nota (first)

3 hours practical

1 hour theory

NO FINAL EXAMINATION

100% ASSESMENT IN CLASS

Topic 1 : Introductory ConceptsDefination

a. Programme - a program is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to perform

a. Programmer - a person who writes a program so that data may be processed by a computer

- person who designs and writes and tests computer programs

- who prepares or writes instructional programs for a computer

c. Proggramming language- A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programme that control the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication

-is a language designed to describe a set of consecutive actions to be executed by a computer. A programming language is therefore a practical way for us (humans) to give instructions to a computer.

PROGRAMME

• A computer programme (also a software

programme, or just a program) is a sequence

of instructions written to perform a specified

task for a computer.[1] A computer requires

programs to function, typically executing the

program's instructions in a central

processor.[2] The program has an executable

form that the computer can use directly to

execute the instructions.

styled by: FARIZA ZAHARI.EC201 FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

PROGRAMMER

• A programmer, computer programmer or

coder is someone who writes computer

software. The term computer programmer

can refer to a specialist in one area of

computer programming or to a generalist

who writes code for many kinds of

software(C, C++, Java, Lisp, Delphi).

styled by: FARIZA ZAHARI.EC201

FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAMMING

ARAS BAHASA PENGATURCARAAN KOMPUTER

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE LEVEL

TERBAHAGI KEPADA 4 JENIS

• BAHASA MESIN

• BAHASA HIMPUNAN

• BAHASA ARAS TINGGI

• BAHASA

PENGATURCARAAN

PEMBANGUNAN

APLIKASI PANTAS

DIVIDED IN TO 4 TYPES:

• MACHINE LANGUAGE

• ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

• HIGH LEVEL

LANGUAGE

• RAPID APLICATION

DEVELOPER (RAD)


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

Brief explaination

• Use own machine language

• Assemble binary numbers (1,0)

• No need translator

• Easy language similar to human

language

• Use short English wording

• Translator for this language called

compiler

• Shorts codes used to settle multiple task

• Faster and easier to learn and write

programming

Machine Language

Assembly Language

High Level language


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

• Pascal, Basic, Cobol, Fortran, Ada, C, C++, JAVA

• Used GUI – Graphical User Interface

• Control window colour, size with simple and user

friendly interfaces

• Interesting Programming Language with great

visualization.

• Examples: Visual basic, Delphi, C++ Builder


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

Jenis Pengaturcaraan

• Berstruktur(Structured programming)– Pascal, C, COBOL, FORTRAN

• Fungsian– Scheme, LISP

• Berorientasikan objek (Object-oriented programming (OOP) )– Java, C++

• Berasaskan logik– Prolog

• Skrip– Perl, Visual Basic, Javascript

Compare between the

following types of

programmingSTRUCTURED MODULAR OBJECT-ORIENTED

Subset of procedural

programming that

enforces a logical

structure on the

program being written

to make it more

efficient and easier to

understand and modify.

Breaking down the

design of a program

into individual

components (modules)

that can be

programmed and

tested independently. It

is a requirement for

effective development

and maintenance of

large programs and

projects.

Programming language

model organized

around "objects" rather

than "actions" and data

rather than logic.

Historically, a program

has been viewed as a

logical procedure that

takes input data,

processes it, and

produces output data.


PROGRAMMING

A Brief of History of C

• C was created by Dennis

Ritchie at Bell Telephone

Laboratories in 1972.

styled by: FARIZA ZAHARI.EC201 FUNDAMENTAL PROGRAMMING

PERKAKASAN KOMPUTERPERKAKASAN KOMPUTERPERKAKASAN KOMPUTERPERKAKASAN KOMPUTER


Komponen asas:

1) Peranti input

2) Peranti output

3) Unit pemprosesan pusat ( CPU )

4) Ingatan utama ( RAM dan ROM )

5) Ingatan bantu ( floppy A, cekera bermagnet )


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

TYPES OF ERROR IN PROGRAMMING

1) SYNTAX ERROR

� A collection of the rules for writing programs in a

programming language is know as syntax. All

program statements are written according do these

rules.

� Syntax error is a type of error that occurs when a

invalid statement is written in program.

� The compiler detects syntax errors and display

error massage to describe the cause of error. A

program containing syntax errors can`t be compiled

successfully.

EXAMPLES:

• The statement terminator is missing at

the end of statement like coma,

semicolon ( ); etc.

• A misspelled keyword is used in the

program.

• Any of the delimiters is missing.

• Example: Typing "forr" insted of "for" is

an example of syntax error.

CSEB134 : BS/2008 17

18

2. Run-time errors

• An attempt to perform an invalid operation,

detected during program execution.

