Notes Added in Proof

Chapter 5

Yeasts as Living Objects: Yeast Nutrition

Note 1 Recently a gene has been cloned from Torulaspora delbrueckii which complements the deficiencies in a temperature- and salt-sensitive mutant of the same strain, which does not assmilate or accumulate trehalose. The authors suggest that their results show that trehalose plays an important role in stress tolerance (resistance to elevated temperatures and osmotic tension) in this species.

References

Nakata K, Okamura K (1996) Cloning of stress tolerance gene in Torulopsis delbrueckii No. 3110. Biosci Biotech Biochem 60(10):1686-1689

Venkov PV, Hadjiolov AA, Battaner E, Schlessinger D (1996) Saccharomyces ceerevisiae sorbitol fragile mutants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 56:599-604

Note2 Xylose, a major constituent of hemicelluloses, is fermented to ethanol by several yeast and filamentous fungal species, including Pachysolen tannophilus, Pichia stipitis and Candida shehatae, as well as by several species of Fusarium (filamen­tous). Yields are low and fermentations are slow. Therefore, many attempts have been made to construct yeast strains which would hydrolyze xylans, at least partially, and ferment the xylose liberated, to ethanol. Protoplasts of the yeasts Pachysolen tannophilus and Pichia stipitis have been fused with nuclei of Fusarium spp and yeast-like hybrids which would hydrolyze xylans have been obtained. Yeast hybrids which will ferment xylose directly have also been con­structed. Recently two groups, one using protoplast fusion (in Thailand) and one using transformation (in Sweden) into the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, of bacterial genes, conferring on the yeast the ability to ferment xylose directly (Walfridsson et al., 1996).

References

Walfridsson M, Xiaoming Bao, Anderlund M, Lilius G, Bulow L, and Hahn-Hagerdahl B (1996) Ethanolic fermentation of xylose with Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring the Thermus thermophilus xyl4 gene, which expresses an active xylose (glucose) isomerase. Appl Environ Microbiol62(12): 4648-4651

354 Notes Added in Proof

Chapter 7

Membranes

The nature of the protein pores or channels through the membranes and the method of introduction of them into the lipid bilayers of the membrane has been determined for a number of these channels. Assuming that the pores (channels) for materials such as hemolysins are similar for these materials and ion channels and transport channels for sugars and other nutrient materials, the structure is as follows: the pore consists of 14 proteins, and is guided into the membrane site by the nature of the proteins at the ends of the preassembled pore. Investigation of the detailed nature of the pores (channels) is being continued.

References

Gorlich D, Mattaj IW (1996) Nucleocytoplasmic transport. Science 271:1513-1518 Schatz G, Dobberstein B (1996) Common principles of protein translocation across membranes.

Science 271:1519-1526 Song L, Hobaugh MR, Shustak C, Cheley S, Bayley H, Gouaux JE (1996) Structure of staphylococcal

a-hemolysin, a heptameric transmembrane pore. Science 274:1859-1866- See also other papers in this issue.

Chapter 8

The Yeast: Sex and Nonsex. Life Cycles, Sporulation and Genetics

The details of the control of the cell division cycle are now known to a much greater extent. In particular, the effects and limitations of proteins such as the p53 inhibi­tor of replication of damaged DNA have been elucidated.

Details of telomere behavior and function, and their role in mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation are also being elucidated.

References

Nasmyth K (1996) Viewpoint: putting the cell cycle in order. Science 274:1643-1645.- See also other papers in this issue.

Hawleyn RS (1997) Unresolvable endings: Defective telomeres and failed separation. Science 275:1441-1443

Chapter 13

Yeasts and the life of Man: Part II (Refers to section on protoplast fusion)

Kavanagh and Whittaker (1996) have used treatment with hydroxylamine and cupferron to induce chromosome breaks in yeasts, which are then protoplasted

Notes Added in Proof 355

and fused to allow recombination between the broken chromosomes. However, it is possible that the same effect may be achieved by treatment of the yeasts with NaCl or KCl, 1-2M.

Hydroxylamine and cupferron are only sparingly soluble in water and must be dissolved in a salt solution. Parker and von Borstel (1987) obtained as many mutants from cells mutagenized with salt solutions alone, as from those mutagenized with hydroxylamine or cupferron. The nature of the mutations obtained using salt solutions has not been determined, to the best of our knowl­edge, but unless there are differences, the use of cupferron or hydroxylamine as "mutagens" may be unnecessary. Salt is much safer.

References

Kavanagh K, and Whittaker, PA (1996) Application of protoplast fusion to the nonconventional yeast. Enzyme Microb Technol18:45-51

Parker K, and von Borstel RC (1987) Based substitution and frameshift mutagenesis by sodium chloride and potassium chloride in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res 189:11-14

Subject Index

1,3-Fructopyranose 320 2,3-Butanediol 350 2-Deoxyglucose for obtaining mutants resistant

to catabolite repression 244 2-J.Lm Circle 173, 179, 180, 181, 202, 255, see

Plasmids 2-J.Lm Plasmid 252 3-Ketoacyl-CoA thiolase 279, 291 a-Factor prepro sequence 256 a-Pheromone 117 a-Acetolactate decarboxylase (ALDC) 261 a-Amylase 27, 76, 257, 319, 323-327 <X-I-Antitrypsin 254 a-Cellulose 332 a-Galactosidase (from Guar) 287, 288, 290,

293 a-Hydroxyl-acid oxidase 278 a-Interferon 254, 257 [3-Adrenergic receptor 208, see Mating factor

receptors [3-Amylase 327 [3-Galactosidase 313, 333 [3-Glucanases 260 [3-Glucans 227 [3-Glucosidase 326, 327 [3-0xidation 276 Acetyl CoA 278 Acetaldehyde 228, 346 Acetic acid, acetate 76, 245, 298 Acetohydroxy acid reductoisomerase 261 Acetoin 320 Acetolactate 244, 261 Acetylation 254 Acid hydrolysis 324 Acid phosphatase 256, 257 Acid tolerance 262 Acid-enzyme hydrolysis 324 Aconitase 278 Aconitic acid 319 Acriflavin 151, 182 Actin 139, 221 Action spectra, of killer toxins 153 Activation energy 107, 111

Activator 221 Activators 252 Active dry yeast 228, 232, 261, 262 Active transport 102, 106, 111, 113 Acute disseminated candidiosis (and others)

62 Acyl coenzyme A oxidase 276 Acyl-CoA 279 ADC gene 261 ADE4 gene 267 Adenylate cyclase 99, 153, 221-223 ADHI (Alcohol dehdrogenase) gene 259 adh1 (mutant) 283 ADP-ribosylation 220 Aflatoxin 322 Agglutinins 887 Albumin 228 Alcohol dehydrogenase 279, 289, 351 Alcohol oxidase (AO) gene 270 Alcohol oxidases (AO) 89, 172, 270, 273, 274,

276,283-285,290-293 Aldehydes (principally acetaldehyde) 347 Algal blooms and yeasts 56 Alkaline phosphatase 252, 258 Alkaloids 44 Alkylated amines {Methylamine) 176 Alloenzymes 19, see soluble proteins, 18 Alpha-acetolactate dehydrogenase 227 Ambali 302 Ambrosia beetles 48 Ambus ghari 302 Amine oxidase (AMO), other oxidases) 276,

277,281,289,292,294 Amino acids 69, 261, 275, 347 Amino acids and proteins, in spores 144 Amino nitrogen 74 Ammonia, ammonium salts 231,276,282,

Ammonium soaps as substrates 234 Ammonium ions, inhibitors of soporulation

142 Amphipathic molecules 100 Ampicillin 251 Amplifier protein 222

358 Subject Index

Amyl alcohol (Fuse! oil) 347 Amylases 174, 228, 240, 260, 300, 327, 328, 334 Amyloglucosidase 319, 323-327, 344 Amylolytic yeast 27, 327 Amylopectin 322, 323, 326 Amylose 86, 322, 323 Anaerobic genes; ANB1 184, 186, 188 Anarse 298 Aneuploids 260 Anmmonium nitrogen 69,74

Ammonium hydroxide, in fermentation 322 Antagonists 103

Tetramethylammonium, quinine 103 Anthocyanins 296 Antibodies 273 Antigenic patterns 60, 61 Antigens 226 Antiport 112, 116-119, 131 Antitrypsin 257 AOX1 promoter 285, 286

MOX promoter 287 AOX1, AOX2 genes (Alcohol oxidase) 275,

284,286 Apiculate yeasts 29, 46, 47, 81, 83 Apomictic sporulation (Diploid spores) 143 Apong 298 Apple pomace 343 Applications of methods using killer toxin

166 Apricot 320 Arabitol 77, 233 ARG 1 gene 267 Arginine, as repressor of CPA1 gene 198, 199 Aromatic hydrocarbons 69, 75 Aromatic hydrocarbons 75 Arrack 299 ARS elements 138, 251,252,258,268-270, 272

ARS vectors for heterologous proteins 252 Artemia salina (Brine shrimp) 29, 59 Arthrospores 80, 85 Artichokes, Jerusalem 233 Asafoetida 306 Ascomycetous yeasts 83 Ascophore (Pachysolen tannophilus) 27 Ascorbic acid, as preservative 237 Ascospore topography 20 Ascus 134 Aspartate 278, 279 Astaxanthine 30 ATP hydrolysis 115 ATP synthesis, ATP synthase 114, 115, 119 ATP, ATPases 106, 113,280 ATPases 117, 281

Peroxisomal 290

AUG codons 196 Autonomously replicating sequences; ARSs

177-180,268,272 Auxotrophic mutants 267

Babassu nuts 318 Bacteriorhodopsin 124 Bagasse 319,328,332 Baker's yeast 229-232, 242, 243, 244, 246, 260-

263,299,300,302 Bakery products 237 Baking 226, 241 Bailistospores 30 BamH1 258 Banana 300,320 Barley 233, 321 Basidiomycetes 135 Basidiomycetous yeasts 13, 83 Batch fermentation in fuel alcohol production

