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Notes and References INTRODUCTION

1. Michael Banks, 'Systems Analysis and the Study of Regions', International Studies Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 4 (December 1969) p. 338. See also JosephS. Nye (ed.), International Regionalism (Boston: Little, Brown. 1968) pp. vi-vii.

2. See, for instance, George Modelski, 'International Relations and Area Studies', International Relations, volll, no. 3 (April 1961) pp. 148-58: Michael Brecher, 'International Relations and Asian Studies: The Subordinate State-System of Southern Asia·, World Politics. vol. xv. no. 2 (April1963) pp. 213-35; Bernard K. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict in Southeast Asia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966): and Peter Lyon, War and Peace in Southeast Asia (London: Oxford University Press, 1969). For a view that does not make geographic contiguity essential to a definition of a region. see Bruce M. Russett. International Regions and the International System (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1967).

3. Oran R. Young, 'Professor Russett: Industries Tailor to a Naked Emperor', World Politics, vol. XXI, no. 3 (April 1969) pp. 487-8.

4. See David Easton, A Framework for Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1965) pp. 30-4. See also Oran R. Young, A Systemic Approach to International Politics (Princeton University. Center of International Studies, 1968), pp. 15-16.

5. The term was in fact already used in 1900 in its English form in a British Parliamentary Paper. Other terms have also been used such as Further India, the Far Eastern Tropics, and the Tropical Far East. See Charles A. Fisher, 'A View of Southeast Asia', Southeast Asia: An International Quarterly, voii, nos. 1-2 (Winter-Spring 1971) pp. 5-11.

CHAPTER ONE

1. On the decolonisation of Southeast Asia, see David J. Steinberg (ed.), In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History (New York : Praeger, 1971) especially Parts Four and Five. See also John Bastin and Harry J. Benda, A History of Modern Southeast Asia: Colonialism, Nationalism and Decolonisation (Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1968) Part Three, and Milton Osborne, Southeast Asia: An Introductory History (Sydney : Allen and Unwin, 1979) chaps. 10-13.

2. For the meaning of the term 'dominant balance', see Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London :

241

242 Regional Organization and Order in South-East Asia

Macmillan, 1977) p. 103. 3. On the early development of United States policies towards Indochina.

see Joseph M. Siracusa, 'FDR, Truman. and Indochina. 1941-52 : The Forgotten Years', in Joseph M. Siracusa and Glen St. John Barclay (eds.), The Impact of the Cold War (Port Washington. NY: Kennikat Press, 1977) pp. 163-83.

4. Adam B. Ulam, The Rivals: America and Russia Since World War II (London : Allen Lane, 1973) p. 156.

5. Ibid .• p. 157. 6. David P. Mozingo, 'Containment in Asia Reconsidered', World Poli

tics, vol XIV, no. 3 (April 1967) p. 361. 7. Ibid., pp. 361-2. 8. On China and Southeast Asia. see C. P. FitzGerald, China and

Southeast Asia Since I945 (Melbourne : Longman Australia, 1973). 9. In addition to FitzGerald. ibid., see also Melvin Gurtov, China and

Southeast Asia (Lexington. Ms. : D. C. Heath, 1971); Ross Terrill. 'China's Aims in Southeast Asia', in Ian Wilson (ed.), China and the World Community (Sydney : Angus & Robertson, 1973); Frank Langdon, 'China's Policy in Southeast Asia', in Mark W. Zacher and R. Stephen Milne (eds.), Conflict and Stability in Southeast Asia (Garden City, NY : Anchor Books. 1973); and Peter Van Ness, Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy: Peking's Support for Wars of National Liberation (University of California Press, 1971).

10. Geoffrey Jukes, The Soviet Union in Asia (Sydney : Angus & Robertson, 1973) pp. 1-2 and 287-93. See also Melvin Gurtov, 'The Soviet Presence in Southeast Asia: Growth and Implications', in Zacher and Milne (eds.), Conflict and Stability . ...

11. See Ian Clark, 'Collective Security in Asia: Towards a Framework for Soviet Diplomacy', The Round Table, no. 252 (October 1973) pp. 473-4.

12. See T. B. Millar, 'Soviet Policies South and East of Suez', Foreign Affairs (October 1970) pp. 7~0. See also Malcolm Mackintosh, 'Some Aspects of Soviet Policies in Asia', in Hedley Bull (ed.). Asia and the Western Pacific: Toward a New International Order (Melbourne : Thomas Nelson, 1975) pp. 51-64.

13. See Clark, 'Collective Security .. .', pp. 474-6. 14. See Lawrence Olson, Japan in Post War Asia (London: Pall Mall Press,

1970). See also Hans B. Baerwald, 'Japan', in Wayne Wilcox et a/. (eds.), Asia and the International System (Cambridge, Mass. :Winthrop Publishers. 1972), and Frank Langdon, 'Japanese Policy Toward Southeast Asia', in Zacher and Milne (eds.), Conflict and Stability . ...

15. Makato Ikema, 'Japan's Economic Relations with ASEAN'. Paper delivered at the Tenth Pacific Trade and Development Conference, Australian National University, Canberra, 19-23 March 1979. (This conference is hereafter referred to as the TPTD Conference.)

CHAPTER Two

1. I owe this division to Peter Lyon. See his 'ASEAN and the Future of

Notes and References 243

Regionalism', in Lau Teik Soon (ed.), New Directions in the International Relations of Southeast Asia (Singapore University Press, 1973) pp. 156-64.

2. Lyon, 'ASEAN .. .', pp. 157-8. On the Bandung Conference see George MeT. Kahin, The Asian-African Conference, Bandung, April 1955 (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1956).

3. See L. P. Singh, The Politics of Economic Cooperation in Asia: A Study of Asian International Organisations (Columbia, Missouri : University of Missouri Press, 1966). This study concentrates in particular on ECAFE and the Colombo Plan.

4. Lyon, 'ASEAN .. .', p. 158. 5. See George Modelski (ed.), SEATO: Six Studies (Melbourne : F.W.

Cheshire, 1962). 6. Lyon, 'ASEAN .. .', p. 158. See also Russel H. Fifield, The Diplomacy

of Southeast Asia 1945-1958 (New York : Harper and Brothers, 1958) chap. 10 for a general account of early efforts at regionalism in Southeast Asia.

7. For an account of these two attempts at regional organisation, see Bernard K. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict in Southeast Asia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1966), esp. pp. 22-40 and chaps. 5 and 6. See also Peter Lyon, War and Peace in Southeast Asia (London: Oxford University Press, 1969) pp. 154-8.

8. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 22-40, 68-72, chaps. 5 and 6.

9. Ibid., chap. 6. 10. See Michael Haas, 'The "Asian Way" to Peace', Pacific Community

(Tokyo), vol. 4, no. 4 (July 1973) p. 509. 11. See Asia Research Bulletin (hereafter referred to as ARB), March 1973,

pp. 1733-5 for a comprehensive list of Asian regional organisations. See also Lau Teik Soon, New Directions . .. , pp. 203-5, for a similar list as well as Haas, op. cit., esp. pp. 507-10.

12. Ibid. 13. See Bernard K. Gordon, 'Regionalism in Southeast Asia', in Robert 0.

Tilman (ed.), Man, State, and Society in Contemporary Southeast Asia (New York : Praeger, 1969) p. 507.

14. Ibid., pp. 507, 509. 15. ARB, March 1973, pp. 1733-5; Lau Teik Soon, New Directions . ... pp.

203-5. 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Straits Times, 5 February 1958. 19. The editorial is quoted in H. P. Gopalan, 'The Launching of ASA', Far

Eastern Economic Review (hereafter referred to as FEER), 21 September 1961, p. 552.

20. Straits Times, 29 January 1958. 21. Reported ibid., 21 April 1958. 22. Ibid., 22 April 1958. 23. Bangkok Post, 18 April 1960. 24. Ibid.


25. Straits Times, 10 February 1961. 26. Manila Bulletin, 7 January 1959. 27. Ibid., 27 January 1959. 28. Ibid., 18 January 1961. 29. Manila Times, 17 January 1961. 30. Bangkok Post, 20 January 1961. 31. Straits Times, 18 January 1961. 32. See Bangkok Post, 20 January, 1961; Manila Bulletin, 26 January 1961;

and Straits Times, 4 February 1961. 33. The Nation, 6 February 1961. 34. See comments by Vernon Bartlett in Straits Times, 28 January 1959. 35. Reported in Straits Times, 18 February 1959. 36. See Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 169-71. See also

Bangkok Post, 24 October 1959; Manila Chronicle, 5 November 1959; and Times of Indonesia, 12 January 1960.

37. See Gordon, The Dimension of Conflict . .. , p. 171, footnote 24 for extracts from Sukarno's reply.

38. Ibid., p. 171. See also Manila Bulletin, 19 March 1960. 39. For references to Filipino efforts directed at Indonesia, see Times of

Indonesia, 1 July 1960; Straits Times, 26 August 1960; FEER, 15 September and 1 December 1960, pp. 596 and 505 respectively; Manila Chronicle, 2 February 1961.

40. 13 July 1961, p. 55. 41. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 165-6. 42. See Straits Times, 5 January, 1959. 43. Ibid., and FEER, 15 January 1959. 44. Manila Times, 3 January 1959. 45. Straits Times, 3 January 1959. 46. See, for example, Times of Indonesia, 12 January 1960; Malay Mail, 16

June 1960; and Straits Times, 27 July 1960. 47. Straits Times, 27 July 1960. See also FEER, 14 July 1960, p. 52. The

Filipinos too referred to the Nordic Council, as well as the Organisation of American States, Malay Mail, 9 August 1960, and Bangkok Post, 11 February 1961.

48. The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , p. 166. 49. Ibid., p. 167. 50. Manila Bulletin, 7 January 1959. 51. Ibid., 4 April 1959. 52. See Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 167-70 on the Thai

proposal. 53. Ibid., pp. 167-8. 54. Ibid. 55. FEER, 15 September 1960, p. 596. 56. See Straits Times, 6, 9 and 15 April 1960. 57. Malay Mail, 28 April 1960. 58. Straits Times, 19 February 1960. 59. Bangkok Post, 20 June 1961. 60. Straits Times and Bangkok Post, 1 August 1961. In July 1960 the Tunku

had changed the name of the proposed organisation to the Association


of Southeast Asian States (ASAS), because in Malay ASAS means foundation. The Tunku would, however, appear to have second thoughts about this name when it was pointed out that ASAS could be pronounced in English as 'asses'. Bangkok Post, 29 July 1961.

61. Bangkok Post, 4 June 1961, and Straits Times, 28 July 1961. 62. See, for example, Bangkok Post, 8 July 1960. 63. FEER, 15 September 1960, p. 596. 64. FEER, 21 September 1961, p. 551. 65. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , p. 178. 66. Ibid. 67. Ibid., pp. 178-87. 68. Quoted in Lee Kuan Yew, The Battle for Merger (Singapore :

Government Printing Office, n.d.) p. 122. 69. On the formation of Malaysia, see T.E. Smith, The Background To

Malaysia (London : Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1963); Milton Osborne, Singapore and M a/aysia (Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 53, 1964); Willard A. Hanna, The Formation of Malaysia (New York :American Universities Field Staff. 1964); R.S. Milne, Government and Politics in Malaysia (Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1967); Richard Allen, Malaysia: Prospect and Retrospect (London : Oxford University Press, 1968).

70. For the text of the aide-memoire, see Peter J. Boyce, Malaysia and Singapore in International Diplomacy (Sydney University Press, 1968), pp. 115-17.

71. The text of this note can be found ibid., pp. 117-18. 72. See FEER, 18 October 1962, p. 138. 73. The standard work on the confrontation between Indonesia and

Malaysia is J. A. C. Mackie, Konfrontasi. The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963-1966 (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1974).

74. Quoted in Robyn Abell, 'Philippine Policy Towards Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia 1961-1969' (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Australian National University, 1972) p. 195.

75. For a detailed account of the various meetings, see Mackie, Konfron-tasi . .. , chaps. VI and VII.

76. See FEER, 18 July 1963, p. 148; and 24 October 1963, p. 192. 77. Abell, 'Philippine Policy .. .', p. 210. 78. For the text of these documents, see Malaya/ Philippines Relations,

appendices VII, IX and x, pp. 28-34. 79. On Maphilindo, see Mackie, Konfrontasi . .. , pp. 165-70. 80. Manila Accord, paragraph 6. 81. Joint Statement, paragraph 4. 82. See Manila Accord, paragraphs 4 and 5. 83. On the UN mission, see Mackie, Konfrontasi . .. , pp. 170-9. 84. See Boyce, Malaysia and Singapore . .. , pp. 76-8 for the text of the

Secretary-General's report. 85. Ibid., pp. 57 and 78-82. 86. See Mackie, Konfrontasi . .. , pp. 179-94. 87. See Michael Leifer, The Philippine Claim to Sabah (University of Hull,

Hull monographs on Southeast Asia, 1968) pp. 55-6.


88. For accounts of the many attempts to settle the conflicts, see Leifer, ibid.; idem., 'Indonesia and Malaysia: The Diplomacy of Confrontation', The World Today, June 1965; and 'Indonesia and Malaysia : The Changing Face of Confrontation', The World Today, September 1966; Marvin P. Ott, 'Mediation as a Method of Conflict Resolution: Two Cases', International Organization, vol. 26, no. 4 (Autumn 1972); Roger Hilsman, To Move a Nation (Garden City, NY : Doubleday, 1967) chap. 26.