• Occurs when the program directs the computer

to perform an illegal operation, such as dividing

a number by zero.

• The computer will executing the program, but

no output display.

• And message box appears indicates the line

where the error was detected

CSEB134 : BS/2008 20

3. Logic Error/Design Error

• An error caused by following an incorrect

algorithm

• Very difficult to detect - it does not cause run-

time error and does not display message errors.

• The only sign of logic error – incorrect program

output

• Can be detected by testing the program

thoroughly, comparing its output to calculated

results

• To prevent – carefully desk checking the

algorithm and written program before you

actually type it

6 STAGE PROBLEM SOLVING

(process of designing program)

1. Defining and analyzing problems

2. Planning of variables

3. Drawing of flowchart

4. Program writing

5. Testing and debugging program

6. Documentation of program

Process of designing program can be divided

into two phases

1. problem solving phase (1 through 3)

2. implementation phase (4 and 5)

While in step 6, documentation is done throughout the process of designing program

Defining and analyzing problems

What is the problem?

• Problem is an unsolved

task that need to be settle

with smart consideration

• Perkara yang belum

diselesaikan yang

memerlukan

penyelesaian dari

pertimbangan atau

kemahiran fikiran

Penyelesaian

• Proses menyelesaikanmasalah yang melibatkansatu jujukan set tatacarayang perlu dilakukanmengikut susunan logikyang betul. Iamenggunakanpengetahuan bergantungkepada keupayaanmemilih, menggunakanstrategi, teknik dan alatanyang sesuai.


PROGRAMMING


• Langkah-langkah dalam pengaturcaraan :

– Definisi dan kenalpasti masalah

- Kenalpasti dan fahami masalah yang hendak diselesaikan

i. Baca soalan dan kenalpasti serta fahami kehendak

soalan

ii. Buat analisa terhadap masalah dengan tentukan 3

perkara utama :

* INPUT yang diperlukan

* OUTPUT yang dikeluarkan

* PROSES � tentukan formula untuk dapatkan

output dari input yang diberi

INPUT PROSES

(aturcara)OUTPUT

Contoh Masalah

• Apa yang perlu dilakukan?

• Masak air.. Berapa banyak?

• Berapa orang nak minum?

• Pekat atau tidak??..berapa uncang teh?

• Manis atau kurang manis?..berapa susu gula??

• Minum dalam mug atau cawan?

• Sejuk atau panas?..

Dahaga dan

ingin minum

teh tarik

buatan

sendiri


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

Contoh Penyelesaian..

1. Kira berapa orang.

• 1 Org minum 1 mug =

400ml

• Air = Orang x 400ml

2. 2 orang perlu1 uncang

• Uncang = orang /2

3. 1 uncang perlu 5 sudu

susu pekat

Susu = uncang x 5

The Tarik buatan sendiri


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING



– Merancang pembolehubah

- Pembolehubah ialah rujukan kepada lokasi memori

- Pembolehubah dengan jenis data yang khusus

menentukan saiz memori yang diperuntukan

- Semua pembolehubah mesti diishtiharkan sebelum

digunakan dalam aturcara

Aturcara Berstruktur• Langkah-langkah dalam pengaturcaraan :

– Rekabentuk aturcara

- Lebih dikenali sebagai proses merekabentuk algoritma

- Algoritma � senarai langkah-langkah untuk selesaikan

masalah

- Dibuat sebelum pengkodan aturcara sebenar untuk

pastikan kaedah penyelesaian masalah yang digunakan

adalah betul

- Terdapat 2 cara menulis algoritma :

i. Kod pseudo

Langkah-langkah penyelesaian masalah yang ditulis guna

bahasa percakapan seharian

ii. Carta alir

Langkah-langkah penyelesaian masalah guna rajah-rajah

tertentu

Algorithms

• Computing problems

– All can be solved by executing a series of actions

in a specific order

• Algorithm: procedure in terms of

– Actions to be executed

– The order in which these actions are to be

executed

• Program control

– Specify order in which statements are to be

executed

Algorithma

• Mempunyai input

• Hasilkan sekurangnya 1 output

• Tidak kabur

• Tepat dan selesaikan masalah

• Berkesan

• Bersifat am

• Pseudokod

• Carta Alir

Ciri-ciri

Kaedah


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

Contoh Algoritma

Input: Suatu nombor bulat

Output: Mesej “no genap” atan “no ganjil”


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

Tentukan sama ada suatu nombor itu nombor genap atau ganjil

Kira purata markah bagi kursus Pengaturcaraan C

Input: i. Markah setiap pelajar

ii. Bilangan Pelajar

Output: Purata Markah

Kira dan paparkan harga epal jika diberi kuantiti epal yang dibeli

dalam kilogram dan harga sekilogram

Input: i. Kuantiti epal yang dibeli dalam kilogram

ii. Harga epal ( ringgit / kilogram )

