notation, drawing office practice and dimensional coordination

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1 Notation, drawing office practice anddimensional coordination

CIJSfB(1976 evised) (A3t)and (F43)UDC: 744 and69.032

KEY POINT:• Forclear understanding the conventions must be ollowed.

Contents1 Notation

2 Papersizes

3 Ordnance survey maps4 Drawings5 Measuring instruments

6 Dimensional coordination

7 Planning8 References

1 NOTATION

1.01 DecimalmarkerThe decimal marker (full stop) on the baselineis the standard

decimalpointin theUK;but themarkeratthehalfway position isalso acceptable. Itshould be noted thatContinental practice s touse the commaon the baseline.

When he value to beexpressed is less than unity it should be

precededby zero (e.g. 0.6 not .6). Whole numbers may be

expressed withouta decimal marker. The appropriate number of

decimalplaces should be chosen depending on the circumstances

inwhich the resulting valueis tobe used.

Thousand markerTo avoid confusion with the Continental decimal marker, no

thousand marker should be used. Wherelegibility

needs to be

Table ISummaryof symbols andnotation

improved a spacecan be left in large groupsofdigits at everythousandpoint. Where there areonlyfourdigits,aspacebetween

the first digitand the othersis not desirable e.g. 15000,1500).

(However, thecommais used in currency, e.g. £115,000.)

1.02 Symbols1 The mainsymbols shouldbeusedasshown nTable I. Thesame

symbol, i.e.m, mm,kg, should be used for singular and pluralvalues (1kg, 10kg), and no full stops or other punctuationmarks hould beusedafter hesymbolunless toccurs at heend

of a sentence. Use a 'solidus' or sloping line as a separatorbetween numerator and denominator, i.e. 3kg/rn3 or 3kg/cum

(threekilograms percubicmetre).2 Asingle spaceshould separate figures fromsymbols: 10m,not

lOm.

3 The unit should bewritten nfull if here sany doubt aboutthe

symbol. Forexample, the recognised unit symbol1 for the unit

litre canbeconfusedwiththenumber1 andit slessconfusingto write litre in full. Also, the unit symbol t for tonnemay in

somecircumstances beconfusedwith he imperial ton, and the

unit tonneshould thenbe written in full.

4 When symbols are raised to variouspowers, it is only the

symbol which is involved and not the number attached to it.Thus 3m3 equals 3(m)3 and not 3m X 3m X 3m (i.e. the

answeris 3 cubicmetres and not 27 cubicmetres).5 Difficulty maybe experienced when reproducing the squaring

and cubingindices m2 ormm2,andm3 ormm3. In such cases,units maybe writtenwith the ndices on the line insteadofas

superscripts (m2, m3). Alternatively, particularlywhen the

Quantity Description Correct unitsymbol

Acceptablealternatives

Incorrect use Notes

Numerical values 0.10.01

0.001

.1

.01

.001

When he value is less thanunity, thedecimal

pointshould bepreceded byzero

Length metremillimetre

mmm

m. M meter

mm. mm.

MM M.M.milli-metre

Area squaremetre

m2 sqm m.sq sm

sq.m sqm.

Volume cubicmetre

cubicmillimetre

m3

mm3.

cu mcumm

cu.m m.cu.

cu.tnm. mm.cub.

litre (liquid volume) 1, ltrmm.cu.I. it. Preferably write litre in full to avoid I'being

taken for igure one'

Mass weight) tonne t ton Preferably write tonne in fullto avoidbeingmistaken for mperialon

kilogram

gram

kg

g

Kg kG kg.

kilogramme

g. G.

Force newton N N. n Note hatwhenused inwritten text,the unitofnewton is spelled out n full andbeginswitha

lower-case letter n'.Whenused as unitsymbol,incalculation or na ormula t is thenexpressedas capital etter N'

1-1



1-2 Notation,drawingofficepractice and dimensional oordination

general public s involved, theabbreviations 'sq' and 'cu'maybeused (sqm, cum).

6 Units should notbe hyphenated (milli-metres).

1.03 Notation1 As a rule the sizes of components should be expressed in

consistentand not mixed units, e.g. 1500mm X 600mm X

25mmthickandnot l.5m X 600mm X 25mmthick.However,for long hincomponents suchas imbers, it spreferable tomixtheunits,

e.g.100mm X 75mm X lOm

long.2 It is important odistinguishclearlybetween the metric tonneand theimperial ton. The tonneisequivalent to2204.6 b whilethe on is equal to 2240 b— a differenceof 1.6per cent.

3 The interval of temperature shouldbe referred to as degreeCelsius °C)andnotascentigrade. The wordcentigrade is used

by theContinental metriccountries asameasureofplaneangleand equals 1/10000th part ofa ight angle.

Examples

Correct uae Incorrect use

33m 3cm3mm10.lOOm lOm 10Omm

50.750kg 50kg750g

5Note. Somemetric valuesare expressed differently incertain countries. Thevalueof10.100m,for xample, couldmean ten thousand one hundred metresand notten metresone hundred millimetres, as in the UK.