89. Leifer, The Philippine Claim . .. , p. 58. 90. Ott, 'Mediation .. .', pp. 609-10. 91. See Abell, 'Philippine Policy .. .'. pp. 281-8. 92. Quoted in Leifer, The Philippine Claim . ... p. 65. 93. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 184-7. 94. Bangkok Post, 10 September 1965. 95. Straits Times, 10 December 1965. 96. Straits Times, 11 December 1965. 97. Indonesian Herald, 17 December 1965. 98. Straits Times, 16 December 1965. 99. Manila Times, 5 January 1966.

100. Manila Bulletin, 5 January 1966. 101. Abell, 'Philippine Policy .. .', pp. 293-4. 102. On the fall of Sukarno, see J.D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography

(London: Allen Lane Press, 1972) pp. 385-409, esp. pp. 396-403. 103. See Abell, 'Philippine Policy .. .'. p. 294. 104. The Agreement to end Konfrontasi was ratified on 11 August 1966. The

delay was partly due to opposition on the part of Sukarno who was still nominally the president of Indonesia.

105. Indonesian World, 17 December 1965. 106. See Straits Times, 4 January 1966, where Than at is reported to have

expressed his misgivings about Maphilindo's racial and ethnic connotations.

107. See Manila Times, 7 May 1966. 108. Straits Times, 3 and 4 June 1966. 109. Bangkok World, 26 August 1966. 110. Ibid. 111. See Gordon in Tilman, Man, State and Society . .. , pp. 514-16. 112. See reports in Manila Bulletin, 1 February 1967; and the editorial in

Manila Chronicle, 1 February 1967. 113. See Guy J. Pauker, 'Indonesia: The Year of Transition'. Asian Survey.

vol. vu, no. 2 (February 1967) esp. pp. 141-2. 114. See statement by Ramos reported in Manila Bulletin, 1 February 1967. 115. See, for example, statements by Thanat and Ramos respectively in

Bangkok World, 1 March 1967; and Straits Times. 6 March 1967. 116. Gordon in Tilman, Man, State and Society . .. , pp. 517-18. 117. Straits Times, 1 March 1967; and Bangkok World, 1 March 1967. 118. Djakarta Times, 10 March 1967; and Antara, 15 March 1967. 119. Antara, 19 April1967. 120. Antara, 21 April1967. 121. Asian Almanac (hereafter referred to as AA), p. 2043.


122. Straits Times, 14 April 1967. 123. Djakarta Times, 15 April 1967. 124. Straits Times, 18 April 1967. 125. Djakarta Times, 21 April 1967. 126. Straits Times, 23 April 1967. 127. On the 'division of labour' between Thanat and Malik, see Gordon in

Tilman, Man, State and Society ... , pp. 517-18. 128. Djakarta Times, 25 May 1967. 129. AA, pp. 2198-9. 130. Straits Times, 1 June 1967. 131. Straits Times, 13 August 1966. 132. See Franklin B. Weinstein, 'The Uses of Foreign Policy in Indonesia:

An Approach to the Analyses of Foreign Policy in the Less Developed Countries', World Politics, vol. XXIV, no. 3 (April 1972). For similar views, see Michael Leifer, 'Continuity and Change in Indonesian Foreign Policy', Asian Affairs, 60 (June 1973); and Peter Polomka, 'Indonesia and the Stability of Southeast Asia', Survival, vol. xv, no. 3 (May/June 1973).

133. Weinstein, op. cit., p. 367; Leifer, op. cit., p. 176. 134. See Manila Times, 6 March 1967. 135. Gordon in Tilman, Man, State and Society . .. , pp. 514-17. 136. Ibid., p. 516. 137. Christian Science Monitor, 21 February 1967. 138. Ibid. 139. Antara, 1 March 1967. 140. For a similar assessment, see Robert 0. Tilman, Malaysian Foreign

Policy (McLean, Virginia : Research Analysis Corporation, March 1969) pp. 48-9. See also Tun Razak's comments on the defence ties with Britain during his visit to Australia in April 1967, reported in Straits Times, 21 April 1967.

141. International Edition, 11 March 1967. 142. SEATO Record, vol. VI, no. 3 (June 1967) p. 7. 143. On the role of Thanat Khoman, see Gordon in Tilman, Man, State and

Society . .. , p. 518. 144. For the text of the Filipino and the Indonesian drafts, see Abell,

'Philippine Policy .. .',appendices IV and v, pp. 427-31. 145. For the text of the relevant passages of the SEEARC draft and the

Manila Declaration, see Gordon in Tilman, Man, State and Society . .. , p. 516.

146. Foreign Affairs Bulletin (Bangkok), vol. 7, no. 1 (August-September 1967) pp. 30-1. See also Straits Times, 9 August 1967.

147. See Philippines Herald, 8 August 1967. 148. Philippines Herald, 17 August 1967. 149. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN (Department of

Information, Republic of Indonesia, Special Issue 039/1969) pp. 15-16. 150. Polomka, 'Indonesia and .. .';Leifer, 'Continuity and .. .';Weinstein,

'The Uses of ... '. 151. Ibid. 152. For details of these agreements, see Fifield, The Diplomacy of


Southeast Asia, 1945-1958, pp. ~3 and 68-9. 153. See Abell, 'Philippine Policy .. .', for a comprehensive review of the

policies of the Philippines towards Southeast Asia in the 1960s. For a short account of Philippine foreign policy, see Robert 0. Tilman, 'Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines', in Wayne Wilcox et al. (eds.), Asia and the International System (Cambridge, Mass. :Winthrop Publishers, 1972) pp. 218-25.

154. Tilman, in Wilcox et al., op. cit., p. 215. 155. Tilman, Malaysian Foreign Policy, pp. 56-7. 156. On the initiatives and personal relationships between various leaders,

see Mahathir bin Mohamad, Trends in Malaysia (Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, July 1971) p. 37.

157. Ibid. See also Gordon in Tilman, Man, State and Society . .. , p. 58. 158. See David A. Wilson, 'Thailand, Laos and Cambodia', in Wilcox et al.

(eds.), Asia and .. . , pp. 185-6. 159. Ibid., p. 186. 160. Gordon in Tilman, Man, State and Society . .. , p. 518. 161. See Philippines Herald, 8 August 1967. 162. See a report to this effect in Manila Bulletin, 9 August 1967. 163. See Table 13 in Tilman, Man, State and Society . .. , p. 586.

CHAPTER THREE

1. 10 Years ASEAN (Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat, April 1978) p. 18. 2. Ibid., p. 19. 3. See Facts on ASEAN (Kuala Lumpur : Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

n.d.) pp. 31-8 and 39-44. 4. See New Nation, 7 July 1977. 5. 10 Years ASEAN, pp. 17-22. 6. Ibid., pp. 22 and 125-31. 7. The primary purpose of the following account of various ASEAN plans

and initiatives is 'not to reason why'. That will be done in later chapters. The concern here is to give as full and as accurate a description of ASEAN activities as the available information will permit.

8. See Facts on ASEAN, p. 20. 9. Straits Times, 26 January 1968. See also Barbara French Pace, Kathryn

Young, Kathryn Rafferty with Bernard K. Gordon, Regional Cooperation in Southeast Asia: The First Two Years of ASEAN 1967-1969 (McLean, Virginia : Research Analysis Corporation, October 1970) p. 21.

10. See ASA, Report of the Third Meeting of the Foreign Ministers ASA, Bangkok, Thailand, August 3-5, 1966 (Kuala Lumpur : Jabatan Chetak Kerajaan, 1967) for a complete list of projects and plans approved by the Ministerial Meeting in August 1966 and largely passed on to ASEAN.

11. See The Association of South East Asian Nations: A SEAN (Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, Special Issue 03911969) pp. 19-23.

12. See ASEAN (Jakarta : Department of Foreign Affairs, ASEAN


National Secretariat of Indonesia, August 1975) p. 82. 13. See Hans H. lndorf, ASEAN: Problems and Prospects (Singapore :

Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Occasional Paper No. 38, December 1975) p. 45.

14. AA, 13 May 1972, p. 5183. 15. See Pace eta/., Regional Cooperation . .. , Appendix D, pp. 82-3. See

also ASEAN: A Bright Venture in Mutual Cooperation (Manila: n.d.), pp. 7-8; and Manila Bulletin, 22 February 1970.

16. Manila Bulletin, 20 March 1970. 17. See 'Economic Cooperation Among Member Countries of the Associ

ation of Southeast Asian Nations: Report of a United Nations Team', Journal of Development Planning, no. 7 (1974) pp. iii-iv.

18. H. W. Arndt, 'ASEAN Industrial Projects', Asia Pacific Community, no. 3 (Fall 1978) p. 118.

19. See 'Economic Cooperation Among Member Countries ... ', op. cit., p. 2.

20. Ibid. 21. See, for example, Djakarta Times, 23 August 1972; and Straits Times, 6

December 1972. 22. See New Standard, 9 May 1974, for the full text of Rajaratnam's and the

other ministers' speeches. 23. ASEAN News Bulletin, vol. 11, nos. 8-10 (August-October 1974) p. 4. 24. A SEAN (Jakarta : Department of Foreign Affairs, August 1975), p. 73. 25. Joint Press Release: Meeting of ASEAN Economic and Planning

Ministers, Jakarta 26-27 November 1975. (Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat).

26. The text of these documents can be found reproduced in several places. See, for example, Facts on ASEAN, pp. 24-43; Indonesian Quarterly, vol. IV, nos. 2-4 (1976 Special Issue) pp. 110-29; Foreign Affairs Bulletin (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok) vol. XVI, no. 1 (January-March 1976) pp. 57-76.

27. Indonesian Quarterly, vol. IV, nos. 2-4 (1976) pp. 112-14. 28. Ibid., p. 114. 29. Joint Press Statement: Second Meeting of ASEAN Economic and

Planning Ministers Kuala Lumpur, 8-9 March 1976 (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat).

30. FEER, 25 March 1977, pp. 43-52. 31. See Joint Press Release: Fourth Meeting of ASEAN Economic Minis

ters, 27-29 June 1977, Singapore (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat). 32. Final Communique: Meeting of A SEAN Heads of Government, Kuala

Lumpur, 4-5 August 1977 (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat). 33. Quoted in FEER, 19 August 1977, pp. 20-1. 34. Ibid., pp. 27-8. 35. Arndt, 'ASEAN Industrial Projects', pp. 124-5. 36. ASEAN Digest, no. 1/79 (January 1979) p. 12. 37. FEER, 16 June 1978, p. 64; and Final Communique, Meeting of

ASEAN Heads of Government, Kuala Lumpur, 4-5 August 1977. 38. ASA: Report of the Third Meeting . .. , pp. 3-4. 39. Manila Bulletin, 1 October 1968, p. 18; and 3 October 1968, p. 1. On


Sabah and the Philippine reservation, see Chapter 8. 40. See Pace eta/., Regional Cooperation . .. , Appendix D, pp. 62-83. 41. Joint Press Release: Meeting of ASEAN Economic and Planning

Ministers Jakarta 26-27 November 1975. See also Straits Times, 28 November 1975.

42. See comments in FEER, 23 January 1976, pp. 47-52. 43. See Malik's remarks reported in New Straits Times, 5 February 1976. 44. New Straits Times, 21 and 22 February 1976. 45. See Declaration of ASEAN Concord (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat,

1976). 46. On the Indonesian position, see FEER, 23 January 1966, pp. 47-52. 47. Indonesian Newsletter, 16 December 1976, No. 51/76 (Embassy of

Indonesia, Canberra), p. 3. 48. 'Joint Communique of the Special Meeting of ASEAN Foreign

Ministers, 24 February 1977, Manila', Foreign Affairs Bulletin (Bangkok), vol. xvn, no. 1 (January-March 1977) pp. 25-7.

49. For the text of the agreement, see Facts on ASEAN, pp. 65-76. 50. Joint Press Release, Fourth Meeting of ASEAN Economic Ministers . .. 51. Final Communique: Meeting of ASEAN Heads of Government, Kuala

Lumpur. 52. Joint Press Release: Fifth Meeting of ASEAN Economic Ministers,

Pattaya, 2--4 September. See also Straits Times, 4 September 1977. 53. FEER, 7 December 1979, pp. 73--4. 54. ASA: Report of the Third Meeting . .. , p. 3. 55. Facts on ASEAN, pp. 44-53. 56. Ibid. 57. Manila Bulletin, 16 February 1970. 58. See Pace eta/., Regional Cooperation . .. , Appendix D, p. 64. 59. ASEAN 71CIIS-6, Annex D-4, Opening Statement by His Excellency

Chintamye Amatakyakul, Leader of the Thai Delegation at the Second Meeting of the ASEAN Permanent Committee on Commerce and Industry, Manila, 15 April1971, andASEAN News Bulletin, vol. 1, no. 1 (August 1973) p. 6.

