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Notes and References
PREFACE
1. Fleming, M. C., Construction and the Related Professions, on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society and the Social Science Research Council (Pergamon, 1980).
1 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
1. CSO, Standard Industrial Classification, revised 1968 (HMSO, 1968). 2. CSO, National Income and Expenditure, 1982 Edition (HMSO,
1982) Table 11.7. 3. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982)
Table 9. 4. CSO, National Income and Expenditure, 1982 Edition Table 1.9. 5. These figures are not quite comparable. The value of output refers to
Great Britain and the GDP to the UK. Moreover the value of work undertaken abroad by the UK construction industry is excluded in the output figures for the industry but some allowance is made for it in the GDP figures. The differences do notalterthegeneralargument.
6. CSO, National Income and Expenditure, 1982 Edition Table 1.9. 7. ibid, Tables 1.9 and 3.2. 8. ibid, Table 10.8. 9. Maurice, R. (ed.), for the CSO, National Accounts Statistics: Sources
and Methods (HMSO, 1968) p. 366. 10. CSO,Nationallncomeand Expenditure, 1982 Edition Table 10.8. 11. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1971-1981, Table IS. 12. Leopold, E., 'Where Have All the Workers Gone?' Building, vol. 243,
22 Oct 1982, pp. 29-30. 13. Department of Employment, Employment Gazette, vol. 91 , no. 3,
Mar 1983 (HMSO, 1983) Table 1.1. 14. Business Statistics Office, Input-Output Tables for the United
Kingdom 1974, Business Monitor PA 1004 (HMSO, 1981) Table B. 15. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables 9 and
62.
289
290 Notes and References
16. CSO, United Kingdom Balance of Payments, 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982) Table 3.9.
17. Business Statistics Office, Input-Output Tables for the United Kingdom 1974, Table C.
18. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981) Table 61.
19. Economist IntelligenceUnit,Capital Spending and the UK Economy, commissioned by the FCEC (EIU, 1981).
20. Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, Policies for Recovery: An Evaluation of Alternatives, commissioned by FCEC, NCBMP, NFBTE, RIBA, RICS (Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, 1981).
21. Trades Union Congress, Reconstruction of Britain (TUC, 1981). 22. National Economic Development Office, Construction, Public
Spending and the Economy, Press Information (NEDO, 2 Mar 1982). 23. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Homes for Today and
Tomorrow (The Parker Morris Report) (HMSO, 1961).
2 DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND
1. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981); DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, December Quarter 1982, no. 12 (HMSO, 1983; CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1981 Edition (HMSO, 1981); CSO,Nationallncome and Expenditure 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982).
2. University of Aston, Joint Unit for Research on the Urban Environment, Planning and Land Availability- quoted in ref. 3, p. 76.
3. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? NEDO (HMSO, 1978), p. 75.
4. ibid. 5. DoE, The Recent Course of Land and Property Prices and the Factors
Underlying It (DoE, 1976). 6. Shaw, G., Written Answer, Hansard 23 Mar 1982. 7. DoE, Housing Policy: A Consultative Document, Cmnd 6851
(HMSO, 1977). 8. Joint Land Requirements Committee, Sufficient Housing Land for
the 1980s? Paper 1: 'How Much Land should we Plan for?' (Housing Research Foundation, 1982). The Committee comprises members from the Volume Housebuilders' Association, the Royal Town Planning Institute, the House Builders Federation and the Housing Research Foundation.
9. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction?, p. 9.
10. DoE, Housing Policy, Technical Volume, Part 1 (HMSO, 1977) Table 1.5.
11. Office of Population Census and Survey, Census 1981 National Report Great Britain Part 1, CEN 81 NR(l) (HMSO, 1983) Table 24; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, September Quarter 1982, no. 11 part 2 (HMSO, 1983) Table 2 .20.
Notes and References 291
12. Office of Population Census and Survey, Census 1981 National Report Great Britian Part 1.
13. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, (HMSO, 1982) Table 103.
14. Specialist Research Unit, Why New? The Motivation for House Purchase, paper for the House-Builders Federation (HBF, 1981).
15. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1971-1981, Table 105. 16. Bank of England, 'Analysis of Advances and Acceptances to UK
Residents by Banks in the United Kingdom', Bank of England, 17 Nov 1982, and subsequent issues.
17. 'Housing Attracts Investment', The Times, 23 Apr 1982; 'The Building Trust', BMP Information, 5 Mar 1982.
18. DoE,HousingandConstructionStatistics, 1971-1981, Table 105. 19. Williams, P., The Role of Financial Institutions and Estate Agents
in the Private Housing Market (Centre for Urban and Regional Studies, University of Birmingham, 1976). p. 6
20. Gough, T. J., The Economics of Building Societies (Macmillan, 1982).
21. Mayes, D. G., The Property Boom: The Effects of Building Society Behaviour on House Prices (Martin Robertson, 1979).
22. Gough, The Economics of Building Societies, p. 140. 23. University of Aston, Joint Unit for Research on the Urban Environ
ment, Planning and Land Availability; Kilroy, B., 'Housing FinanceWhy so Privileged?', Lloyds Bank Review, no. 133, July 1979, pp. 37-52.
24. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 106. 25. Mabey, S., and Tillet, P., Building Societies: The Need for Reform
(Bow Group, 1980). 26. Kilroy, 'Housing Finance- Why so Privileged?'. 27. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction for Industrial
Recovery, NEDO (HMSO, 1978). 28. Hillebrandt, P. M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry
(Macmillan, 1974) pp. 62-8. 29. Maurice, R. (ed.), National Account Statistics: Sources and Methods,
CSO (HMSO, 1968) p. 364. 30. CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1981 Edition, Table 11.11;
and CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1982 Edition, Table 11.7.
31. DoE, Commercial Property Development (The Pilcher Report) (HMSO, 1975) p. 5.
32. ibid, pp. 49-50. 33. DoE, Commercial and Industrial Property Statistics 1979 (HMSO,
1980) Table 24. 34. Ambrose, P., and Colenutt, B., The Property Machine (Penguin,
1975). 3 5. House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology,
The Water Industry, vol. 1 Report (HMSO, 1982). 36. Government Expenditure Plans 1982/83 to 1984/85, Cmnd 8494
(HMSO, 1982). 37. National Council of Building Material Producers, The Need for
292 Notes and References
Building Materials (NCBMP, 1978) Appendix 12. 38. The Government's Expenditure Plans 1981/82 to 1983/84, Cmnd
8175 (HMSO, 1981) p. 13. 39. Bar-Hillel, M., 'All You Ever Wanted to Know About the Under
spend', Building, vol. 243, 19 Nov 1982, p. 10. 40. 'Why They Underspend', Building, vol. 243, 5 Nov 1982, p. 11. 41. Ministry of Works, Survey of Problems before the Construction
Industries: A Report prepared for the Minister of Works by Sir Harold Emmerson G.C.B., K.C. V.O. (HMSO, 1962).
42. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the Construction Industries, NEDO (HMSO, 1975).
43. Relf, C. T ., The Building Timetable: The Public Sector (Building Economics Research Unit, University College Environmental Research Group, 1974).
44. '"Bunching" Pressure on Tender Prices', Building, vol. 242, 26 Feb 1982,p.ll.
45. 'Finding the Funds',Building, vol. 243,3 Sept 1982, pp. 26-7. 46. ibid. 47. 'New Inner City Enterprise from DoE', Building, vol. 243, 18 Nov
1982,p.ll. 48. DoE, English House Condition Survey 1981, Part 1, Report of the
Physical Condition Survey, Housing Survey, Report 12 (HMSO, 1982).
49. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables 91 and 97.
50. ibid, Tables 91 and 92. 51. ibid, and Table 2.5 of this volume. 52. National Home Improvement Council, Report on the Market for
Home Improvement, Repair and Maintenance and DIY 1977-80 (NHIC, June 1982) Table 3a.
53. House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, The Water Industry, Table 3a.
54. DoE, National Road Maintenance Condition Survey 1982 (DoE, 1983).
55. House of Commons Transport Select Committee, First Report (HC-28-l) (HMSO, 1983).
56. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction for Industrial Recovery; and Old Buildings Eat up Your Profits (NEDO, 1978).
3 THE PROCESS
1. Ministry of Public Building and Works, The Placing and Management of Contracts for Building and Civil Engineering Work (The Banwell Report) (HMSO, 1964) p. 1.
2. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, NEDO (HMSO, 1983) para 12.23.
3. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 2nd quarter 1972, no. 2 (HMSO, 1972) Table XII.
Notes and References 293
4. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981) Table 94.
5. Hille brandt, P. M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry (Macmillan, 1974) p. 80.
6. Chartered Institute of Building, Project Management in Building (CIOB, 1982) p. 12.
7. Hille brandt, P. M., Andrews, J ., Bale, J ., and Smith, T ., Project Management: Proposals for Change (Building Economics Research Unit, University College Environmental Research Group, 1974).
8. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, para 12 .11. 9. ibid, para 12.22.
10. ibid, paras 9.10 and 9.11. 11. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and
the Construction Industries (The Wood Report) NEDO (HMSO, 1975).
12. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, para 1.7. 13. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Before You Build: What a
Client Needs to Know about the Construction Industry (The Wilson Report) NEDO (HMSO, 1974) pp. 14-15.
14. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the Construction Industries, p. 34.
15. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Before You Build, pp. 20-40.
16. Dept of the Environment and Welsh Office, Review of Development Control System (The Dobry Report) (HMSO, 1975).
17. House of Commons Expenditure Committee Report on Planning Procedures, vol. 1 , Report Session 197 6-77 (HMSO, 1977).
18. PoE, Statistics of Planning Applications April-June 1982, Press Notice, 15 Feb 1983.
19. Dept of the Environment, Dept of Transport and Welsh Office, Chief Planning Inspector's Report, 1981 (DoE, 1982).
20. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, para 11.7. 21. ibid. 22. Ministry of Works, The Placing and Management of Building Con
tracts, Report of the Central Council for Works and Buildings to the Minister of Works (The Simon Report) (HMSO, 1944).
23. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the Construction Industries.
24. ibid, p. 73. 25. Hillebrandt, Economic Theory and the Construction Industry, p. 80. 26. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the
Construction Industries, pp. 100-2. 27. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 94. 28. Newcombe, R., 'Cost of Competition', Building, vol. 234, 16 June
1978,pp.95-7. 29. National Joint Consultative Council, NJCC Code of Procedure for
Selective Tendering (NJCC, 1972). 30. 'Tender Deviations Worry NJCC', Building, vol. 243, 23 July 1982,
p. 14; Construction Industry Research and Information Association,
294 Notes and References
Pre-Contract Delays in Civil Engineering Projects (FCEC, 1982). 31. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Pre
Contract Delays in Civil Engineering Projects. 32. Hillebrandt, Economic Theory and the Construction Industry, p. 80. 33. Lansley, P., Reseach and Construction: Case Studies of the Con
straints to the Application of Construction Management Research (University of Reading, 1983).
34. The constituent bodies of the Joint Contracts Tribunal are: Royal Institute of British Architects; National Federation of Building Trades Employers; Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors; Association of County Councils; Association of Metropolitan Authorities; Association of District Councils; Greater London Council;Committee of Associations of Specialist Engineering Contractors; Federation of Associations of Specialists and Subcontractors; Association of Consulting Engineers; Scottish Building Contract Committee.
35. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 94. 36. ibid. 37. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the
Construction Industries, p. 79. 38. Pover, P. E. S., Performance Bonding of Local Authority Building
Contracts in the United Kingdom, Report for University of London M.Sc. in Science and Architecture (Building Economics and Management) (UCL, 1976) p. 27.
39. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? p. 23.
40. Bentley, M. J. C., Quality Control on Building Sites, CP 7/81 (BRE, 1981).
41. Clark, T., Building Clerks of Works in the NHS: To wards an Educational Policy, CEU Working Paper (York Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, 1982).
42. Slough Estates Ltd, Industrial Investment: A Case Study in Factory Building (Slough Estates Ltd, 1979).
43. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, para 1.7. 44. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Pre
Contract Delays in Civil Engineering Projects.
4 OUTPUT IN GREAT BRITAIN
l. Lea, E., Lansley, P., Spencer, P., Efficiency and Growth in the Building Industry (Ashridge Management Research Unit, 1974).
2. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) p. 161.
3. CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982) Table 117.
4. National Home Improvement Council, Report on the Market for Home Improvement, Repair and Maintenance and DIY 1977-80
Notes and References 295
(NHIC, 1982) Table 1. 5. ibid, Table (3) b. 6. Wheatcroft, A., 'A New Output Enquiry for the Construction
Industry', Economic Trends, no. 333, July 1981, pp. 99-104. 7. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 2. 8. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 8;
DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 8. 9. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Housing Statistics
no. 6, July 1967 (HMSO, 1967) Table 15; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1972, no. 2 (HMSO, 1982) Table 23; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1975, no. 13 (HMSO, 1975) Table XVIII; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1979, no. 29 (HMSO, 1979) Table XX.
10. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 96. 11. Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Housing Statistics no. 6,
Table 9; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1973, no. 5 (HMSO, 1973) Table 22.
12. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 88. 13. Scottish Development Department, Scottish Housing Statistics no. 4,
4th quarter 1978 (HMSO, 1978) Table 30. 14. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 88. 15. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1st quarter 1979, no. 29
(HMSO, 1979) Table XXI. 16. Cullen, A., 'Speculative Housebuilding in Britain: Some Notes on
the Switch to Timber-Frame Production Method', The Production of the Built Environment: The Proceedings of the Bartlett Summer School1981 (University College London, 1982).