336 Bathura, kulcha (same dough as nan bread)

300 BCY gene 223 Beans 303 Bees, wild and domestic 49 Bees'wine 298 Beets 306, 320 Bengal gram 301, 302, 304, 305 Benomyl 216,217 Benzene 75,346 Benzoates 75 Bhallae 301, 304 Bibdi 299 BIK1 gene 216 Bilayers 97-99 Binding to the cell wall; ( 1---?6)-fl-D-glucan

154 Biogenesis 279 Biomass 284-287,328,332,334,346,347 Biostil process 343 Biotin 73, 74, 230 Biotin 230 Bipolar budding 81 Birds 59 Black gram 300, 301 Black knot of oak 40 Blastospores 80, 85 Bleaching 285 Blue-staining fungi 47 BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) 230, 315,

333,348 Branched-chain amino acids 285, 293 Brandy 228 Bread doughs 74, 235

Brewing, brewing yeast 3, 140, 226, 227, 229, 234,235,241,244,246,248,260,261,263, 312

Killer toxin in 159, 161, 166, 167 Bridge 219 Bubonic plague 59 Bud scars, bud formation 80, 136, 139, 171,

177, 215 Bud separation 171 Bud in mating-type switching 211 Buds and budding 134 Bumblebees 22, 45, 57, 67 Burdock 333 Butanol 261, 352 Buttermilk 305 Butylated hydroxyanisole 230 By-product utilization 332 By-products 346

c-Myc protein 254 Cabbage 312 Cactophilic yeasts 36 Caenorhabditis elegans (a nematode) 221 Calcitonin-glycine 257 Calcium 248, 297 Calorimetry 241, 242, 253 Campanula 333 Cancer 313 Cancer and cell division cycle 135 Candida albicans 61 Cane sugar 320 Capsids 154 Caramel residues 320, 348 Caraway (spice) 300 Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 199 Carbohydrates (trehalose, glycogen, glucans,

mannans, glucosamine, uronic acids) 143

Carbon dioxide 72, 141 Carbonates 73 Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone

(CCCP) 123 Cardamon 300,305 Carotenoid pigments 30 Carriers (channels) 95, 108, 113, 120 Cascade fusion for isolation of hybrids 160 Cashew apples 298, 305 caso. 320 Cassava, cassava wastes 318, 321, 322, 328, 351 Cassette mechanism for mating-type switching

210, 211 Catabolite repression 185, 187, 191, 282, 283,

285, 335 Catalase 89,270,274-278,281,285,290,291,293

Subject Index 359

Catechol 75 Cation channels 117, 118 Cationic silica microbeads 125 CCP (cytochrome c peroxidase) 281 CDC25 gene product 99 CDC28 gene 208, 212, 218 CDC37 gene 218 CDC4 gene 217, 218 Cell cycle box 212, 213 Cell division cycle, G1, G2 and S phases 176 Cell division cycle, phases, genes 99, 135, 136,

139, 140, 151, 176-179, 202, 203, 218 Cell division cycle 177, see CDC genes: CDC28,

CDC4, CDC7, CDC8 Cell wall mannans as taxonomic criterion 6 Cell walls, cell envelope 29, 86, 153, 209, 219,

250,263 Cell-cycle arrest 222 Cell-cycle control (of mating-type

switching) 212 Cellobiohydrolase 257 Cells 80 Cellulases 240, 257, 319, 330 Cellulolytic enzymes 329 Cellulose 315,328, 329, 330, 331-344, 350, 352

Cellulosic pulp 319 Cellulosic feedstocks 328 Cellulotetraose 330 Centromeres 150, 175, 176, 210, 251, 258, 259 Chakka 305 Chana Ki warries 301 Channels 102, 113 Chaperones 280 Check points in cell division cycle 135, 138 Cheese whey 231, 233 Cheese, goat cheese 234, 235 Cheesemaking (with Geotrichum spp.) 30, 65,

241,333 Chemical changes during sporulation 143 Chemical potential 110 Chemiosmotic work 117, 118, 132 Chemostat culture 274, 278 Chemotherapy and yeasts 65 Chhang 299 Chicory 333 Chillies (green and red) 300, 304-306 Chinese hamster ovary cells 281, 293, 294 Chitin 86, 139 Chlamydospores 135 Chloroplasts 115 Cholera toxin 220, 221 Chromaffin 117 Chromatids 176 Chromatin 173, 194,202

360 Subject Index

Chromium, chromate, dichromate 289, 313 Chromosomal amplification (of genes) 253 Chromosomal DNA patterns 152 Chromosomes, chromosomal DNA 171, 172,

175, 176, 194, 242,248, 252, 286, 290 Mitotic chromosome loss 267 Chromosome engineering 269, 270

Chromosomes, chromosome replication 137-139, 172, 173, 180, 200, 216,228,250, 258, 265

CIK genes 217 CIN genes 217 Cinnamic acid 28, 75 Cisternae (in Golgi body) 88, 101 Citrate synthase 278 Citric acid cycle 113 Citrinin 322 Citrus fruits and wastes 33, 53, 65, 67 ct transport 117, 118 Clock in cell division cycle 135 co, 239, 235, 239, 297, 328, 342, 343, 346, 347,

351 Coconut 300, 301 Codon bias 197 Colonopsis 333 Complementation 124, 268, 273 Complementation tests 267, 268 Concavalin A (ConA) 125 Condensed milk 22 Conjugation 99, 134, 149, 171 Continuous culture, continuous fermentation

277,283,284,286,290,325,333,340-342 Use of immobilized cells in 344

Continuous dialysis fermentation 342 Continuous rotofermentor 342 Continuous vacuum fermentation (Vacuferm)

341 Control systems for yeast fermentation

(computer control) 240 Copy number in plasmids 180 Coregulated genes 189 Coriander (a spice) 305, 306 Corn stover (husks and cobs) 348 Corn, corn meal 318, 319, 321, 322, 351 Corneal transplants 313 Corticosteroid therapy 62 Counting and identification of yeasts in food

240 Courtship 148, 151, 171, 209, 214 Crystalloid 274 Cryptococcus neoformans 62 Cumin (a spice) 300, 305 Curries (vegetable, rice and legume) 305, 306 Curry leaves 304, 305

CYC genes 193 CYC mRNA 203 CYCl (cytochrome c) gene 259 Cyclic ANP 222 Cyclins 202 Cycloheximide, arrest of synthesis by 118, 182 Cysteine 230 Cytochrome c, cytochrome c oxidase 125, 127,

231,262 Cytochrome oxidases 187, see Mitochondria

COX genes 187, 188 Cytochrome P450 254 Cytochromes 72 Cytoductants 217 Cytoduction 227 Cytokinesis 135, 138, 139, 171, 209, 214 Cytology 80 Cytoplasm 96 Cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane 87, 95, 101,

209, 215, 219, 256, 279, 288 Cytoskeleton 87, 171, 218

D-alanine 281 D-amino acid oxidase 277, 281, 292 D-mannose 332 Dahi 298,300,302,304-306

Dahi Bhalle 305 Dahi V adai 305

Dahlia 333 Dal chutney, dal 301, 306 Dandelion 333 DAPI (4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) 181 DAS (dihydroxyacetone synthase) 289, 284 Dates 321 Daughter cell 211 Dead donor technique in protoplast fusion 249 Debranching enzyme 269, 327 Deep mycoses 62 Deep-seated candidiasis 62 Degradation of mRNA 200 Density gradient centrifugation (separation of

hybrids according to ploidy) 162 Detergents (alkyl benzyl sulfonater) 57 Dextrins 323, 326, 327, 351 Dhokla 298, 304 Diacetyl 227,240, 244, 248, 260, 261 Diacylglycerol 97, 223 Diammonium phosphate 69 Diauxic effect 284 Diazonium Blue (identification of

basidiomycetes) 11, 14 Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) 123, 130 Diffusion of ions 103 Dihydroxyacetone kinase 290, 291

Dihydroxyacetone synthase 273, 277, 278, 283, 285,289-291

Dikaryotic phase 134 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 249 Diphtheria 59 Diploid, diploidization 171, 204, 209, 211, 214,

215, 217, 219, 245,252,259, 260, 265, 267, 275

Direct fermentation of starch 327 Diseases of cattle (mastitis, galactophoritis) 64 Dissolved oxygen 335 DNA base composition 38, 41 DNA homology 38, 41, 273 DNA ligase 251 DNA polymerase 179 DNA reassociation (DNA homology) 19, 36,

41 DNA reassociation in taxonomy 7 DNA, guanosine+ cytosine (GC) content 15 Domestic animals (mammalian) 63 Dot assay 155, 156 Dormancy and germination in spores 146 Dosa 304, also potato, paper, onion, men the,

Uttapam, bele, soybean, mung bean, koyee, appam, avalakki, parapu and adai dosa

Double-strand breakage 270 Dough-raising test 262 Downstream processing 344 Drosophila-cactus-Catoblastic cactorum system

35,44 dsRNA 153, 154 Dulcitol 72 Dutch elm disease 47

ecrl (mutant) 283 Effects of temperature (pasteurization) 238 Effluent management 348 EG gene 260 Electrochemical potentials and free enthalpy

110 Electrochemical proton gradient 108, 114, 115 Electrofusion 243, 248 Electrogenic H+ pumping 118 Electrogenic transport 103, 104 Electron transport chain 72, 115, 118 Electrophysiological measurements 127 Electroporation 131, 139, 251, 268 Elongation 195, 197 Endocarditis 61 Endog!ucanases 330 Endonuclease 211, 213 Endoplasmic reticulum 87, 95, 100, 101, 117,

199,216,250,255,256,257 Endoribonucleases, exoribonucleases 200

Endosomes 117 Endotoxins 172 Enhancers 258 Enolase 184 Entropy 111

Subject Index 361

Enzymatic hydrolysis 330 Enzyme-enzyme process 324 Epidermal growth factor 313 Episomal vectors 272 EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) 289,

294 Epstein-Barr virus 257 Ergosterol 97, 98, 228,229,231, 312 Erythritol 233 Erythromycin 118 Estimation of killer toxins 155 Ethanol 4,26,45, 76,226-228,232,235,239,

242, 261, 267, 271, 277-279, 282, 284, 292, 295-297,299,305,315,317,319-329,331-336,340-352