2 PAPER SIZESThe International A-series ofpaper sizes is used for all drawingsand writtenmaterial.

2.01 Sizesin theA-seriesTheA angeisderived froma ectangleA0, 1.1,ofarea 1m2 withsidesxandysuch hatx:y=

1:,j2 (i.e.x=841mm;y= 1189mm).

The other sizes in the series are derived downwards by pro-gressively halving thesize aboveacross its argerdimension. The

proportions of thesizes remain constant,1.2.

2.02 Trimmedsizes and tolerancesTheA formatsare rimmed sizes and hereforeexact;stubsof ear-

off books, index tabs, etc. are always additional to the Adimensions. Printers purchase heirpaperin sizes allowing for the

following tolerances of the trimmed izes:

• Fordimensions up to and including 150mm,+1.5mm• For dimensions greater than 150mm up to and including

600mm,+2mm• For dimensions greater than 600mm,+3 mm. Recommended

methodsoffolding he largerA-sizedprintsaregivenin 1.3.

1.1 Derivationof he rectangleAO, which hasa surfaceareaofIm

A ize mm

AO 84l1l89Al 59484lA2 42O594

A3 29l42OA4 2lO297

AS l482lOAS lO5l48Al 74lO5

AS 5274AS 3752AlO 28x37

measurements representthmmed sizes

folding Al size

1.3 A-seriesofpapersizes

2.03 Pre-metric papersizesOlddrawings will frequently befound in the sizes commonpriortothechangeover to metric. These sizesaregiveninTable II.

2.04 Drawingboards

Drawingboards are currentlymanufactured to fit A-sizepaper,while vertical and horizontal filing cabinets and chests haveinternal dimensions approximately corresponding to the board

sizes listedinTable ifi. Boards,cabinets and chestsdesigned forthepre-metric paper sizes are still inuse.

3 ORDNANCESURVEYMAPS

3.0!Ordnance Survey maps are now based completely on metricmeasurements and are immediately available to the followingscales:

1:50000, 1:25000, 1:10000,1:25000 and 1:1250.

However, new computer methodsofstorageandretrieval meanthat mapscan be supplied to anydesiredscale.

TableIIPre-metricpaperand drawingboard sizes

Name Paper size Board size

Half imperial 559 X 381 594 X 405

Imperial 762X 559 813

X584

Doubleelephant 1016X 679 1092X 737

Antiquarian 1346X 787 1372X 813

1.2A-sizes retain the sameproportion(1 \/2), each sizebeinghalf he sizeabove



Notation,drawingofficepracticeanddimensional oordination 1-3

FFL Il0l000TBM1000001

FFL atum 1980001'I

Sawnwood

any ype

Softwood,machined allround

Hardwoodmachined allround

G-0I.mezzanine

FFL!l04-00

-it-

XXX)QK) Blockwork

/333, Bnckwork

,'////Stonework

Concrete

-. Plaster/render!screed

____________ Granular till

/\/•\/\ Hardcore ill

Subsoil

:::::::: Topsoil

Tableifi Nominalsizesofdrawingboards orusewith parallelmotion ordraftingmachines attached

Typeofboard Size Width(mm)

Length

(mm)

Parallelmotionunitonlyor parallelogram type

draftingmachine

A2

AlA0

2A0

470

730

920

1250

650

920

1270

1750

Trackor rolley ypedraftingmachine

requiring additional

parking'areatooneside

rrAl extended

A0 extended

650

920

1100

1500

Parallelmotion unitwith

draftinghead requiringadditional parking' area

atbottomofboard

Al deepA0 deep

730

1000

920

1270

-b

centimetre, althoughhis does ead toamistakenperception of he

degree ofaccuracy.Onadrawing,eithermetres ormillimetres should beused: hese

units should notbemixed.If this rule is followed, ambiguity is

avoided— it snot possible o confuse which units are intended.

Dimensions in metres should includeeither hedecimal markerorthe letterm: 2.0 or 2m.

Avoid using capital M for metres. M is used to indicate henumberofmodules:e.g.whereamodule of100mm sadopted5Mmeans 500mm.

4.02 Specifyingboth imperialand metric izes

Ifworkisbeingdoneon anoldbuilding hat was built to imperialdimensions, andit sdesired o show hese on newdrawings, show

them in feet, inches and fractions of an inch to an accuracy of1/16th inch, followed by the metric equivalent in brackets to the

nearestmillimetre. The reverse should neverberequired.Imperialdimensions may be indicated by the abbreviationsft

andin:4ft-6in,orusing singleand double nvertedcommas:4-6.Thehyphen s usedas the separator.

4.03 Levelson planIt is important o differentiate on site layout drawings between

existing evels and intended levels, thus:

Existing level: X 58.210

Intendedevel: 60.255

The exactposition towhich the levelappliesshould be ndicated

by 'x'.Finished floor levelsshouldbe ndicated bythe ettersFFL

followed by the figures of the level, thus: FFL 12.335.

