notes by asif 7 th class english medium

8/4/2019 Notes by Asif 7 Th Class English Medium

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7(ENGLISH MEDIUM NOTES BY ASIF RASEED (SEVEN(

Chapter#1Working of a plant

Q: How many systems have flowering plant?

Ans: It has two systems (1) root system (2) shoot system

Q: What is root system?

Ans: It is the underground part of a plant which consists of primary root and its

branch roots. A root cap protects the growing tip if a root. There are numerous

tiny root hairs near the root tip. They absorb the water and dissolved minerals

from the soil.Q: What is shoot system?

Ans: It consists of above ground part of a plant .stem and leaves make up the

shoot system. Flower, fruit and seeds are also formed on it.

Q: What is internal structure of a root?

Ans: There are three main internal part of a root consisting different types of cell

Epidermis: it is the outer protective layers of cell

Cortex: it consists of many layers of cell. It stores water and food.

Vascular bundle: they are located in the centre of root. it consists of xylem and

phloem. Xylem tubes transport water while phloem tube conduct prepared food.

Q: What is internal structure of a stem?Ans: Three main internal part of stem starting from outside are (1)epidermis

(2)cortex (3)vascular bundle. Epidermis is protective in function while cortex

stores water and food for the plant. Phloem each vascular bundle lies outer toxylem.

Q: What are the internal parts of a leaf?

Ans: There are three internal part of a leaf (1) Epidermis (2) Mesophyll

(3) Vascular bundle.

Q: What are stomata?

Ans: Numerous tiny pores are present in the lower epidermis. These holes are

called stomata. Exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapours betweenthe leaf and air takes place through stomata.

Q: What is osmosis?

Ans: Movement of water molecules through a cell membrane from a region of

high concentration to a region of lower concentration of water molecules is

called osmosis.

Q: What is diffusion?

Ans: The movement of any molecules or atoms from a region of high

concentration to a region of lower concentration is called diffusion.

Q: How water is moved to the root of the plant?

Ans: Water in the root moves through the cortex from cell to cell by osmosis anddiffusion to reach the xylem of the root.

Asif Rasheed BS(Hons) Physics

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Q: What is photosynthesis?

Ans: Photo means light and synthesis means making things. It is the process by

which plant make their food (sugar, glucose) in the presence of light.

Q: How structure of leaf is well suited to photosynthesis?

Ans: (1) most leaves are flat to absorb enough light effectively. (2) they are so

thin that carbon dioxide and light can reach inner cell easily.(3) they have large

number of stomata in the lower surface carbon dioxide can enter and oxygen and

water vapours leave through these stomata.

Q: What is reproduction?

Ans: The process of producing offspring of their own kind is calledreproduction.

Q: Differentiate between self and cross pollination?

Ans: Self pollination: if the pollens from the anther fall on the stigma of the

same flower or another flower of the same plant is called self pollination

Cross pollination: if the pollen grains from the flower of the one plant fall on the

stigma of flower of another plant is called cross pollination.

Q: What is the difference between Autotrophs and Herterotrophs?

Ans: The plants who prepare their own food are called Autotrophs and the plants

which cannot prepare their own food are called Heterotrophs.

Q: What is the difference between parasites and saprotrophs?Ans: Parasites get their food from living hosts and saprotrophs get their food

from dead organic matter.

Q: What is the transport system of plant?

Ans: Water and minerals from the soil are absorbed by the plant roots. These are

then transported up and down by the xylem tissue. Food from the leaves is

transported up and down by the phloem tissue tubes. Xylem and phloem usually

run side by side forming vascular bundle. There is an extensive network of these

tubes throughout the plant body. The midrib and the veins in a leaf are made of

xylem and phloem tubes. The network of the xylem and phloem forms the

plants transport system.


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Chapter#2 Working of Human body

Q: What is a system?

Ans: Different organ of the human body to form a system.

What is digestion?Q:

The break down of large food molecules into the smaller one are called

digestion.

Q: What is the basic function of digestive system?

Ans: Digestion of food is the basic function of digestive system.Q: What is gastric gland?

Ans: The walls of the stomach has a special type of the gland called gastric

gland

Q: Describe importance of skeleton?

Ans: We stand, sit, lie and move about. All these movements are possible with

the help of bones and muscles. Specific shape and formation of human body

will be nothing then a heap of flesh without skeleton.

Q: What are herbivores?

Ans: These are the animals that feed on grasses, trees, vegetables, fruits or

seeds. For example rabbit, pigeon, sparrow, and parrot etc.Q: What are carnivores?

Ans: The animals which get their food from other animals (flesh eaters) for

example tiger, wolf and eagle etc.

Q: What is respiration?

Ans: We need energy for the activities of our body. Let us see , the process

during which energy is produced by the oxidation of food is called respiration.

What is gamete?

In organism two types of reproductive cells are produced called gametes. They

are of two types male gametes or sperms and female gametes or eggs.