17. National House-Building Council, Private House-Building Statistics 1982, quarter 4 (NHBC, 1983) Table 5.
18. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 102. 19. Rimmer, G., 'Brick Marches North', Building, vol239, 28 Nov 1980,
p. 47. 20. DoE, Housing Policy, Technical Volume Part 1 (HMSO, 1977) p. 73. 21. See, for example, Bentley, M. J. C., Quality Control on Building
Sites, BRE Current Paper 7/81 (BRE, 1981). 22. Institute of Housing and RIBA, Homes for the Future: Standards for
· New Housing and Development (RIBA, 1983). 23. DoE, Private Contractors Construction Census 1974 (HMSO, 1976)
Table 52. 24. RIBA, Quarterly Statistical Bulletin no. 51, June 1982 (RIBA, 1982)
Table 6.2. 25. ibid, Table 6.2. 26. ibid, Table 6.3. 27. ibid. 28. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 2nd quarter 1979, no. 30
(HMSO, 1979) Table III. 29. RIB A, Quarterly Statistical Bulletin no. 54, March 1983 (RIBA,
1983)p.3. 30. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, no. 30, Table IV.
296 Notes and References
5 OUTPUT ABROAD
I. 'Building Up: The Work of UK Construction Firms Overseas', British Business, vol. 9, no. 6, 15-21 Oct 1982, pp. 256-26l;DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) Table 10.
2. Venus, D. H. M., 'Getting the Work: 2. The Contractors' View', paper to Construction Industry Conference Centre, Easter Conference 1979 International Construction, 5-6 April (University of Nottingham, 1979) pp. 11-13; Davis, A., 'Construction: Personal Approach Wins Arab Contracts', The Times, 30 Mar 1983.
3. 'Construction Overseas' British Business, vol. 6, no. 7, 16-22 Oct 1981 pp. 282-9; 'Building Up: The Work of UK Construction Firms Overseas'.
4. Savory Milln & Co., Building Book 1981 Supplement Dec. 81 (Savory Milln, 1981); Savory Milln & Co., Building Book 1982 val. 2, Con· tractors, House builders and Plant Hire Cvs (Savory Milln, 1982).
5. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables 32 and 42.
6. Venus, 'Getting the Work: 2. The Contractors' View'. 7. ibid. 8. Latham, M., 'The British Abroad', Building, vol. 241, 23 Oct 1981,
p. 23. 9. EDC for Civil Engineering, Design and Export, NEDO (HMSO,
1978) pp. 38-9. 10. Export Business from Capital Projects Overseas, Report of an
Enquiry by the Rt Hon. the Earl of Cromer PC, MBE (HMSO, 1968) p. 22.
11. EDC for Civil Engineering, Design and Export, p. 39. 12. EDC for Civil Engineering, Overseas Capital Projects, a report by
Sir Archie Lamb (NEDO, 1982). 13. Association of Consulting Engineers, Press Release, 22 Mar 1982;
Association of Consulting Engineers, Press Release, Mar 1983. 14. Association of Consulting Engineers, Overseas Work Entrusted
to Members during 1982 (ACE, 1983). 15. Association of Consulting Engineers, Overseas Work Entrusted to
Members during 1981 (ACE, 1982). 16. Beardall, G. D., 'Getting the Work: 1. The Consultants' View',
paper to Construction Industry Conference Centre, Easter Conference 1979, International Construction, S-6 April (University of Nottingham, 1979) pp. 1-10.
17. Department of Trade: Projects and Export Policy Division, Overseas Projects Fund Assistance: Guidance for Applicants (DOT, 1981).
6 FORECASTING AND FORECASTS OF DEMAND AND OUTPUT
I. Sugden, J. D., and Wells, E. 0., Forecasting Construction Output from the Orders, Building Economics Research Unit, Environmental Research Group (University College London, 1977).
Notes and References 297
2. RIBA, Statistics Section, Quarterly Statistical Bulletin (RIBA). 3. RICS, Quantity Surveyors' Workload, Quarterly RICS News Press
Releases. 4. Wheatcroft, A., DoE, 'A New Output Enquiry for the Construction
Industry', Economic Trends, no. 333, July 1981, pp. 99-104. 5. Fleming, M. C., Construction and the Related Professions, on behalf
of the Royal Statistical Society and the Social Science Research Council (Pergamon, 1980) section 13.S.l2.
6. These include the NFBTE, HBF, FCEC, HVCA and BMF. 7. See, for example, notes 8 and 9 below. 8. Public Expenditure to 1977/78, Cmnd 5519 (HMSO, 1973). 9. Public Expenditure to 1981/82, Cmnd 7049 (HMSO, 1978).
10. Source of data to assist in public-sector housing forecasts include:
(a) dwellings in tenders approved and approved but not started for local authorities and new towns in Great Britain
(b) changes in number of dwellings started and under construction in Great Britain
(c) time lag start to completion dwellings in local authorities and new towns and all public sector
(a) to (c) above in DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, annual and quarterly (HMSO).
11. Sources of data to assist in private-sector housing forecasts include:
(a) changes in number of dwellings started and under construction in Great Britain
(b) time lag start to completion private dwellings (c) receipts and advances of building societies and advances of
other institutions (d) rate of interest on mortgages (e) changes in house prices- there are many indices of which one is
published as below (a) to (e) above in DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, annual
and quarterly (HMSO).
12. Sources of data to assist in private-sector non-housing forecasts include:
(a) CBI Quarterly Industrial Trends Survey reported in CSO, Economic Trends (HMSO)
(b) Dept of Industry Investment Intentions Survey three times a year reported in Dol, British Business (HMSO)
(c) Survey of Office Market Activity by Hillier, Parker, May and (d) Monthly Survey of Business Opinion by Financial Times (e) Business Indicators Poll by RICS and Financial Times (f) Survey of Office Market Activity by Hillier, Parker, May and
Rowden.
13. Organisations undertaking forecasts of the economy include: The Treasury, OECD, NIESR, CBI, London Business School, Cambridge
298 Notes and References
Econometrics, Cambridge Economic Policy Group, The Liverpool Group and the Economist Intelligence Unit.
14. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Forecasting Committee, Construction Forecasts (every six months) NEDO (HMSO).
15. National Council of Building Material Producers, BMP Forecasts (three times a year) (NCBMP).
16. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981) Table 142.
17. Young, G., Written Answer, Hansard, 23 Mar 1982. 18. DoE, English House Condition Survey 1981, pt 1, Report of the
Physical Condition Survey, Housing Survey Report 12 (HMSO, 1982). 19. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO,
1982) Table 103. 20. ibid, Tables 99-103. 21. Whitehead, C. M. E., The UK Housing Market: An Econometric
Model (Saxon House, 1974). 22. Holmans, A. E., 'A Forecast of Effective Demand for Housing in
Great Britain in the 1970s', Social Trends, no. 1 (HMSO, 1970) pp. 33-42.
23. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Working Party on Demand and Output Forecasts, Construction Industry Prospects to 1979, (NEDO, 1971).
24. ibid. 25. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Regional Construction
Forecasts to 1977, vo1s 1-4 (NEDO, 1974). 26. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction into the
Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976); EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Scottish Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976).
7 STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTING INDUSTRY
1. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) Table 27.
2. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production 1980: Construction Industry, PA 500 (HMSO, 1982).
3. CSO, Standard Industrial Classification Revised 1980 (HMSO, 1979) Class 50.
4. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production 1979: Construction Industry, PA 500 (HMSO, 1981).
5. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 27. 6. ibid. 7. ibid, Table 31. 8. ibid, Table 41. 9. ibid, Tables 31 and 41.
10. ibid,Table43. 11. ibid, Tables 12 and 32. 12. ibid, Table 42.
Notes and References 299
13. E. B. Savory Milln & Co., Savory Milln's Building Book 1982, vol. 2: Contractors, Housebuilders and Plant Hire Companies (Savory Milln, 1982); E. B. Savory Milln & Co., Savory Milln 's Building Book 1981, vol. 1: Building Materials and Builders Merchants (Savory Milln, 1981); E. B. Savory Milln & Co., Savory Milln's Building Book 1981, Supplement: Company Operating Statistics and Ratios (Savory Milln, 1981).
14. E. B. Savory Milln & Co., Savory Milln 's Building Book 1969-70 (Savory Milln, 1970).
15. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables 40 and 41.
16. ibid; and DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981) Tables 41 and 42.
17. EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, NEDO (HMSO, 1983) paras 9 and 10.
18. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 31. 19. ibid. 20. National House-Building Council, Private House-Building Statistics
1982 4th Quarter (NHBC, 1983) Table 9. 21. Hillebrandt, P.M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry
(Macmillan, 1974) ch. 12. 22. EDC for Civil Engineering, Efficiency in Road Construction (Chair
man: John Lofthouse) NEDO (HMSO, 1966). 23. The Labour Party, Building Britain's Future: Labour's Policy on
Construction (The Labour Party, 1977) p. 41. 24. The Monopolies Commission, Report on the Supply of Buildings in
the Greater London Area, House of Commons Paper 264, Session 1953/54 (HMSO, 1954).
25. Registrar of Restrictive Trading Agreements, Restrictive Trading Agreements, Report of the Registrar, 1 July 1969 to 30 June 1972, Cmnd 5195 (HMSO, 1973).
26. Ball, M., and Cullen, A., Mergers and Accumulation in the British Construction Industry, 1960-79 Birkbeck College Discussion Paper no. 73 (Birkbeck College, 1980).
27. Jones, D. W. and Harris, F. C., 'Company Acquisitions and Business Performance in the Construction Industry', Construction Papers, vol. 1,no. 3,1982.
28. This section draws on and updates the article on the subject: Hillebrandt, P. M., 'Going Bust: What are the Facts?' Building, vol. 232,11 Feb 1977,pp. 52-3.
29. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 15. 30. Leopold, E., 'Where Have All the Workers Gone?' Building, vol. 243,
22 Oct 1982, pp. 29-30. 31. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 48. 3 2. The NFBTE includes the House Builders Federation, National
Federation of Plastering Contractors, National Association of Scaffolding Contractors, National Federation of Painting and Decorating Contractors, Association of Natural Stone Industries and British Woodworking Federation.
300 Notes and References
33. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, 1878-1978: An Outline History of the National Federation of Building Trades Employers (NFBTE, I978).
34. The constituent associations of CASEC are: British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd, Electrical Contractors Association, Electrical Contractors Association of Scotland, Heating and Ventilating Contractors Association, National Association of Plumbing, Heating and Mechanical Services Contractors, Metal Window Federation, National Association of Lift Makers, Scottish and Northern Ireland Plumbing Employers Federation (CASEC Annual Report 1981 (CASEC, 1982)).
3 5. The constituent associations of F ASS as at Jan I983 were: Architectural Aluminium Associati0n, Asphalt and Coated Macadam Association, British Decorators' Association, British Precast Concrete Association, British Reinforcement Manufacturers Association, Contract Flooring Association, Federation of Piling Specialists, Felt Roofing Contractors Advisory Board, Glass and Glazing Federation, Mastic Asphalt Council and Employers Federation, National Federation of Terrazzo-Mosaic Specialists, National Master Tile Fixers Association, Suspended Ceilings Association.
36. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables II and 46.
37. Local Government Planning and Land Act 1980 (HMSO, I980). 38. Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy, Account
ing Code of Practice for Direct Labour Organisations (CIPFA, 1981 ).
39. Elliot, D. A., Direct Labour Organisations: Implications of the Local Government Planning and Land Act 1980 (CIOB, 1980).
40. ibid. p. 14. 41. Planning Exchange, Direct Labour Organisations: The Effects of
Part II of the Local Government Planning and Land Act 1980, Forum Report no. 31 (Planning Exchange, Glasgow, I982).
4 2. ibid; Elliot, Direct Labour Organisations. 43. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables II and
46. 44. DoE, Private Communications of I6 Dec 1982. 45. Economist Intelligence Unit for CABIN, Public Ownership in the
Construction Industries (EIU, 1978).
8 STRUCTURE OF THE PROFESSIONS
1. Kaye, B., The Development of the Architects' Profession in Britain (Allen & Unwin, I960) p. I7.
2. RIBA Statistics Section, Architects' Employment and Earnings 1982: A Report of the RIBA Survey (RIBA, I982).
3. Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Engineering Profession (Chairman: Sir Montague Finniston FRS) Cmnd 7794 (HMSO, I980).
Notes and References 301
4. RIBA Statistics Section, Census of Private Architectural Practices 1980 (RIBA, 1981) p. 2.
5. ibid. 6. RICS, A Study of Quantity Surveying Practice (RICS, 1974 ). 7. Prices and Incomes Board, Architects Costs and Fees, Cmnd 3653
(HMSO, 1967). 8. Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Architects Services: A Report
on the Supply of Architects' Services, with Respect to Scale Fees (House of Commons Papers) (HMSO, 1977).
9. Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Surveyors' Services: A Report on the Supply of Surveyors' Services with Respect to Scale Fees (House of Commons Papers) (HMSO, 1977).
10. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 1970-1980 (HMSO, 1981) Tables 50 and 51.
11. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction?NEDO(HMSO, 1978)p.l7.
12. DoE, Private Contractors Census 1974 (HMSO, 1976). 13. RICS, Quantity Surveyor Committee, The Future of the Quantity
Surveyor (RICS, 1971). 14. RICS, Assisting Management to Build, Leaflet (RICS). 15. Continuing Professional Development in Construction Group,
Information Sheet (CPDC, 1982). 16. Continuing Professional Development in Construction Group,
CPDC Newsletter no. 4 (CPDC, Dec 1981).