FFL 107-0001V

Dlfird loor)

qround floor)

-0Ibasemex*)

Architects and surveyors inevitably need to refer back to old

mapsandplansfrom timeto ime. Thesemayhave been drawn oalmostany scale, but thecommon cales o whichOSmapswere

drawnwere asfollows:

1 inch to the mile (1:63360)6 inches to the mile(1:10560)88 feet to the nch (1:1056)

Where these are stored on microfiche, etc., they can bereproduced to a scalemore suited to modern use.

3.02 Benchmarks and levels

Points used for measuring andmarking levelsareknownasbench

marks. On aparticular sitea temporarybench mark TBM)may be

established, towhichallother levelson that site arereferred. The

level valueallocatedo heTBMmaybe toOrdnanceDatum; more

commonly it sgivenanarbitraryvalue.This valueshouldbe arge

enoughnot o equire nynegativeevels includinglevelsofdrains,

etc.),as hese can lead oerrors. All levels nand aroundbuildingsarerecommended to begiven o hreedecimalplaces, although BS

1192permits wodecimal places for andscape work.

The heights of Ordnance Survey bench marks are given in

Bench MarkListsobtainable fromOrdnance Survey Headquarters,Romsey Road, Maybush, Southampton SO9 4DH. ModernOS

mapsto helargerscales ncludeOrdnance BenchMarks elated o

NewlynDatum. Oldermapsmay have evels oLiverpool Datum;levels onmapsother han ofGreatBritain willberelated o other

datums. Where known, he datum and date of levelling hould bestated.

OS maps include contours. Onthe 1:10000 series the contour

interval s 10 metres in he more mountainous areas and5metres

intheremainder of the country.

4 DRAWINGS

4.01 Centimetresormillimetres

Continental building practiceuses metres orcentimetres depend-

ing on theparticular application. In the UK,since the change tometric dictated he practice, themillimetre is used insteadof the

qround level

1.4 Methodof ndicating levelson sections and elevations

Plywoodsheet

I I I Blockboard

_____________ Insulationboard

Insulation

quilt

Metal sheet

J Rolled steel

angle

___________ Glass sheet

1.5 Conventionalshadings or variousmaterials n section



1-4 Notation, drawingofficepractice anddimensionalcoordination

4.04 Levelsonsectionand elevationThe same method should be used as for levelsonplan except that

the level should be projected beyond the drawing with an

arrowhead indicating the appropriate line, asin 1.4.

4.05 ConventionalsymbolsBS1153 specifies certainstandard ymbols foruseondrawings.Aselection ofthese are givenin 1.5.

4.06 ScalesThe nternationally agreedand ecommended rangeof cales or usein theconstruction industry sgiven nTable IV. The scaleorscales

usedshouldbestatedoneach drawing; drawings thatare to read bythe non-specialist (e.g. sketch drawings) or that are to bemicrofilmed orpublished hould haveadrawn scale in addition.

Where twoormore scalesareused onthesamesheet, these should

beclearly indicated. 1.6 showssomedimensionsovarious cales.

this length ofscale epresents onplan 10 metres

50m lOOm

1:2000 IIIIIIIII I I I I I I

10m

1:500 Ii iii ill

this ength ofscale epresents onplan 1 metre

this ength ofscale epresents onplan 10 metres

__ _________ 5m _______ Om1:200r I I I 11l I I 1T

1:100 fliiiiiT*

this ength ofscale epresents onplan 100 millimetres

9m im

this ength ofscale epresents onplan1 metre


______im 1.5m1:50Fiiiiii1T T


i'm 1.5m1:201 I I I

Hthis ength ofscale representsonplan 100millimetres

2m

this length ofscale representson plan 100 millimetres

0.1 m

1:5 Fi i I0.2 m 0.3m 0.4 m 0.5 m

I I I I

44-this lengthofscale representson plan 10millimetres

1.6 Representations of engths toscale. Thisdrawing maybe used to check thecorrect interpretationofa scale

Tthis ength ofscale epresentsonplan 1 metre

this ength ofscale epresents onplan 10metres

150m 200mI I

20m 30m 40m 50mI I I I I

15m 20m

.-1this length ofscale representson plan 1 metre

this ength ofscale epresents on plan 10 metres

2m 3m 4m 5m 6m 7m 8mI I I I I I I

2m 2.5m 3m 3.5m 4mI I I I I

this ength ofscale epresents onplan 100 millimetres



Notation,drawing office practiceanddimensional oordination 1-5

Use Scale

Maps 1:1000000

1:500000

1:200 001:100000

Town surveys 1:50000

1:20000

1:100001:5000

1:2500

1:2000Blockplan 1:2500

1:20001:12501:1000

LoeationdrawingsSite plan 1:500

1:200

General location 1:2001:1001:50

Ranges 1:1001:50

1:20

Componentdrawings

Assembly1:201:10

1:5

Details 1:101:5

1:1

4.07 TypesofdrawingsTypesofdrawings donetothemost suitable scales are shown n

1.7 to1.13.Note that n 1.10and1.11alternative dimensional units

are shown for comparison.The method ofexpressing dimensions

as shown in he shaded drawings isnot recommended.