60. See the report in Asiaweek, 27 January 1978, pp. 28-58, on banking in the ASEAN countries.

61. See Memorandum of Understanding on ASEAN SWAP Arrangement by Bank Indonesia, Bank Negara Malaysia, Central Bank of the Philippines, Monetary Authority of Singapore, Bank of Thailand (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat).

62. See, for example, the recommendations of the third Ministerial Meeting in December 1969, reproduced in Pace et al., Regional Cooperation . .. , Appendix D, pp. 77-80. See also report in Djakarta Times, 1 May 1970, p. 1.

63. A SEAN (Jakarta: Department of Foreign Affairs, August 1975) p. 72. 64. See Final Communique: Meeting of ASEAN Heads of Government,

Kuala Lumpur, p. 12. 65. The New York Times, 27 January 1974; and ARB, January 1974, pp.

2387-8. 66. South China Morning Post, 6 September 1975.


67. Joint Press Statement: Second Meeting of ASEAN Economic and Planning Ministers . ..

68. See Japan Times, 15 April1977; and ARB, April1977, Supplement 5, p. 315.

69. Straits Times, 30 October 1977. 70. See Final Communique: Meeting of Heads of Government, Kuala

Lumpur. 71. Pace et al., Regional Cooperation . .. , p. 64. 72. See Multilateral Agreement on Commercial Rights of Non-Scheduled

Air Services among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (13 March 1971); Agreement for the Facilitation of Search for Aircraft in Distress and Rescue of Survivors of Aircraft Accidents (14 April1972); Agreement for the Facilitation of Search for Ships in Distress and Rescue of Survivors of Ships Accidents, 15 May 1975 (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat).

73. A SEAN Declaration for Mutual Assistance on Natural Disaster 26 June 1976 (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat).

74. ARB, February 1977, Supplement 2, p. 295. 75. On the diverse interests and problems involved, see FEER, 16 June

1978, pp. 53-7. 76. ARB, December 1975, Supplement 2, pp. 153-4. 77. ASEAN (Jakarta : Department of Foreign Affairs, August 1975) pp.

72-6. 78. For the text of this document, see Facts on ASEAN, pp. 21-4. 79. Ibid., p. 39. 80. Ibid., pp. 28-9. For an excellent review of the many issues and

problems involved in the neutralisation of Southeast Asia, see Noordin Sopiee, 'The Neutralisation of Southeast Asia', in Hedley Bull (ed.), Asia and the Western Pacific: Towards a New International Order. (Melbourne : Thomas Nelson, 1975) pp. 132-58.

CHAPTER FouR

1. Pan-Malay sentiments have existed for a long time but their political significance has been slight, and under no circumstances included Thailand and Singapore. See J. A. C. Mackie, Konfrontasi: The Indonesia-Malaysia Dispute 1963-1966 (Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press, 1974) esp. pp. 18-28.

2. Franklin B. Weinstein, 'The Uses of Foreign Policy in Indonesia', World Politics, vol. XXIV, no. 3 (April 1972) p. 367.

3. Speech reproduced in Foreign Affairs Bulletin (Bangkok), vol. 6, no. 4 (February-March 1967) p. 311.

4. Foreign Affairs Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 2 (October-November 1968) p. 104.

5. 'Neutralism, Neutrality and Neutralization', Pacific Community, vol. 3, no. 1 (Tokyo : October 1971), pp. 113-14.

6. Straits Times, 7 February 1968. 7. Thanat Khoman, quoted in Foreign Affairs Bulletin, (Bangkok) vol. 9,

no. 2, October-November 1969. p. 143. 8. Ibid., p. 144.


9. Foreign Affairs Bulletin, vol. 8, no. 1 (August-September 1968), p. 5. 10. Foreign Affairs Malaysia, vol. 1, nos. 4-5 (April 1967), p. 2. 11. See Chapter 2. 12. Foreign Affairs Bulletin (Bangkok), vol. 7, no. 1 (August-September

1967), p. 31. 13. Ibid., pp. 32-3. 14. Ibid., pp. 34-5. 15. Ibid., p. 37. 16. Ibid., p. 39. 17. See Robert 0. Tilman, 'Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines', in

Wayne Wilcox et a/., (eds.), Asia and the International System (Cambridge, Mass. : Winthrop Publishers, 1972) p. 215, footnote 26. On the British announcement, see Appendix A, 'Extract from United Kingdom Supplementary Statement on Defence Policy I967, London : HMSO, July 1967, Cmnd 3357', reproduced in T. B. Millar (ed.), Britain's Withdrawal from Asia (Canberra : Australian National University, Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, 1967) pp. 108-12.

18. For Singaporean and Malaysian reactions, see AA, 8 June 1968, pp. 2748-52.

19. The best of many discussions of the neutralisation proposal is Noordin Sopiee, 'The Neutralization of Southeast Asia', in Hedley Bull (ed.), Asia and the Western Pacific (Melbourne : Thomas Nelson, 1975).

20. For a view to the contrary, see Melvin Gurtov, 'Security by Proxy: The Nixon Doctrine and Southeast Asia', in Mark W. Zacher and R. Stephen Milne (eds.), Conflict and Stability in Southeast Asia (New York : Anchor Books, 1974) pp. 203-36.

21. See Lau Teik Soon, Indonesia and Regional Security: The Djakarta Conference on Cambodia. (Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Occasional Paper No. 14, 1972.)

22. See 'Indonesian Working Concept on A SEAN Development Strategy', in A SEAN (Jakarta : Department of Foreign Affairs, ASEAN National Secretariat of Indonesia, August 1975) pp. 143-7.

23. ForthetextofMalik'saddress, see FEER,25September 1971, pp. 31-3. 24. Quoted in AA, 13 May 1972, p. 5185. 25. Adam Malik, 'Indonesia's Foreign Policy', Indonesian Quarterly, vol.

1, no. 1 (October 1972) p. 29. See also the article by Major General Sayidiman Suryohadiprojo, 'The Future of Southeast Asia', in the February 1973 issue of the same journal, pp. 38-49.

26. See Tun Ismail's speech at the ASEAN ministerial meeting in Manila 1971, ASEAN 71 FM/STA-5, 12 March 1971, Opening Statement by his Excellency, Tun (Dr) Ismail bin Data Abdul Rahman, Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, p. 2.

27. Ibid., p. 4. 28. See Foreign Affairs Malaysia, September 1972, p. 41. 29. Foreign Affairs Malaysia, March 1973, pp. 53-4. 30. Malaysian Digest, 31 March 1974. 31. See, for example, Rajaratnam as quoted in Straits Times, 17 October

1968; Lee Kuan Yew as quoted in The New York Times, 15 May 1969; Bangkok World, 10 June 1972; and Straits Times, 7 July 1972. See in


particular the Jacob Blaustein Lectures delivered by Lee Kuan Yew in the United States, reproduced in ARB, April 1973, pp. 1809-11; May 1973, pp. 1880-1; and June 1973, pp. 1956-7.

32. On Lee's visit to Malaysia, see Straits Times, 25 March, 1973. 33. See Straits Times, 19 January 1973; ARB, May 1973, pp. 1831, 1881;

and ARB, February 1974, pp. 2488 and 2515. 34. See, for example, the speech by Rajaratnam in Chile in October 1970,

reproduced in Asia Pacific Record, vol. 1, no. 8 (November 1970) pp. 4-14.

35. Quoted in AA, 13 May 1972, p. 5184. 36. Straits Times, 23 March 1973. 37. Straits Times, 3 April 1973. 38. ARB, August 1974, p. 2973. 39. See Foreign Affairs Bulletin, vol. 9, no. 2 (October-November 1969) p.

180. 40. ASEAN 71 FM/STA-3, 12 March 1971, Opening Statement by Dr

Thanat Khoman, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand. 41. See AA, 13 May 1972, p. 5186. 42. See The Ambassador, vol. m, no. 4 (May 1973) p. 89. 43. See Robyn Abell, 'Philippine Policy Towards Regional Cooperation in

Southeast Asia 1961-1969' (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Australian National University, 1972) p. 374.

44. Ibid., p. 325. 45. See Lela Garner Noble, 'The National Interest and the National Image

: Philippine Policy in Asia', Asian Survey, vol. xm, no. 6 (June 1973) pp. 560-76.

46. ASEAN 71 FM/STA-1, 12 March 1971, New Directions for ASEAN: Statement Delivered by President Ferdinand E. Marcos at the Opening Ceremonies of the Fourth Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, p. 8.

47. ASEAN 71 FM/STA-3, 12 March 1971, Opening Statement by Dr Thanat Khoman, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand, p. 8.

48. ASEAN 71 FM/STA-5, 12 March 1971, Opening Statement by H. E. Tun (Dr) Ismail bin Data Abdul Rahman, Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, pp. 5-6.

49. AA, 13 May 1972, p. 5183. 50. See the joint communiques of the 1971 and 1973 ministerial meetings in

10 YearsASEAN(Jakarta: ASEANSecretariat, April1978), pp. 270-7. 51. See, for example, interview with President Suharto in New Standard, 26

July 1975. 52. The speech is reproduced in Malaysian Digest, 31 May 1975. 53. AA, 9 August 1975, p. 7177. 54. ASEAN News Bulletin, nos. 4-6 (April-June 1975) p. 6. 55. AA, 5 July 1975, p. 7108. 56. ARB, August 1975, Supplement 6, pp. 113-14 and AA, 25 October

1975, pp. 7306-9. 57. See Straits Times, 26 July 1975. 58. For some of the issues discussed in the preparatory phase, see report in

AA, 28 March 1976, p. 7540.


59. See Hussein Onn's remarks during his visit to Japan, the United States and Britain in September-October 1977, in AA, 4 March 1978, pp. 8697-700.

60. Lee's speech in reported in ARB, June 1977, Supplement 6, pp. 334-7. 61. See excerpts from the speech in The Mirror, 24 October 1977. 62. Quoted in William C. Johnstone, Burma's Foreign Policy (Cambridge,

Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1963) p.158. 63. Quoted in Robert A. Holmes, 'Burma Foreign Policy Toward China

Since 1962', Pacific Affairs, vol. 45, no. 2 (Summer 1972) p. 240. 64. The New York Times, 7 May 1967. 65. As to the evolution of Burma's policy towards China, see Johnstone,

Burma's Foreign Policy, esp. pp. 158-200, and Melvin Gurtov, China and Southeast Asia (Lexington, Mass. : D. C. Heath, 1971) esp. chap. 4.

66. Johnstone, Burma's Foreign Policy, pp. 187-97 and Alistair Lamb, Asian Frontiers: Studies in a Continuous Problem (Melbourne : F. W. Cheshire, 1968) pp. 15G-7.

67. Johnstone, Burma's Foreign Policy, pp. 225-33. 68. Ibid., p. 178. 69. Gurtov, China and Southeast Asia, p. 92. 70. Johnstone, Burma's Foreign Policy, pp. 166-7. 71. Ibid., pp. 307-8 for the text of the treaty. 72. Ibid., pp. 255-6. 73. Gurtov, China and Southeast Asia, pp. 97-101. 74. We shall not here repeat all the detailed events which led to the rift. For

such details the reader is referred to Frank N. Trager, 'Sino -Burmese Relations: The End of the Pauk Thaw Era', Orbis, vol. XI, no. 4 (April 1970), and Peter Boog 'The China-Burma Rift', Current Scene, 17 October 1967.

75. See Trager, 'Sino-Burmese Relations', and Robert A. Holmes, 'ChinaBurma Relations Since the Rift', Asian Survey, vol. xn, no. 8 (August 1972) p. 687.

76. Holmes, 'China-Burma Relations', p. 687. 77. See Robert A. Holmes, 'The Sino-Burmese Rift : A Failure for China',

Orbis, vol. XVI, no. 1 (Spring 1972) p. 211. 78. Melvin Gurtov, 'The Foreign Ministry and Foreign Affairs during the

Cultural Revolution', The China Quarterly, vol. 40 (October-December 1969) p. 102; and Daniel Tretiak, 'The Chinese Cultural Revolution and Foreign Policy', Current Scene, 1 April1970. Evidence seems to favour the latter of the two interpretations. See Mao's conversation with Edgar Snow in December 1970 to the effect that he (Mao) and Chou En-lai lost control over foreign policy, and for a time, of the foreign ministry itself, reported in James Chieh Hsiung, Law and Policy in China's Foreign Relations: A Study of Attitudes and Practice (New York : Columbia University Press, 1972) p. 169.

79. Holmes, 'China-Burma Relations', pp. 695-8. 80. Times of Indonesia, 1 January 1960. 81. Bernard K. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict in Southeast Asia

(Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1966) pp. 166-7.


82. AA, p. 2199. 83. AA, 29 June 1968, p. 2778. 84. AA, 3 June 1972, pp. 5213-14. 85. The New York Times, 2 May 1967. 86. The New York Times, 30 August 1967. 87. The following account of Cambodia's foreign policy is based mainly on

the following works: Gurtov, China and Southeast Asia; Roger M. Smith, Cambodia's Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1965); Michael Leifer, Cambodia: The Search for Security (New York : Frederick A. Praeger, 1967); Donald Kirk, Wider War (London : Pall Mall Press, 1971); and Michael Leifer, 'Cambodia and China: Neutralism, "Neutrality", and National Security', in A. M. Halpern (ed.), Policies Toward China: Views from Six Continents (New York : McGraw-Hill, 1965).