Ethanol dehydration 345 Ethanol tolerance 334 Ethidium bromide 182 Ethionine 285 Ethylamine 276, 281 Ex-Ferm process 343 Exo-~-glucanases 19, 24 Exoglucanases 330 Expression cassettes, KEX genes 154, 252, 259,

261,285-287 Libraries 2 73 Heterologous expression 266, 268, 286, 288,

290,293 Multicopy gene expression 272, 287

External factors in sporulation 140 Extracellular metabolites 76

FO, F1-ATPase 108, 115, 119 Facilitated diffusion 102, 106, 121, 123 Factor VIII 251 Factors affecting fermentation 334 FAD (Flavine Adenine Dinucleotide) 274,276 Faraday constant 110 Fats, oils 315 Fatty acids, short chain 44, 296 Feedstocks and processing 318 Feedstocks containing glucose and sucrose

318 Feedstocks containing inulin 333 Feni 298,305 Fermented foods 232, 242, 296 Fermented foods based on milk 304 Fermented foods from fruits and vegetables

305

362 Subject Index

Fermented rice extract 298 Fermentor operation strategies 336, 348 Ferredoxin 352 Fenugreek (a condiment) 304, 306 Fibroblast growth factor 313 Fig wasp 45 Fish 232 Fission yeasts 80, 81 Flatulence factors 296 Flavonoids 28, 69, 75 Flavors derived from yeast (roast beef, cheddar

cheese, nuts, dried bonito) 234 FLO genes 261 Flocculation 227, 261, 263, 341 Flocculence 228 Flow cytometer 327 Flow cytometry for separating hybrids 244 FLP recombinase 253 Flucytosine ( 4-amino-5-fluoro-2-pyrimidine)

66 Fluid mosaic membrane model 99, 132 FMD (formate dehydrogenase) 287 Fodder beets 318, 319, 343 Fondants 22 Food yeast 233, 234 Foods and drinks from sorghum 299 Foods based on barley 299 Foods made from mixed grains 302 Foods made from mixtures of rice and

legumes 302 Foreign gene expression 285 Formaldehyde 274, 276, 277,281,285, 289,

348 Formate 285 Formic acid 320, 350, 352 Frozen doughs 230, 230, 232 Fructose 333 Fructosidase 333 Fruit processing wastes (apple pomace, citrus

crush, peach peel) 321 Fruits and fruit juices 237 Fruits and fruit wastes 320 Furfural 329,348 FUS1, FUS3 genes 208, 209, 214, 219 Fuse! oil 346 Fusion, FUS1 gene 208, 215, 217

Cell fusion 263

G proteins 99, 201, 208, 209, 214, 218, 219, 220, 223

G1 arrest 215 GALlO gene 259 GAL4 activator protein 193, 194, 207 GALBO protein, a negative regulator 207

Galactose Not used by Bullera singularis 31, 72, 86 Less inhibitory to sporulation 141 Activation by 185, 189, 190, 193, 222 As carbon source 231, 249, 254, 259, 332,

333 Garam masala 305 Garlic 305 Gasohol 345 Gasoline 345, 347 Gating of channels 103 GCN gene 191-193,202, see starvation 176 Gelatinization 325 Gene conversion 8, 150-152 Gene expression 173, 250 Gene isolation 273 Gene transfer 263 Genes 99, 171, 251,255, see LEU2, CDC25,

HIS3, HIS4, URA3 Genetics, classical 260, 270, 275 Genome 276 Genomic DNA 17, 56,248 Ghee (melted butter) 298, 300, 305 Giant kelps 56 Ginger beer plant, ginger, mango ginger 298,

305,306 Glass electrode 127 Globulins, rabbit 172 Glucan 86 Glucans (barley) 260 Glucoamylase 21, 27, 230, 252, 257, 260, 262,

287, 290 Gluconeogenesis 143,278, 279 Gluconeogenic enzymes 141 Glucosamine 261 Glucose 105, 113, 123, 124, 130, 132, 140, 141,

172, 176, 184, 185, 193,216, 222, 223, 230, 232,244,249,264,277,281-285,294,298, 313,317,320,323-335,342,350

Glucurfonic acid (in microbial gums) 30, 86 Glutamate-oxaloacetate aminotransferase

(GOT) 278 Glutathione 230, 313 Glutens 230 Glycan 312 Glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase 174 Glycerol 76,77,233,240,282,283,285-287,

290,348 Glycogen 71,72,88,279 Glycolaldehyde 277 Glycolipids 24, 32, 39, 78, 79, 97, 23 7 Glycolysis 6, 115 Glycolytic cycle 253 Glycoproteins 87, 97

Glycosylation 254, 255 Glyoxalate bypass 141, 282 Glyoxalate cycle 274, 278 Glyoxyperoxisomes 274, 278, 282 Glyoxysomes 274,278,279,281-283,294 Glyoxysomes and glyoxyperoxisomes 278 GMP-phosphodiesterase 220 Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation 110 Golgi body 87, 88, 95, 100, 101, 171, 199, 201,

221,250,254,255 Gorodkowa agar for sporulation of

Debaryomyces 141 Gourds (bottle gourds, bitter gourds, etc.) 305 Gout 313 Gradients 95, 103, 106 Grape must 74, 241 Grapes 320 Growth factors 74 Growth factors: biotin, thiamin, nicotinic acid,

patolthenic acid, p-aminobenzoic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin, folic acid, ergosterol, oleicacid, linoleic orlinolenic acid 71

GTP (GTP-binding proteins) 198, 202, 219, 220,280

GTP-binding proteins in signal transduction 222

Guanine nucleotides 223 Guanine ring (G site) 220 Guar 287,288,290,293 Gulgule 300

H+-ATPase 114 H+-pump 106 H+ -solute symport 119 H+-symport 108, 119, 121-123, 132 Ha-ras gene 254 HAP1 protein 193 Haplodiplonts 265 Haploids 134,203, 211, 213, 218, 222, 245, 246,

252,259,265,267,274,275,277 Haplophase and diplophase in yeast

genetics 133, 149, 150 HARS1, HARS2 genes 272 Hawaiian morning glory (and Metschnikowia

sp.) 29, 57 HBsAg (Sand L) 287, 313 Heat shock elements (heat shock proteins)

188, 189, 216, 231 Hemagglutinins 296 Heme 184, 186, 187, 191, 193, 254

Genes activated by 186 Genes repressed by 186

Hemicellulose feedstocks 332 Hemicelluloses 328, 330, 332

Subject Index 363

Hemophiliacs 251 Hepatitis B core antigen 196, 254 Hepatitis B virus pre-S2 antigen 290 Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B surface antigen,

Hepatitis B core antigen 172, 201, 254, 262,286,289,290,291

Middle antigen 292 Heptitol 77 Herpes simplex 254 Heteroduplex formation (Holliday and

Meselson-Radding models) 150 Heterologous probes 273 Heterologous proteins 9, 172, 202, 203

Genes 76,196,198,199,201,202,226,243, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 257, 258, 259, 263, 284, 285, 313

Hexokinase 123 High cell density fermentation 234,241,285 High-gravity fermentations 261 High-sugar foods (jam, jellies and candies) 238 High-temperature hydrolysis by weak acid 320 HIS3 gene 270 HIS4 gene 268 Histidine (auxotrophic mutants; use in killer

selection techniques) 161, 164 Histones 174, 202 HIV 254 HMR locus 190 HO gene 210, 211

Regulation of 212, 213 Hollow fiber fermentation 342 Homologous integration 269, 270, 292 Homologous sequences 268, 270 Homothallism 134, 245, 260, 263 Hop extracts 226 Hormones 226 Human gastric lipase 254, 257 Human leucocyte interferon D 254 Human superoxide dismutase 254 HXT genes 124, 132 Hybridization for construction of strains 243,

244 Hybrids made by protoplast fusion 24

Hybrids between yeasts and filamentous fungi 260

Hydrocarbons 25, 75 Hydrochloric acid, use of 329, 330 Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) 142 Hydrogen peroxide 276,277, 279 Hydrogen peroxide, H,O, 274, 281, 293 Hydroxybenzoic acids 28, 75 Hydroxymethyl furfural 320 Hydroxyquinoline 249 Hydroxyurea 249

364 Subject Index

Ice cream 234 Idli 296-298,302,303,314

Bhagar idli 304 Rajma idli 304 Wheat idli 304

ilv genes (valine, isoleucine) 227 ILVS gene 261 Imidazoles (Chlormidazole, Clotrimazole,

Miconazole, Econazole, Ketonazole, Nizoral) 66, 69

Immobilized yeast cells (for ethanol) 344 Immunology 273 Import mechanisms 280 Importance of yeasts 297 Improved acid hydrolysis 330 Improved substrate utilization 260, 326 Improvement of brewing yeasts 260 Improvements to the enzyme-enzyme method

326 Indian fermented foods 314 Induction 282, 284 Infections (mouth, throat, vaginitis) 61 Inhibitors 105, 255 Initiation codon (AUG) 195, 202 Initiation window 192 Initiators 252 Inner mitochondrial membrane 95, 108, 113-

115, 118 Inorganic elements 70 Inorganic salts and trace elements (M, Mg, S,

Na, Cu, FE, Zn; thiamin, pyridoxine, niacin, inositol, pantothenic acid) 231

Inositol 15, 30, 42, 73 Inositol phosphate 222 Inositol phospholipids 221, 223 Inositol triphosphate (InsP3) 223 Insulin 251,257, 259, 313 Insulin (human) 313 Integrants 272 Integrating vectors 253 Interferon, interferon-a 251, 257, 259, 313 Interleukin-1-13 257 Inula 333 Inulase 334 Inulin 24, 233, 334, 351 Inulinase 333 Invert sugar 73 Invertase 132, 17 4, 256, 257, 262, 286, 293, 333,

334, see sue genes Invertebrates (plankton) 59 Iodates and bromates 230 Ion channels 106, 129, 132 Ion pumps 103, 113, 114 Ion translocation 95

Ionophores 127 Iron (in nutrition) 297 Isoamylase, another debranching enzyme 326,

