Landry and Gerald Maclean, eds, p. 6. 2. Harold Bloom, The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages,

New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994, p. 20. 3. Ibid., pp. 62–3. 4. Ibid., p. 422. 5. Ibid., p. 25. 6. Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak?’, pp. 67–8. 7. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 6. 8. Benita Parry, ‘Problems in Current Theories of Colonial Discourse’,

in Postcolonial Studies: A Materialist Critique, London and New York: Routledge, 2004, pp. 19–20.

Notes 169

9. Ibid., p. 19.10. Ibid., p. 20.11. Ibid., p. 20.12. Ibid., p. 20.13. Ibid., p. 21.14. Ibid., p. 23.15. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 158.16. Benita Parry, p. 23.17. Ibid., pp. 26–7.18. Spivak, ‘Marginality in the Teaching Machine’, in Outside in the Teaching

Machine, p. 60.19. Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, p. 3.20. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, Constance Farrington, trans.,

London: Penguin, 1967, p. 36.21. Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures, Delhi: Oxford

University Press, 1994, pp. 68–9.22. Benita Parry, p. 28.23. Bart Moore Gilbert, p. 5.24. Quoted in Geoff Bennington and Robert Young, ‘Introduction: Posing

the Question’, in Poststructuralism and the Question of History, Derek Attridge et al., eds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 2.

25. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 157.26. Masao Miyoshi, ‘A Borderless World’ in Benita Parry, p. 71.27. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 103.28. Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, p. 244.29. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 104.30. Robert Young, White Mythologies: Writing History and the West, London

and New York: Routledge, 1990, p. 173.31. Tony Bennett, Outside Literature, London and New York: Routledge, 1990,

p. 21.32. Ibid., p. 21.33. Ibid., p. 21.34. Ibid., p. 23.35. Ibid., p. 24.36. Terry Eagleton, Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford: Basil Blackwell,

1983, p. 150.

13 Feminism and the Risks of High Theory

1. Spivak, The Postcolonial Critic, p. 40. 2. Ibid., p. 40. 3. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 194. 4. Spivak, In Other Worlds, p. 131. 5. Ania Loomba, Colonialism/Postcolonialism, London and New York:

Routledge, 1998, p. 228. 6. Quoted in Ania Loomba, p. 228.

170 Notes

7. Fatima Mernissi, Le Harem Politique: Le prophet et ses Femmes, Paris: Albin Michel, 1987, p. 7.

8. As an instance of such a tendency see Aicha Oudeh, Ahlam bi Al Houria (Dreams of Freedom), Beirut: Centre for Arab Studies, 2004.

Conclusion

1. Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason, p. 427.2. Ibid., p. 427.3. Anna Akhmatova, ‘Poem Without a Hero’ cited in Gilian Slovo, Ice Road,

Great Britain: Virago Press, 2005, p. 165.4. Jacques Derrida, Writing and Difference, David B. Allison, trans, Northwestern

University Press,1967, p. 102.

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175

Index

Aesthetics, 9, 45Africa, South, 9, 78, 90Africanist, 42, 43, 64, 90, 95Ahmad, Aijaz, 169Al Jabarti, Abd Errahman, 53Amin, Samir, 7, 57Amuta, Chidi, 166Anthropology, 6, 10, 11, 32, 37, 53,

57, 71Apartheid, 89Appiah, Anthony, xi, 125, 156, 158,

168Arab, 6, 7, 31, 34, 157Arnold, Matthew, 138Ashcroft, Bill, 171Auerbach, Eric, 106, 157Augustine, Saint, 113Austen, Jane, 113Ayachi, Laarbi, 67

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 12Baldwin, James, 134, 135, 168Bandung Conference, 5, 71Baraque, 95Barthes, Roland, 114, 122, 123Bedggood, David, 113, 166Bengal, 11Bentley, Eric, 137Bergson, Henri, 94Berlin Congress, 92Bhabha, Homi, 57, 90, 97, 141, 142,

156, 158, 165, 172Blackmur, R.P., 11Bloom, Harold, 4, 69, 137, 157Bowles, Paul, 58, 67–70Brooks, Cleanth, 11

