Notes Interactive Science pp. 314-321Define Weathering-

Name __________________ Date:

Mechanical weathering: Chemical weathering:

Freezing & Thawing:

Abrasion:

Plants & Animals:

Release of Pressure:

Water & Chemical Weathering:

Oxygen & Chemical Weathering:

Carbon Dioxide & Chemical Weathering:

Living Organisms & Chemical Weathering:

Acid Rain & Chemical Weathering:

What affects rates of weathering?

1. Surface Exposure:

2. Composition of rock:

3. Climate:

Notes Interactive Science pp. 314-321Define Weathering-

Name __________________ Date:

Mechanical weathering: Chemical weathering:

Freezing & Thawing:

Abrasion:

Plants & Animals:

Release of Pressure:

Water & Chemical Weathering:

Oxygen & Chemical Weathering:

Carbon Dioxide & Chemical Weathering:

Living Organisms & Chemical Weathering:

Acid Rain & Chemical Weathering:

Process that breaks down rock & other substances

Rock is physically broken into smaller pieces Breaks down rock through chemical changes

Wearing away of rock by smaller rock particles carried by water, ice, wind, or

gravity

Frost wedging: water seeps into cracks in rock and freezes. It then expands and breaks

the rock

Plant roots can grown into cracks in rock which breaks rock. Animals dug holes

through soil which allows weathering agents like water & air to reach the bedrock

As erosion moves pieces of broken rock from the surface, pressure on the rock is released and the outside of the rock may break apart

Water can dissolve rock. It can carry other agents of chemical weathering like CO2 and O2

Oxidation: Iron in rocks combines with oxygen & water to create rust (soft, crumbly, redish)

CO2 with water results in a weak acid (carbonic acid) that weathers rocks like

marble and limestone.

As some plant roots grow, they can release weak acids that can slowly dissolve rock around roots. Ex: lichens

Excessive burning of fossil fuels produces chemicals that react with water vapor in the atmosphere. It

falls as acid rain, which wears away rocks.

Plants

Release of Pressure

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Carb

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What affects rates of weathering?

1. Surface Exposure:

2. Composition of rock:

3. Climate:Climate refers to average weather conditions in a region. Both chemical and mechanical weathering occur faster in wet climates because water is an important weathering agent. Chemical reactions occur faster at higher temperatures

Minerals that make up the rock determine how fast weathering occurs. Minerals that dissolve slowly will not weather as fast. Permeable materials weather faster, as well.

As surface area increases, so does the rate of weathering because there is more area exposed to the agents of weathering.

As surface area increases, so does the rate of weathering because there is more area exposed to the agents of weathering.

Notes: Earth Science pp. 171-175 Name __________________ Date:

Define Erosion:

Define Deposition:

Agents ofErosion

Living Things: Water-Rivers & Streams:

Glacial:

Wind: Water-Wave Action:

Notes: Earth Science pp. 171-175 Name __________________ Date:

Define Erosion:

Define Deposition:

Agents ofErosion

Living Things: Water-Rivers & Streams:

Glacial:

Wind: Water-Wave Action:

The movement of weathered rock and soil from its original location. Gravity plays an important role because the force of gravity moves materials downslope.

After materials are transported by agents of erosion, they are dropped into a new location.

The currents of streams and rivers pick up & move much sediment. It is then deposited when the speed of the current slows down allowing the sediment to fall and settle.

Wave action causes erosion of the ocean floor and shorelines. Waves carve out features like cliffs & arches. Particles like sand are deposited along shorelines. Shorelines are built up by deposition but reduced by coastal erosion. Human development has increased the rate of coastal erosion.

Glaciers move as a large, dense mass so they have the capability of carrying huge rocks great distances. They grind the rock beneath them, as well. They can scrape and gouge large sections of the Earth.

Wind can easily pick up and move sediments. Wind erosion is more severe in places that are dry. Areas with vegetation can slow the wind and the plant roots can hold on to the soil.

As organisms carry out life processes, they can move Earth’s surface materials from one place to another. (Like when animals burrow underground)

What is a glacier anyway?