327 Isocitrate lyase (ICL) 278 Isoleucine-valine (ilv) pathway 261

J ackfruit seeds 322 Jaggery 300 Jerusalem artichokes 318, 333, 334, 343, 352 Jilebi 299,300

Kadhi 305 Kaffir beer 312 Kanji 298 Kanji (from carrot) 306 karl mutation 215, 246 KAR2 gene 219 kar3 mutants 216 KAR3-1 protein 219, see Nuclear motor Karyogamy 209,216-218 KCl as osmotic stabilizer 248 Kefir 229,297,298 KEM genes 217 KEX2 gene 257 Khaman 301 Kharkya (from Ber fruits) 306 Kieselguhr (filter aid) 343 Killer disk technique 162, 164 Killer particles, killer toxins 150, 153, 154, 157,

158, 164, 170, 177, 256, 257, 259 Virus-like particles; VLPs; protection of

industrial yeasts 229, 246 Killer plaque technique 163, 164 Killer toxin 164, 165 Kinesin 216 Kinetics 105, 107, 122 Koji 228, 232, 233 Kolakattai 304 Koumiss 297 Kumiss 229 Kurdai 298 Kvass 297

L-arabinose 332 L3 protein, regulation of 199 Lactate 184, 187 Lactic acid bacteria 69, 228, 231-233, 235,

237 Lactic acid bacteria 297, 298, 302, 306 Lactose 24, 31, 231, 235, 317, 333 Lactose-containing feedstocks 333 Lager yeast 246, 260 Lassi 305

Legume-based fermented foods 300 Lemon, lemon pickle 306 LEU2 gene (3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase)

292 Leven 229 Levulinic acid 320, 329 LiCl, lithium chloride (in transformations) 268 Life cycle 133 Lignin 264, 328, 331, 332, 348 Lignocellulose 231 Lime 329 Linear DNA 270 Linoleic acid 228 Lipases 240 Lipids 78, 88, 231, 254, 261, 305, 315

Sterols, sterol esters, inositol 144 Lipophilic yeasts (Pityrosporum, Malassezia)

63 Liposome 131 Lithium in transformation 250, 251 Littoral 55 Long-chain esters 78 Low-temperature hydrolysis by concentrated

acid 330 Luciferase (firefly) 279 Lugri or busa (solid food) 299 Lysophosphatidylcholine 228 Lysosomes 100, 101, 117 Lysozyme 286,290

M-type ATPases 117 Madhu 298 Maharastrian warries 301 Mahua daru (from Mahua flowers) 305 Mahua flower liquor 298 Mahua flowers 321 MAL genes 174, see Maltose fermentation Malate dehydrogenase (MD) 278 Malate synthase (MS) 278, 283, 289 Malolactic fermentation 228 Malt 312, 323 Malt extract agar 134, 141 Malt worts 73

Contain hexoses, trioses, tetraoses, traces of pentoses 73

Maltose 22, 171, 232, 262, 283, 298 Maltotetraose 260 Mammals (dogs, cats, horses, pigs, cattle,

etc.) 59 Mangalore honda 300 Mangolds 318,319 Manioc process 326 Mannan 86 Mannosylerythritollipids 75

Subject Index 365

Marmite (yeast hydrolysate) 234, 312 Masala murchi 306 MAT genes and MAT-alpha 204, 210 MAT locus 210, 213 Mating factor 117, 209, 220, 222 Mating hormones, mating pheromones 87, 99,

137, 208-210, 214, 218, 219 Mating strains 260, 267, 275

Mating type, mating-type switching 133, 134, 174, 204, 210, 219

Mating-type switching 211, 267 Mayonnaise and salad dressings 237 Mazun 229 McClary's medium, sporulation of

Saccharomyces sp. 141 MCM point mutants 201 MCM1 gene and protein product 202, 206, 207,

209 Mead 229 Meats and sea foods 235 Mechanicochemical treatment 329 Mediterranean fruit fly 33 Meiosis 134, 137, 140, 151, 176, 179, 182, 201,

202,204,216,244,259,265,267 MEL genes 17 4, see a-galactosidase MELl gene 246 Melanoidins 296 Melibiose 21, 69 Membrane potential 108, 111, 120, 130 Membranes 153,171,214,276,279

Disruption by killer toxins 155 Use in selection of killer hybrids 164

Membrane transport (proteins) 123 Mendelian segregation of colony form 150,

152 Messenger RNA 88, 200, 201, 250 MET6 gene 276 Metabolic activities as taxonomic criteria 15 Methane 315, 350 Methanogenesis 265 Methanol 25,44,67,69, 75,273-277,279,281,

282,285-287,289-291,293,315,329 Metabolism 266

Methanol 172, 284, see Methylotrophic yeasts Methanol oxidase (MOX) locus 272, 275, 291,

292 Methionine 285, 291, 313 Methionyl tRNA 196 Methylamine 276, 278, 281, 282, 294 Methylotrophic yeasts 89, 134, 172, 201, 242,

264-294,265-270,272,273,277,282,285, 288,291-293

Methylotrophic yeasts (applications) 284 Michaelis-Menten equation 108

366 Subject Index

Microbodies, microbody-deficient mutants 273,274,278-282,284-285,288

Microscope, Van Leeuwenhoek's 3 Microtubules 137, 139, 214-217, 219 Milk of lime 319, 330 Milk, other dairy products (cow's and buffalo

milk, sheep and goat's milk) 237 Millet, Ragi 302 Mirin 233 Miso paste 232, 233, 298, 312 Mitochondria [staining with DAPI (4,6-

diamidino-2-phenylindole)] 173, 181, 182

Mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA 32, 88, 95, 101, 113, 115, 119, 120, 165, 173, 215, 242, 246,247,249,261,263,277,278,280,293

Cristae 247 Mitochondrial genes COX, COXII, COXIII

187 Mitosis 137, 138, 176, 215, 217, 218, 268, 285,

292,293 Modified enzyme-enzyme methods 325 Molasses, cane and sugar beet 73, 230, 231,

318,320,336,340,342 Blackstrap molasses 320

Molecular biology of yeasts 172 Molecular taxonomy 16, 57 Mono-ascoflavin 296 Mono-ascorubin 296 Monoamine oxidase 276, 280 Mother cells 81, 83, 134, 211 Mother-daughter control 212 MOXgene 274 mRNA 195,255,256,273,275,278,283 mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) 173, 177, 181,

182 Mucins 296 Mung bean 300 Mung dal, moth dal 301 Mustard 305, 306 MUT2 gene 267 Mutagenesis, in strain development 243, 244,

263, 285 Mutants, petite colonie (induction by ethidium

bromide, acriflavin, Mn++ ions; suppressive and hypersuppressive mutants) 150, 151, 182, 230, 249

Mutants, resistant (resistance to heavy metals, herbicides, antibiotics) 244

Mutants, temperature-sensitive 137 Mutation 227 Mutations 275, 276 Mycetocytes and mycetomes 52 Myeloperoxidase 66

n-Alkane 25,69, 75,234 n-Heptane, in sap of conifers 48 NaCI 231 Nan bread 300 Natto 233 Natural habitats and sporulation 145 Nectar 50 Nernst equation 104, 110 Nervous tissue 62 Nibbled colonies 180 Nicotinic acid, insuffciency 73 Nigericin 127 Nipa plant 321 Nitrate 26, 69, 240 Nitrate as N source 5 Nitrites 240 Nitrogen deficiency, nitrogen starvation 71, 72,

134, 261 In gaseous form for preserving active dry

yeast 229, 277, 281, 282, 294, 301, 319 In metabolism

Nitrogen, starvation for 176, see GCN4 gene, HSP genes

Nitrogenous material, ourines, amino acids, pyrimidines, betain, 5-methyl cytosine 73

Nitrosoguanidine 177 NMR (P32) 280 NMR spectra of yeast mannans in taxonomy 7 NMR spectra, cell wall mannans 41 Nogin apong 298 Non-permeant molecules 130 Nonfermentable carbon sources (acette, ethanol,

glycerol, dihydroxyacetone, pyruvate; inhibitors: mycophenolic acid, ethyl N­phenylcarbamate) 141

Nonsense suppressor mutations 198 Novozyme 234 250 Nuclear DNA 101 Nuclear envelope 219 Nuclear fusion 209, 214, 216, 219 Nuclear motors 219 Nucleic acids, in sporulation 144

In foods 313 Nucleolus 89, 171 Nucleosomes 138, 173, 177, 194, 202 Nucleus 101, 171, 256 Nucleus, nuclear fusion 89, 134, 137, 139,200,

215,219,248,256,262,274,276 Nucleus-protoplast fusions 249 Nutmeg 305 Nutrient limitation and the cell cycle 222 Nutrient reserves 71 Nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, trace

elements, growth factors) 68

Nystatin-rhodamine B stain, improved assay 157, 158

Oats 321 Ochratoxin 322 Oil pollution 57 Okazaki fragments 138 Oleic acid, oleates 276, 282, 293, 335 Oleoterpenes 48 Oligomycin 116 0 ligosaccharides 7 4 One-step gene disruption 270 Oral thrush 65 Orchard soils 53 Ortho-vanadate 130 Osmotolerance 23, 28, 34, 35, 77, 231-233, 237,

249,262 Other yeast signal sequences 257 Oxalacetate 279 Oxgall 34 Oxidative phosphorylation ll5, ll9 Oxygen 72,79,184-186,230,231,264,274,

327,328,335 Oyster grass 56

p21 protein 254 PAF1 gene 279 Pakoras 305 Palleroni (method for obtaining hybrids from

homothallic industrial yeast strains) 245 Palmitation 254 Pantothenic acid 73 Papad 298,301,302 Papain 230 PARS1, PARS2 genes 272 PAS1, PAS2, PAS3 genes 280 P AS3 gene 279 Passive transport (diffusion) 102, ll2 Patch clamping 103, ll7, 127, 132 Pathogenic yeast-like fungi 65 Pathogenic yeasts (to humans and other

animals) 59 Patulin 322 pBR322 255 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) in taxonomy

7 PCR fingerprinting 31 Peach 320 Pear 320 Pectinases 240, 319 Pectins 27, 264 Penicillin 244 Pentanedione 227, 261 Pentosans 332