9 COSTS AND PRICES
1. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) Table 2.
2. DoE, Monthly Bulletin Construction Indices: (a) Civil Engineering Works; (b) Building Contracts, Monthly (HMSO).
3. Building Cost Information Service, Quarterly Review of Building Prices, Issue no. 9, Feb 1983 (BCIS, 1983) p. 10.
4. Davis, Belfield and Everest, 'Cost Forecast', Architects' Journal, vol. 177,no. 12,23 Mar 1983.
5. For a fuller discussion of estimating and tendering see Hille brandt, P. M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry (Macmillan, 1974).
6. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 2. 7. Building Cost Information Service, Quarterly Review of Building
Prices, p. 10. 8. ibid. 9. Davis, Belfield and Everest, 'Cost Forecast'.
10. Stone, P. A., Building Economy: Design Production and Organisation- A Synoptic View (Pergamon, 1983) pp. 20-2.
302 Notes and References
10 THE LINKS BETWEEN RESOURCES AND OUTPUT AND CAPACITY
1. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? NEDO (HMSO, 1978) p. 28.
2. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction into the Early 1980s NEDO (HMSO, 1976) pp. 33-4.
3. Lemessany, J., and Clapp, M. A., Resource Inputs to New Construction- The Labour Requirements of Hospital Building CP 85/75 (BRE, 1975); Lemessany, J., and Clapp, M.A., Resource Inputs to Construction - The Labour Requirements of House Building CP 76/78 (BRE, 1978).
4. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Scottish Construction into the Early 1980s (HMSO, 1976).
S. National Economic Development Council, The Construction Industry (HMSO, 1964) para 74.
6. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, 4th quarter 1974 no. 12, (HMSO, 1975) Table 1.
7. ibid, Tables 45, 47, 48,49 and 51. 8. ibid, Table 2; CSO, Monthly Digest of Statistics no. 343, July 1974
(HMSO, 1974) Table 169.
11 MANPOWER
1. Leopold, E., 'Where Have All the Workers Gone?' Building, vol. 243,22 Oct 1982, pp. 29-30.
2. Construction Industry Training Board, Annual Report 1981/82 (CITB, 1983) Table 1.
3. Marsh, A., Heady, P., and Matheson, J., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, OPCS (HMSO, 1981).
4. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, Manpower Study 1974 (NFBTE, 1974).
S. Construction Industry Training Board, Annual Report 1981/82 (CITB, 1983) Table 1.
6. Marsh et al., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, Table 7.1. 7. ibid. 8. ibid, Table 7.3. 9. Construction Industry Training Board, £40,000,000 Youth Training
Scheme Offers Place in Construction for 20,000 School Leavers, press release (CITB, 10 Mar 1983) (and related leaflets).
10. Construction Industry Training Board, 'Recognition Only Given to Electrical JIB Trainees', Construction Board News, no. 67, Mar 1983.
11. Marsh et al., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, Table 2.4.
12. Jeanes, R. E., Building Operatives Work (HMSO, 1966). 13. Hatchett, M., ILEA Building Craft Student Survey 1978: A Profile
of Building Craft Students in Inner London (The Bartlett School of Architecture and Planning, University College, London, 1982).
Notes and References 303
I4. Woodward-Smith, N., A National Register of Craft Skills in the Building Industry: A Feasibility Study (Civic Trust, I979).
I5. Fulcher, A. J., 'Achievement Measurement in the Building Sector', Training for Tomorrow, Report of Construction Industry Training Officers Conference ( CITOC) ( CITB, I9 8 2).
I6. Marsh eta!., Labour Mobility in the Cosntruction Industry, p. 8. I 7. ibid, p. Il. I8. Report of Committee of Inquiry under Professor E. H. Phelps
Brown into Certain Matters Concerning Labour in Building and Civil Engineering, Cmnd 37I4 (HMSO, I968) p. 183.
I9. Marsh eta!., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, p. Il. 20. Hatchett, ILEA Building Craft Student Survey 1978, Table 8. 21. Marsh et al., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry, pp.
I O-Il. 22. ibid. 23. ibid, Table 3.4. 24. 'British Labour Fuels Dutch Black Markets', Building, vol. 24I,
23 Oct I98I, p. 11. 25. Manpower Services Commission, 'National Training Survey', I975
quoted in EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? (HMSO, 1978) pp. 40-5.
26. Marsh eta!., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry. 27. Report of Committee of Inquiry under Professor E. H. Phelps
Brown into Certain Matters Concerning Labour in Building and Civil Engineering, pp. I 00-1.
28. Health and Safety Executive, News Release, I 0 Nov 1982 (HSE, I982).
29. Health and Safety Executive, Fatal Accidents in Construction in 1978 (HMSO, I98I)
30. CSO, Monthly Digest of Statistics, no. 44I, Sept I982 (HMSO, I982) Table 3.12.
31. Wood, L.,A Union to Build (Lawrence and Wishart, I979). 32. National Joint Council for the Building Industry, Working Rule
Agreement (1982 edn) (NJCBI, I982); Joint Industry Board for the Electrical Contracting Industry, National Working Rules and Industrial Determination for the Electrical Contracting Industry (JIBECI, I982); The National Joint Industry Board for Plumbing Mechanical Engineering Services in England and Wales, Constitution and Rules, National Working Rules, Grading Scheme, Training and Apprenticeship Agreement (JIBPMES, I982); Building and Allied Trades Joint Industrial Council, Constitution and Working Rule Agreement (BATJIC, I983); Civil Engineering Construction Conciliation Board for Great Britain, Constitution of the Board and Working Rule Agreement (CECCB, I982).
33. Joint Industrial Board for the Electrical Contracting Industry, JIB 1982 I 1983 Industrial Determination (JIBECI, ll Jan I98 2).
34. National Joint Council for the Building Industry, Working Rule Agreement, p. 178; Department of Employment, New Earnings Survey 1981 (HMSO, I982) Table 86.
304 Notes and References
35. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) Table 23.
36. ibid, Table 27. 37. ibid, Table 25. 38. CSO, Monthly Digest of Statistics, no. 447, Mar 1983 (HMSO,
1983) Table 3.15. 39. Health and Safety Executive, Fatal Accidents in Construction,
pp. 1 and 7. 40. Marsh eta/., Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry. 41. DoE, Private Contractors' Construction Census 1976 (HMSO, 1977)
Table 32. 42. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, note on
p. 165. 43. ibid, Tables 15,44 and 47. 44. ibid, Tables 15 and 47.
12 PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY OF MANPOWER
1. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982).
2. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production: Construction, PA 500 (a) 1974 (HMSO, 1976) (b) 1975) (HMSO, 1977) (c) 1976 (HMSO, 1978) (d) 1977 (HMSO, 1979) (e) 1978 (HMSO, 1980) (f) 1979 (HMSO, 1981) (g) 1980 (HMSO, 1982).
3. CSO, National Income and Expenditure, 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982).
4. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, p. 162. 5. Fleming, M., 'Direct Works Departments and the Construction
Industry- Trends in Employment and Comparative Productivity', National Builder, vol. 58, Feb 1977, pp. 13-15; Fleming, M., 'Direct Works Department and the Construction Industry: Employment and Productivity Re-examined', National Builder, vol. 59, Mar 1978, pp. 90-3.
6. O'Brien, D., 'Direct Works Departments: Output per Head Still Significantly Lower', National Builder, vol. 58, Feb 1977, p. 12.
7. Sugden, J.D., 'Direct Labour: How Statistics Have Proved Nothing', Municipal Engineering, vol. 155, 23 May 1978, pp. 354-7 and 371.
8. Business Statistics Office, Company Finance 13th Issue, Business Monitor MA3 (HMSO, 1983).
9. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 11. 10. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, Manpower
Study 1974 (NFBTE, 1974). 11. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980 (HMSO,
1981) Table 14. 12. Lemessany, J ., and Clapp, M. A., Resource Inputs to Construction:
The Labour Requirements of Housebuilding CP 76/78 (BRE, 1978). 13. Marsh, A., Heady, P., and Matheson, J., Labour Mobility in the
Construction Industry OPCS (HMSO, 1981 ).
Notes and References 305
14. National Board for Prices and Incomes, Pay and Conditions in the Building Industry, the Civil Engineering Industry and the Construction Industry other than the Building and Civil Engineering, Report Nos. 91, 92 and 93: Statistical Supplement, Cmnd 3982 (HMSO, 1969).
15. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Tables 38 and 41.
16. Business Statistics Office, Report of the Census of Production, 1976-82.
17. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1970-1980, Table 14; National Federation of Building Trades Employers, Manpower Study 1974.
18. Hi11ebrandt, P. M., Small Firms in the Construction Industry, Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms, Research Report no. 10 (HMSO, 1971).
19. National Federation of Building Trades Employers, Manpower Study 1974.
20. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production, 1976-82.
21. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) Table 46.
13 MANAGEMENT
1. Institute of Building, Survey of Home Members 1975 (lOB, 1976). 2. Chartered Institute of Building, Surveys of Student Numbers 1977/78
to 1981/82 (CIOB (formerly lOB) 1978-82). 3. ibid. 4. Chartered Institute of Building, The Challenge of Change: A Report
for the Continuing Professional Development Working Party (CIOB, 1982).
5. Institution of Civil Engineers, Education and Training of Civil Engineers: Report of the Chilver Committee (ICE, 197 5).
6. RIBA, The Architect and his Office (RIBA, 1962). 7. RIBA, Handbook of Architectural Practice and Management (RIBA,
1964). 8. Andrews, J., Education for the Management of Construction: The
Way Ahead- From Already Behind (Codstruction Industry Development Unit, University College London, 1983).
14 MATERIALS
1. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO, 1982) Table 57.
2. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Building Materials: Export Opportunities and Import Substitution, NEDO (HMSO, 1980) pp. 43-4.
306 Notes and References
3. EDC for Building, Building Products- Competing at Home and Abroad, NEDO (HMSO, 1983).
4. Covington, S. A., The Degree of Quality Assurance Provided with Certain Building Components and Products, CP 8/80 (BRE, 1980).
5. Advisory Council for Applied Research and Development, Facing International Competition: The Impact on Product Design of Standards, Regulations, Certification and Approval (HMSO, 1982).
6. Builders Merchants Federation, Leaflet on BMF and 'The Builders Merchant'(BMF, 1982).
7. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 19 71-1981, Table 2. 8. Builders Merchants Federation, Leaflet on BMF and 'The Builders
Merchant'. 9. ibid.
10. Potter, G. M., 'Seller Concentration, Growth and Financial Performance of Builders' Merchants', report submitted in partial fulfilment for M.Sc. Degree in Architecture, Building Economics and Management (University College London, 1981) p. 58.
11. ibid,p.59. 12. Denison-Pender, M. R., Barnett, G., and David Rigby Associates
(Stockport), The Changing Structures of Stockholding and Distribution of Building Products and Materials in the UK (GIRA UK Ltd, London, 1982).
15 PLANT AND OTHER FIXED ASSETS
1. Welsh, D. 0., 'The Changing Shape of Plant and Machinery', Building, vol.l243, lODec 1982,p.69.
2. CSO, Standard Industrial Classification, revised 1980 (HMSO, 1979). 3. Business Statistics Office, Report on the Census of Production
1979: Construction Industry PA 500 (HMSO, 1981) Table 2.A. 4. CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982). 5. CSO, Standard Industrial Classification 1968 (HMSO, 1968). 6. Report on the Census of Production 1974-80: Construction Industry
PA 500 (HMSO, 1976-82) Table 2. 7. Greene & Co., Investment in Plant Hire 1981 (Greene & Co., 1981)
p. 8. 8. ibid, p. 9. 9. ibid, p. 10; Greene & Co.,Investment in Construction 1982 (Greene
& Co., 1982) Table Q. 10. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 (HMSO,
1982) Tables 40 and 41. 11. Report on the Census of Production 1974-9: Construction Industry
PA 500. 12. Greene & Co., Investment in Plant Hire 1981, p. 12. 13. Report on the Census of Production 1979: Construction Industry
PA 500, Table lA; DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 31.
14. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981, Table 31.
Notes and References 307
16 FINANCE FOR CONTRACTING
1. Business Statistics Office, Company Finance, Thirteenth Issue, Business Monitor MA3 (HMSO, 1983) Table 1.
2. ibid, Table 6. 3. DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics 1971-1981 O:IMSO,
1982) Table 27. 4. Bank of England, Analysis of Advances and Acceptances to UK
Residents by Banks in the United Kingdom 17 Nov 1982 (Bank of England Press Notice, 5 Jan 1983).
5. CSO, National Income and Expenditure 1982 Edition (HMSO, 1982) Table 3 .1.
6. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction? NEDO (HMSO, 1978) pp. 22-3.
7. Committee to Review the Functioning of Financial Institutions: Report (The Wilson Report) Cmnd 793 7 (HMSO, 1980).
8. Interim Report of the Committee to Review the Functioning of Institutions: The Financing of Small Firms, Cmnd 7503 (HMSO, 1979).
17 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1. CSO, Research and Development: Expenditure and Employment, Studies in Official Statistics no. 27 (HMSO, 1976); Business Statistics Office, Industrial Research and Development Expenditure and Employment 1978, M014 (HMSO, 1980); Department of the Environment and Transport, Report on Research and Development 1981 (HMSO, 1982);Bowles,J. R. Department of Industry, 'Research and Development: Expenditure and Employment in the Seventies', Economic Trends no. 334, Aug 1981, pp. 94-111; Bowles, J. R., Departments of Industry and Trade, 'Central Government Expenditure on Research and Development', Economic Trends no. 346, Aug 1982 (HMSO, 1982) pp. 82-95.
2. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Long-term Research and Development Requirements in Civil Engineering, Report of a Task Force set up by the Science and Engineering Research Council and the Departments of the Environment and Transport (CIRIA, 1981) p. 45.
3. Building Research Establishment, Annual Report 1980/81 (HMSO, 1982) p. 2.
4. Departments of the Environment and Transport, Report on Research and Development 1981.
5. EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Report of Research Working Party, NEDO unpublished report 1982.
6. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Longterm Research and Development Requirements in Civil Engineering.
7. Framework for Government Research and Development 1971/72 (The Rothschild Report) (HMSO, 1972).
308 Notes and References
8. Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Longterm Research and Development Requirements in Civil Engineering, pp. 42-3.
9. Lansley, P., Research and Construction: Case Studies of the Constraints to the Application of Construction Management Research (University of Reading, 1983).
Select Bibliography
GENERAL
Bowley, M. E. A., The British Building Industry: Four Studies in Response and Resistance to Change (CUP, 1966).
Colclough, J. R., The Construction Industry of Great Britain (Butterworth, 1965).
DoE, Housing and Construction Statistics, annual and quarterly (HMSO). EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, How Flexible Is Construction?
A Study of Resources and Participants in the Construction Process, NEDO (HMSO, 1978).
Fleming, M. C., Construction and the Related Professions, on behalf of the Royal Statistical Society and the Social Science Research Council (Pergamon, 1980).
Hillebrandt, P. M., Economic Theory and the Construction Industry (Macmillan, 1974 ).
Stone, P. A., Building Economy, Design, Production and OrganisationA Synoptic View, 3rd edn (Pergamon, 1983).
1 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, Policies for Recovery: An Evaluation of Alternatives, commissioned by FCEC, NCBMP, NFBTE, RIBA, RICS (Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, 1981).
EIU, Capital Spending and the UK Economy, commissioned by the FCEC (EIU, 1981).
Sugden, J. D., 'The Place of Construction in the Economy', in Turin, D. A. (ed.), Aspects of the Economics of Construction (George Godwin, 1975).
Turin, D. A., What Do We Mean by Building? Inaugural Lecture delivered at University College London on 14 Feb 1966 (published for the College by H. K. Lewis & Co. London, 1966).
309
310 Select Bibliography
2 DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND
Ambrose, P., and Colenutt, B., The Property Machine (Penguin, 1975). Ball, M., Housing Policy and Economic Power: The Political Economy
of Owner Occupation (Methuen, forthcoming). DoE, Housing Policy: A Consultative Document, Cmnd 6851 and related
technical volumes (HMSO, 1977). DoE and National Water Council, Sewers and Water Mains- A National
Assessment, Standing Technical Committee Report no. 4 (DoE, 1977). EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Working Party on Demand
and Output Forecasts, Construction Industry Prospects to 1979 (NEDO, 1971).
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976) ch. 3.
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Scottish Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976) chs 2 and 3.
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the Construction Industries (The Wood Report) NEDO (HMSO, 1975).
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Regional Construction Forecasts to 1977, vols 1-4 (NEDO, 1974).
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Forecasting Committee, Construction Forecast (every six months) NEDO (HMSO).
Marriott, 0., The Property Boom (Pan, 1969). National Council of Building Material Producers, BMP Forecasts (three
times a year) (NCBMP). National Home Improvement Council, Report on the Market for Home
Improvement, Repair and Maintenance, and DIY 1977-1980 (NHIC, 1982).
Shelter, Housing and the Economy: A Priority for Reform (Shelter, 1982).
Stone, P. A., Urban Development in Britain: Standards, Costs and Resources 1964-2004, NIESR (CUP, 1970).
House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology, The Water Industry, val. 1 Report (HMSO, 1982).
3 THE PROCESS
The Aqua Group, Tenders and Contracts for Building (Granada, 1983). Chartered Institute of Building, Project Management in Building (CIOB,
1982). Construction Industry Research and Information Association, A Client's
Guide to Design and Build (CIRIA, 1981 ). EDC for Building, Faster Building for Industry, NEDO (HMSO, 1983). EDC for Building, Action on the Banwell Report (chairman: P. G. Potts)
NEDO (HMSO, 1967). EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Before You Build (chairman:
Sir Hugh Wilson) NEDO (HMSO, 1974). EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Public Client and the
Select Bibliography 311
Construction Industries (chairman: Sir Kenneth Wood) NEDO (HMSO, 1975).
EDC for Civil Engineering, Contracting in Civil Engineering Since Ban well (chairman: W. G. Harris) NEDO (HMSO, 1968).
EDC for Civil Engineering, Efficiency in Road Construction: Reports 1 and 2, NEDO (HMSO, 1966 and 1967).
McGhie, B., 'The Implications of Project Management', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 2.1-9.
Marsh, P. D. V., Contracting for Engineering and Construction Projects, 2nd edn (in association with the Institute of Purchasing) (Gower, 1981).
Ministry of Public Buildings and Works, The Placing and Management of Contracts for Building and Civil Engineering Work (chairman: Sir Harold Banwell) (HMSO, 1964).
Ministry of Public Building and Works, Organisation and Practices for Building and Civil Engineering: Report of the Working Party on Building and Civil Engineering Procedure in Scotland (chairman: W. McEwan Younger) (HMSO, 1964).
Ministry of Works, The Placing and Management of Building Contracts: Report of the Central Council for Works and Buildings to the Minister of Works (chairman: Lord Simon) (HMSO, 1944).
Ministry of Works, Survey of Problems before the Construction Industries: A Report Prepared for the Minister of Works by Sir Harold Emmerson GCB, KCVO (HMSO, 1962).
The National Joint Consultative Committee of Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Builders, Communications in the Building Industry: The Report of a Pilot Study, prepared by Higgin, G., and Jessop, N. (The Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, 1963).
Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, Interdependence and Uncertainty: A Study of the Building Industry (Tavistock, 1966).
Turin, D. A., 'Building as a Process', Transactions of the Bartlett Society, vol. 6 (1967-8) (University College London, 1968).
5 OUTPUT ABROAD
Construction Industry Conference Centre, International Construction Conference Proceedings 1979 (University of Nottingham).
Cox, V. L., International Construction (Construction Press, 1983). Neo, R. B., International Construction Contracting (Gower, 1976).
6 FORECASTING AND FORECASTS OF DEMAND AND OUTPUT
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Forecasting Committee, Construction Forecasts (every six months) NEDO (HMSO).
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Joint Working Party on Demand
312 Select Bibliography
and Output Forecasts, Construction Industry Prospects to 1979 (NEDO, 1971).
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Regional Construction Forecasts to 1977, vols 1-4 (NEDO, 1974).
National Council of Building Material Producers, BMP Forecasts (three times a year) NCBMP.
7 STRUCTURE OF CONTRACTING INDUSTRY
Ball, M., 'The Speculative Housebuilding Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 1.31-51.
Ball, M., The Contracting System in the Construction Industry, Birkbeck College Discussion Paper no. 86 (Birkbeck College, 1980).
Ball, M., and Cullen, A., Mergers and Accumulation in the British Construction Industry 1960-79, Birkbeck College Discussion Paper no. 73 (Birkbeck College, 1980).
Business Statistics Office, Report of the Census of Production: Construction Industry, Business Monitor PA 500, annual (HMSO).
Clarke, L., 'Subcontracting in the Building Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Second Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 35-53.
Fleming, M. C., 'Construction', in Johnson, P. S. (ed.), The Structure of British Industry (Granada, 1980) ch. 10.
Hille brandt, P.M., Small Firms in the Construction Industry, Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms, Research Report no. 10 (HMSO, 1971).
Ive, G. J ., from reports by lve et al., Capacity and Response to Demand of the Housebuilding Industry: A Summary of Three Research Studies, Building Economics Research Unit, University College Environmental Research Group (University College London, 1981).
Langford, D. A., Direct Labour Organisations (Gower, 1982). Sugden, J ., 'The Nature of Construction Capacity and Entrepreneurial
Response to Effective Demand in the UK', in Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 1-6.
University College Environmental Research Group, Building Economics Research Unit, The Mechanism of Response to Effective Demand, 5 vols (University College London, 1975).
8 STRUCTURE OF THE PROFESSIONS
Dolan, D. F., The British Construction Industry: An Introduction (Macmillan, 1979).
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, The Professions and the Construction Industries, NEDO (HMSO, 1976).
Select Bibliography 313
Joint Committee on Training in the Building Industry Report (chairman: Sir Noel Hall MA LLD RIBA, lOB, RICS, I. Struct E) with the knowledge of the NJCC, 1964.
Kaye, B., The Development of the Architectural Profession in Britain (Allen and Unwin, 1960).
Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Architects· Services: A Report on the Supply of Architects' Services with Reference to Scale Fees (HMSO, 1977).
Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Surveyors' Services: A Report on the Supply of Surveyors' Services with References to Scale Fees (HMSO, 1977).
Saint, A., 'A History of Professionalism in Architecture', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 3. 10-12.
Thompson, F. M. L., Chartered Surveyors: The Growth of a Profession (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1968).
10 THE LINKS BETWEEN RESOURCES AND OUTPUT AND CAPACITY
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976).
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Scottish Construction into the Early 1980s, NEDO (HMSO, 1976).
Hillebrandt, P. M., 'Crisis in Construction', National Westminster Bank Review, Nov 1977.
Lemessany, J., and Clapp, M. A. Resource Inputs to New ConstructionThe Labour Requirements of Hospital Building, CP85/75 (BRE, 1975).
Lemessany, J., and Clapp, M. A., Resource Inputs to Construction: The Labour Requirements of House Building, CP76/78 (BRE, 1978).
University College Environmental Research Unit, Building Economics Research Unit, The Mechanism of Response to Effective Demand 5 vols (University College London, 197 5).
11 MANPOWER
Austerin, T., 'Unions and Wage Contracts, The Case of the "Lump" in the Construction Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 75-80.
Bedale, C., Halford, R., and Lovejoy, B., 'Training in the Construction Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Second Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 64-9.
Burchal1, S., 'Training: An Analysis of the Crisis', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer
314 Select Bibliography
School (University College London, 1980) pp. 81-6. Carter, P., 'Problems for the Building Unions in Great Britain', in The
Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 2.39-41.
Druker, J., 'The History of Construction Unions: The Process of Structural Change', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 69-74.
Hatchett, M., 'The Development of Building Craft Skills in Inner London with Particular Reference to Work Experience', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Third Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1982) pp. 2.14-29.
Hilton, W. S., Industrial Relations in Construction (Pergamon, 1968). Marsh, A.' and Heady, P. with Matheson, J ., Office of Population Censuses
and Surveys, Social Survey Division, Labour Mobility in the Construction Industry (HMSO, 1981).
Morton, C. N., 'Collective Bargaining in Building and Civil Engineering: A Case Study of Three Major Re-development Projects in the City of London', thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (University of London, 1979).
Report of Committee of Enquiry under Professor E. H. Phelps Brown into Certain Matters concerning Labour in Building and Civil Engineering, Cmnd 3714 (HMSO, 1968).
Wood, L., A Union to Build (Lawrence and Wishart, 1979).
14 MATERIALS
Bowley, M. E. A., Innovations in Building Materials: an Economic Study (Gerald Duckworth, 1960).
EDC for Building, Building Products- Competing at Home and Abroad, NEDO (HMSO, 1983).
EDCs for Building and Civil Engineering, Building Materials: Export Opportunites and Import Substitution, NEDO (HMSO, 1980).
15 PLANT AND OTHER FIXED ASSETS
Eden, J. F., 'Mechanisation', in Turin, D. A. (ed.), Aspects of the Economics of Construction (Godwin, 1975).
Greene & Co., Investment in Plant Hire, Annually (Greene & Co.). Ive, G. J ., 'Fixed Capital in the British Building Industry', in The Produc
tion of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the First Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980) pp. 107-19.
Mead, H. T., and Mitchell, G. L. Plant Hire for Building and Construction (Newnes Butterworth, 1972).
Select Bibliography 315
16 FINANCE FOR CONTRACTING
Business Statistics Office, Company Finance Thirteenth Issue, Business Monitor MA3 (HMSO, 1983).
Clarke, L., 'Subcontracting in the Building Industry', in The Production of the Built Environment, Proceedings of the Second Bartlett Summer School (University College London, 1980)
E. B. Savory Milln & Co.,Building Books, Annual (E. B. Savory Milln).
17 RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Construction Industry Research and Information Association, Long Term Research and Development Requirements in Civil Engineering, Report of a Task Force set up by the Science and Engineering Research Council and the Departments of the Environment and Transport (CIRIA, 1981).
Ministry of Public Building and Works, Building Research and Information Services, Report of a Working Party (chairman: D. E. Woodbine Parish) (HMSO, 1964).
Index
Authors, reports, etc., may be found in Notes and References and Select Bibliography.
Abbreviations: T =Table; F =Figure; n =note.