A glacier is a large mass of moving ice that has been created by the accumulation of snow in the same area over a long period of time. The snow is compressed & compacted until it eventually changes into glacial ice.

This process takes hundreds of years. Glaciers can move slowly over time depending on the amounts of snowfall

or ablation (melting & evaporation). That means that glaciers may advance or retreat in an area over time.

Perito Moreno glacier in the Patagonia region of Argentina-the Andes Mountain range

What is a glacier anyway?

A valley glacier in the Alps

Notes: Interactive Science pp. 348-357 Name __________________ Date:

1) How does moving water cause erosion? List four things that can happen to water after it falls to the land as rain.

2) Define runoff:

3) What is the relationship between the amount of runoff and the amount of erosion?

5) How does the river flow change throughout the seasons?

6) What features of Earth’s surface can be created by water erosion?

7) What features of Earth’s surface are created by water deposition? Define each term.

4) What is groundwater? How does it collect?

Water can pick up and carry particles of rock and soil. After water drops splash to Earth, some sinks into the ground, some evaporates, & some is taken in by plants. The rest runs off over the surface of the land.

Notes: Interactive Science pp. 348-357 Name __________________ Date:

1) How does moving water cause erosion? List four things that can happen to water after it falls to the land as rain.

2) Define runoff:

3) What is the relationship between the amount of runoff and the amount of erosion?

5) How does the river flow change throughout the seasons?

6) What features of Earth’s surface can be created by water erosion?

7) What features of Earth’s surface are created by water deposition? Define each term.

4) What is groundwater? How does it collect?

Water that moves over the land. It picks up and carries particles with it.

More runoff = more erosion. Anything that slows runoff will slow the rate of erosion. For example: plants and plant roots reduce erosion by absorbing water and holding soil in place.

When precipitation falls, not all of it is runoff. Some seeps into the ground and collects. It fills the openings in soil and trickles into cracks and spaces in layers of rock.

Fall-slow flow, beginning to get cold Winter-little to no flow because its icy Spring-fastest & highest flow due to snowmelt Summer-continued fast flow

Waterfalls, flood plains, valleys, meanders, & oxbow lakes.

Delta- land that builds up where a river meets a larger body of water from the deposition of sedimentsAlluvial fans- wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain

Mississippi River and tributariesWater always flows downslope. As water runs off across the land, it picks up sediments. Eventually the water enters the Mississippi River tributaries, then enters the Mississippi

River, and finally the water empties into the Gulf of Mexico.

How does river flow erosion built land?

During spring, precipitation increases and winter snow melts and runs off into

rivers. River levels rise and flooding occurs. This yearly (annual) flooding causes deposition of sediments and results in the slow building of land

called a delta.

This picture shows the sediment from the Mississippi River being expelled into the Gulf of Mexico. Eventually this deposited sediment can settle and

accumulate enough to built new land.

The Mighty Mississippi:The Mississippi River has changed is course throughout

geologic time. This repeated change of course has created the river delta that we know today.

Rivers can also avulse (change path) due to the erosion of a new channel that creates a straighter path through the landscape

Notes: Earth Science pp. 226-227 Name DateMississippi River Watershed and Tributaries

1) What is a tributary?

2) Define “watershed.”

3) Define “divide.”

4) Use your desk map as a reference and complete the map on the front of this page according to the following guidelines:** Write names/labels in pencil then go over them in blue or black ink!**

• Highlight the Mississippi River in RED MARKER.• Mark the source of the Mississippi with a BLACK dot and label the name of the source (Lake Itasca).• Mark the mouth of the Mississippi River with a BLACK dot.• Label the large body of water into which the Mississippi River flows.• Trace all of the following tributaries in BLUE MARKER and label each:

Missouri RiverArkansas RiverRed RiverOhio RiverTennessee River

• Lightly trace and color in the area that is the Mississippi River watershed in YELLOW CRAYON or COLOR PENCIL• Mark the line that indicates the Continental Divide in ORANGE MARKER and label it.