Pentoses 86,332,348 PEP4 gene 254 Peptidase 250, 255

Subject Index 367

per-, pim- and pss-; microbody-deficient mutants 281

Periplasmic space 86, 87, 199, 201, 256, 257, 287

Permeability (water) 102 Permeases 87, ll3 Peroxisomes 172, 284 Peroxisomes (microbodies) (enzymes: CGR1,

CGR2, CGR3, CGR4) 25, 78, 89, 172, 265,273-277,279,280,282-284,289, 292,294

Petite colonie mutant 182, 264 PGK (phosphoglycerokinase) gene 259, 261 Phenylalanine, phenethyl alcohol 24 Pheromones, nuclear fusion, mating 202, 208,

219, 222, 256 Mating type 257

Phool warries 300 Phosphate 189, 254 Phosphatidylcholine 228 Phosphoglycerate kinase 253 Phosphoglycerolipids (choline ethanolamine,

serine, inositol) 97 Phospholipase C 223 Phosphomannan 86 Phosphoplipids 96-98, 100, 228, 296 Phosphorus and volutin granules 70, 72

In nutrition 297 Phosphorylation 254,274, 284 Phytates 296 Pichia yeast expression system 287 Pickles 295, 298 Pigeon droppings 63 Pigments 297 Pineapple 320 PKGmRNA 202 Plankton 56 Plant pathogens 47 Plant residues (wheat, corn, sweet clover,

peanut hulls, sunflower, soybean wastes 332

Plasma membrane 95, 96, 98, 101, 108, ll3, ll4, 117, 287

Plasma membrane H•-ATPase 116, 121 Plasmalemma 87, 95, 100, 101, 138 Plasmalogen (biosynthesis) 294 Plasmid pBR322 251 Plasmids 177, 179, 180, see ARSs, 2-Jlm

circle Plasmids 172, 180, 201, 227, 243, 250-252, 254,

255,257-260,268,270,272,275

368 Subject Index

Plasmids (Contd.) Plasmids: pYE (CEN3) 11; YCpSO, pJDB2I9,

pJDB207, YEp24 967 Platelet-derived growth factor 313

Plasmids in construction of killer strains I66-I68

pmal gene 116 PMP20 gene 280 PMP47 gene 279 PMP70 gene 279 PMR spectra (of yeast cell wall mannans) I8,

I9, 22 Pnosphoric acid 23I, 320 Po-ro apong 298 Polluted waters 54 Polyenes (nystatin, natamycin, candidicin,

amphotericin) 65 Polyethylene glycol (as fusogenic agent) 248,

249,268 Polyhydroxy alcohols 23, 69, 76-79, 232 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) I7, 34 Polymerases I, II, and III 138 Polymeric genes 26I Polypeptides ai and a2 204, 205 Polyphosphates 88 Polysaccharides 297 Polysomes I96, I99,250,255,256 Population density and sporulation I4I Postmeiotic segregation ISO Posttranslational modification 254 Potatoes 233, 3I8, 32I, 326 Poultry 233 Prairie soil 53 Pre-pro-a-directed protein secretion 257 Pre-S2-HBsAg 287 Premeiotic DNA synthesis I 52 Preservatives (essential oils, organic acids,

antioxidants, SO,) 239 Presporulation medium I40 Pretreatment of cellulose 33I Prevention of spoilage 238 Pristane 75 Prochymosin 254 Prochymotrypsin 257 Proinsulin 263 Proliferation 282 Promoters I84, I90, I92, 227, 250, 252, 255,

256,258,259 And promoter regions; activators and

suppressors; upstream up stream activators, upstream repressors, the TATA box GALl p promoter 222, 253

Propanol 244,26I Propionic acid 230

Propyl alcohol (pusel oil) 347 Proteases 30-227,228,235

Acid protease 260, 26I Protein kinase C 274 Protein kinases 137, I9I, 203, 208, 209, 2I4,

222,223 Protein synthesis I84 Protein, protein synthesis 88, I95, 200, 230,

24I, 250, 255, 259, 260, 263, 274, 275, 277, 278,280,28I,283,286,288,290,292,297, 300, 305, 313

Secretion 256, 257 Proteinase A 254 Proteinases 240 Proteins in cell membranes (regulatory proteins:

ai-2, ai, a2) 97,279 Proteolipid 228 Proteoliposomes 116, I23, I25 Proton extrusion in killer action ISS Proton gradient 119, I22 Proton motice force I 09, 119, 13I Proton pump 112, 118 Protonophore I26, 127 Protoplast fusion 23, 24, 69, 227, 229, 232, 243,

260, 267, 35I Protoplasts I72, 246, 249, 258 Pro top lasts

In patch clamping I27, I 53, I65, I66, I7I In construction of hybrids 23I, 248, 249,

2SI, 263, 327 Prototrophs 270, 272 Pseudohyphae 20 Pseudomycelium 80 Pseudomycelium as taxonomic criterion 5, 60 Pseudonigeran 86 Pulcherrimin 24 Puchwai 298 Pullulan 28, 326 Pullulanase 326, 327 Pulp mills 54, 55 Pulsed field gel electrophoresis 7, I75, 2SI Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (OF AGE,

FIGE, CHEF, TAFE) I8, I9, 227, 228, 248 Punjabi gram 301 Punjabi warries 300 Purine and pyrimidine bases 69 Pyranine I30, I32 Pyruvate 113 Pyruvic acid 350, 352

Radiation and sporulation I42 Raffinose 230 Rain tree pods 32I Rajmah idli 304

Random amplification of polymorphic DNAs (RAPD) 18, 57

Random spore analysis 267 Rare-mating for construction of hybrids 165,

166,227,243,245,260,263 ras proteins 220, 223 ras-related genes 221 RAS1, RAS2 genes 221 Rat liver nuclei, fusions 249 Receptors

Of killer toxins 155 Of mating factors 208, 218-220 Other 279, 281, see Mating factor

Recognition (of proteins) 279 Recombination, homologous 270 Reconstituted plasma membrane vesicles 125 Red yeasts as index of pollution 55 Redox energy 108 Redox reactions 95, 119 Regulation of proliferation 282 Reorientation of cells in alternating electric

fields 155 Replication origins 178, 202 Replication, DNA and proteins required 176-

180, 194, 269, 292 Replication forks 138 Of mitochondrial DNA and dsRNA 154,

181 Origins of replication 253

Repression by glucose 230, 282, 283, 284 Resistance to antibiotics [imidazoles, G418,

hygromycin B; heavy metals: Cu, CUP1; herbicides: sulfomet uron methyl, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)] 66, 252

Respiratory chain 95, 108, 113, 118-120, 277

Restriction digests, restriction sites 17,251, 255,258

BamH1 251 Restriction endonuclease analysis 57 Restriction enzymes 172 Restriction fragment length polymorphism

(RLFPs) 18 Retinal rods and cones 220 Rhodopsin 208 Riboflavin 312 Ribonuclease H 179 Ribose 350 Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) 17, 34, 57, 67 Ribosomal nucleic acids in taxonomy 7 Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 17, 34, 88 Ribosomes 87-89, 101, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201,

202,250,255,256

Subject Index 369

Rice straw 332 Rice, rice starch 233, 298, 299, 302, 303, 321,

326 Rice-based foods and drinks 298 RNA polymerase II 194 Rose Bengal 34 rRNA 174 Ruhi 298 Rutin (a flavonoid) 53

S phase 177, see Cell division cycle S-hydroxymethylglutathione 281 Saccharification by cellulolytic organisms 331 Saccharocin 312 Saccharomycetaceae 13 Saffron 305 Sago 302,322 Sake 228,229,248,296,312 Sal seeds 322 Salt-rising bread 232 Sandoi 302 Sanitary landfills 52 Sarcoma virus 221 Sauerkraut 295,312 Scarlet fever 59 sec18 mutant 286 Secretion signal 254 Secretion vectors 227 Secretion, SEC4 gene 199, 201, 221, 252, 255,

259,285-287 Secretory pathway 254 Sediments 56 Seki papad 298 Selection of strains 243, 244 Semicontinuous fermentation 340 Sendai virus as fusogenic agent 246 Septum 139 Serology 6 Serotonin 203 Serotyping 18 Serum albumin 254, 259 Sewage 55 Sherry 228 Shmoo 215, 219 Shochu 233 Shuttle vectors 272 Sigma elements 174 Signal peptidase 199 Signal peptide 100 Signal sequence 250, 254, 256, 259 Signal transduction 202, 203, 214, 220, 223 Signal transmission 208, 209, 219 Signal-recognition particle 100 Signalling systems 99, 221

370 Subject Index

Silencer element 190 Simple diffusion 102 SIN genes 212 Single-chromosome transfer 227, 243, 245 SIR genes, regulators of HMLa and HMRa

loci 210 Skin respiratory factor 313 Slime fluxes 39, 41 Smallpox 59 Snail digestive juice, dissolving cell walls 150 SNF3 gene 123 so, 240 Sodium azide 116, 117 Sodium phosphate 320 Solid-phase fermentation 343 Soluble proteins 18 Somatostatin 172, 259 Sondige 298 Sonti annam 299 Sophorosides 25, 75 Sorbitan monostearate 230 Sorbitol as osmotic stabilizer 248 Sorghum, including sweet sorghum 302, 312,

314,318,321,343 Sourdough bread 232, 296, 298, 312 South American fruit fly 33 Southern analysis 270 Soy sauce 23, 233, 298, 312 Soybeans, soy sauce 232, 303 Special techniques in membrane studies 125 Speciation 36, 44 Spent sulfite liquor 26, 231, 233, 234 Spent sulfite liquors (contains lignosulfonic

acids, sugars, insufficient nitrogen) 74 Spermophthoraceae 13 Sphingolipids 78, 228 Spindle pole body (SPB) 137, 214-216, 218,

219 Spoilage yeasts 46, 235, 241 Spore germination 152 Spore morphology 84 Spore viability 140 Spores per ascus, two- and four-spored asci

[acetate, glucose (minimal), amino acids, glycerol, 4-spored. High cell densities, high temperatures, ethidium bromide, in creased numbers of 2-spored asci] 143