88. Bernard K. Gordon, 'Cambodia: Where Foreign Policy Counts', Asian Survey, vol. v, no. 9 (September 1965) pp. 435-6.

89. Quoted in Gurtov, China and Southeast Asia, p. 76. 90. See his article 'How Cambodia Fares in the Changing Indo-China

Peninsula', in Pacific Community, vol. 1, no. 3 (April1970) pp. 341-52. 91. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , p. 167. 92. Quoted in Leifer, 'Cambodia and China .. .'. 93. AA, 27 February-5 March 1966. 94. AA, 22 July 1967, p. 2199. 95. See, for example, Straits Times, 22 March 1968; and Bangkok World, 6

July 1969. 96. The brief summary which follows is based mainly on the following

works: Arthur J. Dammen, Conflict in Laos: The Politics of Neutralisation (London: Pall Mall Press, 1964); Kirk, Wider War; J. L. S. Girling, 'Laos-Falling Domino', Pacific Affairs, vol. XLIII, no. 3 (Fall 1970); Stanley G. Langland, 'The Laos Factor in the Vietnam Equation', International Affairs, vol. 45, no. 4 (October 1969); Arthur J. Dammen, 'Laos: Politics under Souvanna Phouma'; and Joseph J. Zasloff, 'Leadership and Organisation of the Pathet Lao', in Joseph J. Zasloff and Allan E. Goodman (eds.), Indo-China in Conflict (Lexington, Mass. : D. C. Heath and Company, 1972).

97. Harold C. Hinton, Communist China in World Politics (Boston : Houghton Mifflin, 1966) p. 395.

98. 'Activities of ASEAN' (n.p.n.d., mimeographed) p. 2. 99. Martin Wight, Power Politics, edited by Hedley Bull and Carsten

Holbraad (Leicester University Press, 1978) p. 144. 100. The Southern Expansion of the Chinese People (Canberra : Australian

National University Press, 1972) p. xiii. 101. Ibid., p. xiv. 102. Gurtov, China and Southeast Asia, p. 17.

CHAPTER FIVE

1. See, for example, the denial by a Malaysian official as late as October 1971, reported in StraitsTimes, 13 October 1971.


2. Straits Times, 7 November 1967. 3. Ibid. 4. On events surrounding this incident, see AA, 4 January 1969, pp. 310-

12; and Dick Wilson, The Future Role of Singapore (London : Oxford University Press, 1972) pp. 42-3. On the demands for punitive military action, see Franklin B. Weinstein, Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Dilemma of Dependence: From Sukarno to Soeharto (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1976) pp. 344-5.

5. Wilson, The Future Role . .. , pp. 44--5. 6. See John Wong, ASEAN Economics in Perspective (London: Macmil

lan, 1979) pp. 20-1. 7. The best account of the separation is Nancy McH. Fletcher, The

Separation of Singapore from Malaysia (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper no. 73, 1969). See also Willard H. Hanna, The Separation of Singapore from Malaysia (American Universities Field Staff, Southeast Asia Servies, vol. xm, no. 21).

8. See Chan Heng Chee, Singapore: The Politics of Survival 1965-/967 (Singapore : Oxford University Press, 1971) pp. 29-40.

9. Wilson, The Future Role . .. , p. 41. 10. See editorial in Straits Times, 25 March 1972. 11. AA, 4 January 1969, p. 3112. 12. Ibid. 13. For a recent and excellent survey of the overseas Chinese problem, see

Wang Gungwu, 'The Question of the "Overseas Chinese'", Southeast Asian Affairs 1976 (Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies). See also idem., 'Chinese Minorities in Southeast Asia', The Asian Student (San Francisco), 1 and 5 February 1975, pp. 6-7 of both issues.

14. Wilson, The Future Role . .. , p. 35. On the events in Malaysia, see Goh Cheng Teik, The May Thirteen Incident and Democracy in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur : Oxford University Press, 1971).

15. For some possible but highly 'imaginative' scenarios, see Wilson, The Future Role . .. , pp. 34--42.

16. On the numerical strength of the Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, see Mary F. Somers Heidhues, Southeast Asia's Chinese Minorities (Melbourne : Longman, 1974) p. 3.

17. Straits Times, 24 March 1973. 18. The New York Times, 14 June 1973. See also report in ARB, May 1973,

pp. 1830-1. 19. See comments in Straits Times, 25 March 1972, on Lee's visit to Kuala

Lumpur. 20. Straits Times, 9 September 1967. 21. See Chapter 8 on the Sabah dispute. See also the speeches delivered at

the Ministerial Meeting in December 1969. ASEAN, Pen.(A) 12/69, mimeographed.

22. AA, 4 January 1969, pp. 3110-12. 23. The Times, 22 October 1968. 24. ASEAN, PEN. (A), 12/69/185, mimeographed. 25. ASEAN, PEN. (A), as/691186, mimeographed.


26. See the speeches by Tun Ismail and Rajaratnam ASEAN 71 FM/STA-5, mimeographed; and ASEAN 71 FM/STA-4, mimeographed.

27. On the Straits of Malacca issue, see Wilson, The Future Role . .. , pp. 47-9; M. Pathmanathan, 'The Straits of Malacca: a Basis for Conflict or Co-operation', in Lau Teik Soon (ed.), New Directions in the International Relations of Southeast Asia (Singapore University Press, 1973).

28. For examples, see Wilson, The Future Role . .. , p. 42. 29. See Justus M. van der Kroef, 'ASEAN Security and Development:

Some Paradoxes and Symbols', Asian Affairs, vol. IX, part II (June 1978) pp. 152-3.

30. The Times, 15 January 1968. 31. See Djakarta Times, 7 and 8 December 1970. 32. See, for example, the article by a Malaysian officer, Lt-Col. Syed Abdul

Aziz, 'The Case for an ASEAN Defence Arrangement', Asian Defence Journal, no. 2 (April) 1976, pp. 23-31.

33. See Straits Times, 12 September 1974. 34. See Indonesian Times, 8 December 1976. 35. The Age, 9 December 1976. 36. See FEER, 13 July 1979, p. 16. 37. Lee, quoted loc. cit. 38. See, for example, the report in The Age, 19 February 1968, to the effect

that the Tunku and Tun Razak both advocated the adoption of the proposal.

39. AA, 6 February 1971, pp. 4405-7. 40. For reactions to the proposal, see AA, 20 November 1971, pp. 4X96-8. 41. See Facts on ASEAN (Kuala Lumpur : Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

n.d.) pp. 22-4 for the text of the Declaration. 42. For the text of the Declaration of ASEAN Concord, see 10 Years

ASEAN (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, April 1978) pp. 111-16. 43. Sopiee, 'The Neutralisation of Southeast Asia', in Hedley Bull ( ed. ),

Asia and The Western Pacific (Melbourne : Thomas Nelson, 1975) p. 138.

44. Ibid., pp. 143-4. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. See 10 Years ASEAN (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat, 1978) pp. 118-23

for the text of this treaty. 48. See Sopiee, 'The Neutralisation ... ', p. 138. 49. Quoted in Straits Times, 14 August 1967. 50. Peking Review, no. 52 (December 1967) p. 41. 51. Bangkok Post, 20 April 1972; ARB, June 1973, p. 1910. 52. Quoted in Straits Times, 11 June 1975. 53. Quoted in South China Morning Post, 29 December 1975. 54. Quoted in The Age, 13 May 1976. 55. Peking Review, no. 39 (23 September 1977) pp. 21-2. 56. AA, 10 February 1979, p. 9258. 57. See The Age, 14 July 1979. 58. Times of India, 31 August 1967.


59. See, for instance, report in Straits Times, 4 December 1971. 60. See AA, 8 January 1972, pp. 4961-9. 61. See Straits Times, 4 and 14 October 1971. 62. FEER, 20 June 1975, pp. 15-16; and 11 July 1975, pp. 20--1. 63. See the report in FEER, 10 June 1974, p. 14 to the effect that Indonesia

gave Malaysia her 'blessings' a mere two or three weeks prior to Tun Razak's journey to Peking.

64. See AA, 14 October 1972, p. 5443. 65. Reported in ARB, June 1974, p. 2764. 66. See FEER, 7 October 1977, p. 84. 67. For a relatively recent survey of the foreign policy of the Vietnam, see

Carlyle A. Thayer, 'Foreign Policy Orientations of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam', Southeast Asian Affairs 1977 (Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies) pp. 306--24. On the relationship between ASEAN and Vietnam, see Frank Frost, 'Vietnam and ASEAN: Multilateral Attitudes, Bilateral Relations and the Prospects for Co-Existence and Co-Operation', Paper presented to the Asian Studies Association of Australia second national conference, Sydney, 14--18 May 1978.

68. See, for example, Bangkok Post, 15 April 1973. 69. See Straits Times, 23 February 1976. 70. See Thayer, 'Foreign Policy Orientations .. .', pp. 224--5. 71. ARB, July 1976, Supplement 6, pp. 224-5. 72. FEER, 30 July 1976, p. 12. 73. See, for example, the tone of the remarks by Malik, reported in Times

of India, 29 July 1976. 74. Frost, 'Vietnam and ASEAN .. .', p. 19. 75. FEER, 4 February 1977, p. 10. 76. FEER, 26 August 1977, p. 40. 77. Ibid. 78. FEER, 24 June 1977, p. 19. 79. Asiaweek, 20 January 1968, p. 11. 80. Ibid., pp. 10--11. See also AA, 20 May 1978, pp. 8831-3. 81. See FEER, 24 June 1977, p. 16. 82. FEER, 4 August 1978, pp. 8--11. 83. For reports on Dong's visits, see FEER, 15 September 1978, pp. 19-23;

22 September 1978, pp. 28--30; 29 September 1978, pp. 8--9; and AA, 16 December 1978, pp. 9188--94.

84. See FEER, 17 November 1978, pp. 8-10. 85. See FEER, 27 October 1978, p. 10; and AA, 16 December 1978, pp.

9188--95. 86. ASEAN Digest, No. 1/79 (January 1979) pp. 25--6. 87. Ibid., pp. 27-8. 88. See FEER, 30 June 1978, p. 21; and ARB, Supplement 6, July 1979,

pp. 582-3. 89. FEER, 13 July 1979, pp. 10--12. 90. See FEER, 30 September 1977, pp. 39-41; and 24 August 1979, esp.

20-2. 91. On the United States and regional organisation, see Joseph S. Nye,


'United States Policy Towards Regional Organisation', International Organizatfon, vol. xxm, no. 3 (Summer 1969) pp. 719-40.

92. It is illuminating that ASA is not mentioned at all in the account of US policy under Kennedy given by Roger Hilsman who himself was involved in the formulation of these policies. See his To Move a Nation (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1967).

93. Ibid., p. 400. 94. Nye, 'United States Policy .. .', p. 726. 95. Department of State Bulletin, vol. LV, no. 1412, p. 82. 96. Ibid. See also vol. LVI, nos. 1441, p. 196; 1444, p. 396; and 1458, p. 853. 97. Bangkok World, 10 August 1967. 98. See, for instance, speech by U. Alexis Johnson, Department of State

Bulletin, vol. LXII, no. 1604, p. 384; and remarks by Philip Habib, assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern and Pacific Affairs, in Straits Times, 31 May 1975.

99. See, for example, statement by assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs, Robert S. Ingersoll, to a Senate foreign relations subcommittee on 6 March 1974. 'Ingersoll defines U.S. Policy on SEA TO at Senate session', American Embassy, Canberra.

100. See Michael Haas, 'The "Asian Way" to Peace', Pacific Community (Tokyo), vol. 4, no. 4 (July 1973) pp. 508-9.

101. AA, 2 September 1967, p. 2271. 102. AA, 28 October 1967, pp. 2367-8; and ARB, January 1974, pp. 2431-2. 103. For the communiques of the talks see 10 Years ASEAN, pp. 204-18. 104. AA, 2 December 1978, pp. 9160-1. 105. See ASEAN Digest, no. 1/79 (January 1979) p. 1. 106. See FEER, 13 July 1979, pp. 24-5.

CHAPTER SIX

1. ASEAN/DOC/3 Proceedings, p. 2. 2. Ibid., pp. 4-5. 3. On attitudes in Indonesia and Singapore, see Franklin B. Weinstein,

Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Dilemma of Dependence. From Sukarno to Soeharto (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976), and Stanley S. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore: The Building of New States (Ithaca, NY : Cornell Univeristy Press, 1978). See also T. H. Elliot, 'Multi-national Corporations in Developing Countries', ARB, July 1973, pp. 1963-8.

4. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore, pp. 210-12. 5. UN Statistical Yearbook 1972. 6. FEER Yearbook 1977, p. 14. 7. See John Wong, 'The Importance of Trade', in Lee Soon Ann eta/.,

Highlights of the ASEAN Economy (Singapore Airlines, 1977) p. 2, table 1. For a current overview of the ASEAN economies, see the same author, ASEAN Economies in Perspective (Hong Kong : Macmillan, 1979).

8. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore . .. , p. 210, note 3. 9. Chan Heng Chee, 'Singapore's Foreign Policy 1965-1968', Journal of


Southeast Asian History, vol. x, no. 1 (March 1969) pp. 188-9. 10. See Malik's comments in New Straits Times, 5 February 1976. 11. H. W. Arndt, 'ASEAN Industrial Projects', Asia Pacific Community,

no. 2 (Fall, 1978) pp. 124-5. 12. See FEER, 12 August 1977, pp, 43-5. 13. See ASA, Report of the Third Meeting of Foreign Ministers of ASA for

a list of the plans and projects then in force. 14. On the ASEAN institutional structure and that of a number of similar

regional organisations, see the excellent study of Dusan Sidjanski, Current Problems of Economic Integration: The Role of Institutions in Regional Integration Among Developing Countries (New York: United Nations, 1974, under the auspices of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva).

15. See The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1969) p. 19.

16. See Chapter 3. 17. Hans H. Indorf, ASEAN, Problems and Prospects (Singapore

Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, December 1975) pp. 45-6. 18. Sidjanski, Current Problems . .. , p. 30. 19. See, for example, Indonesian attitudes as related by Weinstein,

Indonesian Foreign Policy . .. , esp. chaps. 6 and 7. On Malaysia, see Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore . .. , pp. 194-6. See also Jim JooJock and Christine Tan (eds.), Southeast Asian Perceptions of Foreign Assistance (Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in cooperation with Institute of Asian Studies, Chulalongkorn University, 1977); and the various essays by Lee Soo Ann et a/. , Highlights of. ..

20. On Indonesian attitudes, see Weinstein, Indonesian Foreign Policy . .. , pp. 200-2.

21. See, for example, Goh Keng Swee, 'Doubts about the Southeast Asia Common Market', Asia Pacific Record, vol. 1, no. 1 (April 1970) pp. 1-4.

22. See 'Economic Cooperation Among Member Countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations: Report of a United Nations Team', Journal of Development Planning, no. 7 (1974) p. 2.

23. Ibid., p. 3. 24. See, for example, the article by Sumitro Djojohadkusumo, then

Indonesian minister of state for research, 'Foreign Economic Relations-Some Trade Aspects', Indonesian Quarterly, vol. 1, no. 2 (January 1973) pp. 18-26, and Sumitro's speech reported in Straits Times, 3 October 1973.

25. See Chapter 7. 26. See, for example, the speeches by Rajaratnam and Tun Ismail at the

ministerial meeting in 1971, in ASEAN 71 FM/STA-4, Opening Statement by Mr S. Rajaratnam, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Singapore, p. 5; and ASEAN 71/FM/STA-5, Opening Statement by H. E. Tun (Dr) Ismail bin Dato Abdul Rahman, Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, p. 4.

27. The reference is here to the formation of the OEEC in 1948, rather than the EEC, as an appropriate example.


28. Economic Cooperation among Member Countries of ... ', p. 244. 29. Straits Times, 9 July 1968. 30. See Sumitro 'Foreign Economic Relations ... ', p. 22. 31. See Malcolm Subhan, 'ASEAN and EEC: The Search for a Trade

Relationship', Southeast Asian Spectrum, vol. 2, no. 3 (April1974) pp. 7-11. See also Sumitro, 'Foreign Economic Relations .. .', p. 23.

32. See FEER, 22 July 1977, pp. 39-40, and ASEAN Digest: Newsletter of the ASEAN Secretariat, no. 1/79 (January 1979) pp. 1-10.

33. Ibid., pp. 9-10. 34. See AA, 31 January 1976, p. 7444; and Subhan, 'ASEAN and EEC. . .',

pp. 7-11. See also H. W. Arndt and Ross Garnaut, 'ASEAN and the Industrialisation of East Asia', paper delivered at the TPTD Conference, March 1979, p. 10.

35. Makato Ikema, 'Japan's Economic Relations with ASEAN', paper delivered at TPTD Conference, p. 19.

36. Straits Times, 19 April 1973. 37. Straits Times, March 1974; Indonesian Times, 4 May 1974; Bangkok

Post, 28 July 1975. 38. IO Years ASEAN (Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat, April 1978) p. 225. 39. See FEER, 18 March 1977, p. 15; 25 March 1977, p. 25; and 8 April

1977, p. 8. 40. See 'Joint Statement of Meeting of ASEAN Heads of Government and

the Prime Minister of Japan, Kuala Lumpur, August 1977', in 10 Years ASEAN, pp. 209-14.

41. ASEAN Digest, no. 1179 (January 1979) pp. 20-4. 42. The last was accepted at the seventh meeting of ASEAN economic

ministers in December 1978, ASEAN Digest, p. 12. 43. 10 Years ASEAN, pp. 221-3. 44. Department of Foreign Affairs, Canberra, Backgrounder, no. 115 (18

November 1977) p. 11. 45. Australian Financial Review, 8 August 1977. For an overview of

ASEAN's trade relations with Australia in recent years, see C. T. Edwards, 'ASEAN- Australia Trade Relations: A Survey of Current Issues', paper delivered in the Department of Economics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 30 October 1978.

46. Australian Financial Review, 9 August 1977. 47. This quote is from a letter of 27 January 1979 from the Singapore

foreign minister to his Australian counterpart. The text of the letter was released by the Singapore government. See The Australian, 31 January 1979.

48. Australian Financial Review, 8 June 1978. 49. ASEAN Digest, no. 1179 (January 1979) pp.B-14. 50. Australian Financial Review, 8 May 1979. 51. 10 Years ASEAN, p. 227. 52. Ibid., p. 223. 53. Ibid., p. 228. 54. See FEER, 18 August 1978, pp. 11-12. 55. See Straits Times, 24 February 1977; Indonesia Times, 3 March and 21


March 1977. 56. See Bangkok Post, 8 March 1973; Straits Times, 25 August 1973;

Bangkok Post, 5 September 1973; Bulletin To-Day, 17 September 1974; and Indonesian Times, 7 February 1976.

57. 10 Years ASEAN, pp. 228-9. 58. Manila Bulletin, 15 July 1972. 59. Bulletin of the European Communities, no. 6 (1975) p. 71. 60. AA, 2 December 1978, pp. 9160-1. 61. See Philippe C. Schmitter, 'Three Neo-Functional Hypotheses About

International Integration', International Organisation, vol. 23, no. 1 (Winter 1969) p. 165.

62. The responsibilities are as follows: Indonesia -Japan and the EEC; Malaysia- Australia and West Asia; Philippines- USA and Canada; Singapore- New Zealand; Thailand- UNDP, ESCAP. See 10 Years ASEAN, p. 22.

63. ASEAN 71 FM/STA-5, 12 March 1971, Opening Statement by H. E. Tun (Dr) Ismail bin Dato Abdul Rahman, Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia at the Fourth Meeting of ASEAN Foreign Ministers, Manila 12 March I97I, p. 3.

64. Straits Times, 17 May 1974. 65. One should add that the ASEAN states have not on the whole suffered

more in this respect than other developing countries. Their overall rate of growth, moreover. has been substantially higher during the recent years of world economic recession than that of the great majority of developing and, indeed, developed countries.

CHAPTER SEVEN

1. For a description of the early foreign policy establishments in Southeast Asia, see Russell H. Fifield, The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia, 1945- · 1958 (New York : Harper and Brothers, 1958). For a recent and very comprehensive analysis of the problems faced by new states in the conduct of foreign affairs, see P. J. Boyce, Foreign Affairs for New States: Some Questions of Credentials (St Lucia, Old Australia : University of Queensland Press, 1977) passim, esp. chap. 13 on Malaysia and Singapore.

2. See Bernard K. Gordon, Dimensions of Conflict in Southeast Asia (Englewood Cliffs. NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1966) chap. IV; and Werner Levi, The Challenge of World Politics in Southeast Asia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall. 1968) chap. 1,

3. Michael Leifer, Cambodia: The Search for Security (New York : Frederick A. Praeger. 1967) p. 109. See also Milton E. Osborne, 'Beyond Charisma: Princely Politics and the Problem of Political Succession in Cambodia', International Journal, vol. XXIV, no. 1 (Winter 1968-9) pp. 109-121.

4. Osborne, ibid., p. 121. 5. Ibid., p. 117. 6. See J.D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography (London: Allen Lane

Press, 1972) esp. chap. 14; Franklin B. Weinstein, 'The Uses of Foreign


Policy in Indonesia', World Politics, vol. XXIV, no. 3 (April1972). 7. Leo E. Rose, 'Nepal, Burma and Ceylon', in Wayne Wilcox et a/.

(eds.), Asia and the International System (Cambridge, Mass. :Winthrop Publishers, 1972) pp. 234-5.

8. Marvin C. Ott, 'Foreign Policy Formulation in Malaysia', Asian Survey, vol. XII, no. 3 (March 1972) pp. 225 ff.

9. Leifer, Cambodia . .. , p. 89. 10. Ibid. 11. Gordon, Dimensions of Conflict . .. , p. 124. 12. Leifer, Cambodia ... , p. 111. 13. Ibid., p. 112. 14. Legge, Sukarno . .. , p. 336. 15. Ibid. 16. Ibid., p. 373. 17. The term 'constituency' in this context corresponds to Robert A. Dahl's

'political strata'. See his Modern Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1963) pp. 56-71.

18. Peter J. Boyce, 'The Machinery of Southeast Asian Regional Diplomacy', in Lau Teik Soon (ed.), New Directions in the International Relations of Southeast Asia (Singapore University Press, 1973) p. 176.

19. Estrella D. Solidum, 'The Nature of Cooperation Among ASEAN States as Perceived Through Elite Attitudes: A Factor for Regionalism' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Kentucky, 1970) pp. 135-6.

20. Herbert Feith, The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1962) p. 40.

21. Solidum, 'The Nature of .. .', p. 136. 22. Ibid., p. 100, note 58. 23. Quoted ibid., p. 135. 24. See ibid., p. 133 ff.; Boyce in Lau, New Directions . .. , p. 175; and

Michael Haas, 'The "Asian Way" to Peace', Pacific Community, vol. 4, no. 4 (July 1973) pp. 498-514.

25. For various styles of negotiation, see Philip C. Jessup, 'Parliamentary Diplomacy', Receuil des Cours, vol. 1 (1956) pp. 185-218.

26. Fred Charles Ikle, How Nations Negotiate (New York: Harper & Row, 1964) pp. 118-21.

27. Boyce in Lau, New Directions . .. , p. 176; and Solidum, 'The Nature of .. .', pp. 99-100 and 133-9.

28. Michael Haas, 'The "Asian Way" to Peace', pp. 504-5. 29. Ernst B. Haas, 'International Integration: The European and the

Universal Process', in International Political Communities: An Anthology (New York: Doubleday, 1966) p. 95.

30. Ibid., pp. 95-6. 31. Boyce in Lau, New Directions . .. , p. 176; and Solidum, 'The Nature

of .. .', p. 138. 32. For an analysis of the usage of summit meetings in the East-West

context, see Johan Galtung, 'Summit Meetings and International Relations', Journal of Peace Research, no. 1 (1964) pp. 36-54. For the involvement of the United States in summit diplomacy, see Elmer Plischke, The Conduct of American Diplomacy, 3rd edn. (Princeton,


NJ : D. van Nostrand, 1967) pp. 43-55. 33. Plischke, The Conduct of American Diplomacy, pp. 47-8. 34. Solidum, 'The Nature of ... ', p. 138. 35. W. Howard Wriggins, The Ruler's Imperative: Strategies for Political

Survival in Asia and Africa (New York : Columbia University Press, 1969) p. 3.

36. Ibid., p. 222. 37. On the visits of Lee, see ARB, March 1972, pp. 778-9; January 1973,

pp. 1535-6 and 1599; May 1973, pp. 1830-1 and 1881; and February 1974, pp. 2488 and 2515.

38. ARB, August 1975, Supplement 6, pp. 113-14. 39. ARB, February 1976, Supplement 6, p. 176. 40. ARB, January 1977, Supplement 6, pp. 288-9. 41. For reports of Kriangsak's discussions with the other leaders, see ARB,

March 1978, Supplement 6, pp. 426--9; and AA, 17 June 1978, pp. 8867-9.

42. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 129--32. 43. Legge, Sukarno . .. , p. 366. 44. Leifer, Cambodia . .. , p. 89. 45. Ibid. Also M. Leifer, The Philippine Claim to Sabah (University of

Hull, 1968) p. 58. 46. Mahathir bin Mohamad, 'Trends in Foreign Policy and Regionalism', in

Patrick Low (ed.), Trends in Malaysia (Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1971) p. 37.

47. Robyn Abell, 'Philippine Policy Toward Cooperation in Southeast Asia 1961-1969' (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Australian National University, 1972) p. 365.

48. For an assessment of the Bali summit, see Lau Teik Soon, 'ASEAN and the Bali Summit', Pacific Community, vol. 7, no. 4 (July 1976) pp. 536--50.

49. Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations, 4th edn (New York : Alfred A. Knopf, 1967) p. 521.

50. Ibid. 51. Ibid. 52. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . ... p. 64 and pp. 69--119; and

Leifer, Cambodia . .. , pp. 84-100. 53. AA, 6 July 1962, and Straits Times, 18 July 1968. 54. Franklin B. Weinstein, Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Dilemma of

Dependence: From Sukarno to Soeharto (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1976) pp. 344-5.

55. See, for example, The Military Balance 1975-6 (London : Institute of Strategic Studies) for estimates of the quantitative strength of the military forces of the ASEAN states.