Q: What is fertilization?Ans: Union between egg and sperm takes place within the female body and this

is called fertilization.

Q: What is symbiont?

Ans: The organisms which live with natural cooperation for food and protection

to each other is called symbiont.

Q: What is cerebellum?

Ans: The area of the brain which controls balance and muscular coordination.

Q: What is cerebrum?

Ans: The part of the brain responsible for conscious thought, language and

personality.Q: What is taste bud?


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Ans: A group of cells on the tongue which are sensitive to one or more of the

four tastes sweet, sour, salty or bitter.

Q: What is human circulatory system?

Ans: In human beings blood circulatory is the most important one. In this system

blood circulates in the body. It consists of heart arteries veins and capillaries.

When heart pumps then blood reaches through arteries to the body. From here it

goes in capillaries and comes back to the heart through veins.

Q: What is human respiratory system?

Ans: Human respiratory system consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,

bronchi and lungs. Respiratory system takes in oxygen and gives out carbon

dioxide from the body. Air enters into the nasal cavities through nostrills.

Mucous present in the nostrills trap the bacteria and dust particles. Mucous

maintains the temperature of the body and also moistens it from the nasal

cavities into the pharynx. It passes through glotties in order to enter in the

larynx.

Q: What is breathing mechanism?

Ans: Breathing is a part of respiration in which air is inhaled and exhaled from

the lungs. This process is completed in two steps.

Inspiration: when air enters into the lungs it is called inspiration. In this step the

ribs and diaphragm play an important role. Rib move forward and upward while

dome shape diaphragm contract and deflates downwards. As a result of increase

in the volume of chest cavity the pressure of air in the lungs decreases and the airfrom the outside due to increased pressure enters in the lungs.

Expiration: removal of air from lungs is called expiration. In this step ribs move

inward and downward. Diaphragm expands upward and pressure on the lungs is

increased. So air from lungs is expelled out.

Q: What is excretion?

Ans: The process through which excessive and waste materials from animals are

removed is called excretion.

Q: What are functions of skeleton?

Ans: Support and shape: skeleton provides support to different organs of the

body and maintains their specific shape.Movement: it gives help in the movement of our different organs.

Protection: it protects most delicate part of our body such as brain, liver, lungs

and spinal cord.


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Chapter#3Environment

Q: What are the examples of a biotic part or non-living?

Ans: The non-living or a biotic part of the environment includes such factors as

light, water, soil and temperature.

Q: What are the examples of biotic factor or living?

Ans: The living or biotic factors include plant, animals and microorganisms as

well as human beings.

Q: What is habitat?

Ans: The type of the environment in which an organism lives is called its habitat.Q: What is population?

Ans: A group of organisms of the same species located in the same place or

habitat at a particular time is called population.

Q: What is food chain?

Ans: Major interactions among organisms in the ecosystem involve feeding

relation ships organisms depend upon one another for food. You would have

realized than one organism is eaten by a second. Who is eaten by a third one and

so on. This series of step of eating and being eaten is called a food chain.

Q: What is food web?

Ans: Most animals feed one or more than one kind of animals. Therefore manyfood chains exist in the ecosystem and form a kind of network or a food web.

Q: What is balance in nature?

Ans: Under normal conditions natural ecosystem maintains equilibrium between

plant and animals and their environment. We call this as balance of nature.

Q: What is biomass?

Ans: Total amount of organic matter present at a level is called biomass.

Q: What is community?

Ans: All the population living at the same place is called community.

Q: What is ecosystem?

Ans: System of communities interacting with the environment is calledecosystem.

Q: What is environment?

Ans: Every thing that surrounds an organism is called environment.

Q: What is fresh water?

Ans: Water that have very little amount of dissolved salts is called fresh water.


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CHPTER #4

Q: What is heredity?

Ans: The process in which the parental characters are transmitted to offspring is called

heredity. It is also called inheritance.

Q: What is genetics?Ans: The branch of biology which is concerned with heredity and variations is called

genetics.

Q: What are somatic cells?

Ans: Normal body cells are called somatic cells. They are also called body cells.

Q: What are sex cells?

Ans: The cells which are responsible for inheritance of characters are called sex cells. They

are of two types. (1)Male gametes (2) Female gametes

Q: What is zygote?

Ans: Male and female gametes fuse together to form zygote. Zygote is a single cell and its

nucleus has all the informations for developing individual.

Q: What is variation?

Ans: Differences from parents shown by the offspring are called variations. It results in theformation of new characteristics.

Q: What is nucleus?

Ans: The most important component of a living cell. It consists of following parts.

)1(nuclear membrane (2) nucleolus (3) nucleoplasm (4) chromosomes.

Q: What is nuclear membrane?

Ans: The nucleus is enclosed in a membrane called nuclear membrane. Nuclear membrane

has minute pores, which allow the flow of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Q: What is nucleoplasm?