Spores, nature and composition 144-146 Spores, spore forms 83 Sporobolomycetaceae 14 Sporophore 84 Sporulation 140, 151, 152, 204, 245, 263, 267

Induction and regulation 146 Changes in the yeast nucleus 147

Sporulation media 141 Srikhand 305 STA2 gene 246 Stabilization and expression 259 Staining of killed cells with rhodamine B and

bromocresol purple 155-157 Starch saccharification 323 Starch solubilization by heating 323 Starches 227,231,233,252,260,312,315,317-

328,334,343,350,351 Starchy feedstocks 321 Start of cell division cycle 137, 192, 199 Starvation 176, 204, 216 STE12 gene 209, 219, see MCM1 gene STE2, STE3 genes 208, 222 Sterols 44, 261 Stillage (vinasse) 348-350 Substrate concentration 335 Sue genes 17 4, see Invertase Succinate 278 Sugar 73,230,231,252,317,320,321

Sucrose gradients 252 Sugar beets 318-320, 343 Sugar cane 318, 319, 343, 351 Sugar cane wax 319 Sugars [glucose, galactose, maltose, sucrose,

melibiose (sometimes), raffinose, melezitose, starch] 68, 232, 233, 315, 324, 329

Sulfites in molasses 320 Sulfonamides 118 Sulfur 70 Sulfuric acid (H2S04 ) 319, 320, 329, 330 SUP4 gene 258 Suppressors 258 Sweet potatoes 318 Swelling agents (methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl

cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose) 229 SWI genes 212 Sweet potato 233, 321 Symba process (for starch utilzation) 27 Symport 112, 113, 115, 119, 121-123, 131 Synaptonemal complex 139 Synconium 45 Systemic infections 61

T 4 bacteriophage 251 Tamarind 306 Tamarind seed wastes 322 Tanning liquors (tannins) 27, 42 Tapioca 343 Targeting signal 280 TATA box 191, 192 Tau elements 174

Taxonomy 11-32 History of 4, 241

TCA cycle and sporulation 141 Tea infusion 229 Teekvass (Russia) 229 Teliospores 30, 135 Telomerase 138 Telomeres and silencing of the HMR locus

175, 176, 203, 210, 258 Tempe 296 Temperature 335 Temperature and sporulation 142 Temperature-sensitive mutants 267 Terminators, termination 190, 195, 198, 227,

250,252,255 Tetanus 59 Tetanus toxin fragment C 286, 287, 289 Tetraacetyl phytosphingosine 86 Tetracyclin 251, 252 Tetrad analysis and melibiose fermentation

8, 150, 152, 267 Tetrads 152 Thaumatin, preprothaumatin 257 The starch molecule 322 Thermodynamics of transport processes 109 Thermophilic bacteria 352 Thermotolerance 24, 189, 284 Thiamin 62, 312 Thiolase 276 Threonine deaminase 261 Throwaway sequence in construction of Y ACs

258 rhumba 299 Tibi 229 Tinea versicolor 64 Tissue plasminogen activator 257, 313 Toddy (kallu) (sendi toddy, tari toddy, nareli

toddy) 305 Tomato pickle 306 Tonoplast 108, 113, 114, 117, 118, 126 Torani 299 Tower fermentor 226, 341 Toxin T2 322 Traditional processes 285 Transformation

In yeasts 9, 151, 171, 202, 221, 227, 243,244, 250, 251, 252, 260, 263, 268, 269, 270, 272, 287, 289, 291, 292

In construction of killer strains 165, 167 Transcription (ofMOX) 178, 183-186, 190-

194, 198, 206, 219, 250, 254, 259, 278, 283, 284, see Inactivation; transcription and polymerases

Regulation of 212

Subject Index 371

Transfer RNA 88 Transformants 272 Transketolase 77, 277, 278, 289 Translation 188, 193, 194, 198-200, 203, 250,

259 Regulation of 198

Translocation 279, 280 Transmembrane proteins 99, 100, 217 Transport ATPases 117, 131 Transport proteins 102 Transport systems in yeast membranes 113 Transport work 110 Transport, transport vesicles 101, 281 Transporters 280 Transposable elements 174, see Ty, tau, and

sigma sequences Treatments for Malassezia 64 Trehalose 71, 72, 88, 231 Triacetyl dihydrosphingosine 86 Triangular cells 80 Trichosporon infections 64 Triglycerides 78 Triterpenes and glycosides 41, 44 tRNA 174 TRP1 gene 258 Trypsin inhibitor 296 Tuberculosis 59 Tubulin 221 TUF protein interacts with HOMOLl and

RPG 193 Tumor necrosis factor 172, 259 Turmeric 305, 306 Tween 80 228 Ty elements 174, 253 Typhoid fever 59 Tyrosine kinase 221

Ubiquitin, CDC34 gene 218, 281,284,294 Uniport, uniporter 112, 116, 131 Unleavened bread 2 Uppumensinakai (fermented green chilli) 298,

306 Upstream activation site 259 Upstream activator sequences (UASs) 184 Upstream elements 189 URA3 gene (orotidine-5'phosphate

decarboxylase) 258-292 Urate oxidase 277 Urban pollution 55 Urea 231 Ureidosuccinic acid, [URE3] element 173,

174 Uric acid 313 UV irradiation, for mutagenesis 249

372 Subject Index

Vacuolar contents (S-adenosyl methionine, lysine, isoguanine, uric acid, K ions) 89

V8 agar for sporulation of Metschnikowia spp. 141

Vaccine 286 Vacuolar transport 118 Vacuole 89, 95, 113, 114, 117, 119, 131, 171,

250, 255 Vacuolar H+-ATPase 116 Vacuolar proteases 254

Vadai 301, 304, 305 Dahi V adai 305

V aggaranai idli 304 Valinomycin 110, 125, 127

Effect on cytoplasmic membrane 155 Vanadate 116, 117, 294 Vanoxin 312 V arl protein 182 Vegetable oil 306 Vegetables 23 7 Vesicles, secretory vesicles 95, 100, 110, 117,

171, 199, 250, 256 Vicinal diketones 227, 261 Vitamins (B-complex and others) 296, 297,

300,301,312 Vitamin D3 312

Volutin 89

Warries 298, 304 Water activity 142, 241

Spoilage by osmotolerant yeast 238 Well test for killer activity 155, 156 Wetting agents [sorbitan fatty acid esters, fatty

acid esters of glycerol, mono- and diglycerides (glycerol stearate and lactate) and propylene glycol] 229

Wheat, wheat bran 232, 299, 300, 302, 304, 318, 321, 322

Wheat-based foods and drinks 299 Whey 317, 333 Whisky 3 Wine 3,32,65,226,228,235,242,261,298

Wood pulp 225 Wood chips (for cellulose fermentation) 329 Wort dextrins 260

X-irradiation 72 X ylanases 240 Xylitol 77 Xylose 26, 34, 72, 104, 134, 233, 278, 285, 289,

290,317,348,351,352 Xylulose, xylulose monophosphate 277, 285,

332

YACs (Yeast Artificial Chromosomes) 9, 172, 227, 250, 257, 258

Yeast centromere plasmids (YCp) 252 Yeast episomal plasmids (YEp) 252 Yeast extract 287 Yeast genetics, history (alternation of

generations) 149 Yeast genome 138, 173,261 Yeast integrating plasmids (Yip) 252 Yeast nutrients, commercial 73 Yeast replicating plasmids (YRp) 252 Yeast-based industries 259 Yeasts in Antarctic soils 53 Yeasts and bark beetles 47 Yeasts and cacti 42 Yeasts and Drosophila spp. 50 Yeasts in Indian fermented foods 298 Yeasts on leaf surfaces (Phylloplane) 39 Yeasts in other fermented foods 312 Yeasts on skin and other body parts 59 Yeasts in soils 52 Yeasts as intracellular symbionts 52 Yoghurt 304 YPT gene 221

Zealarenone 322 Zellweger' s syndrome 280, 281, 292 Zone formation 155 Zygote 133, 171, 209, 214, 215, 217, 245 Zymocins 153

Species Index

Yeasts Species

Ambrosiozyma sp. 48 Ashbya gossipii 28, 47 Aspergillus sp. 66 Aureobasidium

pullulans 27, 28, 53, 56 sp. 39,40

Blastomyces dermatitidis 59, 60, 65 Brettanomyces

anomalus 317 bruxellensis 7 4 clausseni 317 custersii 92 sp. 15, 34, 71, 316

Bullera sp. 14, 29, 30 Bullera (Sporobolomyces) singularis 31

Candida 5, 11, 15, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 40, 48, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 65, 66, 71, 75, 153,301,306,308,312

albicans 18 tro picalis 18 parapsilosis 19

Candida albicans 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66, 67, 85, 98, 133,

153 antarctica 75 aquatica 301 bogoriensis 25, 39, 75, 79 boidinii 25, 44, 75, 172, 234, 268, 270, 279,

285,291 bombicola 78, 79 bombicola 50, 75, 78 brumptii 310 cacaoi 302 capsuligena 310 claussenii 60, 311 curiosa 310 curvata 48, 301 diffluens 39

famata 303, See Torulopsis candida famata Imperf. stage of Debaryomyces

hansenii 56, 233, 300, 301 foliarum 39 fragicola 302 glabrata 62, 173, 302, See Torulopsis

glabrata guilliermondii 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 299, 308,

See Pichia guilliermondii ingens 26, 42, See Candida utilis ingens 51 intermedia 75, 311 javanicus 39 kefyr 302, 316 krusei 38, 51, 56, 57, 61, 153, 299, 300, 301,

302,304 lactosa 307 lipolytica 75, 240, See Yarrowia lipolytica lusitaniae 61, 317 macedoniensis 316 maltosa 25, 57, 75 membranaefaciens 301, 316 methanolica 25 milleri 232, 295 mogii 22 molischiana 317 multis-gemmis 46 mycoderma 308 oregonensis 48 parapsilosis 56, 60, 61, 62, 81, 301, 302 pelliculosa 302 polymorpha 233, 309 pseudotropicalis 61, 311, 316, 317 pulcherrima 38, 57, 72 reukaufii 50, 57, See Metschnikowia rekaufii rugosa 309 sake 60,61,235,302,311 shehatae 26, 48 solani 309 sonorensis 25, 44, 51, 75, 172 sorbosa 56 sorboxylosa 46