56. For expressions of such sentiments, see, for example, the speeches of the foreign ministers at the formation of ASEAN in Bangkok in August 1967, reproduced in Foreign Affairs Bulletin vol. 7, no. 1 (Bangkok : August-September 1967) pp. 30-9.

57. See 10 Years ASEAN (Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat, April1978) pp. 118-22.


58. Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge, 'Patterns of Diplomacy', Journal of Peace Research, no. 2 (1965) p. 104.

59. Without possessing extensive data to support such a conclusion, it would seem that the diplomatic practices of the Southeast Asian countries are still what Galtung and Holmboe Ruge call 'elite-oriented' as opposed to 'structure-oriented'. See ibid.

60. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict. . . , pp. 24--36, and Abell, 'Philippine Policy ... ', esp. pp. 156--66, 183-225, 241-51 and 263-85 for accounts of Macapagal's and his advisers' attitudes and policies towards Indonesia.

61. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 28 and 21-2. 62. For the terms of reference of the permanent committees, see ASEAN

(Jakarta : Department of Foreign Affairs, 1975) pp. 27-37. 63. 10 Years ASEAN, p. 274. 64. For a discussion of these causes, see Hans H. lndorf, ASEAN:

Problems and Prospects (Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, December 1975) esp. pp. 21-34.

65. See Chapter 2, and the speech by Adam Malik before the GotongRoyong House of Representatives on 21 August 1967, reproduced in The Association of Southeast Asian Nations: ASEAN (Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1969) pp. 4--5.

66. See Address by H. E. Narcisco Ramos, Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines (mimeographed).

67. AA, 13 May 1972, p. 5186. 68. 10 Years ASEAN, p. 276. 69. Ibid., pp. 278--9. 70. Ibid., p. 283. 71. The three bureau directors, for example, did not take up their positions

before March, May, and July 1977 resepectively. See Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat (Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat).

72. On the effects of regionalism and regional organisation see. for example, the speech by Singapore's Rajaratnam at the conference in Vina del Mar, Chile, in September 1970, 'ASEAN' Economic Role in the Pacific', Asia Pacific Record. vol. 1. no. 8 (November 1970). See also Weinstein, From Sukarno to Soeharto . .. , passim, on Indonesia attitudes to sovereignty and independence.

73. See Journal of Development Planning, no. 7, chap. v, pp. 235-48. 74. See FEER, 9 July 1976, p. 13. 75. See 10 Years ASEAN, p. 276: and indonesia Times, 9 May 1974. 76. See 'Agreement on the Establishment of the ASEAN Secretariat', in 10

Years ASEAN, pp. 125-32. 77. See Speech by Mr Adam Malik, Minister of Foreign Affairs, at the

Opening Session of the Tenth ASEAN Ministerial Meeting, Singapore 5-8 July 1977 (Singapore : Minister of Culture, Press Section, Press Release).

CHAPTER EIGHT

1. For a relatively recent investigation into the conflict-resolving capacity


of regional organisations, see JosephS. Nye, Peace in Parts: Integration and Conflict in Regional Organization (Boston : Little, Brown, 1971).

2. For details of the claim, see inter alia Bernard K. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict in Southeast Asia (Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice-Hall, 1966) pp. 9-41; Michael Leifer, The Philippine Claim to Sabah (University of Hull, 1968); Arnold C. Brackman, Southeast Asia's Second Front (London: Pall Mall Press, 1966); M. 0. Ariff, The Philippines' Claim to Sabah (Singapore : Oxford University Press, 1970).

3. Ariff, The Philippines' Claim . .. , pp. 11-12. 4. See Robyn Abell, 'Philippine Policy Towards Regional Cooperation in

Southeast Asia 1961-69' (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Australian National University, 1972) p. 106. See also Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 17-18.

5. Abell, 'Philippine Policy ... ', pp. 106-16. On the attitude of Pelaez, see also Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , p. 19.

6. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , p. 18, note 15. 7. Abell, 'Philippine Policy .. .', p. 128. 8. Ibid., p. 131. 9. Ibid. See also Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 19-24.

10. See Gordon, ibid., pp. 22 ff. for a discussion of this scheme. 11. Ibid., p. 23. 12. Leifer, The Philippine Claim . .. , p. 29. 13. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 22 ff. 14. Leifer, The Philippine Claim . .. , p. 50. 15. Gordon, The Dimensions of Conflict . .. , pp. 178-87. 16. See Chapter 2 on the Philippine aide-memoire of 2 August 1962 and the

Malayan reply of 3 October 1962. 17. Quoted in Leifer, The Philippine Claim . .. , p. 65. 18. See interview with Marcos in FEER, 23 May 1968, pp. 382-3. 19. AA, 2 March 1968, p. 2578. 20. See FEER, 2 May 1968, p. 240. 21. See Michael Leifer, 'The Philippines and Sabah Irredenta', The World

Today, October 1968, p. 424. 22. Ibid., pp. 425-6. 23. Astri Suhrke, 'The Philippines Elections', Australia's Neighbours,

November-December 1969. 24. Leifer, 'The Philippines ... ', p. 426. 25. For the development of these talks, see AA, 7 September 1968, pp.

2900-3. See also the concluding remarks by the leader of the Malaysian delegation in Malaysia's Stand on Sabah (Department of Information. Malaysia, n.d.).

26. AA, 11 January 1969, p. 3122. 27. Ibid., p. 3121. 28. See Abell, 'Philippine Policy .. .', p. 376. 29. See Manila Bulletin, 15 April 1968. 30. See the Tunku's remarks reported in Straits Times, 8 June 1968. 31. Straits Times, 18 July 1968. 32. See Manila Chronicle, 17 April 1968; and Straits Times, 8 June 1968.


33. Straits Times, 29 April1968; and AA, 31 August 1968, p. 2889. 34. Ibid., pp. 2888-9. 35. Straits Times, 23 July 1968. 36. Ibid. 37. Straits Times, 24 July 1968. 38. AA, 11 January 1969, p. 3118. See also FEER, 10 October 1968, pp.

115-16. 39. AA, Joe. cit. 40. Quoted in Barbara French Pace et a/., Regional Cooperation in

Southeast Asia, (McLean, Virginia : Research Analysis Corporation. October 1970) p. 112.

41. See AA, 11 January 1969, p. 3117. 42. See AA, 21 February 1970, pp. 3813-14. 43. See, for example, the remarks by the Indonesian ambassador to

Malaysia, reported in Straits Times, 29 April 1968. 44. Straits Times, 6 August 1968. 45. AA, 14 September 1968, p. 2915. 46. AA, 11 January 1969, p. 3117. 47. Straits Times, 23 July 1968. 48. See, for example, Manila Bulletin. 10 October 1968; and Djakarta

Times, 7 March 1969. 49. Address by H. E. Narcisco Ramos, Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the

Philippines at the Second Ministerial Meeting of ASEAN, Djakarta, August 6, 1968 (mimeographed) pp. 20--l.

50. Straits Times, 12 July 1968. 51. See. for example, Straits Times, 8 June 1968. 52. See Pace et at., Regional Cooperation . .. , p. 56. Table 132. 53. See Nye, Peace in Parts, pp. 109 ff. on the presumed effects of

economic interdependence on conflict resolution. 54. ARB, May 1971, p. 34. 55. See Jakarta Times, 23 June, and National Times. 20 August 1973. p. 53. 56. See New Straits Times, 21, 22 and 23 February 1976: and Straits Times.

24 February 1976. 57. 10 Years ASEAN (Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat. April 1978). p. 164. 58. See the series of articles by Walker Connor. 'Self-Determination: The

New Phase', World Politics, vol. xx, no. 1 (October 1967): ·Ethnology and the Peace in South Asia', World Politics, vol. XXII. no. I (October 1969); 'Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying·. World Polirics. vol. XXIV, no. 3 (April1972). The last of these articles contains an instructive criticism of the confusing usage of the terms nation and srate in the literature on political development and international relations ( pp. 332-6). In this chapter I shall use the terms ethnic groups and nation interchangeably. But, since the meaning of nationalism conveying an emotion that 'makes the state the ultimate focus of the individual"s loyalty' is so well established in the minds of laymen and scholars alike. I will refrain from its use. Ethnic or national consciousness will be used instead to denote those loyalties directed towards the ethnic group or nation.

59. Jeffrey Race, 'The War in Northern Thailand'. Modern Asian Srudies.


January 1974, p. 88. See also the following contributions from the very valuable work of Peter Kunstadter (ed.), Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities and Nations, 2 vols. (Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1967):- G. M. T. Osborne, 'Government and Hill Tribes in Laos'; and Hans Manndorff, 'The Hill Tribe Program of the Public Welfare Department, Ministry of Interior, Thailand'.

60. G. William Skinner (ed.), Local, Ethnic, and National Loyalties in Village Indonesia: A Symposium (New Haven, Conn. :Yale University Press, Cultural Report Series, 1959) pp. 7-8.

61. See John T. McAlister, Jr, 'Mountain Minorities and the Viet Minh: A Key to the Indochina War', in Kunstadter, Southeast Asian Tribes . .. ; and Connor, 'Ethnology ... '. For relatively recent information, see George MeT. Kahin, 'Minorities in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam', Asian Survey, vol. 12, no. 7 (July 1972).

62. For an unusual look at the situation in Malaysia, see Nancy L. Snyder, 'Is National Integration Necessary? The Malaysian Case', Journal of International Affairs, vol. 27, no. 1, 1973.

63. See Manndorff in Kunstadter, Southeast Asian Tribes . .. , pp. 529-30. 64. For a description of events involving ethnic minorities between 1948

and 1960, see Hugh Tinker, The Union of Burma, 3rd edn (London : Oxford University Press, 1961) esp. pp. 34-61. See also Frank Trager, Burma (London : Pall Mall Press, 1966) pp. 95-99. For a brief but recent account, see Josef Silverstein, Burma: Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1977) passim. See also FEER, 27 June 1975, pp. 24-7.

65. On the situation in the north see Jeffrey Race, 'The War in Northern Thailand'; in the northeast, see Charles F. Keyes, /san: Regionalism in Northern Thailand (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 65, 1967); in the south, see Astri Suhrke, 'The Thai Muslims: Some Aspects of Minority Integration', Pacific Affairs, vol. xuu, no. 4 (Winter 1970-1); and Astri Suhrke and Lela Garner Noble (eds.), Ethnic Conflict in International Relations (New York : Praeger, 1977) esp. pp. 196-212. Cf. also FEER, 27 June 1975, on all three areas.

66. On this conflict and some of the problems involved, see Aprodicia A. Lacquian, 'The Political Integration of the Muslim Filipinos', Philippines Journal of Public Administration, vol. XIII, no. 4 (October 1969); Lela Garner Noble, 'The Moro National Liberation Front', Pacific Affairs, vol. 49, no. 3 (Fall 1976); and Suhrke and Noble, Ethnic Conflict ... , op. cit., pp. 178-95. See also Hans Luther, 'Background to the Muslim Secessionist Movement in the Philippines', ARB, March 1973, pp. 2519-22; and FEER, 27 June 1975, pp. 21-3.

67. See Fredrik Barth (ed.), Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organisation of Cultural Difference (Oslo : Universitetsforlage, 1969) pp. 9-38.

68. For a discussion of some external factors which are likely to influence the success or otherwise of minority goals for separation, see my 'Forces of Fragmentation in the International System: The Case of EthnoNationalism', Orbis' vol. XIX, no. 2 (Summer 1975) pp. 652-74.


69. See, for example, The Age, 17 March 1973, in which Malaysian government sources described as 'preposterous' the report that Sabah's chief minister, Tun Mustapha, was aiding the rebels.

70. See Suhrke and Noble, Ethnic Conflict . .. , pp. 183-4. 71. See FEER, 12 May 1978, pp. 28-30. 72. Suhrke and Noble, Ethnic Conflict . .. , pp. 19~210. 73. Ibid., p. 203. See also FEER, 12 May 1978, pp. 28-30. 74. See Peter A. Poole, 'The Vietnamese in Cambodia and Thailand: Their

Role in Interstate Relations', Asian Survey, vol. XIV, no. 4 (April1974) pp. 325-37.

75. See ARB, June 1975, supplement 6, p. 94. 76. In addition to the references cited above, see also Cynthia E. Enloe,

'Foreign policy and Ethnicity in "Soft States": Prospects for Southeast Asia', in Wendell Bell and Walter E. Freeman (eds.), Ethnicity and Nation-Building: Comparative, International and Historical Perspectives (Beverley Hills, Cal. : Sage Publications, 1974).

77. Kunstadter (ed.), Southeast Asian Tribes . .. , pp. ~9. 78. Ibid., pp. 24 and 29. 79. Ibid., p. 37. 80. See David A. Wilson, Politics in Thailand (Ithaca, NY Cornell

University Press, 1962), esp. chaps. V and VI. 81. Kunstadter (ed.), Southeast Asian Tribes . .. , p. 8. 82. Ibid., pp. 379-85, 425-86 and 525-52. 83. Ibid., pp. 379-85. 84. On the way the two issues became intermingled, see Thomas A. Marks,

'The Meo Hill Tribe Problem of North Thailand', Asian Survey, vol. XIII, no. 10 (October 1973) pp. 924-44; and Race, 'The War in ... ', pp. 85-112.