A
accidents, 211-12, 211T, 216 acquisitions of companies, 130-1,
132T administrative, professional, tech
nical and clerical (APTC) in contractors, 217-19; by trade,
218T in direct labour organisations, 219,
220T numbers of, 193-6, 194T, 195T;
and productivity, 227 Advisory Council for Applied Research
and Development, 257 Africa
British consultants in, 99 British contractors in, 94, 96, 96T
age of labour- contractors and DLOs, 232, 234T, 235T
aggregates and output types,181T usage of, 253, 254F see also roadstone
Agrement system, 257 agriculture, output for, 79T air conditioning -materials, 254F, 256 airports, 24 air transport - output for, 7 9T aluminium
doors, 262
plate, sheet and strip- price, 260T windows, 256
Amalgamated Society of Painters and Decorators, 213
Amalgamated Society of Woodworkers, 213
Amalgamated Union of Building Trades Workers, 213
AMEC pic, 117 America
British consultants in, 99 British contractors in, 94, 96, 96T
apprenticeship, 200, 202-3T, 214, 234T architects
abroad, 102 code of conduct of, 152, 154, 158 contribution to balance of payments, 103T in design construct, 44F education of, 154, 161 in-house, 42 as leader of the team, 154, 161 in local authorities and new towns,
159,220T and management, 248-9, 250 in management contracting, 46F output of, 90-1 practices, 155, 157T in project management, 45F and subcontractors, 60-1 in traditional process, 40-1F, 42-3
317
318 Index
Architects' Journal advertisementsfor cost and price forecasts, 16SF, 169
Architects' Registration Council of the United Kingdom (ARCUK)
CPD 161-2 fees, lSS membership and employment, 156T role, 151
Architectural Aluminium Association, 300 (n35)
Asia British consultants in, 99 British contractors in, 96, 96T
asphalt -usage of, 254F Asphalt and Coated Macadam Asso
ciation, 300 (n35) asphalt and surface dressing con
tractors, see asphalt and tar sprayer firms
asphalt and tar sprayer firms and APTCs, 21ST capital expenditure, 271 T numbers, output and subcontract-
ing, 122-3T, 124 asphalt operatives
and output types, 176-?T and training, 19S
Association of Building Technicians, 213
Association of Consulting Engineers (ACE), 59, 153, 294 (n34)
Association of County Councils, 294 (n34)
Association of District Councils, 294 (n34)
Association of Metropolitan Authorities, 294 (n34)
Association of Natural Stone Industries, 299 (n32)
8
balance of payments contribution to- by contractors
and professionals, 5, 102, 103T effect of construction expenditure
on,6 bankruptcies, 131-40 passim
by industry, 136-?T and output, 140F and self-employed, 136-?T, 13ST statistics of, 133-40 passim
banks as lenders- for development, 16; to
contractors, 27S-SO, 279T as owners, 21 T
Barratt Developments pic, 12S bathroom products, 262, 263T
see also sanitary fittings baths, 256 bill of quantities, 56-S, 161
approximate, 56, SST and civil engineering, 57 operational, 57 and price indices, 166 pricing of, 275-6
bitumen- usage of, 254F bitumen felts, price, 260T 'black' economy, 7S, S9, 20S, 217,
223,232 blocks
prices of, 260T usage of, 253, 254F
blockwall, see brickwork blockwork- and output types, 1S2-3T board- and output types, 1S2-3T Bovis group of companies, 131 brassware- plumbers', price, 260T Brick Development Association (BDA),
2S4 bricklayers
leaving industry, 20S and output types, 174, 176-?T skill and training, 202-3T, 205 wages and earnings, 215
bricklayers and masons employed and self-employed, 196-S,
197T training, 204T
bricks prices, 260T, 261 in Scotland, S9 stocks, 25ST supply, 255 types of, 259-61, 259T usage of, 253, 254F
brickwork mandays on repair and maintenance,
17ST, 205 and output types, 1S2-3T
bridges - research on, 2S6 British Constructional Steelwork
Association, 300 (n34) British Decorators Association, 300
(n35) British Overseas Trade Board, 9S
Index 319
British Precast Concrete Association, 300 (n35)
British Reinforcement Manufacturers Association, 300 (n35)
British Standards Institution (BSI), 142,256-7
British Woodworking Federation, 299 (n32)
builders, see building and civil engineering contractors, contractors, general builders
builders' merchants, 261-3, 263T in process, 40-1F stocks of materials, 260
Builders Merchants Federation (BMF), 261
building characteristics of industry, 3-4 duration of process, 64-5T output, 7S-SO, 79T; and materials,
1S4T; and operatives, 174, 176-7T, 17ST, 1S4T; and plant, 1S4T
and selection of main contractor, 54T, 55
and site management, 239-46 and usage of plant, 265-6
Building Advisory Service (BAS), 141, 245
Building and Allied Trades Joint Industrial Council (BATJIC), 141-2,213-14
building and civil engineering contractors and APTCs, 21ST capital and turnover, 277T, 27S capital expenditure, 236, 271 T number, size and work of, 116 and productivity, 236 and profit, 2S0-2, 2Sl T and subcontracting, 121 see also contractors - main
Building and Civil Engineering Joint Board for Wages, 142, 214
Building Centre Trust, 161-2 Building Control Act 1966, 71 Building Cost Information Service
(BCIS), 164-9 paaaim, 164T building inspector, 41F building regulations, 7, 51-2
officers, 40F Building Research Energy Conservation
Support Unit, 2S4 Building Research Establishment (BRE),
174-84 passim, 253, 2S3-5
Building Research Station (BRS), 173 building services engineer, 40-lF, 42, 152 Building Services Research and Infor-
mation Association (BSRIA), 2S4 building and works
GDFCF in, 4, 21T, 25, 26T, 80, 269T; of construction 269T
investment in, 20 ownership of, see stock stock of, 20, 26ST; owned by con
struction, 26ST uses of, 2
building societies, 16-18, 17T Building Societies Association (BSA),
16 building surveyors, 22
see also surveyors Building Trust, 16 Business in the Community, 32
c Cambridge Econometrics Ltd, 297-S
(nl3) Cambridge Economic Policy Group,
297-S (nl3) Campaign Against Building Industry
Nationalisation (CABIN), 149 capacity of the industry, 10, 72,173,
180-9 passim definition, lS0-1 effects of inadequate, 189-90 effects of surplus, 190-1 expansion of, 1S6-7T
capital employed, 276-8, 277T expenditure, 236, 271 T fixed, see gross domestic fixed capital
formation and stocks return on, 2S0-2, 2SlT;in DLOs, 226-7 working, 275 see also finance
carpenters and joiners (firms) and APTCs, 217-9, 21ST capital expenditure, 236, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T, 124 and productivity, 236
carpenters (operatives) and output types, 176-7T; over
contract period, 179F types of, 201
320 Index
carpenters and joiners (operatives) leaving industry, 208 employed and self-employed, 196-8,
197T skill and training, 202-3T, 204T, 205 wages and earnings, 215
carpentry mandays on repair and maintenance,
205 usage of materials, 254F
cement prices, 260T stocks, 258T and output types, 181T usage of, 253, 254F see also clinker
Cement and Concrete Association (C & CA), 284
Cementation Civil and International Holdings Ltd, 117
certificates -714 and 715, 125-7 certification
of skills, 127, 201, 205 of work, 57
characteristics of construction, 1-4 Chartered Institute of Building
(CIOB), 152, 155, 162 history and organisation, 154 membership and employment, 156T qualifications and management,
240-5 passim, 242F, 248, 250 Chartered Institute of Building
Services (CIBS), 153, 155, 161, 249
membership and employment, 156T
chemical engineers, 42 Chartered Institute of Public Finance
and Accountancy (CIPF A) - code of practice, 14 7
City and Guilds of London Institute, 198,201
Civic Trust, 201 civil engineering
characteristics of industry, 3 and design construct, 43 fluctuations in, 80, 81 T output, 78-80, 79T,81T;and
materials, 184T; and operatives, 174, 176-7T, 184T; and plant,184T
and selection of main contractor, 54T, 55
and site management, 246-7
and usage of materials, 255 and usage of plant, 265-6
Civil Engineering Construction Conciliation Board (CECCB), 142, 214
civil engineering operatives, 199 Civil Engineering Operative Training
Scheme (CEOTS), 199 civil engineers (professionals)
education and training, 246-7, 249 as leaders of the team, 250 and management, 246-9 passim as managers of firms, 248 organisation of, 152-3 output of, 91-2 practices, 15 8 role of, 160 in traditional process, 40-1F see also consulting engineers
civil engineers (contracting firms) and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 236, 271T number, size and work of, 116 and productivity, 236 and subcontracting, 121 see also contractors - main
cladding and decking, 256 claims, 52-3, 59-60, 276 clerical workers, 199, 219, 220T clerk of works, 57, 63 clients
brief of, 49-50 and change of mind, 53 choice of process method, 4 7-9 diversity of, 3 and duration of process, 66 function of, 49-50 objectives of, 48 private, 48 in process, 40-6, 40-1F, 43F, 44F,
45F,46F and self-employment, 127, 196-200
passim clinker-stock, 258T
see also cement coal mining (opencast), 79T coastal protection, 286 commercial building
and demand, 19 and design construct, 43 and design by architects, 91 and duration of process, 64-5T,
84T, 85 and management contracting, 4 7
Index 321
orders: by duration of contract, 84T, 85; by region, 85, 86T; by value of contracts, 80, 82T, 83T
output: 72, 74, 79T;and materials, 181T, 182-3T; and operatives, 174, 176-7T, 180T
and project management, 4 7 see also offices, shops
commercial companies as owners, 20, 21T
Committee of Associations of Specialist Engineering Contractors (CASEC), 61, 142,294(n34),300(n34)
communications in the industry, 286 community, 22, 23 Community Land Act, 23 competition
abroad, 95-6 among contracting firms, 128-30
conceptual phase of process, 40-1 F, 64-5T
concrete in situ -and output types, 182-3T manufactured products: price of,
260T; supply of, 255, usage of, 253,254F
precast- and output types, 182-3T roofing tiles- stocks of, 258T see also ready-mL'Xed, reinforced
Confederation of British Industry, 142
Conservative Party, 144 construction
characteristics of, 1-4 management, 45-6, 160 output: total, 69-72, 70F; by types
of work, 72-4, 73F phase of process, 40-1F, 64-65T relation to economy, 4-6
constructional engineers (firms) and APTCs, 218T capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T, 124 Construction Exports Advisory Board,
98 Construction Industry Research and
Information Association (CIRIA), 142, 245-6, 284-6
Construction Industry Training Board (CITB), 141-2,198-9,201,205,246
consulting engineers abroad,99-101, 100F
contribution to balance of payments, 103T
research, 284 continuing professional development
(CPD), 161-2,245,247,249-50 Continuing Professional Development
in Construction Group (CPDC), 161-2
Contract Flooring Association, 300 (n35) contractors
and APTCs, 217-9, 218T capital expenditure, 271 T competition among, 128-30 contribution to balance of payments,
103 finance, 275-82 and inputs, 174 labour force: characteristics of,
232; by craft, 197T, 234, 234T; by trade of firm, 236; by size of organisation, 236-7; employment, 193, 194T, 197T, 231T; self-employment, 196, 197T, 231T; training, 199, 200-1, 204T;bytype ofwork,231T
main: and APTCs, 218T; and finance, 275; and process 40-1F, 53-62; selection of, 5 3-6; structure of, 116-9, 118T, 124;and subcontractors, 60-2; work subcontracted, 118T, 124
numbers of, 113-23passim, 114F, 115F, 118T, 122-3T
orders by size and duration of contract, 80-5, 82T, 83T, 84T; by region, 85, 86T
organisations, 141-2 output: abroad, 5, 93-9, 94F, 95T, 96T output: Great Britain, 78-85; com-
pared DIY, 78; compared DLOS, 74, 75T, 76F; by type of work, 74, 75T, 76F, 78-80, 79T,81T, 114F,115F,227,230
plant fleets, 270 productivity, 226-235, 228-9T,
233T, 235T specialist: and APTCs, 218T; capital
expenditure, 270-1 T; and process, 40-1F, 42, 44F, 46F, output, 122-3T, 124; structure of, 119-24 passim, 122-3T; work subcontracted, 122-3T, 124; see also subcontractors
322
contractors specialist, cont 'd structure of, 113-128;see also
structure of industry contracts, 51-9, 61-2
documentation phase of process, 40-1F, 64-ST
and government, 8 main, 51-9 sub, 61-2 types of and price indices, 164T,
166-1 contractual relationships in various
process types, 42-6 copper and copper manufactures
imports of, 256 prices of, 260T
Co stain Group plc, 91, 111-18, 210 cost(s)
and certainty, 48 of construction, 11, 163-5, 164T,
169, 110-1T;andforecasts, 161-9, 168F; and prices, 161, 169, 170-1T
of materials, 163, 164T of operating abroad, 91,101 overruns, 59-60, 66-8 reimbursement contracts, 57 target contracts, 57
Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA), 245
Council of Engineering Institutions (CEI), 153, 155
craft labour and output types, 114 and training, 198-201 see also individual trades
credit
D
builders' merchants, 261, 215 government and supply of, 1
Davis, Belfield and Everest (DB&E), cost and price indices and forecasts, 164T, 161-9, 168F
death by accident, 211, 211T, 216 benefits, 214
decorating materials, 262, 263T demand, 9-31
and capacity, 185, 189-90 definition, 9 environment for, 9-14
Index
forecasting, 105-111 influence of the construction
industry, 36-1 private new housing, 14-19 private new work other than
housing, 19-23 public new work including housing,
23-30 rehabilitation improvement, repair
and maintenance, 30-6 demolition contractors
and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 210, 271T number, output and subcontracting,
122-JT design
agencies undertaking, SOT costs of change in, 50 fees, 53 in-house, 42 phase of process, 40-1F, 52-3, 64-ST and research, 284 statistics and forecasting, 106-1 and subcontractors, 60