374 Species Index

Candida (Contd.) sp. 264,300 stellata 310 stellatoidea 60 tenuis 42, 48, 309 tropicalis 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 75, 89, 299, 302,

308,316 utilis 26, 27, 61, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 226, 233,

234,248,263,312 valida 309 vartiovaarai 300 versatilis 235, 317 vini 310 viswanathii 61 wickerhamii 317 zeylanoides 61, 238

Candida (Torulopsis) bombi 22,23 bombicola 22, 23, 24, 25 lactis-condensi 22, 23 magnoliae 22, 23, 24

Ceratocystis sp. 47 Chionosphaera sp. 30 Chlamydozyma sp. 57 Citeromyces

matritensis 22 sp. 40

Clavispora 17 opuntiae 10 sp. 42, 317

Coccidiascus legeri 28, 52 sp. 14, 134 immitis 59, 60, 65

Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus 38, 46, 53, 54, 237 cereanus 36, 42, 44, 51, See

Sporopachydermia cereana dimennae 53 humicola 301 infirmo-miniata 238 laurentii 38, 39, 53, 54, 249

laurentii var. laurent ii 238 neoformans 30, 59, 62, 67, 202, See

Filobasidiella neoformans sp. 11, 29, 39, 44, 45, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59,

62, 65, 66, 71, 79, 86, 154, 237, 240, 249

terreus 53

Debaryomyces castelli 316 hansenii 22, 23, 31, 55, 56, 57, 235, 239, 301,

302,311, See Candidafamata

kloeckera 311 membranaefaciens 310 nepalensis 53 phaffii 50, 311 sp. 55, 75, 134, 141, 153, 300, 316 tamarii 302 vanrijii 48 Dipodascus aggregatus 41

Endomyces sp. 134 Endomycopsis

burtonii 238, 299, 307, See Saccharomycopsis burtonii

capsularis 77, See Saccharomycopsis capsularis

castelli 316 chodatii 77, See Pichia burtonii fibuligera 299, 308, 316 monospora 306 sp. 307 vini 310

Fibulobasidium inconspicuum 30 Filobasidiella

bacillispora 62, See Cryptococcus neoformans

sp. 14, 30 Filobasidium sp. 14, 29, 30

Geotrichum candidum 39, 40, 46, 64, 65, 66, 234, 299,

301, 302, 308 capitatum 57 penicillatum 57 sp. 59

Hanseniaspora osmophila 81, 82 sp. 14, 52, 55, 311 valbyensis 238

Hansenula alni 41 americana 48 anomala 22, 72, 238, 239, 299, 300, 301, 302,

306, 308, See also Hansenula anomala var. ciferri 299

bimundalis 48 capsularis 48 capsulata 247, 248 dryadoides 41 jadinii 26, 42, 61, 72, 312 mrakii 54, 153 nonfermentans 41 polymorpha 9, 25, 51, 75, 88, 134, 172, 234,

265,266,267,268,269,270,271,272,273,

274,275,276,277,278,280,281,283,284, 285,286,289,290,291,293, 301,See Pichia angusta

populi 41 saturnus 54, 56 sp. 11, 33, 39, 48, 55, 71, 78, 86, 123, 141,

153, 154, 264, 300, 308, 312 subpelliculosa 233, 309 wingei 41, 134

Hanssenula californica 54 Histoplasma

capsulatum 59, 60, 65 duboisii 59

Holtermannia corniformis 30

Issatchenkia terricola 302

Kloeckera apiculata 29, 239 japonica 306 magna 51 sp. 15, 29, 46, 71, 79, 311, 312 vini 85

Kluyveromyces africanus 24 apiculata 50 bulgaricus 235, 311 cellobiovorus 317 dobzhanskii 50 drosophilarum 24, 50, 56 fragilis 24, 50, 153, 248, 311, 316 lactis 24, 92, 93, 153, 155, 157, 158, 159, 164,

166,169,173,233,235,249,257,272

marxianus 24, 50, 126, 153, 235, 301, 311, 316, 317

phaffii 153 phaseolosporus 24, 50 polysporus 24 sp. 17, 18, 24, 40, 50, 53, 54, 55, 84, 85, 141,

233, 237, 238, 300, 312 thermotolerans 24, 50, 316, See

Kluyveromyces veronae vanudenii 24 veronae 50, 51, See Kluyveromyces

thermotolerans waltii 24 wickerhamii 51

Leucosporidium sp. 14, 29 Lipomyces

anomalus 53 kononenkoae 53 lipofer 53

sp. 14, 134 starkeyi 53 tetrasporus 53

Malassezia

Species Index 375

furfur 60, 63, See Pityrosporum orbiculare sp. 15, 30, 59

Metschnikowia australis 29 bicuspidata 29, 35, 59, 85 hawaiiensis 29, 49, 57, 67 krissii 29, 59 lunata 29, 49 pulcherrima 29, 49, 55, 72, 310 reukaufii 29, 33, 38, 122, 131 sp. 11, 57, 59, 69, 83, 141 zobellii 29

Monascus purpureus 296

Nadsonia sp. 14, 53, 84, 85, 134

Nematospora coryli 28, 4 7 sp. 14, 134

Oospora sp. 7 5

Pachysolen tannophilus 11, 26, 84, 85, 134, 135, 248,249,317,332,352,352

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 59, 60, 65 Phaffia

rhodozyma 30, 83, 249 sp. 15, 29, 249

Pichia abadieae 42 adzetii 42 amethionina 36, 42

var. methionina 36 var. pac hycereanus 36

amethionina var. amthionina 51 amylophila 48 angusta 25, 264, 265, See Hansenula

polymorpha antillensis 42 burtonii 299 cactophila 36, 44, 51 carabaea 20 chambardii 42 deserticola 42 farinosa (Pichia miso) 23, 71, 72, 233, 306,

309, 312 guilliermondii 56 haplophila 48 heedii 36, 42 humboldtii 127, 131

376 Species Index

Pichia (Contd.) kluyveri 39, 46, 54, 56, 153 membranaefaciens 7, 17, 36, 46, 56, 84, 85,

237,300,301,306,309,312 methanolica 25, 75, 292 mexicana 26, 42, 44 mississippiensis 48 ohmeri 20, 84, 85, 239, 310 opuntiae 36, 42

var. opuntiae var. thermotolerans

pastoris 9, 25, 75, 172, 201, 234, 255, 262, 264,265,267,268,269,270,272,273,275, 276,278,281,282,286,289,290,291,292, 293

pinus 25, 75, 135, 264, 265, 267, 272, 283, 292,293

rhodanensis 42 saitoi 309 scolyti 48 sp. 11, 33, 48, 55, 69, 71, 75, 85, 86, 124, 134,

141, 264, 300, 307, 312 spartinae 56 stipitis 26, 27, 317 strasburgensis 42 terricola 38, 56 toletana 42

Pityrosporum orbiculare 60, 63, See Malassezia furfur ovale 63, See Malassezia furfur pachydermatis 63, See Malassezia furfur sp. 59

Prototheca sp. 40 zopjii 41, 57

Rhodosporidium sp. 14, 29, 57, 135, 249 Rhodotorula

crocea 48 glutinis 38, 56, 105, 122, 300, 301 graminis 39, 56, 302 /actosa 301 marina 39, 56 minuta 53, 56, 59 mucilaginosa 61, See Rhodotorula rubra polymarina 301 rubra 45, 56, 61 sp. 11, 15, 19, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 71, 72, 75,

78, 79, 83, 135, 154, 237, 249, 300, 308, 312

Saccharomyces acidifaciens 233, 309 acidifaciens var. halomembranis 309.

bayanus 7,21,36,68,300,310 bisporus 239 bisporus v. mel/is 239 busae-asiaticae 308 carbajali 310 car/sbergensis 21, 68, 150, 310, 316 cerevisiae 7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 20, 21, 32, 36,

40, 53, 54, 55, 68, 69, 71, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 98, 116, 134, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 153, 154, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 175, 180, 228,233,248,249,252,257,262,264,268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 279, 280, 281, 284, 286, 290, 291, 292, 300, 301

var. ellipsoideus 310 var. uvarum 158, 159, 162, 163, 166 var. ellipsoideus 305 var. monta nus 51 var. uvarum 157

cheresiensis 316 chevalieri 306, 308 dairensis 22, 238 delbrueckii 310

diastaticus 27, 76, 246, 247, 252, 262, 263, 316, 327, 351

ellipsoideus 316 exiguus 22, 308 fermentati 316 fragilis 316 inconspicua 22 inusitatus 308 kejir 311 kluyveri 22, 38, 51, 85, 246, 316 majortaette 311 marscianus 310 minor 308 montanus 51 oviformis 316 paradoxus 21, 38, 153 pastorianus 7, 21, 36, 68, 150, 312 pyriformis 311 rosei 23, 49, 54, 309, See Torulaspora

delbrueckii rouxii 263 sake 307 servazzii 22 specialis 311 spencerorum 22 sp. 4, 5, 56, 58, 67, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 79, 130,