5 MEASURiNG INSTRUMENTSThefollowing notesare basedonBS 4484.

5.01 Foldingrules androds, aths, and pocket taperules

Lengths of nstruments are as follows:

(a) Folding rules: 1m

(b) Laths: lm, 1.5m or 2m

(c) Foldingand multi-purpose rods:2m

(d) Pockettaperules: 1m,2m, 3m, or5m.

The formsofgraduation are shown in 1.14. The instruments are

graduated in millimetres along one edge with 5m and10m

graduationmarks. Along he otheredge hemillimetre graduationsare omitted.

5.02 Steel andsynthetic tapes

Lengths are lOm, 20m, or 30m long. Etched steel bands are

available in 30m and 50m lengths.

Tapes are graduated at intervals of 100mm, 10mm (withthe50mm centregraduation mark arrowed')and 5mm. The firstandlast metreof hetape are furthersubdivided into minorgraduation

marksat 1mm intervals (see 1.15). Note that synthetic material

tapes, however, are not subdivided into millimetres over the first

and last metre.

5.03 ChainsStudded steel bandchains are in lengths of20metres, divided bybrass studs atevery200mmpositionandfigured atevery5metres.

I 0( 0 0000

1.7 Layoutplan note that the Ordnance Survey continue to use

the 1:2500scale)

TableIVpreferred scales

scale 1:2000

D00

scale :500

1.8 Siteplan

scale :50



1-6 Notation,drawingofficepracticeanddimensional oordination

50

scale I 100

1.10 Locationdrawing(sketchplan)

19

iaIe 1:5



scale 1:1

1.12Fullsizedetail(shadedversion not recommended)

1.13 Full size detail

Notation,drawingofficepractice anddimensional oordination 1-7

I I 210 I310

I I 510 I 610 710 I 910It1J I II

I II

I II

I I I I

Ro h.otonn aM Mode nEe9lond90 80 90

iliutliriiliinliiiiliiii

1.14Graduationmarkings or oldingrules and rods, laths andpocket ape rules

D

scale

I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I 1.11 I



1.16 Land chainmarkings

smaller brass studs witha small washer orother identification athalf-metre intervals. The markings appearon both sides of theband.

Land chains are also in lengthsof20 metres, made upof inks,which from centre to centre of each middle connecting linkmeasure 200mm. Tally markers are attached to the middle

connecting ring at everywhole-metre position. Red markers areused for5mpositions, with raisednumerals; yellowmarkers ofadifferent shape and with no markings are used for the rest,1.16.

5.04 Levellingstaffs

Lengths are3m,4mor5 mlongwitha eadingface not less than

38mm wide. Graduation marksare 10mm deep, spacedat 10mmintervals. Atevery100mm the graduation marksoffsetto he leftand right of centre, 1.17. The outside edges of the lower three

graduation marksjoin together o form an 'E' shape. Differentcolours distinguish graduation marks nalternate metres. Staffs are

figured at every 100mm interval with metre numbers (smallnumerals) followed by the decimal pointandfirstdecimal partofthe metre (large numerals).

5.05 Ranging rods

Lengths are 2m,2.5 mor3mpainted n either 200mmor500mmbands alternating red and white. A rod of 2m length painted n

200mm bandsis shown in 1.18.

6 DIMENSIONALCOORDINATION

6.01Currentbuilding practice nvolves the assembly ofmany factory-made components: in some cases(calledindustrialised building)thewholeprojectconsistsofsuch components slottedtogether ikea child's construction kit. Dimensional coordination (DC) isessential to ensure the success of the system, and consistsofarangeofdimensions relating o the sizing ofbuildingcomponentsand assemblies, and to the buildings incorporating them. DC

enables thecoordination of hemanypartsthatgo to makeup thetotal construction which are supplied from widely separatedsources. Atan nternational level,100mmisacceptedasthebasicmodule (oftenreferred obythe etter 'M').

Dimensional coordination relies onestablishment of ectangular

three-dimensional gridsofbasic modules nto whichcomponentscan be introduced in an interrelatedpattern of sizes, 1.19. Themodular grid network delineates the space into which each

component fits. The most important factor of dimensionalcoordination is thatthecomponentmustalwaysbe undersized inrelationto the space grid into which it has to fit (but not to too

greatan extent).


handle

°r=r°—m tally Sm tally\ oloured yellow \coloured red

withoutnumerals with raisednumerals

iz.o

0

red

white

red

1.17Levellingstaffmarked n 1.18Rangingrod 1.19Three-dimensionalgridofbasic modules



Notation,drawingoffice practiceand dimensional oordination 1-9

ftmctional spaci

In the engineering world the piston and cylinder principleestablishes the size relationship between dimensional space gridand component, 1.20.The size ofthe cylindermust allow for the

rightdegree ofaccuracy and olerance to enable hepiston omoveup and down.