Ans: Inner to the nuclear membrane a semi fluid material is present called nucleoplasm.

Q: What is nucleolus?

Ans: The nucleolus is present in the nucleus. It is densely stain round body.

Q: What are chromosomes?Ans: Chromosomes are present in the nucleus and play a vital role in the reproduction and

heredity. There is a fixed number of chromosomes in every organisms of a species. In human

23 pairs of chromosomes are present.

Q: What are chromatids?

Ans: Each chromosome is seen to be made up of two similar strands called chromatids.

Q: What is centromere?

Ans: Central portion of chromosome is called centromere. Two chromatids are attached at

same centromere.

Q: What are genes?

Ans: Genes are located on chromosomes and are called units of inheritance.

Q: What is DNA?

Ans: DNA is the genetic material called as deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA consists of a very

large number of units called nucleotides.


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Q: What is genetic code?

Ans: Instructions stored in the gene in the form of code are called genetic code.

Q: What are the types of nucleotides?

Ans: There are four types of nucleotides in DNA. These units are joined to each other to form

DNA molecule.

Chapter#5

Atom and its structureQ: what is matter?Ans: Every thing around us which occupies space and has weight is called

matter. e.g all living things, air, mountains oceans, etc

Q: what are the sates of matter?Ans: matter exists in four states.

(1) Solid (2) liquid (3) gas (4) plasma

Q: what is element?

Ans: a pure substance which can not be divided into further particles is called

element. e.g carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and iron etc.

Q: what are the types of element?

Ans: Total number of elements are 109, which may be natural or artificial.

Q: what are natural elements?

Ans: There are 90 natural elements. Such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and

iron etc.Q: what are artificial elements?

Ans: about 19 elements are artificial or man made. e.g curium, hofminium.

Q: what is mixture?

Ans: it is the combination of two or more than two element. e.g (1) air is the

mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.

Q: what is atom?Ans: The smallest particle of matter which may or may not exist independently

is called an atom.

Q: What are the components of atom?

Ans: Atom consists of three fundamental particles. (1) Electron (2) proton

(3) Neutron.

Q: Describe John Dalton concept of atom.

Ans: John Dalton was an English chemist and has proposed the model of atom.

(1) Matter is composed of tiny particles called atom.

(2) Atoms are indivisible particles and can not be further divided.

(3) All atoms of an element are identical.

Q: what is the Modern concept of atom?

Ans: John Daltons ideas were proved to be wrong and modern concept of

atom was proposed in late nineteenth century. Modern concept is given below.

(1) Atom is divisible


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(2) Atom contains a number of tiny particles

(3) Every atom consists of three fundamental particles known as

electron, proton, and neutron.

Q: What is electron?

Ans: Electron is a very light particle and it is negatively charged.

Q: What is proton?

Ans: Proton is 1836 times heavier than an electron and is positively charged.

Q: What is neutron?

Ans: Neutron has no charge and its mass is equal to that of protons.

Q: Describe Rutherfords atomic model?

Ans: Rutherford performed a number of experiments to find out the structure of

an atom. Postulates of Rutherford atomic model are given.

(1) Atom has very small, very dense, central part known as nucleus.

(2) A nucleus consists of protons and neutrons

(3) Almost the whole mass of an atom is present in the nucleus.

(4) The electrons are revolving around the nucleus in different orbits.

(5) An electrically neutral atom has as many numbers of electrons

revolving around the nucleus as there are protons present inside it.

Q: What is atomic mass?

Ans: The total number of protons and neutrons present in the nucleus of an

atom is called atomic mass. It is denoted by A.

Q: what is atomic number?

Ans: the number of protons present in the nucleus is called atomic number. It is

denoted by Z.

Q: what are shells?Ans: The paths around the nucleus for the movement of electron are known as

shells or energy levels.

Q: What are the types of shells?

Ans: shells are designated as K, L, M and so on. On the basis of distance

from the nucleus. These shells have different number of electron.

Q: What is K shell?

Ans: First shell is known as K shell. It is the closest to the nucleus and can

accommodate only 2 electrons.

Q: What is L- shell?

Ans: Second shell is called L shell and it can accommodate 8 electrons.Q: What is M shell?

Ans: third shell is called M shell an it can accommodate 18 electrons.

Q: what are isotopes?

Ans: Atoms of an element having different atomic masses but same atomic

number is called isotopes.

Q: Describe the isotopes of Hydrogen?

Ans: there are three isotopes of Hydrogen

(1) Protium (2) deuterium (3) Tritium

Protium: The lightest one has one proton in its nucleus and is known as

protium.


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Deuterium: It is the heavier atom of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron

present in its nucleus.

Tritium: It is the heaviest atom of the hydrogen and consists of one proton and

two neutrons in its nucleus.

Q: What is valency?

Ans: The number of hydrogen atoms that can combine with one atom of an

element is called valency.

Q: What is valence shell?

Ans: The outermost shell of an atom is known as valance shell.


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