design construct (build) projects, 42-3,44F,48,98
developers and finance, 277T, 278, 281T functions of, 19, 22 and housing design, 91 and land, 13
development, 23 companies, 22 value, 23
Development Areas, 32 Development Land Tax, 23 Diploma in Management Studies, 248 direct labour organisations (DLOs)
and APTCs, 219, 220T authorities with, 143, 144T, 148 and inputs, 114 labour force: characteristics of, 232,
234, 234T; employment 143, 144T, 194T, 221, 231 T; by size of authority 145T, 146T; training, 200-1,204T
need for investigation, 144 mandays on repair and maintenance,
118T output- compared with contractors,
14, 1ST, 16F; by size of authority, 145T, 146T; by type of authority, 143, 144T; by type of work, 14 1ST, 16F, 77T, 143, 146T
Index
productivity, 226-36, 228-9T, 23 3T, 235T
structure, 143-8, 144T, 145T, 146T Directorate General of Research and
Development, 8 Do-it-Yourself (DIY), 5, 78, 232, 253,
262 doors
aluminium, 262 metal- usage of, 254F, 263T timber- and output types, 182-3T
drainage - research, 286 drainlayer- and output types, 176-7T draughtsmen
self-employed, 193 and tracers in local authorities and
new towns, 220T drawings- timing of production of, 52-3 duration, 63-8
of construction process, 7, 63-8, 64-5T
of contractors contracts, 81, 84T, 85 see also time
dwellings
E
disposals of local authority, 28, 28T finance for, 17T forecasts of requirements, 109-10 number of, 15 unsuitable, 15, 33 see also housing
earnings, 164T, 214-6, 234T Economic Development Committee
(EDC) for Building, 8, 36-7, 141, 155,255,257,284-5
Economic Development Committee (EDC) for Civil Engineering, 8, 36,142,155,255,284-5
Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)-forecasts, 297-8 (n13)
economy and demand creation, 10-11, 13 forecasts of, 108, 297-8 (n13) forecasting, 109 relation of construction to, 4-6
education- building for and duration of process, 64-5T expenditure and projections, 25 output: 79T; and materials 181T,
182-3T;and operatives 176-7T; planned and actual, 107
efficiency definition, 221-2 and DLOs, 148 and Government, 8
323
Egypt- as source of labour abroad, 102 electrical and mechanical services con
tractors - and restrictive practices, 130
electrical contractors and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T, 124 Electrical Contractors' Association,
214, 300 (n34) Electrical Contractors' Association of
Scotland, 300 (n34) Electrical, Electronic, Telecommuni
cations and Plumbing Union (EETPU), 213-15
electrical engineers (professionals), 153 electrical materials
distribution of, 262, 263T supply of, 255 usage of, 254F
electrical work mandays on repair and maintenance,
178T prime cost and types of work, 182-3T
electricians employment and self-employment, 197T and output types, 176-7T skill and training, 198-9, 202-3T
electricity industry- output for, 79T employment
and construction expenditure, 6 total, 193-6, 194T, 195T, 197T see also contractors' labour force,
DLOs' labour force Energy - Department of, 284 Energy Technology Support Unit, 284 Engineering Council, 153 engineers, 152, 159
in design construct, 44F in local authorities and new towns,
220T in management contracting, 46F in project management, 45F in traditional process, 43F see also individual types of engineer
Enterprise Zones, 32 entertainment- output for, 79T Environment - Department of (DoE),
8, 257, 284-5
324 Index
environment for demand creation, 10-14
erectors- and output types, 176-7T estate agents, 4 7 Europe -British contractors in, 96T European Economic Community (EEC)
British contractors in, 96, 96T competition from, 96 and construction prices, 169 grants for building, 32 and research, 2S4 and tenders, 56
excavation- bulk, and output types, 1S2-3T
Export Credits Guarantee Department (ECGD), S, 97-S, 101, 2S2
Export Group for the Constructional Industries (ECGCI), 142
Export Intelligence Service, 9S exports, see output abroad
F
factory building, see industrial building Faculty of Architects and Surveyors
(FAS), 151 Fairclough Construction Group, 117 Far East, see Asia Federation Internationale des Ingenieurs
Conseils (FIDIC), 59 Federation of Associations of Specialists
and Subcontractors (F ASS) constituent associations, 300 (n35) and Joint Contracts Tribunal, 294
(n34) organisation, 142 and subcontracts, 61
Federation of Building Subcontractors, 141
Federation of Civil Engineering Con-tractors (FCEC)
and contracts, 59, 62 organisation, 142 and wages, 214
Federation of Master Builders (FMB) organisation, 141 and wages, 213-14
Federation of Piling Specialists, 300 (n35)
Felt Roofing Contractors Advisory Board, 300 (n35)
felts- bituminous and flax, price, 260T FIDIC, 59
finance and capacity, 1S5-8, 1S6-7T for contracting, 275-S2; adequacy of,
2SO; capital employed, 276-S, 277T; need for, 275-6, return on capital and turnover, 2S0-2, 2S1T; sources of, 27S-SO, 279T
for ownership of buildings and works, 9, 16-lS, 17T, 22;seealso public-sector expenditure
public/private, 30 financial companies and institutions
as owners, 20-2, 21 T Financial Institutions Group, 32 financier in process, 40-1 F
see also finance finishes, see finishing trades finishing trades
over contract period, 17S, 179F and output types, 174, 176-7T usage of materials, 254F
fire authorities officers- in process, 52 fire regulations, 51-2 Fire Research Station, 2S3 firms- management of, 24 7-S
see also contractors and professional firms
fixed assets, 265-73, 26ST, 269T, 271T, finance for, 275-6
see also gross domestic fixed capital formation, stock of fixed assets
floor and wall tiling specialists (firms) and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 270-1 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T flooring contractors
and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T number output and subcontracting,
122-3T floorlayer- and output types, 176-7T fluctuations
in demand, 7 in materials supply and stocks,
257-60, 25ST, 259T in output, 71-2, SO, 119, 191-2,
210 fore casting
of demand and output, 105-11; data for public sector housing, 297 (nlO), data for private sector housing, 297 (nll); data for private sector non-housing,- 297 (nl2);
Index 325
short-term 105-8; longterm, 105-6, 108-11
of price and cost, 169 see also forecasts
forecasts of demand and output, 108, 111 of price and cost, 167-9, 168F
foremen in contractors, 219 over contract period, 1 79F in local authorities and new towns,
220T and management, 240 and output types, 176-7T training, 241 wages, 215
Forest Products Research Laboratory, 283
formwork- and output types, 182-3T French Kier Holdings pic, 117 French, W. C. Ltd, 118 friendly societies, 16 Furniture Timber and Allied Trades
Union (FTAT), 213-14
G
garages- output of, 79T gas -output of buildings and works for,
79T gasfitters
self-employment and employment, 197T
training, 204T GC Works 1 contract, 59 General, Municipal, Boilermakers and
Allied Trades Union (GMBATU), 213-14
general builders and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 236, 271T and inputs, 174, 178T number, size and work of, 116 and productivity, 236 and subcontracting, 121, 124 see also contractors - main
general contractors, see general builders
geotechnics research, 286 glass- usage of, 254F Glass and Glazing Federation, 300 (n35) glaziers (firms)
and APTCs, 217, 217-ST and capital expenditure, 271 T
number, output and subcontracting, 122-3T
glaziers (men) and output types, 176-7T training, 198
glazing (material) - and output types, 182-3T
glazing (work)- and mandays on repair and maintenance, 178T
Government- role of, 6-8 in exports, 97-8, 101 in research, 284-5 see also public sector
grants and demand for construction, 11,
20T, 25,32-3 and duration of process, 63 to local authorities, 25 and price of construction, 11 and process, 52, 6 3 for rehabilitation, 32-3
Grayston group of companies, 272 Greater London Council (GLC)
and BSI Standards, 257 and DLO, 143, 144T and Joint Contracts Tribunal, 294
(n34) 'grip', 120
see also labour-only subcontracting gross domestic fixed capital formation
(GDFCF), 4, 21T, 25, 26T, 80, 269T
of construction, 267, 269T, 270, 271 T see also buildings and works, plant
and machinery, vehicles, ships and aircraft
gross domestic product (GDP), 4, 6 Group of Eight
H
and demand, 36 and expenditure plans, 107 and Government, 8 membership of, 36 and also 141,
142,155,255
harbours -buildings and works for and duration of process, 64-5T output, 79T; and operatives, 176-7T;
and plant, 175 hardcore- and output types, 182-3T health - buildings for
and duration of process, 64-5T
326 Index
health, cont 'd output, 79T; and materials, 181T,
182-3T; planned and actual, 107 see also hospitals
health of operatives, 211-12, 215 Heating and Ventilating Contractors
Association (HVCA), 300 (n34) heating and ventilating engineers (fJrms)
and APTCs, 217, 218T and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T, 124 heating and ventilating workers
employment and self-employment, 197T
and output types, 176-7T training, 204T
heating and ventilating works- costs and rypes of work, 182-3T
Hewden Stuart Plant plc, 272 Higgs & Hill plc, 117 hire purchase of plant, 266, 272 holiday stamps, 125, 214 Holland Hannen and Cubitts group of
companies, 117 hospitals
need, 24 output and operatives, 174, 176-7T,
1 78T; over contract period, 178, 179F
see also health -buildings for housebuilders
and finance, 16 structure of, 127-8, 128T
House Builders Federation (HBF), 290 (n8), 299 (n32)
householder and self-employed, 127 see also clients and self-employed
households and DIY, 78 number and size of, 15
housing certified by architects, 90-1 demand for: private 14-19; public
23-30; and DLOs, 75T, 77T, 143, 146T
and duration of process 64-5T in flats, 87-8 finance for, 17T and forecasting, 108-10, 297 (nlO &
11) and industrialised building, 85-8 orders: by duration of contract, 84T,
85; by region, 86T; by value of
contracts, 80, 82T output, 71-2, 73F (public and
private), 74, 75T (public and private), 77T (DLOs), 78, 79T (contractors public and private); and operatives, 174, 176-7T (public and private), 178T (public), 180T (public and private, 184T (total); and materials, 181 T (total), 182-3T (public), 184T (total); and plant, 175 (private), 184T (total)
rehabilitation, improvement, repair and maintenance, see separate items
and selection of main contractor, 54-5 and self-employed, 231 T (public and
private) and standards, 89 and timber frames, 88 see also dwellings
housing associations, 24-7, 34T, 91 Housing Corporation, 16 Housing Research Foundation, 290 (n8) Howard, John & Co. Ltd, 117
ICE form of contract, 42, 59 Ideal Homes (Ideal Holdings plc), 117, 128 imports
and capacity, 185, 186-7T, 188 of contracting services, 5 of materials, 5, 255-{), 255T of professional services, 5
improvement work and contractors organisation, 119 definition and statistics of, 30-1 housing, 32, 34T
Incorporated Association of Architects and Surveyors (IAAS), 151
India- and competition abroad, 95 industrial building
demand for, 17T, 19 and design construct, 43 and design by architects, 91 and duration of process, 64-5T,
66-7, 67T and forecasting, 110 and industrialised building, 85 investment in, 20T, 22-3 and management contracting, 4 7 orders by duration of contract, 84T;
by region, 85, 86T; by value of contracts, 82T, 83T
output, 71, 74, 79T;and materials, 181T, 182-3T;and operatives, 174, 176-7T, 180T
and project managers, 4 7 rents of, 12T
industrial buildings- decay of, 35 industrial companies -as owners,
20-2, 21T industrial development, 14 Industrial Development Certificates,
14,40-1F industrialised building, 85-8, 192 industrial stoppages, 216 inflation
effect of construction expenditure on,6
effect on demand, 11 and work abroad, 93, 99
infrastructure, 23, 35
Index
repair, maintenance and rehabilitation of, 35
initiator of demand, 9 for private housing, 18-9 for private non-housing, 22 for public sector, 24
inner cities, 31 Inner City Enterprises Ltd, 32 input-output tables, 5 inputs in relation to output, 173-184
materials, 181T, 182-3T; 184T operatives, 176-7T ,178T, 180T,
184T; over contract period, 179F plant, 184T research into, 287
insolvencies, see bankruptcies and liquidations
Institute of Builders, 154 see also Chartered Institute of Building
Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 15 3
Institute of Quantity Surveyors (IQS), 152, 156T, 249
Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) attitude to management, 246-7, 249 and contracts, 59,62 education and training, 246-7, 249 form of contract, 42, 59 membership and employment, 156T organisation, 152-3, 155
insulating specialists (firms) and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T
327
insulation materials- usage of, 254F, 256
insurance companies as lenders, 16, 1 7T as owners, 21 T, 22
investment, see gross domestic fixed capital formation
iron- usage of, 254F ironmongery
distribution of, 262, 263T usage of, 254F, 256
irrigation -research, 286
J
Japan- as competitor abroad, 95 JCT form of contract
main, 57-9 sub,61-2
job security in contractors and DLOs, 232,235T
joiners, see carpenters joinery
distribution of, 262, 263T usage of, 254F
Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) forms of contract, 57-9, 61-2 membership, 294 (n34);also 141,
142, 155 Joint Industry Board for the Electrical
Contracting Industry (JIBECI), 198-9,214