Output: Harga epal ( dalam ringgit )JAWAPAN

32

Pseudocode

• Pseudocode

– Artificial, informal language that helps us develop algorithms

– Similar to everyday English

– Not actually executed on computers

– Helps us “think out” a program before writing it

• Easy to convert into a corresponding C++

program

• Consists only of executable statements

Pseudokod

Senarai langkah-langkah untuk selesaikan

masalah

Contoh : Menukar mentol yang terbakar

mula

Mengeluarkan mentol yang terbakar

Gantikan dengan mentol baru

tamat


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

Adakah ia mencukupi untuk perlaksanaan komputer ?

• Kod pseudo

Contoh : Menukar mentol yang terbakar (terperinci)

mula

Letak tangga di posisi mentol terbakar

Pilih mentol yang sesuai

Naik tangga sehingga mencapai mentol yang terbakar

Pusing mentol ikut arah lawan jam dan keluarkan mentol

Muatkan mentol baru ditempat sepatutnya

Pusingkan mentol ikut arah jam

Turun tangga

Letakkan kembali tangga

tamat

SIMBOL-SIMBOL CARTA ALIR

SIMBOL GRAFIK MAKSUD

MULA / TAMAT

PROSES

INPUT / OUTPUT

SYARAT

ALIRAN KAWALAN


PROGRAMMING

Carta Alir


PROGRAMMING

Mula

Dapatkan x,y

Jumlah = x + y

Purata = (x+y)/2

Darab = x*y

Cetak jumlah,

purata dan darab

Tamat

Pseudokod

• Masalah menentukan taraf lulus keputusanpeperiksaan pelajar.

• Mula

• Dapatkan mata gred pelajar

• Tentukan samada pelajar lulus

• Jika matagred >=2.0

• laporkan ‘lulus’

• Tamat


PROGRAMMING

JAWAPAN

Carta Alir


PROGRAMMING

Mula

Dapatkan

matagred

Cetak Lulus

Tamat

Matagred

>=2.0

benarJAWAPAN

Carta Alir


PROGRAMMING

Mula

Dapatkan

matagred

Cetak ‘Lulus’

Tamat

Matagred

>=2.0

Cetak ‘Gagal’

benarpalsu

Perlaksanaan

• Proses menukarkan algoritma kepadabahasa pengaturcaraan.

• Aturcara komputer ialah satu jujukankenyataan menggunakan bahasa C++ untukmenyelesaikan sesuatu masalah.

• Pengkompil akan menterjemahkan aturcarakepada bentuk yang boleh difahami olehkomputer

• Pengkompil akan memaparkan ralat yang terkandung dalam aturcara.


PROGRAMMING

Perlaksanaan


– Menguji & menyahsilap aturcara

- Aturcara yang telah siap dibina perlu

diuji/dijalankan (run) untuk memastikan hasil

output yang dikeluarkan adalah betul dan

memenuhi kehendak pengguna

- Menyahsilap (debugging) � aturcara diuji

dengan data-data yang sebenar

- Ada kemungkinan output yang silap (ralat)

mungkin terhasil daripada aturcara yang ditulis

Perlaksanaan

• Jenis ralat dalam pengaturcaraan

• Ralat rekabentuk/ Ralat Logik– Terjadi semasa proses rekabentuk aturcara

– Berpunca dari cara atau langkah penyelesaianmasalah yang tidak betul

• Ralat sintaks– Ralat yang dikesan dan mudah dibetulkan

– Melibatkan kesilapan dalam menulis aturcara, seperti tertinggal simbol dsbnya.

• Ralat masa jalanan(RUN-TIME ERROR)– Berpunca dari kemasukan data tidak mengikut arahan yang ditulis

dalam aturcara cth: data jenis int tetapi data yang dimasuk jenischar


Pengujian dan Pengesahihan

• Uji dan sahkan keluaran yang dikehendaki

benar

• Proses untuk memastikan aturcara yang

dibangunkan memenuhi keperluan

pengguna


FUNDAMENTAL

PROGRAMMING

Pendokumenan

• Menyimpan semua data aturcara

• Menyimpan aturcara yang ditulis

• Menyimpan semua komponen yang

terlibat dalam membangunkan dan

menjalankan aturcara.

• Melibatkan spesifikasi, penerangan

tentang masalah, rumusan, pseudokod

atau carta alir, dsbnya.


PROGRAMMING

nota (first)

Documents

ec201 fundamental programming

programming language

area of computer programming

procedural programming

programming languages

fariza zahari

proggramming language

artificial language