The degreeof inaccuracy to be allowed for in the building

process is related to the economics of ointing. Adequate spacemust be allowed or size ofcomponent plus oint.Transgressingthe rules of locating components within the allotted space

containedby grid lines will causeconsiderable difficulty in site

assembly.The basic arrangement of components within the grid layout

shows themfitting nto hespacesallocated to them: dimensionally

they arecoordinated, thusallowing he designer maximum use ofstandard components, 1.21.

6.02The basic aimsofDC (as was defined in BS4011:1966) were:

• To obtain maximum economy in the production of

components• To reduce he manufacture ofnon-standard units

• To avoid wastefulcuttingon-site.

Advantages todesigners may include:

• Reduction in design labour

• Reducedproductionofworking drawingsby theuse of tandard

details

• Choiceof nterrelated standard omponents at hevariouspricelevels.

Potentialadvantages to manufacturers include:

• More effective use oflabourin producing standard ines• Reduction in the stocking, invoicing and other operations

connected with numerous differently sized products. There

should also be advantages to contractors, not only throughbetterdesignofcomponents for fit but also through increasing

familiarity with standardcomponents.

BS 4011 has now been superseded by BS 6750:1986.

6.03 Basicelements ofDC

Preference forsizeThe preferred increments are:

• First preference (multimodule) multiples of300mm• Secondpreference basicmodule) multiplesof 100mm

• Third preference (submodule) multiples of 50mm up to300mm

• Fourth preference (submodule) multiples of 25mm up to

300 mm.

Reference systemGrid and line

The DC reference ystem identifies ontrolling dimensions by the

useof agridonplansandaseries ofhorizontal lines onelevations

and sections.

The terminology isprecise:

• Controlling dimensions liebetweenkey reference planes (e.g.

floor-to-floor height).They providea ramework within which

to design and to which components and assemblies may be

related.

• Keyreferenceplanes define heboundaries ofcontrolling zones

orstructural axes.

• Controlling lines on a drawing represent a key reference

plane.• Axial ontrolling linesare shownondrawings byachaindotted

line with a circle at the end, in which the grid reference is

given.• Face controlling linesare shownby a continuous line with a

circle at the end in which hegrid reference is given.

• Zonesbetween verticalor horizontal reference

planes providespaces for oneormorecomponents whichdonotnecessarily fill

the space. Provided hat useof associated components is not

inhibited, abuilding component or groupofcomponents) may

seolinq rnqs

component

tolerance

wallsof cyhnder

functional toleronce

—workinq size —

ofcocrçcnent

1.20 Thepiston and cylinderprinciple




6.04 DrawingsA typicalprojectwill require hree seriesofdrawings:

1 General location drawings showing controlling lines withidentifiers

2 Assembly drawings showing the relationships between the

components andthecontrolling lines3 Componentdrawings,whererequired.

Specialists such as structural and service engineers provide

assemblyandcomponentdrawingsn heir owndisciplines to fit nwith this system.

The representation of hedimensional oordination frameworkshould beconsistentonalldrawings.Ongeneral location drawingsa grid representing 300mm (or a multiple of 300mm) may beused. Assembly details may usegridsof300or 100 mm.

Reference linesReference linesor gridsshould be thin,to distinguish them from

other,particularly constructional, lines.

Griddedpaper andscalesTableV givesthe recommended rangeofscalesforeachtype of

drawingrelated to

appropriate paper grid sizes. Scale and theincrementrepresented by the grid should be indicated on all

griddedsheets.

Dimension lines

Different typesofdimensions should bedistinguished bythe ypeofarrowhead, 1.22.

Running dimensions should be set offfroma datum,1.23.

Assembly details

Assembly detailsshould showcomponents in heircontext, i.e. inrelation otheadjoining element, withdetailsof the oint.

T'peofdrawing Scale Papergridsize(mm)

incrementrepresented (mm)

Blockplan 1:200011000

Notapplicable

Siteplan 1:5001:200

Notapplicable

Sketch 1:2001:100

63*

1200300

Generalocation 1 100

1:50

63*62

600300300100

Component ranges 1:100

1:50

1:20

63*62*155

600300300100300100

Component details 1:10

1:5

1:1

105

20105

1005025

1005010050251005025

Assembly 1:20

1:10

1:5

15510

520105

300100100

501005025

bOO -- 800 1500 1750

1.23Running dimensions. The symbolat hedatumshouldbe asshown.An arrowhead s sometimesused, but isnot thepreferredalternative

6.05 Locating componentsby grid

lypes ofgrid

The structural gridof axial controlling lines, 1.24, is establishedphysicallyby thecontractoron-site; itserves asthe main eferenceinconstruction. Itissubject o setting- outdeviations whichaffectthespaces equired forassemblies ofcomponents; but this shouldhave been allowed or in hedesignstage. Aplanninggridof ace

controlling lines, 1.25, locates non-structural elements.