Cabral, Amilcar, 10, 45, 103Carlyle, Thomas, 100, 101, 165Carter, Paul, 159

Castration, 49Cavell, Stanley, 30Césaire, Aimé, 45, 57, 90Chamberlain, Joseph, 101Champollion, Jean, 79Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 86, 87, 164Chatterjee, Partha, 38Choukri, Mohammed, 58, 67, 69, 70Christianity, 61, 63, 64, 93Churchill, Winston, 102Coetzee, J.M., 59, 142Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 22, 32,

44, 48Colonialism, 1, 3–7, 14, 95, 164 Colonialism- in-reverse, 45, 103Colony, 8Creolization, 98Criticism, American, 30Crusades, 60, 63, 165Cuchulain, 44Culler, Jonathan, 39, 164, 167

Dadié, Bernard Binlin, 90Dante, Alighieri, 22, 32, 44, 46, 48, 127Darwish, Mahmoud, 8–9, 45, 158Decolonization, 27, 45, 46, 71, 81, 104Deconstruction, 12, 16, 17, 18–21,

26–7, 153Defamiliarization, 84Defoe, Daniel, 142Deleuze, Gilles, 40, 41, 43, 138Derrida, Jacques, 12, 19, 166Devi, Mahasweta, 22, 27, 32Dickens, Charles, 134Différance, 20Dirlik, Arif, 138, 143

Eagleton, Terry, 12, 138, 144, 147, 157, 158, 160

Eastern, 61–3, 75

176 Index

Egypt, 13, 58, 59, 64, 65Eichenbaum, Boris, 84Emmanuel, A., 7Enlightenment, 13, 14, 24, 66, 90, 91Estrangement, 80, 84, 104, 167Ethnic, 9, 77, 83, 92, 93, 126, 164

Fanon, Frantz, 10, 45, 46, 57, 89, 90, 96

Fergus, 44Finkielkraut, Alain, 58–9Formalists, Russian, 12, 84, 122,

123, 153Foucault, Michel, 12, 40, 146, 164Frank, André Gunder, 7Freud, Sigmund, 52, 102, 127

Galland, Antoine, 67Gates, Henry Louis, 124, 163, 164,

167, 172Gender, 3, 17, 21, 33Gibb, Hamilton, 60, 161Gilbert, Bart Moore, 85, 117, 121,

162, 169Gramsci, Antonio, 11, 12Guha, Ranajit, 10, 38, 41

Habemas, Jürgen, 110, 111, 166Haley, Alex, 80, 81, 163Hall, Stuart, 9, 77, 93, 96Haraway, Donna, 148Harris, Marvin, 92Harris, Wilson, 74Hartman, Geoffrey, 30Hassan, Ihab, 13, 112, 158Hegel, Friedrich, 92, 95, 120Heidegger, Martin, 86Hikmat, Nazim, 45Homer, 48hooks, bell, 131, 168, 172Hume, David, 83, 86Huntington, Samuel, 6Huxley, Aldous, 92Hybridity, 75, 96, 98, 141, 142

Ibsen, Henrik, 137Idealization, Minimal, 47

Ideology, 39, 41, 45, 46Informant, native, 79, 112, 121Ingram, Angla, 128Irigary, Lucy, 127Islam, 6, 7, 45, 59, 60, 61, 64, 72,

126, 132

Jacoby, Russell, 11, 32Jalée, Pierre, 7James, C.L.R, 10, 45, 136JanMohamed, Abdul, 8, 142Jeffares, Norman, 74Johnson, Samuel, 137Jones, William, 79Joyce, James, 137

Kant, Immanuel, 16, 19, 92, 137, 156

Kincaid, Jamaica, 22, 77, 84, 159Kristeva, Julia, 37, 85, 114, 120, 167

Lacan, Jacques, 12, 85, 86, 97, 106, 119Lash, William, 74Latouche, Serge, 129, 168Leforest, Edmond, 81Lewis, Bernard, 6, 72Lincoln, Abraham, 92Literature, Commonwealth, 4, 74,

84, 85Literature, Third World, 74Livingstone, 91Lmrabet Mohammed, 58, 67Loomba, Ania, 93, 98, 150, 158,

164, 165Lotman, Yuri, 12LyaaKoubi, Mohammed, 67Lyotard, Francois, 13, 14, 26, 97,