Joint Industry Board for Plumbing Mechanical Engineering Services in England and Wales (JIBPMES), 198,215
Joint Land Requirements Committee, 290 (n8)
K
Kier group of companies, 118 Kinnear Moodie 1973 Ltd, 117 kitchen units, 256, 262, 266T Korea as competitor abroad, 95
L
labour- cost of, 163, 164T, 166 see also employment
labourers general- and output types, 174,
176-7T, 196 and mates- skill and training,
202-3T
328 Index
labourers, cant 'd wages, 215
labour-only subcontracting (LOSC) see subcontracting -labour-only, self-employed
Labour Party and DLOs, 144, 148 and public ownership, 148
Laing, John pic, 117, 270 land
owner of- in process, 40-1F price of, 13 purchase of, 63 supply of, 13 use of, 13
lawyers- in process, 40-1F leasing, see plant-leasing of libraries - and duration of process,
64-5T life of buildings, 2, 4, 19,31 lifts
prime cost of and type of work, 182-3T
usage of, 254F liquidations, 131-9 passim
and assessments, 134-5T and cost and prices, 168F,
169 by industry, 134-ST problems of statistics, 133-40
passim and output, 133, 139F
listed building consents, 51-2 Liverpool Group- forecasts, 297-8 (n13) loans, 278-80, 279T local authorities
and APTCs, 219, 220T in development, 23 DLOs, 143-8, 144T, 145T, 146T,
228-9T; and operatives by trade, 197T; and productivity, 228-9T; and training, 200-1, 204T: expenditure of, 25, 26T, 27, 34T; housing and design construct, 43; as lenders, 16, 17T; and selection of main contractor, 54
Local Enterprise Agencies, 3 2 Local Government Planning and Land
Act 1980, 147 London Builders Conference,
129 London Business School- forecasts,
297-8, n13 'lump', see subcontracting -labour-only
M
McAlpine, Sir Alfred & Son Ltd, 117 McAlpine, Sir Robert & Sons Ltd, 117 McLean (Homes) group of companies,
117 main contractors, see contractors -
main management, 239-51
and architects, 154, 161, 248-50 and capacity, 185; see also managers and civil engineers, 246-50 passim of the contracting firm, 247-8 as an input for various output types,
184T n(e) within the professions, 248-9 of the project, 250-1 and quantity surveyors, 249-50 research on, 287 site -building, 239-46; adequacy of,
244-6; costs of poor, 239-40; site - civil engineering, 246-7 staff: in contractors, 219; in local
authorities and new towns, 220T; training for, 240-51 passim
management consultants as project managers, 4 7
management contracting, 45-6, 46F and subcontracting, 124
managerial staff, see management managers and capacity, 185-9, 186-7T manhole covers, 256 manpower
total, 193-6, 194T, 195T see also employment, self-employed,
unemployment, operatives, administrative professional technical and clerical, productivity
Manpower Services Commission (MSC') -Youth Training Scheme (YTS), 198-9
Marchwiel plc, 117 marketing, 36-7 markets- concept of in construction,
128-9 masons, see bricklayers Mastic Asphalt Council and Employers
Federation, 300 (n35) mastic asp halters, see asphalt operatives materials, 25 3-6 3
and capacity, 185, 186-7T, 189-90 costs of, 163, 164T, 166 distribution of, 261-3, 263T on housing rehabilitation, 34T
Index 329
imports of, 255-6, 255T inputs for output types, 175, 181 T,
182-3T, 184T prices of, 260-1, 260T producers in process, 40-1F in repair and maintenance output, 175 and research, 283-4, 286 significance of, see usage of sources of, 253, 255-6, 255T standards, 256-7 supply and stocks- fluctuations in,
257-60, 258T, 259T usage of, 254F
mechanical plant operators, see plant operators
mergers, 130-1, 132T Metal Window Federation, 300 (n34) metal fittings, see ironmongery Middle East
British consultants in, 99 British contractors in, 94, 96T second-hand plant market, 267
Ministry of Public Building and Works, 8 mobility, 205-10, 209T, 212 moratoria- on spending, 27 mortgage market, 18 Mowlem, John & Co plc, 97, 117 multi-storey housing, see housing-
in flats municipal engineers, 153
N
National Association of Lift Makers, 300 (n34)
National Association of Plumbing Heating and Mechanical Services Contractors, 215, 300 (n34)
National Association of Scaffolding Contractors, 299 (n32)
National Construction Corporation, 148 National Contractors Group (of
NFBTE), 141 National Council of Building Material
Producers (NCBMP), 255 National Diploma in Building
Scotland, 240-1, 241 T National Economic Development
Office (NEDO), 284, 286 National Federation of Building Trades
Employers (NFBTE), 141 constituent bodies, 144, 299 (n32)
and DLOs, 144 and JCT, 294 (n34) organisation, 141 and subcontracts, 61 and training, 198 and wages, 214-15
National Federation of Building Trades Operatives (NFBTO), 213
National Federation of Painting and Decorating Contractors, 299 (n32)
National Federation of Plastering Contractors, 299 (n32)
National Federation of Roofing Contractors, 214
National Federation of Terrazzo-Mosaic Specialists, 300 (n35)
National Home Improvement Council (NHIC) - and warranty, 90
National House-Building Council (NHBC)
members and structure, 127, 128T and warranty, 90
National Insurance evasion, 125-6 National Joint Consultative Council
of Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Builders (NJCC), 142, 154-5
National Joint Council for the Building Industry (NJCBI), 141
and training, 198 and wages, 214-5
National Master Tile Fixers Association, 300 (n35)
need definition, 9-1 0 and forecasting, 106, 108-11 for housing, 14 for public-sector construction, 24
negotiation of contracts, 56 Newarthill plc, 117 new towns
and APTCs, 219, 220T DLOs, 143-8, 144T, 145T, 146T;
number, work done and employment, 143, 144T, 145T;and operatives by trade, 197T; and productivity, 228-9T; and training, 200-1, 204 T; and types of work, 146T
non-housing work and self-employment, 230 see also public-sector- non-housing
work, private-sector -nonhousing work
Northern Ireland, xii
330 Index
0 Oceania- British contractors in, 96T occupier - spending on housing rehabi
litation, 33-5, 34T offices
controls on, 14 and demand, 19, 22-3 and design and construct, 43 and design by architects, 91 and development permits, 40-1F and output, 79T and rents, 12T, 22 see also commercial building
oil- output for, 79T opencast coal companies- and capital
expenditure, 270, 271 T open competition, see tendering operatives, 196-217
abroad, 207 age of, 207 and capacity, 185-9, 186-7T and conditions of work, 210-12,
214-16 over contract period, 1 79F and entry to industry, 205-7 and exit from industry, 207-8 and health, 211 mobility within industry, 208-10
209T ' number of, 193, 194T, 195T origins of, 206-7 and output types, 173-80, 176-7T
178T,180 ' skills of, 201-5, 202-3T by trade, 198 training of, 198-201, 202-3T, 204T unemployment of, 212 unskilled, 179F wages and earnings, 214-6
orders and civil engineering, 80, 81 T and cost and price forecasting 168F
169 , ,
by duration of contract, 80-1, 84T, 85
and output forecasting, 106-8 passim by type of work, 80 by value of contracts, 80-3, 82T
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) -forecasts, 297-8 (n13)
output,69-92,93-102 abroad, 5, 93-102; of architects
planners, quantity surveyors:
102, of consulting engineers, 99-10 1, 1 OOF; of contractors 93-9,94F,95T,96T ,
agencies producing, 74-8, 75T, 76F of architects, 90-1, 102 building, 79T civil engineering, 79T, 81 T of civil engineers, 91-2 contraction due to fall in demand
190-1 , of contractors; 76F, 78-85, see also
contractors ofDLOs, 74-76F, 143-146,seealso
DLOs expansion to meet demand, 185-90
186-7T ' fluctuations in, 71-2 76F 80 119
191-2, 210 , , , , forecasting, 105-111 ~nfluence of politics on, 72 mputs for, 173-180, 176-7T, 178T,
179F, 180T, 181T, 182-3T, 184T per man, see productivity of professions, 90-2 by region, 85, 86T standards, 89-90 total construction, 4, and the
economy, 69-72, 70F, since 1945, 69, 1955 to present, 69-72, 70F
types and techniques, 85, 87-90 by types of work, 72-4, 73F
overheads, 17 5 Overseas Project Board, 98, 101 Overseas Project Fund, 101 owner, 9
p
housing of private, 15 of non-housing private, 20-2, 21 T in public sector, 24
package deal, see design construct painters (firms)
and APTCs, 217, 218T and capital expenditure, 236, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T, 124 and productivity, 236
painters (operatives) and accidents, 211-2 employment and self-employed
197T, 198 ' and output types, 176-7T and skill and training, 202-3T 204T
2~ , ,
Index 331
painting (work) and man days on repair and mainte
nance, 17ST and output types, 1S2-3T
Pakistan as competitor abroad, 95 as source of labour abroad, 102
P and 0 (Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Co.), 131
Parker Morris standards, 7 Parkinson, Sir Lindsay, group of
companies, 117 particle board, 256 paviours - employment and self
employed, 197T, 19S pension benefits, 212-15 passim pension funds
as lenders, 16 as owners, 20, 22
performance bonds, 60 personal sector- as owners, 21 T Philippines- as competitor abroad, 95 pipelayers- and output types, 176-7T pipes
drain- and output types, 1S2-3T iron - prices, 26 OT
pipework roof- and output types, 1S2-3T service- and output types, 1S2-3T
planners (town and country) abroad, 102 in process, 40-1F
planning of capital programmes, 27, 2S7 laws, 7, 13 town and country - appeals, 51;
delays in, 13-14,51, 66; permissions; 51
plant, 265-73 and capacity, 1S5-8, 1S6-7T and finance, 276 GDFCF in (including by construction),
267-70 passim 269T hire of, 272 as input for output types, 175, 1S4T,
265-6 leasing of, 266-7,272-3 purchase, 267, 270 second-hand, 267, 270 and self-employed, 196 stock of (including owned by con
struction), 267-70, 26ST types of, 265
plant-hire firms and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 236, 271 T and leasing, 266 number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T, 124 in process, 40-1F and productivity, 236
plant-hire industry assets, 266-7 structure, 270, 272
plant operators employment and self-employment,
197T and output types, 175, 176-7T skill and training, 200, 202-3T
plaster- usage of, 254F plasterboard
stock of, 25ST supply of, 255 and output types, 1S2-3T usage of, 254F
plasterers (firms) and APTCS, 217, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T and productivity, 236
plasterers (operatives) employment and self-employed,
196-S, 197T and output types, 176-7T and skill and training, 202-3T, 204T,
205 plastering- and output types, 1S2-3T plastics
supply of, 255 usage of, 254F
plastic window frames, 257 plumbers (firms)
and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T, 124 plumbers (operatives)
employment and self-employment, 197T,19S
and output types, 176-7T skill and training, 19S-9, 202-3T,
204T plumbing
and man days on repair and maintenance, 17ST
332 Index
plumbing, cont'd materials: distribution, 263T; price,
260T; usage of, 254F, 256 plywood and laminboard- imports of,
256T prefabrication, SS, S7
see also industrialised building Presidents Committee for the Urban
Environment (PCUE), 155 Press (William) Group Ltd, 117 price determination- types of, 57, SST prices
of construction, 163-9 passim, 164T; and costs, 167, 169; and forecasts, 167-9, 16SF; and inadequate capacity, 1S9-90
cover, 130 and degree of competition, 129-30 house, 12T, IS material, 260-1, 260T retail, 12T, 1S, 22 share, 1S survey, 25 see also rents
prisons, 24 private sector
non-housing work: design, 91; forecasts of, 297 (nl2); projects and selection of main contractor, 54-5; projects and time, 63-S; output, 73F; and types of employment, 231 T; see also commercial building, industrial building, non-housing work
output- public and private, 74 process of construction, 2-3, 39-6S
and the client, 49-50 and contracts, 57-9, SST, 61-2 and design, SOT, 52-3 duration of, see time need for improvements in, 40, 42 parties to and their relationships,
39-49,40-1F,43F,44F,4SF, 46F
and planned programmes, 27 problem of client choice of, 4 7-9 and selection of main contractor,
53-6; 54T;see also contractorsmain
selection of subcontractors, 60-2; see also subcontractors
on site, 62-3 statutory consents, 50-2 tender documents, 56-7
and time, 1S,S9-60,63-8,64-ST,67T traditional, 40-1F, 42, 43F, 56-7
product- characteristics of, 1-2 definition, 1 see also output
productivity, 221-3 7 and capacity, 1S6-7T, 1SS conclusions on, 234-7, 23ST and construction input/output, 174 and cost indices, 163, 165 dermition of, 221 and DLOS, 14S of DLOS and contractors, 226-36,
22S-9T, 233T and labour characteristics, 232-3, 233T and mix of work, 227,230-2, 233T overall, 221-6, 224T and self-employed, 125 and size of organisation, 236-7 and trade of firm, 236
professional construction management, 46
professional firms choice of, 49, SOT as construction managers, 46 organisation of and capacity, 1SS,
1S6-7T as project managers, 47
professional organisations, 151-5 and client advisory services, 49 and research, 2S4 see also individual organisations
professional staff in contractors, 219 in local authorities and new towns,
159,219,220T professions, 7, 15 1-6 2
abroad, 5, 99-103 in building and civil engineering,
153-4 definition, 15 1 employment of,155-9, 156T fees, 1SS-9 management in, 24S-9 output of, 90-92, 99-103 roles of, 159-61 structure of, 15 1-6 2 see also individual professions
profit on capital employed, 2S0-2, 2S1T degree of- and competition, 130 and prices, 163 in repair and maintenance, 175 on turnover, 2S0-2, 2S1 T
Index 333
project - management of, 11ee management
project management, 44-5, 45F, 4 7, 160,250