controlling ?_IAL_dlmension

ITzone

JIconrrolling

dimension

fI2O-

zone

LIC

2

Relationbetween structuraland planninggridsStructural and planninggridsmaycoincidebut do notnecessarilydo so. Thecontrolling dimensions or spacingstructural elementson planon axial lines areinmultiplesof300mm(TableVI).Ifa300mm square grid is used then axial controlling lines willcoincidewiththegrid, 1.26,butif hegridisamultipleof300mmthen the controlling lines will be offset from the axialgrid by300mmorby amultiple of300mm, 1.27.

Relatingzones to a300mmgridIfwidths ofstructural zonesaremultiplesof300mm,thegrid is

continuous, 1.28.If hezone snotamultiple of300mm,however,thegridis interruptedbythedimension ofthatzone, 1.29.This isreferred o asaneutral zone.

co-ordinoting- size

1i:m.flflFiorksize

1.22 Coordinatingand worksizes

F F I /

TableVChoiceof calesandgrids

1.24Axialcontrol

1.25 Facial control



Notation,drawingofficepractice and dimensional oordination 1-11

TableVISizing ofzonesandheights

Range(mm)

Multiplesof ize

(mm)

HorizontalcontrollingdimensionsWidthsof onesfor olumns and loadbearing walls100 to600 300(firstpreference)

100 (second preference)Spacing of onesforcolumns and loadbearing walls

From9001 300

Verticalcontrolling imensions

Floortoceiling heights23002 to3000 1003000 o6600 300over6600 600

Heights of onesfor loorsand oofs100 to 600 100over600 300Floorto loor (androof)heights2700 to8400 300over8400 600

Changes n level

300102400 300above2400 600

1 Housing mayuse 800

2 Farmbuildings mayuse 1500 and 1800

Domestic garagesmay use 2100Housing mayuse 2350

3Housing may

use 250

4 Housing mayuse 26001nit3OOmrn

1.26Uninterrupted grid

+Hft,-ix3OOsml

1.27 Controlling linesoffset rom grid

N 1•T

1.28 Continuous grid

I I I I I I P I I

zones equal tonx3mm

Key referenceplanesKey referenceplanes,1.30, should generallyoccurat:

• Finished loor level

• Finished uspended ceilinglevel

• Finishedwall surface.

Sizesofzones indicated by key eferenceplanes shouldbeselectedfromTableVI. Wherecontrolling or eference inesboundfloororroof soffits,deflection should be allowed for in he zone.

130 Vertical control: A being loor-to-ceiling heightcontrollingdimension; B loorandroofzone;C loor-to-floor nd

floor-to-roof ontrolling dimension

6.06 Size ofcomponents

Coordinating and worksizes

Controlling dimensions arecoordinating

sizes:

• Coordinating sizes, 1.22, make allowance for fitting and

jointing. They represent the overlaid grid which does not

usually coincide with actual junction ines on the face of the

building. Theyare ndicatedby openarrowheads.

• Work sizes are the specified manufactured sizes (within

permissible deviations). They are indicated by closed

arrowheads.

Tolerance and itJointsizesarecritical. Therearegraphical aids(seeReferences) to

helpreconcileall the factorsaffecting tolerance, such as

• Expansion and contraction

• Variabilityin manufactured size

• Satisfactory joint clearance range• Variations in setting out dimensions, adjacent components,

etc.

• Numberofcomponents in anassembly• Variationsin nterpretationofwork size fromagivencoordinat-

ing size.

Degree ofaccuracy

Designers should identifywherefit is critical and wherenot, or

theymust assess:

• Where standard izes areappropriate and readily available

• Ifsomecomponents can be made toorderwithoutasignificantcostpenalty

• Whethercutting is acceptable (andthe effect on performance)• The likelyorderofassembly.

6.07 Boundary conditionsSomeassemblyand support conditions maynecessitate variations

in elements to allow or:

III 1I

1.29Interruptedgridand neutral zones (tartan)

• Anextended floorslab beyondthe clear span togainabearingon awall

• Reduction in size to perrrnt the application ofa finish• Anincreased heightofpositioning toallow forbuilding directly

off the floor slab or extending through asuspended ceiling toreachthe soffitof thefloor slab.

These allowances (termed 'boundary conditions') should be in

multiplesof25mm.Theymay beuneconomic toproduce, limitingthe applications of theproduct owhichthey apply.