129, 131, 158

Macaulay, Thomas, 78–82, 104, 163Macherey, Pierre, 127MacKenzie, John, 11, 32Maclean, Gerald, 136, 159, 168, 171Malek, Anwar Abdel, 57Man, De Paul, 30, 36Mandela, Nelson, 89, 164Manichean, 8, 20, 152

Index 177

Mann, Thomas, 58, 59, 65, 66, 162Maoism, 41Marx, Karl, 26, 37, 77, 121Masochism, 48Mathematics, Western, 161Mazrui, Ali, 53, 72, 172McCabe, Colin, 116, 117, 119McLintock, Anne, 7, 15Memmi, Albert, 89, 105, 172Metanarrative, 13, 66, 80Mill, John Stuart, 51Miller, John Hillis, 30Milton, John, 48, 137Miyoshi, Masao, 144, 169Mohammedans, 62Morisson, Toni, 43, 64Moroccans, 58, 68, 69Morrel, E., 25Mouffe, 146, 147Movements, National Liberation, 5,

71, 89, 154Multiculturalism, 93

Nagel, Thomas, 128Narcissism, 48Nasrallah, Ibrahim, 45Nationalism, 41, 42, 89–100, 129,

130, 135, 161–3, 165, 171, 172Nietzsche, Friedrick, 20, 50, 87

Okri, Ben, 77Orientalism, 7, 10, 11, 53, 59, 62,

63, 72, 88, 90, 117Ottoman, 61

Palestine, 60, 61, 106, 157Palloix, Christian, 7Parry, Benita, 138, 139, 140–2Pecheux, Michel, 166Penelope, 112–13Phenomenology, 32–136Phillips, Caryl, 77Phonocentrism, 40Picasso, Pablo, 95Plaatje, Sol, 9Plath, Sylvia, 118Pragmatism, 29–30

Ransom, John Crowe, 11Rastafarians, 73, 84Renan, Ernest, 6, 79, 80Renaissance, Harlem, 9Resistance, 44, 53, 57, 59, 63, 173Rhodes, Cecil, 91Rhys, Jean, 59, 74Revolution, French, 50–51Revolution, Industrial, 50Rimbault, Arthur, 95Romanticism, English, 50–1Rose, Jacqueline, 118Rosset, Clement, 156Rosetta Stone, 6, 8Rushdie, Salman, 3, 77, 153Ruskin, John, 101

Sabato, Ernesto, 8, 158Sacy, Silvester de, 72, 97Saladin, 60, 61, 62, 64, 73Saracens, 59, 61, 63Scheherayare, 67Scheherazade, 67, 69Scott, Sir Walter, 58–63Scramble for Africa, 92Semiotics, 32, 136Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 76, 83, 90,

94Shakespeare, William, 78, 134, 137,

138Sharpe, Jenny, 21, 75, 88, 89, 162,

173Shklovsky, Victor, 84Shohat, Ella, 9, 138, 173Skepticism, 29Sollors, Phillip, 93, 164Sollors, Werner, 93, 164Soyinka, Wole, 10, 173Stein, Gertrude, 68Structuralism, 12, 15, 17, 18, 30,

32, 134Subaltern Studies, 10, 37, 38, 41,

42, 164Syria, 61

tabula rasa, 8, 23Tagore, Rabindranath, 22–45

178 Index

Tangiers, 67–70Tate Allen, 11Thiong’o, Ngugi Wa, 10, 16, 81, 82Tiffin, Helen, 73, 74, 157, 158, 162,

163Todorov, Tzvedan, 8, 28–30, 158,

160, 174Tomachevsky, Boris, 84Tunstall, J., 130Tynyanov, J., 84

Vallon, Annette, 51Veeser, Harold, 141Virgil, 48

Wagner, Richard, 50Walcott, Derek, 77Wheatley, Phillis, 124White, Hayden, 37Whitman, Walt, 103Wimsatt, W.K., 11Wordsworth, William, 22, 44, 49–51,

127, 138, 161Woolf, Virginia, 22, 44, 52, 127

Yeats, William Butler, 22, 32, 44–8, 59, 111, 127, 161

Young, Robert, 8, 145, 146, 157, 169, 174