property agents, 22 property companies as owners, 20, 21T Property Services Agency (PSA)
and DLOs, 148 and mandays on repair and mainte-
nance, 178T and research, 283 and slow claims procedure, 59 and standards of materials, 257
public authorities demands of, 23-4 DLOs, 143-8, 146T, 228-9T;of
other public authorities, 148;see al11o local authorities, new towns
employment, 194T Public Expenditure Survey Committee
(PESC), 25 public image, 3, 140, 154, 206 public ownership, 148-9 public sector
accountability, 56 accounting system, 29-30 agencies carrying out work, 74 expenditure, 5-6, 25-30; and fore-
casting, 107, non-housing work; and design, 91; and forecasting, 110-11; and operative inputs, 173-4, lBOT; orders by duration, region and value, 80-5, 82T, 83T, 84T; output, 73F, 85; and plant, 17 5; types of employment, 231 T; see also non-housing work and specific output types
output public/private, 74 pool of projects, 6 7 and research, 283-4, 285-7 passim and selection of main contractor,
54-6, 54T andtirne,63-8,64-5T,67T work categories, 23-4
Public Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR), 6
Q quantity surveyors
abroad, 102 on civil engineering projects, 24 7 code of conduct, 152, 158
R
contribution to balance of payments, 103T
in design construct, 44F fees, 53, 158-9 in local authorities and new towns,
159 and management, 249-50 in management contracting, 46F practices, 15 8 in project management, 45F and tenders and contracts, 57 in traditional process, 40-lF, 42, 43F workload statistics and forecasting,
106-7
railways- output for, 79T ready mixed concrete
lorry drivers and unions, 126 usage of, 254F
receiving orders, see bankruptcies Regional Development Grants, 32 regions
output abroad by, 94F, 96T, 99 output in Great Britain by, 85, 86T
regulator - construction as, 7, 71 rehabilitation, 30-6
definition of, 30 and design by architects, 91 of factories and warehouses, 35-6 of housing, 33-34T and management needs, 240 research on, 286 skills for, 201 statistics of, 30 and structure of industry, 119 of whole areas, 31-2
reinforced concrete firms and APTCs, 21ST and capital expenditure, 271 T output and subcontracting, 122-3T
reinforcement- and output types 182-3T
rendering screeds -and types of output, 182-3T
rent - housing to, 15 rents -of factories, offices, shops,
12T,22 repair and maintenance
demand for, 30-6 passim definition, 30 and DLOs, 143, 146T and forecasts, 108
334 Index
repair and maintenance, cont 'd of housing, 32-3, 34T, 77, 143 and industry structure, 114, 114T,
124 output on, 31, 72-8, 73F, 75T, 76F,
77T;byre~on,85,86T and receiving orders, 133, 140F and research, 286 and statistics, 30 and usage of materials, 255 and usage of plant, 265-6
research and development, 283-7 current effort on, 283-4 on economics and management,
286-7 future areas of, 285-7 and government and the public
sector, 8, 283-7 passim organisation of, 284-5
Research Strategy Committee, 285 resources, 173-80
research on, 287 see also specific resources
retentions, 57-8, 276 RIBA form of contract, see JCT form
of contract risk(s)
abroad, 97-8, 282 and business failures, 133 of client, 48 of construction firms, 3, 282 and effect of demand fluctuations, 7
roads and competition, 129 and duration of process, 6 3, 64-5 T financing of, 30 need for, 24
number, output and subcontracting, 122-3T
roofers (operatives) and accidents, 211-2 and output types, 176-7T
roof felt- usage of, 254F roofing (work) - mandays on repair
and maintenance, 178T roof tiles- stocks of, 258 Royal Incorporation of Architects in
Scotland (RIAS), 151 Royal Institute of British Architects
(RIBA),151-9, passim and code of conduct, 158 and CPD, 162 and employment and practices, 155,
156T, 157T and fees, 158 and JCT, 294 (n34) and management, 248-9,250 see also architects
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), 152-62 passim
and code of conduct, 158 and CPD, 162 and employment and practices, 155,
156T, 158 and fees, 158 and JCT, 294 (n34) and management, 249 see also quantity surveyors
Royal Institution of Structural Engineers. (I. Struct E.), 155, 156T, 162
Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI), 152, 155, 162, 290 (n8)
output on, 79T; and materials, 181 T; S and operatives, 1 76-7T, 178T; and plant 175
planned expenditure and actual, 25, 107
and research, 283 and selection of main contractor, 54-5 and specialisation of contractors, 129 and tender prices, 164T
roadstone -granite and limestone, prices, 260
Ronan Point, 87 roof decking- and output types,
182-JT roofers (firms)
and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 271 T
safety, 7, 211-12, 214 and self employment, 126, 216 see also accidents
sand and gravel- prices, 260 sanitary fittings
imports, 256 and output types, 182-JT
scaffolders (operatives) and accidents, 211-2 and output types, 176-7T record card, 127 skill and training, 200, 202-JT
scaffolding specialists (firms) and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 270, 271T
Index 335
number, output and subcontracting, 122-3T, 124
schools and colleges- output, 79T and design by architects, 91 and industrialised building, 85 and selection of main contractor,
54-5 Science and Engineering Research
Council (SERC), 283, 286-7 Scotland, xii
and brick usage, 89 and DLOs, 144T and 'grip', 120 and industrialised building, 87-8 and method of house building, 88-9 and output, 85, 86T and plumbers board, 215 and separate trades contracting, 46
Scottish and Northern Ireland Plumbers Employers' Federation, 215, 300 (n34)
Scottish Building Contracts Committee -and JCT, 294 (n34)
Scottish Development Agency, 31 Scottish Technical Education Council
(SCOTEC), 240-1, 241T select competition, see tendering self-employed, 120-7 passim, 216-27
and bankruptcies, 133, 136-7T, 138T
earnings of, 215-6 and measurement of productivity,
223,230 need for investigation, 126-7 number of, 193-6, 194T, 195T problems of, 124-5 and research, 287 and safety, 126,216 and standards, 126 by trade, 196, 197T, 198 and training, 126-7 by type of work, 230, 231 T and unions, 126-7,213 and YTS, 200 see also subcontracting -labour-only
serial tendering, see tendering services/ service trades
operatives by output types, 174, 176-7T; over contract period, 178,179F
usage of materials, 253, 254F sewerage
and duration of process, 64-5T
need for, 24, 35 output, 79T; and materials, 181 T;
and operatives, 176-7T; planned and actual, 25, 107, and plant, 175
and research. 286 and selection of main contractor, 54
shops demand for, 19,22-3 output of, 79T rents of, 12T
sickness benefits, 212 site
investigation - research, 286 management, 239-4 7 process, 62-3
skills, 201 certification of, 127, 201-5 and training, 202-3T
slate- stocks, 258T Smaller Builders' Section (of NFBTE),
141 softwood- and output types, 181 T Special Development Areas, 32 specialist contractors, see contractors -
specialist sponsor department, 8 Sri Lanka -as source of labour abroad,
102 Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC), 1, 113, 266 Standard Method of Measurement
(SMM), 57 Standard Method of Measurement
Development Group, 57 standards
in construction, 89 and forecasting, 109-10 and government, 7 in housing, 89, 110 of materials, 256-7 and self-employed, 126-7 and warranty schemes, 90, 127
state of trade inquiries, 107, 297 (n6) statistics
problems of: and improvements, 30-1, and plant hire firms, 266, and self-employed, 120-1, and structure of industry, 113; and unemployment, 212
sources of, xii;see also references statutory consents, 50-2, 63 statutory undertakers, 52
336 Index
steel frame- and output types, 182-3T products- price of, 260T unframed -and output types,
182-3T usage of, 253, 254F
steel- buildings for, output, 79T steel erectors (operatives)- and output
types, 176-7T steel fixers (operatives)- and output
types, 176-7T and skill and training, 202-3T
stock of buildings and works, 268T; and
forecasting, 109; ownership of, 20, 26 8T; owned by construction, 268T
of fixed assets in construction, 266-70, 268T
of materials, 257-60, 258T of plant and machinery, 26 8T; in
construction, 267-70 passim, 268T
of vehicles, ships and aircraft, 268T; in construction, 26 8T
structural engineer in process, 40-1F, 42, 152 work of, 158
structure of buildings and operative inputs, 176-7T; over
contract period, 178, 179F usage of materials, 254F
structure of industry, 2, 113-49, 151-62
of all private contractors, 113-46; related to output types, 113-15, 114F, 115F; statistical problems, 113
of main trades contractors, 116-19; related to output types, 116-7; 118T
of plant hire, 272 of professions, 151-62, 156T; see
also individual professions of subcontracting and specialist trade
contractors, 120-4, 122-3T structures -research on, 286 subcontractors
advantages and disadvantages, 119-20 capital needs of, 275 choice of, 60-2 contract conditions for, 60-2 and design, 60 in design construct, 44F
domestic, 60-2 labour-only, 120, 216-7; proportion
of operatives in, 195; and safety, 216;and standards, 126-7;and statistics, 120-1; and training, 216;seea/so self-employed
and management contracting, 46F need for investigation of role, 124-5 nominated, 60-2 output of, 118T, 121-4, 122-3T payments to, 275 problems of, 124-5 and research, 287 structure of, 120-4, 122~3T supply and fix, 120 in traditional process, 40-1F, 42, 43F see also contractors - specialist trades
and individual trades subsidies, 11 supervision, see foremen surveyors
firms of, 22 in local authorities and new towns,
220T Suspended Ceilings Association, 300
(n35) suspended ceilings specialists (fJrms)
and APTCs, 218T and capital expenditure, 271 T number, output and subcontracting,
122-3T System Builders' Section (of NFBTE),
141 system building, 85; see also industria
lised building
T
Taiwan- as competitor abroad, 95 takeovers, 130-1, 132T Tarmac pic, 97, 117, 270 tarmac operatives, see asphalt operatives Taylor Woodrow pic, 97, 117, 270 taxation
evasion of, 125-7 and plant, 270, 273 and private housing, 18 see also value-added tax
technical staff in contractors, 219 in local authorities and new towns,
220T Technican Education Council (TEC),
240-1, 241T, 247
Index 337
technicians- training, 199-200, 241 T, 249
technology(ies) and capacity, 186-7T, 192 change in, 19, 174 and research, 285-6
telephone exchanges and duration of process, 64-5T and serial contracting, 56
tendering abroad, 97, 101 costs of, 55, 67, 97 and degree of competition, 129-30 delays in adjudication, 67 documents, 56-60 numbers for and capacity, 190 open competition, 53-4, 54T, 59 re-tendering, 6 7 select competition, 54T, 55-6, 59 serial (continuity), 54T, 56 two-stage, 54T, 56, 59
tender prices, see prices Thailand, as competitor abroad, 95 tilers (firms), see floor and wall tiling
specialists tilers (operatives)- skill and training,
202-3T tiles
imports of, 256 stocks of, 258T
timber doors, see doors frame, 3, 87-9, 174, 260-1 imports of, 253, 256 and output types, 182-3T usage of, 253, 254F
Timber Research and Development Association (TRADA), 284
time of erection of industrialised building,
67T,87 lags in construction process, 18, 36 overrun on contracts, 59-60; and
inadequate capacity, 189-90 for public and private clients, 48, 68 see also duration
tools, 262, 263T Tourism Act, 1969 -and imports, 256 Trade, Department of (DOT), 8 Trade Indemnity Ltd, 138 trade unions, 213-14
in process, 40-1F and self-employed, 126-7 see also individual unions
Trafalgar House plc, 97, 117, 119, 128,131
training, 198-201 agreement, 198, 200 and capacity, 186-7T, 190, 192 of contractors and DLOS, 204T,
233-4,235T and self-employed, 125-7, 216 by trade, 202-3T, 204T
Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU), 141,213-14
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, 283
Treasury, 25, 27,297 (n13) Trollope & Coils Holdings Ltd, 117 tunnelers- record card, 127 Turkey -as competitor abroad, 95 turnkey project, see design construct turnover
and capital employed, 276, 277T return on, 280-2, 281T
two-stage tendering, see tendering
u underspending- on programme, 27-9 unemployment, 212
and capacity, 185-90 passim, 186-7T in construction labour force, 194T
195T,212 statistics of, 212
Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians (UCATT), 213-14
Urban Programme, 31-2 user
v
and demand, 9 and forecasting, 109 for private non-housing, 19-22
passim for public-sector housing, 24 requirements for housing, 15
valuation surveyors- in process, 40-1F value-added tax (VAT), 11, 78,227 value of work done, see output variations, 52-3,59-60 vehicles, ships and aircraft
GDFCF in, 269T ownership of, 268T stock of, 268T
Volume Housebuilders' Association, 290 (n8)
338 Index
w wages, 214-15 warehouses
decaying, 35 demand for, 19 output of, 79T
water- building and works, 64-ST and duration of construction
process, 64-ST need for, 35 output, 79T; and materials, 181T;
and operatives, 176-7T; planned and actual, 25, 107;and plant, 175
research on, 286 and selection of main contractor, 54
weather, 3, 7, 210 welders- and output types, 176-7T W~lsh Development Agency, 31 Wunpey (George) plc, 97, 117, 128, 270
windows aluminium: distribution of, 262;
imports of, 256 metal: standards of, 257; usage of,
254F plastic: standards of, 257
wood imports of, 256 price of, 260T see also timber
wood-cutting machinists, 198 working proprietors, 193, 194T working rule agreements, 126-7
y
Youth Training Scheme (YTS), 198-200 241 '