85. Ibid. 86. See David Morell, 'Thailand', Asian Survey, vol. xm, no. 2 (February

1973) pp. 175-6. 87. Ibid., p. 177. 88. Marks, 'The Meo ... ', p. 943. 89. Ernst B. Haas, 'The Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the

Joy and Anguish of Pre-Theorising', International Organization, vol. XXIV, no. 4 (Autumn 1970) p. 619. This essay also appears in Leon Lindberg and Stuart A. Scheingold (eds.), Regional Integration: Theory and Research (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1971).

CHAPTER NINE

1. This distinction is made in Ernst B. Haas, 'The Study of Regional Integration: Reflections on the Joy and Anguish of Pretheorizing', International Organization, vol. XXIV, no. 4 (Autumn 1970) p. 620.

2 .. See, for example, FEER, 24 August 1979, pp. 20-34. 3. See Adam Malik, 'Promise in Indonesia', Foreign Affairs, vol. 46, no. 2

(January 1968) pp. 301-2. 4. 10 Years ASEAN (Jakarta : ASEAN Secretariat, April 1978), p. 221. 5. See Franklin B. Weinstein, Indonesian Foreign Policy and the Dilemma


of Dependence: From Sukarno to Soeharto (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1976) pp. 195-200.

6. Stanley S. Bedlington, Malaysia and Singapore: The Building of New States (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press, 1978) p. 126.

7. Karl W. Deutsch eta/., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area (New York : Greenwood Press, 1969) pp. 137-9. See also Joseph S. Nye, Peace in Parts (Boston : Little, Brown, 1971) pp. 77-9.

8. For a list, see 10 Years ASEAN, pp. 230--40. 9. Cited in Foreign Affairs Bulletin, vol. 7, no. 1 (August-September 1967)

p. 38. 10. S. Rajaratnam, 'ASEAN's Economic Role in the Pacific, Asia Pacific

Record, vol. 1, no. 8 (November 1970) p. 9. 11. Deutsch et a/., Political Community . .. , p. 5.

Index

Abell, Robyn, 245n.74, n.77, 246n.91, n.101, n.103, 247n.144, 248n.153, 253n.43, 264n.47, 266n.4, n.5, n.7, n.28

Africa, 170, 237 Afro-Asian movement, 18 Agreement on ASEAN Preferential

Trading Arrangements (AAPTA), 57

Albanian resolution, 122 Allen, Richard, 245n.69 Angkatan Bersenjati, 123 Anglo-Malaysian Defence

Agreement, 10, 76 Ariff, M. 0., 266n.2, n.3 Arndt, H. W., 249n.18, 260n.11,

26ln.34 ASEAN-Australia Forum, 147 ASEAN Automotive Federation

(AAF), 13 ASEAN Bankers Council, 13 ASEAN Council of Petroleum

(ASCOPE), 13 ASEAN Cultural Fund, 147 A SEAN Federation of Cement

Manufacturers, 13 ASEAN Fund, 58, 140 ASEAN-Japan Forum, 147 ASEAN Parliamentary

Conferences, 13 ASEAN Trade Union Council, 13 Asia, 170 Asian Coconut Community (ACC),

12 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 11 Asian Institute for Economic

Development Council (AIDC), 11

Asian Natural Rubber Producing Countries (ANPRC), 12

Asian Pacific Council (ASPAC), 11 Asian Parliamentarians' Union,

130 Asian Productivity Organisation

(APO), 11, 130 Atomic Energy Community, 68 Association of Southeast Asia

(ASA), xiii, 10, 12, 14, 42-4, 49-50,54,55,67, 70,72-3,91, 98,99,129-30,139-41,190-7, 200,226,228-9,237

demise of, 23-8 formation of, 14-28

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), passim

and military cooperation, 105-14 and other international bodies,

149 communications, 61-2 Declaration, 38-9, 105-6, 129,

139, 183 development of, 45-64 energy, 60-1 food and agriculture, 59-60 formation of, 28-44 industrial cooperation, 50-4 institutional structure, 46-8, 149,

151-2, 179-6 monetary cooperation, 58-9 political relations within, 105-14 purpose of, 49 trade and tariffs, 54-8

Australia, 10, 11,75-6, 127, 131, 137,210

relations with ASEAN, 63, 147-50

271

272 Index

Baerwald, Hans B., 242n.14 Bali, Heads of Government

meeting. 51-2, 56, 85, 118-19, 124,130-1,174,211

Bandung conference, 9 Banks, Michael, 241n.1 Barclay, Glen St. John, 242n.3 Bartlett, Vernon, 244n.34 Bastin, John, 241n.1 (Ch.1) Bedlington, Stanley S., 259n.3, n.4,

n.8, 260n.19, 270n.6 Bell, Wendell, 269n.76 Benda, Harry J., 241n.1 (Ch.1) Be-Ne-Lux countries, 167 Boog, Peter, 254n.74 Bowles, Chester, 95 Boyce, Peter J., 245n.70, n.84,

262n.1, 263n.18, n.24, n.27, n.31

Brecher, Michael, 241n.2 Britain, 2, 7, 9, 10, 14, 24, 37,40-1,

74-8,136-7,141,191-4,210 British North Borneo Company, 191 Brunei, xii, 2, 24, 193

revolt in, 25 Sultan of, 191

Bull, Hedley, 241n.2, 242n.12, 251n.80, 252n.19, 255n.99, 257n.43

Burma, xii, 2, 9, 13, 18, 33-4, 44, 86-92,95-8,100,106,118, 159-61,237

communist rebellion in, 87-9 ethnic rebellions in, 87-9, 213 Kuomintang troops, 88 relations with China, 86-92 treaty of friendship with China, 89

Burmans, 213

Cambodia, xii, xvi, 11, 13, 18, 33-4, 44, 75, 77, 79,84,92-8,100, 118,121,127,159-64,175,213, 237

attitude towards China, 92-7 Battambang province, 93-4 conflict with Vietnam, 84, 86, 116,

126 Siem Reap province, 93

Canada and ASEAN, 63,149, 150

Ceylon, 14 Chan Heng Chee, 256n.8, 259n.9 Chin, 213, 215 China,3, 74,76-7,78,87-92,93-

104,110,118,151,160,229 and Southeast Asia, 4-7 asthreat,xvi,37, 70,80-1,83,87,

99-102,226,238-9 cultural revolution, 4, 78, 89 foreign policy of, 14 policies towards ASEAN, 63, 120-3 security of, 4 war with Vietnam, 86, 116

Chintamye Amatakyakul, 250n.59 Chou En-lai, 88-90,94, 254n.78 Clark, Ian, 242n.11, n.12 Cold War, 68, 237 Colonialism, 70, 72, 107 Colombo Non-Aligned Conference,

124 Colombo Plan, 9, 129 COMECON, 103, 126 Communism, xvi, 100-4,

as threat, 37, 70, 72-104passim communist insurrection: in

Malaysia, 125, 216; in Thailand, 113, 125, 216

containment of, 3, 97: in Eur-ope, 3: in Southeast Asia, 3

influence of, 15-23 Commonwealth, 10,167 Confederation of ASEAN

Chambers of Commerce and Industry (ASEAN-CCI), 13

Confederation of ASEAN Journalists (CAJ), 13

Conflict, regional, xvii, 190-221 Confrontation, 2-3, 7, 10, 27,30-1,

106-7,162,173 Connor, Walker, 267n.58, 268n.61 Containment, see Communism,

containment of Coordinating Committee of

Southeast Asian Senior Officials on Transport and Communications, 12

Corregidor affair, 197-8, 202 Council of Europe, 167 Cultural revolution, see China

Index 273

Dahl, Robert A., 263n.17 Dahrendorf, Ralf, 145 Declaration of ASEAN Concord,

46-7,52,56,62,118,153 Dent Brothers, 191 de Overbeck, Baron, 191 Deutsch, Karl W., 231,236, 270n.7,

n.ll Diplomacy

and regional organisation, xvii, 157-89

compromise, 174, 176-8 persuasion, 174, 178-9 summit, 169-74 threatsofforce, 174-6

Dommen, Arthur J., 255n.96

East Timor, 2, 113 Easton, David, 241n.4 Economic policies

of Indonesia, 135-9 of Singapore, 135-9

Edwards, C. T., 261n.45 Elliot, T. H., 259n.3 Enloe, Cynthia E., 269n.76 Ethnic groups,

and regional organisation, 212-21 integration of, xvii relations between, 109-10

European Coal and Steel Community, 68

European Economic Community (EEC), 68, 70, 153, 167,227

Commission, 20, 146 Council of Ministers, 20, 131, 146 policies towards Southeast Asia,

6-7 relations with ASEAN, 48, 63,

131, 145-6, 149 Treaty of Rome, 20

Far Eastern Economic Review, 18, 48

Federation of ASEAN Shipowners· Association (FASA), 13

Feith, Herbert, 263n.20 Fifield, Russel H., 243n.6, 247n.152,

262n.1 Fisher, Charles A., 241n.5

FitzGerald, C. P., 100, 242n.8, n.9 Five-Power Defence Arrangement,

10, 14, 76,79,115-16,210 Fletcher, Nancy McH., 256n.7 France,2, 7,94 Freeman, Walter E., 269n.76 Frost, Frank, 258n.67 Fukuda,Takeo,147

Galtung, Johan, 263n.32, 265n.58, n.59

Garcia, Carlos, 16-21, 194 Garnaut, Ross, 261n.34 Garner Noble, Lela, 253n.45,

268n.65,n.66,269n.70,n.72 General Agreement on Trade and

Tariffs (GATT), 48 Geneva Accord, 2 Germany, 98 Gestapu affair, see Indonesia Ghazali bin Shafie, Tan Sri, 33, 71,

78, 173 Goh Cheng Teik, 256n.14 Goh Keng Swee, 110, 260n.21 Goodman, Allan E., 255n.96 Gopalan, H. P., 243n.19 Gordon Bernard, 12, 19, 31, 24ln.2,

243n.7, n.8, n.9, n.13, 244n.36, n.37, n.41. n.52, 245n.65, 246n.93, n.lll, n.l16, 247n.127. n.I35. n.143, n.l45, 248n.l57, n.l60, n.9(Ch.3), 254n.8L 255n.88. n.91. 262n.2. 263n.l1,264n.42.n.52. 265n.60, n.61. 266n.2, n.4, n.5. n.9, n.10. n.I3. n.15

Greater Malay Confederation. 10. 26, 193

Guam (Nixon) Doctrine. 76 Gurtov, Melvin. 242n.9, n.10.

252n.20, 254n.65, n.69. n.73. n.78. 255n.87. n.89. n.102

Haas. Ernst. 168. 263n.29, 269n.89. n.1(Ch.9)

Haas. Michael.168. 243n.10. n.ll. 259n.l00. 263n.24. n.28.

Habib. Philip. 259n.98 Halpern, A. M., 255n.87

274 Index

Hanna, Willard A .. 245n.69, 256n.7 Hartono Rekso Dharsono, 184 Healey, Denis, 41,75 Hilsman, Roger, 246n.88, 259n.92 Hinton, Harold C., 255n.97 Holbraad, Carsten, 255n.99 Holmboe Ruge, Mari, 265n.58, n.59 Holmes, Robert A., 254n.63, n.75,

n.76, n.77, n.79 Hong Kong, 110, 127 Hsiung, James Chieh, 254n.78 Hua Kuo-feng, 121

Ikema, Makato, 242n.15, 261n.35 Ikle, Fred Charles, 263n.26 India, 9, 79, 89 Indochina, war in, see Vietnam, war Indonesia, passim

armed forces, 38 communist party (PKI), 159 economic policies, 135-9, 155-6 ethnic divisions, 214 foreign policy, 29-30, 39-40 foreign policy attitudes, 34-5 Gestapu affair, 5, 13,28

Indorf. Hans, 249n.13, 260n.17, 265n.64

Ingersoll, RobertS., 259n.99 Intergovernmental Coordinating

Committee for Southeast Asian Cooperation in Family and Population Planning, 12

International Court of Justice, 27, 93,173,199,201-2,207

International system as source of threats, 71-2

Ismail, Tun, 29, 33, 42, 76, 81, 153, 173, 186,252n.26,253n.48, 257n.26,260n.26,262n.63

Japan, 1-2, 11,34, 79,93,128-31, 137, 177

policies towards Southeast Asia, 6-7

relations with ASEAN, 63, 130-1, 146-7, 149, 151

Jessup, Philip C., 263n.25 Joint Statement, 26 Johnson administration, 130

Johnson, Lyndon B., 129 Johnson, U. Alexis, 259n.98 Johnstone, William C., 254n.62,

n.65, n.66, n.67, n.70 Jukes, Geoffrey, 242n.10

Kachin, 213, 215 Kahin, George MeT., 243n.2, 268n.61 Karen, 213, 215 Kennedy administration, 129 Kennedy, Jacqueline, 95 Keyes, Charles F., 268n.65 Khmer minority in Vietnam, 217 Khmer Rouge, 94 Khmer Serai, 93 Kirk, Donald, 255n.87, n.96 Kissinger, Henry, 76 Konfrontasi, see Confrontation Korea, South, 11, 16 Kriangsak Chomanan, 126, 172,