Notes: pp. 268-270 Name __________________ Date:

Define Mass Movement:

Define Erosion:

Mass Movement

Landslide: Creep:

Mudflow:

Slump: Earthflow:

Creep

Slump

Rockfall & Rockslides

Mudflow

Earthflow

Notes: Earth Science pp. 176-183 and Interactive Science pp. 322-329

1) Define Soil:

2) Of what is soil composed?

3) Describe how soil develops. Be sure to define bedrock and explain its role in soil development.

4) What is humus?

5) Soil is made of particles that are classified by size. What are these 4 particles? List them in order from largest to smallest.

6) What is loam? Why is it the best soil for growing most plants?

7) What is soil fertility?

Name __________________ Date:

Parent MaterialResidual Soil: Transported Soils:8)

Color Composition

A-Horizon topsoil

B-Horizon subsoil

C-Horizon

9) Define soil horizon:

10)

11) In what two main ways do living organisms affect soil? Then in your Interactive Science book, complete Figure 4 on pp. 328-329.

Notes: Earth Science pp. 176-183 and Interactive Science pp. 322-329

1) Define Soil:

2) Of what is soil composed?

3) Describe how soil develops. Be sure to define bedrock and explain its role in soil development.

4) What is humus?

5) Soil is made of particles that are classified by size. What are these 4 particles? List them in order from largest to smallest.

6) What is loam? Why is it the best soil for growing most plants?

7) What is soil fertility?

Name __________________ Date:

Parent MaterialResidual Soil: Transported Soils:8)

Soil is loose weathered material on Earth’s surface in which plants grow.

Soil is a mixture of rock particles, minerals, decayed organic material, water & air.

When bedrock (rock layer beneath soil) is exposed to air, water, & living things, it weathers into smaller & smaller pieces until it eventually becomes soil.

It is the dark-colored substance that forms as plant & animal material decays. It is the portion of soil that is made of organic material.

gravel sand silt claylargest smallest

It is soil that is made of equal parts clay, sand, & silt. Loam holds just the right amount of water and air-not too much & not too little.

Soil fertility is a measure of whether the soil has the nutrients needed for plant growth. Soil rich in humus generally has high fertility.

The bedrock material from which the soil formed

Parent material is the local bedrock

Develops from parent material that has moved from its original location

Color Composition/How formed?

A-Horizon topsoil Dark brown Weathered rock combined with organic material. Plant roots break rock & add organic material

B-Horizon subsoil

Red or brown Clay and minerals (rock particles) deposited from water flowing above or rising from below

C-Horizon Bedrock begins to weather and the rock is broken into small particles

9) Define soil horizon:

10)

11) In what two main ways do living organisms affect soil? Then in your Interactive Science book, complete Figure 4 on pp. 328-329.

A layer of soil that differs in color, texture, and composition from the layers above and below it

1) Forming Humus- dead leaves, roots, & other plant material decompose and form humus Decomposers are the organisms that break down the remains of living things. Examples of decomposers are fungi, bacteria, & worms

2) Mixing the Soil- burrowing animals mix humus with air and other materials

Bedrock: unweathered, solid parent rock makes up the Earth’s crust. The solid rock layer beneath the soil.

What is a NATURAL RESOURCE?

Anything in the environment that humans use

Soil is a valuable natural resource because everything that lives on land depends upon it directly or indirectly.

Fertile soil is in limited supply because it takes hundreds of years for soil to

form.

The value of soil is affected by human activities. The value of soil is reduced

when soil loses fertility or when topsoil erodes away.

How can soil be conserved?

1) Crop rotation2) Contour plowing3) Conservation plowing

Crop Rotation:A farmer plants different crops each year.

For example: 1st year=corn 2nd year=oats (uses less nutrients) 3rd year=legumes to restore nutrients

Contour Plowing:Farmers plow fields along curves of a slope instead of straight lines which

reduces run off and erosion

Conservation plowing:Dead weeds and stalks from the

previous year are plowed into the ground to return nutrients, hold

water, and reduce erosion.