I I I 1 I

zonesnotequal

to nxiOOmm



1-12 Notation,drawingofficepracticeanddimensionalcoordination

TableVIIPlanninguse classesunder theTownandCountry Planning(use Classes)Order1987asamended 1991and wicein 1992

Class Usedfor themainorprimary purpose

AlShops opento the public (a) Selling goods etail other han hot food

(b) Postoffice

(c) Ticket or travel agency(d) Take-away selling sandwiches orother cold ood

(e) Hairdresser

(f) Funeraldirector

(g) Displaying goodsfor ale(h)

Hiringoutdomestic or

personal goodsor rticles

(i) Washingorcleaning clothes or fabrics

(j) Receiving goods obe washed, cleanedor repaired

A2

Financialandprofessional services where (a) Financial services

providedmainly ovisiting members of (b) Professional services (otherhan health ormedical ervices)

the public (c) Anyotherservices (including use as a bettingoffice)appropnate toprovide n a shopping area

A3

Food and drink Thesaleof oodordrinkforconsumption on hepremisesorof hot foodfor onsumption off he premises

BlBusiness, providing the use can exist ina (a) An office other thanause withinclassA2

residential areawithout detriment (b) Research anddevelopment or products orprocessesbecauseofnoise,vibration, smell, fumes, (c) Any ndustrial process

smoke, soot, ash, dust or grit

B2General ndustrial Carrying on an industrial process other than oneinclassBl orB4 toB7

B3 Deleted class

B4

Special Industrial GroupB,exceptwhere (a) Smelting, calcining, sintering or reducing ores, minerals, concentrates ormattes

the process s carried Outinassociation (b) Converting, refining, eheating, nnealing, hardening, melting, carburising, forging or asting metals or alloysother

with and adjacent toaquarryor mine thanpressuredie-casting(c) Recovering metal fromscrapordrosses or shes

(e) Pickling or treatingmetalin acid

(f) Chromium plating

B5Special Industrial GroupC,exceptwhere (a) Burning bricks or pipestheprocess s carried Outinassociation (b) Burning limeordolomitewith and adjacent toaquarryor mine (c) Producing zincoxide, cement or alumina

(d) Foaming, crushing, screening or heating minerals orslag

(e) Processing pulverised fuel ash byheat(f) Producing carbonate of lime orhydrated lime

(g) Producing inorganic pigments by calcining, roasting orgrinding

B6

Special Industrial Group D (a) Distilling, refining orblending oils(other hanpetroleum orpetroleum products)

(b) Producing orusingcellulose or usingotherpressure prayedmetal inishes (other han in vehiclerepairworkshopsin connection withminor epairs, or heapplication ofplastic powderby the useof luidised bed and electrostatic spray

techniques)

(c) Boiling inseedoilor unning um(d)Processes involving the useofhotpitchor bitumen (except the useofbitumen n the manufacture of oofing felt at

temperatures not xceeding 220°C and also the manufacture ofcoated oadstone)

(e) Stoving enamelledware

(1) Producing aliphatic stersof he lower fattyacids, butync acid, caramel, hexamine, iodioform, napthols, resin

products excluding plastic moulding orextrusionoperations andproducing plastic sheets, rods, ubes, ilaments, fibres

oropticalcomponents producedbycasting, calendering, moulding, shaping or extrusion), salicylic acid or sulphonated

organic compounds(g)Producing rubberfromscrap(h)Chemical

processes

inwhichchlorphenols

or chlorcresols are used as intermediates

(i) Manufacturing acetylene fromcalcium carbide

(j) Manufacturing, recovering or usingpyridineor picolines, any methylorethylamine or crylates

B7

Special Industrial Group E Boiling blood,chitterlings, nettlings or soap

Boiling, burning, grinding or steaming bones

Boilingorcleaning ripeBreeding maggots fromputrescible animal matter

Cleaning, adapting or treating animal hair

Curing ish

Dealing n agsand bones (including receiving, storing, orting ormanipulating ragsin,or likely tobecome in,an

offensive condition, or anybones, rabbit skins, fatorputrescible animal productsofa imilarnature)

Dressing orscraping fish skins

Drying skins

Making manurefrombones, ish, offal, blood,spenthops, beansorotherputrescible animalorvegetable matter

Making orscraping guts

Manufacturing animal charcoal, blood albumen, candles, catgut, glue,fishoil, size or feeding stufffor nimals or

poultry rommeat, fish, blood,bone, feathers, fatoranimaloffal either inan offensive ondition or ubjected to any

processcausing noxiousor injurious effluviaMelting, efiningor extracting fator tallow

Preparing skins forworking



TableVIIContinued

Notation,drawingofficepracticeanddimensionalcoordination 1-13

Class Usedfor themainorprimary purpose

B8

Storage ordistnbution Storage oras a distribution centre

ClHotels andhostels Hotel, boarding or guesthouseor ahostelwhere, ineachcase,no significant element ofcare isprovided

C2

Residential institutions Residential accommodation and careforpeople other

han ause withinclassC3)Hospital ornursinghome

Residential school, college, training centre

C3

Dwelling ouseswhether or not sole or (a) For a singlepersonor by people iving ogetheras a family, ormain esidences (b) Bynot morethan6 residents living togetherasa singlehousehold (including ahousehold where careis provided

for esidents)