264n.41 Kuala Lumpur,

Declaration, 62, 117-18 Heads of Government meeting,

53-4, 174 Kukrit Pramoj, 84, 171 Kunstadter, Peter, 268n.59, n.61,

n.63, 269n.77, n.81

Lamb, Alistair, 254n.66 Langdon, Frank, 242n.9, n.14 Langland, Stanley G., 255n.96 Lao,97 Laos, xii, 11, 13, 16-17,89,92,97-

8,100,106,118,121,127,213, 237-8

Lao-Thai, 97,214,217 Latin America, 237 Lau Teik Soon, 243n.1, n.ll, n.15,

252n.21, 257n.27, 263n.18, n.24, n.27, n.31, 270n.48

Leadership, importance of, 186-9, 231

see also Diplomacy and regional organisation

Lee Kuan Yew, 41, 50, 53, 56, 72, 79,82,84,106-8,110-11,115-17,121,137,171, 179,245n.68, 253n.31, n.32, 256n.19, 264n.37

Index 275

Legge, John, 162, 246n.102, 262n.6, 263n.14, 264n.43

Leifer, Michael, 161, 245n.87, 246n.88, n.89, n.92, 247n.132, n.150, 255n.87, n.92, 262n.3, 263n.9, n.12, 264n.44, n.45, n.52, 266n.2, n.12, n.14, n.17, n.21, n.24

Levi, VVerner,262n.2 Libya, 216 Lindberg, Leon, 269n.89 Lopez, Salvador P., 24-5,27, 195 Low, Patrick, 264n.46 Luns, Joseph, 145

Macapagal, Diosdado, 10,26-7, 28, 30,173,178,187,191-5,200, 265n.60

Mackie, J. A. C., 245n.73, n.75, n.86, 251n.1

Mackintosh, Malcolm, 242n.12 Mahathir bin Mohamad, 248n.156,

264n.46 Malaya, see Malaysia. Malaysia, passim

Chinese population of, 213-14 economic policies, 155-6 foreign policy of, 41-2

Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA), 108

Malik, Adam, 29-38, 42, 55, 73, 77-8,84,91,96,98, 110,112,115, 135,137,186-7,200,203, 247n.127,250n.43,252n.23, n.25, 258n.73, 260n.10, 265n.65, n.77, 269n.3

Manila Accord, 26 Manila Declaration, 26 Mao Tse-tung, 90, 254n. 78 Maphilindo, 10, 26, 29, 30-3, 96,

129, 193-5, 246n.106 Marcos, Ferdinand, 28, 37, 81, 115,

173,196-200,203,211,253n.46 Market economies of Japan, North

America and Europe, 135, 230 Marks, Thomas A., 269n.84, n.88 McAlister, John T., 268n.61 Mekong River project, 129 Mendez,Mauro,28,30

Miki, Takeo, 146 Military, see Security Millar, T. B., 242n.12, 252n.17 Milne, R. Stephen, 242n.9, n.10,

n.14, 245n.69, 252n.20 Ministerial Conference for the

Economic Development of Southeast Asia, 11

Modelski, George, 241n.2, 243n.5 Mokoginta, Lt-Gen., 36 Monetary Union Malaysia-

Singapore, 108 Monnet, Jean, 69 Morell, David, 269n.86 Morgenthau,llans, 175,264n.49 Moro National Liberation Front, 216 Mozingo, David P., 242n.6 Mufakat, 165-9 Murtopo, Ali, 186 Musjawarah, 165-9 Muslim minorities,

in Philippines, 214-19 in Thailand, 214-19

Mustapha, Tun, 217, 269n.69

Nasution, 29-30 National Liberation Front (of South

Vietnam), 4, 94 Netherlands, 2, 7, 141 Neutralisation (of Southeast Asia),

62-3,76,82,115,117-20,124-5,151,239

New China News Agency. 121 Ne VVin, 87, 89-91, 159 New York Times, 15,37 New Zealand, 10-11,75-6,147,

150,210 relations with ASEAN. 63, 131,

148-9 Nguyen Duy Trinh. 124-6 Nixon administration, 130 Nixon, Richard, 74,200 Non-alignment, 5 Noordin Sopiee, 251n.80, 252n.19,

257n.43, n.48 Nordic Council. 19, 70, 153,227,

244n.47 North Atlantic Treaty Organisation

(NATO). 68, 167

276 Index

Nye, JosephS., 241n.1, 258n.91, 259n.94, 266n.1, 267n.53, 270n.7

Olson, Lawrence, 242n.14 Onn, Datuk Hussein, 85, 171, 211,

254n.59 Organisation for European

Economic Cooperation (OEEC), 68

Organisation of American States (OAS), 244n.47

Osborne, G. M. T., 268n.59 Osborne, Milton, 241n.1, 245n.69,

262n.3, n.4 Ott, Marvin P., 246n.88, n.90,

263n.8 Overseas Chinese, 109-10, 122,

213-14,230

Pace, Barbara French, 248n.9, 249n.15, 250n.40, n.58, 267n.40

Pakistan, 16,89 Panggabean. Lt-Gen., 36, 115 Pan-Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP),

216 Parti Islam (PAS), 216 Pathet Lao, 94-5, 97-8 Pathmanathan, M., 257n.27 Pauker, Guy J., 246n.113 Peking Review, 120-1 Pelaez, Immanuel, 25 People's Action Party (PAP), 160 People's Daily, 120 Pham Van Dong, 126-7, 258n.83 Phan Hien, 124-6 Philippine Free Press, 191-2 Philippines, passim

economic policies, 155-6 ethnic rebellions, 214 foreign policy of, 37, 40 security, 40

Phoumi Nosavan, 97 Plischke, Elmer, 263n.32, 264n.33 Pluralism, 160 Policy externalisation, 150-53 Polomka, Peter, 247n.132. n.150 Poole. Peter A .. 269n.74 PortugaL 2

Preah Vihear temple, 93 Provisional Revolutionary

Government (of South Vietnam) (PRG), 95, 124

Race, Jeffrey, 267n.59, 268n.65, 269n.84

Rafferty, Kathryn, 248n.9 Rahman, Tunku Abdul, 14-37,41-

2,70,72-3, 75,91,96,107, 171-3, 199,207,244n.60, 257n.38, 266n.30

Rajaratnam, S., 34, 41, 51, 73,79-80,83,86,111-12,128,153, 205,232,249n.22,252n.31, 253n.34,257n.26,260n.26, 265n.72, 270n.10

Ramos, Narcisco, 30-35, 37, 40, 73, 122,135,173,184,204, 246n.ll4, n.l15, 265n.66, 267n.49

Razak, Tun Abdul, 29-35,42,51, 73, 75, 78,83,112, 117,171-3, 186,194,197,201,204, 247n.140, 257n.38, 258n.63

Refugees, 86, 116, 127-8 Regional organisation in Southeast

Asia, passim and order, 225-40 history of, 9-14

Romulo, Carlos, 81, 185, 186 Rose, Leo E., 263n.7 Rostow, Walt, 130 Russett, Bruce M., 241n.2

Sabah dispute, xvii, 10, 12,23-8, 31, 55, 74,106-7,113,173-5,179, 190-212,215-16

Sarawak, 24, 193, 195 Sarit Thanarat, 161, 172 Sayidiman Suryohadiprojo, 252n.25 Scandinavian countries, 167 Scheingold, Stuart A., 269n.89 Schmitter, Philipe, 150, 262n.61 Schuman, Robert, 69 Security, xiii, xvi, 10, 163

alliance, 16-17, 19 and regional organisation, 67-104

passim

Index 277

of ASEAN countries, 38-44 Serrano, Felixberto M., 16-21 Shan,213,215 Sidjanski, Dusan, 260n.14, n.18 Sihanouk, Prince Norodom, xvi, 27,

92-6,159-64,169,172 Silverstein, Josef, 268n:64 Singapore, passim

economic policies, 135-9, 155-6 foreign policy of, 40-41

Singh, L. P., 243n.3 Sino-Soviet split, 6 Siracusa, Joseph M., 242n.3 Skinner, G. Williams, 268n.60 Smith, RogerM., 255n.87 Smith, T. E., 245n.69 Snow, Edgar, 254n. 78 Snyder, Nancy L., 268n.62 Solidum, Estrella D., 263n.19, n.21,

n.27, n.31, 264n.34 Somers Heidhues, Mary F., 256n.16 Son Ngoc Thanh, 93 Souvanna Phouma, 98 Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation

(SEATO), 10, 15-18,37,210 Southeast Asian Agency for Regional

Transport and Communications, 12

Southeast Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SEAARC), 36-8, 42

Southeast Asian Businessmen's Council, 13

Southeast Asian Central Bank Group, 11

Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Centre, 12

Southeast Asian Friendship and Economic Treaty (SEAFET), 19-20

Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organisation (SEAMEO), 11

Soviet Union, 3, 68-9, 75-6, 97-8, 101-4,118,121,127-8,199, 229

as threat, xvi, 226-7, 239 collective security system

proposal, 5

naval power of, 5 policies towards Southeast Asia,

3-7 Sphere of influence, 3, 101,238 Straits of Malacca, 113 Steinberg, DavidJ., 241n.1 (Ch.1) Subandrio, 17,27 Subhan, Malcolm, 261n.31, n.34 Suharto,29,32,34-5,56,107,

109,115-16,185,253n.51 Suhrke, Astri, 266n.23, 268n.65,

n.66, 269n.70, n.72 Sukarno,9, 14,18,26,28-30,32,

34-5,40,43,69,159-64,169, 172-3,178,195,200,228, 244n.37, 246n.102

Sulu, Sultan of, 191-3 Sumito, 18 Sumitro Djojohadkusumo,

260n.24, 261n.30 Syed Abdul Aziz, 257n.32

Taiwan, 11, 16, 122 Tan Siew Sin, 206 Teng Hsiao Ping, 121, 126 Terill, Ross, 242n.9 Thailand, passim

economic policies of, 155-6 ethnic rebellions in, 113, 213-14 foreign policy of, 42-3 integration of minorities, 218-21

Thanat Khoman, 20-21. 26, 28-35, 37,42, 71-2.74,80-1,187, 202-3.205,232,246n.106, n.115, 247n.127. n.143, 251n.7. 253n.40. n.47

Thanin Kravichien, 172 Thanom Kittikachorn. 202-3 Thayer. Carlyle A., 258n.67. n.70 Threat(s).

and regional organisation. 225-30 perceptions of. xvi, 68. 70, 72-104

passim Tilman, Robert 0 .. 243n.13. n.14.

246n.111,n.116.247n.127. n.135, n.140. n.143. n.145. 248n.153, n.154. n.155. n.157, n.160. n.163. 252n.17

Tinker. Hugh. 268n.64

278 Index

Trager, Frank N., 254n.74, n.75, 268n.64

Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, 51-52, 63, 119, 133, 176,236

Tretiak, Daniel, 254n.78

Ulam, Adam B., 242n.4 United Malay National Organisation

(UMNO), 15 United Nations, 3, 11, 27, 48, 76, 88,

119,122,177,201,207 Economic Commission for Asia

and the Far East (ECAFE), 9, 12,50

UN Team Study of ASEAN Cooperation, 50-1,55,82, 113, 141-5, 155-6, 183-6, 230

United States, 2, 9, 10, 14, 16, 37, 40-2,74,76-81,94-5,97,101-3,115,118,124,129-30,137, 141,177,199-201,239

policies towards Southeast Asia, 2-7,129-30

relations with ASEAN, 63, 131, 148-9, 150

relations with the Philippines, 192-3

Vance, Cyrus, 131 van der Kroef, Justus M., 257n.29 Van Ness, Peter, 242n.9. Vichy French, 93 VietCong, 93-7 Viet Minh, 97,213 Vietnam, xii, xvi, 2, 13, 84, 98-104,

117-18,121,123-28,163,229 asthreat,83,226-7

conflict with Cambodia, 84, 86, 116, 127, 238

North, 3-4, 20, 80, 83, 93, 97-9, 102-4, 123

policies towards ASEAN, 123-8 South,2-4, 11,16,83,92,93,95-

9, 213, 237 treaty of friendship with Soviet

Union, 103 war,2, 13, 14,42,51, 75-6,78,

83-4, 98, 175 war with China, 86, 116

Vietnamese minority in Cambodia, 217

Wang Gungwu, 256n.13 Wars of liberation, see China Weinstein, Franklin, 71, 247n.132,

n.133, n.150, 251n.2, 256n.4, 259n.3, 260n.19, n.20, 262n.6, 264n.54, 265n. 72

West Irian, 2 Wight, Martin, 255n.99 Wilcox, Wayne, 248n.153, n.154,

n.158, 252n.17, 263n.7 Wilson, David A., 248n.158,

269n.80 Wilson, Dick, 256n.4, n.5, n.9, n.14,

n.15, 257n.27, n.28 Wilson, Ian, 242n.9 Wong, John, 256n.6, 259n.7 Wriggins, W. Howard, 170, 264n.35

Young, Kathryn, 248n.9 Young, Oran R., 241n.3, n.4

Zacher, Mark W., 242n.9, n.10, n.14, 252n.20

Zasloff, Joseph J., 255n.96

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