142, 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 171, 173, 177, 179, 183, 201, 202, 203, 233, 234, 235, 241, 263, 300, 302, 304, 307, 312, 316,317,332,333,334,335,350

tel/uris 22

unisporus 22

uvarum 299, 307, Probably Saccharomyces pastorianus

Saccharomycodes ludwigii 8, 134, 150, 229, 239,

306 Saccharomycopsis

capsularis 27, 85 fibuligera 27, 48, 233, 238, 240, 261, 299, 307,

327

Sarcinosporon sp. 30 Schizoblastosporion

sp. 29 starkeyi-henricii 53

Schizosaccharomyces japonicus

var. japonicus 22, 141

var. versatilis 22 malidevorans 22, 316 octosporus 22, 35, 41, 84, 146, 237

pombe 22, 74, 81,85, 97,98, 116,122,124,

130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 141, 169, 173, 175,

177,179,180,183,228,249,252,262,306,

310,316

sp. 11, 12, 13, 17, 32, 86, 134, 141, 310, 311

Schwanniomyces alluvius 316, 350 castelli 316, 328 occidentalis 27, 53, 76, 79, 316, 317, 327

sp. 20,134,240,260

Sirobasidium magnum 30 Sporidiobolus

pararoseus 168 sp. 14, 135, 154

Sporobolomyces pararoseus 53 salmonicolor 53, 56

sp. 14, 29, 55 Sporothrix (Sporotrichum) schenkii 59, 60, 65

Sterigmatomyces halophilus 81 sp. 15, 30, 31

Sterigmatosporidium sp. 14

Torula cremoris 316,317 Torulaspora

delbrueckii 22, 23, 39, 232, 317 globosa 317 pretoriensis 317 sp. 20, 23

Torulopsis 5, 23, 40, 48, 55, 60

apicola 49 candida 302, 308

colliculosa 308 delbrueckii 310

ernobii 52, 310

etchellsii 233, 309

famata 309 fragaria 46

Species Index 3 77

glabrata 60, 92, 168 globosa 310 halonitratophila 233, 309

halophila 233, 309 holmii 302, 308

karawaewi 52 lactis 309 lactis-condensi 239 magnoliae 38, 77, 261, See Candida

magnoliae mannitofaciens 233, 309

melibiosum 48 molischiana 41, 42 rnultisgernrnis 46, 48, 49 nitratophila 48 nodaensis 233, 309

pustulata 46 sp. 133,154,237,300,304,307,316

sphaerica 309

sphaericus 235 stellata 51 versatilis 72, 233, 239, 309 xestobii 52

Torulopsis (Candida) ingeniosa 39

Tremella sp. 30

Trichosporon 2, 11, 15, 40, 55, 59, 64, 65, 81,

85,240,300,304,316 beemeri 64

behrendii 233, 309

beige iii 301, 302

capitatum 64

cutaneum 28, 55, 56, 56, 64, 75, See Trichosporon beigelii

inkin 64 penicillatum 55 pullulans 41, 238, 301, 302, 303 terrestre 53

Trichosporonoides oedocephalis 24, 27, 28, 54, 77

Trigonopsis sp. 11 variabilis 14, 15, 69, 80, 85

Ustilago maydis 78, 153, 169 sp. 154

Wickerhamia sp. 14, 29 Wingea

robertsii 301, 302 sp. 134

3 78 Species Index

Yarrowia lipolytica 25, 57, 75, 79, 84, 226, 234, 235, 240, 260, 311, See Candida lipolytica

Zygosaccharomyces bailii 22, 23, 33, 77, 85, 153, 180, 233, 237,

239 bisporus 22, 33, 35, 180, 239 cidri 22 fermentati 22 florentinus 22 microellipsoides 22, 316 mrakii 22 nukamiso 309 rouxii 22, 23, 33, 77, 180, 231, 235, 237, 238,

239,248,249,300,307,309,312 var. halomembranis 309

sp. 2, 23, 69, 71, 84, 134, 141, 173, 237

Fungal Species

Amylomyces oryzae 299 rouxii 299

Aspergillus awamori 233 nidulans 92

oryzae 228, 312, 318 sojae 232 sp. 66, 257

Fusarium lini 318, 350 moniliforme 249 oxysporum 318

Mucor fragilis 299 javanicus 299 prainii 299 rouxianus 299 sp. 318

Neurospora crassa 116 sp. 296

Paecilomyces lilaceum 257 Penicillium

roquefortii 235 sp. 244

Phallus impudicus (Stinkhorn fungus) 51 Podospora anserina 92

Rhizopus arrhizus 299 cambodja 299 oligosporus 296, 312 sonti 299 sp. 318

Saccharopolyspora hirsuta 312 sp. 312

Trichoderma harzianum 250 reesei 249, 257, 260

Bacterial Species

Acetobacter xylinum 229

Aerobacter aerogenes 261, 318, 350 cloacae 302 indologenes 318 polymyxa 350

Aeromonas hydrophila 318 sp. 318

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 302 macerans 318 natto 233 polymyxa 318 sp. 302, 304 subtilis 260, 30 I

Betabacterium vermiforme 229 Brevibacterium linens 235

Cellobacterium cellosolvens 350 Clostricium thermosulfurogens 318 Clostridium

acetobutylicum 318 perfringens 318 thermocellulaseum 318 thermocellum 318 thermosaccharolyticum 318 thermosulfurogens 318

Enterobacter aerogenes 261,318 sp. 301

Erwinia amylovora 318 Escherichia coli 251, 318, 350

Flavobacter sp. 301

Klebsiella sp. 318

Lactobacillus brevis 304 bulgaricus 304 casei 304, 318 coryneformis 302 delbrueckii 302 fermenti 302, 304 fermentum 301, 302 helveticus 304 plantarum 304 sanfrancisco 232 sp. 300

Leuconostoc delbrueckii 301 mesenteroides 301, 302, 304 sp. 235, 318

Pediococcus cerevisiae 302 halophilus 233 sp. 300

Ruminococcus albus 318

Sarcina sp. 318 ventriculi 318, 351

Serratia plymuthica 45, See Serratia ficaria Spirochaeta stenostrepta 318 Streptococcus

dextranicum 304 faecalis 301, 302, 304 lactis 302 sp. 300 thermophilus 304

Thermoactinobacter ethanolicus 318 Thermoanaerobium

blockii 318 brockii 351

Zymomonas mobilis 76, 318, 351 Zymosarcina ventriculi 350

Crops

Apple (Pomace) 321, 343 Apricot 320 Asafoetida 306

Babassu nuts 318 Banana 300,320 Barley 3,233,260

Species Index 379

Barley, huskless (Hordeum nudum) 299 Beans 28,47, 303 Bengal gram 304,305 Bhagar millet (Panicum milliaceum) 304 Black currants 46 Black gram (Phaseolus mungo) 300, 301,

304

Cabbage 295,312 Cardamon 300 Carrot (Daucus carota) 306 Cashew apple 305 Cassava 318,322,328 Cauliflower 46 Cereals (Wheat, corn, oats, barley) 321 Chillies 306 Citrus fruits (Wastes) 28, 29, 33, 39, 46, 47, 53,

321 Coriander 305, 306 Corn (Zea mays) 318, 321 Corn stover 348 Cotton 28, 47 Cucumbers 23 Cumin 305 Currants 22

Dates 22

Fenugreek 304,306 Figs 22, 45, 46, 51 Fir (Abies, Peudotsugae) 48 Fodder beets 318, 319, 343

Garlic 305 Ginger (Mango ginger) 305, 306 Gourds 305 Grapes (Pomace) 29,46, 320,321 Guar 287

Hazelnuts 28

Jackfruit 322 Jerusalem artichoke 233, 318, 334

Lemons 306 Mangolds 319 Millet (Ragi millet; Eleusine coracana) 299,

302 Mint 304 Mung bean 300, 304 Mustard 305, 306

380 Species Index

Nipa (Nipa fruticans) 321

Onions 53, 54, 304

Peach (Residues) 320, 321 Pear 320 Pecans 28,47 Pineapple 320 Pinus sp. (pines) 48 Pomegranates 28, 47 Potatoes 304, 318, 322, 328

Raisins 22 Rajmah (Phaseolus vulgaris) 304 Raspberries 46 Rice (and straw) 28, 47, 233, 298, 303, 304, 312,

332

Sal seed (Residues from oil recovery) 322 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) 299, 302, 312, 318,

321, 343 Soybeans 28,47,233,304 Strawberries 46 Sugar beet 73 Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) 318, 319, 343 Sugar cane (Sacharum sp.) 318, 319, 343 Sugar cane 73 Sweet potato 233, 321

Tamarind 322 Tapioca (residues) 343 Tomatoes 28, 46, 306 Turmeric 305

VVheat 299,318,322

Plants and Trees

Acacia 42

Backebergia sp. 36 Beta vulgaris (Sugar beet) 319 Birch 41 Borassus flabellifer 305 Carnegia gigantea (Saguaro) 36 Chestnut 42 Cocoa nucifera 305 Cucumis me/a (Cucumber) 92

Daucus carat a var. sativa (carrot) 306

Eleusine coracana 302 Elm 39

Hordeum nudum 299

Lophocereus schottii (Senita) 36

Madhuca /ongifolia 308

Nipa fructicans 321

Oak (Red oak and slime fluxes) 40 Opuntia sp. 35, 36, 37, 43, 44, 46 Opuntia sp. (prickly pear) 36

Pachycereus pringlei (Cardon) 36 Phaseolus mungo 301 Phoenix sylvestris 305 Populus tricarpa (Cottonwood) 41

Quebracho 42

Saccharum sp. (Sugar cane) 319 Sorghum

bicolor 299, 321 caffosum 312 vulgare 312

Spartina a/terniflora 56 Stenocereus

alamocensis ( Cina) 36 gummosis (Agria) 36 thurberi (Organ pipe) 36

Sumac 42

Zea mays (corn) 92 Zizipus mauritiana (Ber fruits) 306

Insects

Acrosternum hi/are (pumpkin bug) 47 Anastrepha fratercu/us 33 Apis mellifera 49

Blastophaga psenes 45 Bombus sp. (Bumble bees) 49

Cactoblastis cactorum 35, 43, 44 Carpophilus hemipterus 46 Ceratitis capitata 33 Chrysopa

carnea 39, 49 sp. 47

Daphnia magna 29 Dendroctonus sp. 33, 47

Drosophila buzzati 35 funebris 52 melanogaster 50, 52 mettleri 44, 51 mojavensis 51 nigrospiracula 44, 51 pachea 44 phallerata 51 simulans 50 sp. 28, 33, 36, 39, 44, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 138

suboscura 51

Species Index 381

Dysdercus sp. (Cotton-stainer bug) 29, 47

Euschistus servus (Stink bug) 47

Ips sp. (Bark beetles) 33, 47

Leptoglossus zonatus (Leaf-footed bug) 47 Lissocephalus sp. 51

Oebalus pugnax (Rice stink bug) 47

Scolytus sp. 4 7, 48