DlNon-residential institutions (a) Forany medical or healthservices exceptwhen attached to the residence of he consultant orpractitioner

(b)Crèche, daynursery, daycentre

(c) For ducation

(d)For he display of works ofart otherwise than for saleorhire)(e) Museum

(f) Public library, publicreading oom(g)Public hall, exhibition hall

(h)Public worship, religious instruction

D2

Assembly and eisure (a) Cinema

(b) Concert all

(c) Bingohailor asino

(d) Dance hail

(e) Swinmung bath,skating nnk, gymnasium, areaforother indoororoutdoor portsor ecreations, not involvingmotorised vehicles or firearms

UNCLASSED (a) Theatre

(b) Amusement arcade orcentre, funfair

(c) Laundrette

(d) Petrol tation

(e) Motorvehicle showroom

(f) Taxi or motorhire office

(g) Scrapyard, yardfor the storageordistribution ofminerals or ar-breaking(h) Foranyworkregisterable under the Alkali, etc. WorksRegulationAct t906

6.08 Dimensionally o-ordinated productsSection 5 of DD 51 lists BritishStandards Where products are

dimensionally coordinated. Many appear in Chapter46 of thishandbook.

7 PLANNING

7.01In most countries of the world some permit or permission is

required or building to akeplace.InBritain, this involves eekingplanningpermission from the local authority in whose area the

developmentis

proposed.There are

anumber

ofcircumstances

under whichpermission is not required, and the local authoritywill,ifasked,provideacertificate to hat effect n eachparticularcase.Generally, permission will berequired for:

• A building, engineering or mining operation on land,• The materialchangeofuse ofabuildingor land.

Buildingoperations whichaffect only the interiorofabuilding orwhich do not materially affect the external appearance of a

building do not generally require planning permission. The

exception to hisis whereworksonListedBuildings are involved.

In this instance Listed Building Consent is required for bothinternal and external works, and always where demolition isinvolved, whether inpart or whole.

7.02 ChangeofuseThe more commonusesofbuildingsareclassified bystatute ntoclasses which are detailed n Table VII. is

required for any change of use from one class to another; for

example, from a funeral directors(Alf) to a solicitor's office

(A2b). However, somechanges from one classto another can bemade without permission, e.g. from A3 to Al or A2 butnot theother way round. Changes permitted in this wayare ones whichwouldgenerally onstitute anenvironmental improvement.

7.03 Conservation areasCertain areas, such as the centres of historic towns or areas of

particular environmental quality, are designated ConservationAreas. The controls in these areas are generally similar to those

elsewhere, except with regard todemolition

and permitteddevelopment rights. Furthermore, where permission is required,there is aduty thatdevelopment must not harm the characterorappearance of the Conservation Area (i.e. undermine the reasons

why the Conservation Areas was designated). Demolition ofbuildingsor parts of buildings in a Conservation Area requiresConservation Area Consent.

7.04 Permitted developmentSome categories of development enjoy permitted development

rights.Thismeans that somedevelopment can take placewithout

permission from the local authority. The removalof someor allof these rights canbe undertakenby the local authority hroughthe issuing of an Article 4 direction. Article 4 directions are

generally made where some environmental harm would becaused if these rights were exercised (e.g. in Conservation

Areas). Consult the appropriate planningauthority n each caseto discover he




applyonly to single-family dweffing houses,and relate to such

matters as garden walls, porches, changes to windows, etc.

8 REFERENCESBritishStandards Institution

BS 1192: Part 1: 1984 Construction drawingpractice, recom-

mendations for generalprinciplesBS 1192: Part 2: 1987 Construction drawingpractice, recom-

mendations for architectural nd engineering drawingsBS 1192: Part 3: 1987(1993) Construction drawing practice,

recommendations for symbols and othergraphic conventionsBS 1192: Part 4: 1984 Construction drawingpractice, recom-

mendations for landscape drawingsBS 4484: Part 1: 1969 Measuring instruments for constructional

works. Metric graduation and figuringof instruments for linear

measurement

BS 5606: 1990 Guidetoaccuracy in building

BS 6750: 1986Modularco-ordination inbuildingInternational Organisation For Standardisation

ISO 1791: 1973 Modularco-ordination — vocabulary

ISO 1006: 1973 Modularco-ordination — basic module

ISO 2848: 1974Modularco-ordination — principlesand rules

ISO 1040: 1973 Modular co-ordination — multimodules for

horizontal co-ordinating dimensions

ISO R 1790: 1970 Modular co-ordination — reference lines of

horizontal controlling coordinating dimensions

ISO 1789: 1973Modular o-ordination —storey heights and room

heights for residential buildingsISO 2776: 1974 Modularco-ordination — co-ordinating sizes for

door-sets —external and nternal

General

Graphical aidsfor tolerances and fits: handbook for manu-

facturers, designers and builders, BuildingResearch Establish-

mentReport,London,HMSO,1974

notation, drawing office practice and dimensional coordination

Documents