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Final report

Northern Ireland Commercial &

Industrial (C&I) Waste Estimates

2009

Report quantifying commercial and industrial waste arisings in Northern Ireland including estimates by material and treatment route; these estimates are also split by business sector and size.

Project code: ISBN: 1-84405-456-X

Research date: December-February 2011 Date: November 2011

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Written by: Tom Quested, Ian Garner and Barbara Leach

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Northern Ireland Commercial & Industrial (C&I) Waste Estimates 2009 1

Executive summary

This report describes research to quantify and describe commercial and industrial (C&I) waste in Northern

Ireland. The methodology used applies factors (waste per business) derived from the recently-published Defra

study covering England: C&I waste survey 2009. These factors are applied to the 2009 business profile of

Northern Ireland.

This method gives results broadly consistent with previous Northern Ireland C&I surveys; this includes the total

arisings and splits of this total by business sector, material, and District Council. However, results for waste

management routes are not as robust due to differences in management options available in Northern Ireland (in

comparison with England). The implications – including the limitations – of the approach used are discussed in

the report.

There was an estimated 1.3 million tonnes of C&I waste in 2009: 0.8 million tonnes from the industrial sector and

0.5 million tonnes from the commercial. It is not possible to say if the total arisings represent a reduction in C&I

waste arisings since the most recent Northern Ireland C&I report (Northern Ireland 2008 C&I Report by Capita

Symonds). This is because the use of different methodologies and relatively high levels of uncertainty associated

with both estimates.

This total arisings are divided between business sectors according to the following table:

Business sector Waste (tonnes) % of total

Ind

ustr

ial

Food, drink & tobacco 243,856 19%

Textiles / wood / paper / publishing 103,848 8.1%

Power & Utilities 125,645 9.7%

Chemical / non-metallic minerals manufacture 141,820 11%

Metal Manufacturing 146,746 11%

Machinery & equipment (other manufacture) 53,725 4.2%

Co

mm

erc

ial

Retail & wholesale 207,326 16%

Hotels & catering 78,402 6.1%

Public administration & social work 53,783 4.2%

Education 9,514 0.7%

Transport & storage 40,271 3.1%

Other services 84,060 6.5%

Total 1,288,996 100%

The total arisings are split between materials according to the following table:

Material Waste (tonnes) % of total

Mixed wastes 288,143 23%

Non-metallic wastes 260,701 21%

Mineral 247,576 19%

Chemical Wastes 184,658 14%

Animal & Vegetable Wastes 145,573 11%

Metallic Wastes 63,721 4.9%

Healthcare Wastes 42,768 3.3%

Common Sludges 37,322 2.9%

Discarded equipment 18,533 1.4%

Total 1,288,996 100%


The total arisings are split by size of business, thus:

Number of employees

Waste (tonnes) % of total

1 - 4 48,205 3.7%

5 - 9 95,792 7.4%

10 - 19 115,140 8.9%

20 - 49 141,999 11%

50 - 99 126,290 9.8%

100 - 249 241,198 19%

250 + 520,373 40%

Total 1,288,996 100%

The net greenhouse gas emissions from C&I waste management are tentatively estimated to be –396,000 tonnes

CO2 eq in 2009. The negative value indicates that waste management activities are carbon negative – i.e.

emissions are less than carbon savings made through reuse, recycling and other recovery. This estimate covers

78% of all materials in the Northern Ireland C&I waste streams, as laid out in Table 6.

The conclusions and recommendations section highlights the difficulties in producing C&I estimates with relatively

high levels of accuracy within realistic budgets. For example, the methodology in the current research produces

only tentative estimates of waste management routes, while small-scale surveys provide estimates with relatively

wide confidence intervals.

Options are suggested for circumventing these problems:

To perform focused evaluation of specific policies, focusing only on the materials and business / organisations sectors being targeted.

To investigate options for systematic collation of waste information. This may take the form of companies

directly reporting waste arisings (e.g. as proposed in Scotland), or electronic collation of ‘duty of care’ information collected by waste management companies.

Addendum

After the analysis presented in this report was completed, Defra updated the records for one company in their C&I database for 2009. This update in their database would lead to an estimate of C&I waste in Northern Ireland

approximately 18,000 tonnes less than that given in this report, a difference of less than 1.5% of the total. As

this change is much smaller than the uncertainty associated with the estimate, the calculations have not been updated.


Contents

1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4

2.0 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Methodology overview ......................................................................................................... 5

2.2 Data Sources ...................................................................................................................... 6

2.2.1 Defra C&I waste survey 2009 ................................................................................... 6

2.2.2 Interdepartmental Business Registration (IDBR) data ................................................. 6

2.3 Methodology: implications and limitations .............................................................................. 7

3.0 Results and commentary ............................................................................................................ 9

3.1 Waste results ...................................................................................................................... 9

3.2 District Council Level Results .............................................................................................. 13

3.3 Potential to increase recycling, recovery and reuse ............................................................... 13

3.4 Greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste management route .................................... 15

4.0 Comparison of Results .............................................................................................................. 16

4.1 Comparison with previous C&I surveys ................................................................................ 16

4.2 Comparison with other data sources ................................................................................... 17

5.0 Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................................................... 18

Appendix – Detailed Waste Tables ....................................................................................................... 20

Glossary and Abbreviations

C&I waste – Commercial and Industrial Waste

Defra – Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DETI – Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment, Northern Ireland

DoENI – Department of Environment, Northern Ireland

IDBR – Interdepartmental Business Register: provides information on business population

PPC – Pollution Prevention and Control

SOC code – Substance Oriented Classification – for definition, see Annex 2 of:

http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/waste/documents/stats-release101216.pdf

SIC code – Standard Industry Classification codes: 2007 SIC codes have been used throughout this report.

Acknowledgements

Judith Baker and Darren Hetherington (DETI) for provision of IDBR data

Anne Tohill, Owen Lyttle, Wendy Cooke (DoENI) for assistance with data provision

Members of the C&I task group in Northern Ireland for provision of data and useful suggestions

David Lee and Claire Coggan (Defra) for providing access to survey C&I data from England and useful

discussions

David Notton (Jacobs) for advice regarding analysis of C&I waste data in England

Keith James (WRAP) for providing information and analysis on greenhouse gas emissions

http://www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/waste/documents/stats-release101216.pdf


1.0 Introduction

The commercial and industrial (C&I) sector accounts for a sizeable proportion of waste arisings in Northern

Ireland, totalling over 1 million tonnes each year. Effective management of this waste is required to minimise

environmental impacts, ensure statutory targets are met and realise financial and economic benefits to both the

business sector and the wider economy.

At present there is a lack of robust and up-to-date data on waste arisings and treatment methods for C&I sectors.

This information is required to inform policy development and to measure progress towards key targets.

WRAP was funded by Department of Environment, Northern Ireland (DoENI) to quantify C&I waste arisings and

waste management routes; this report provides this information.

There are many inherent difficulties of obtaining accurate estimates of C&I waste. There is currently no system

that collates data on the arisings or movement of C&I waste in the UK, and this means that survey-based

approaches are usually adopted to make estimates. However, there is a large variation in waste arisings between

different types of companies and organisations, and this usually demands a sample size of many thousand

companies to obtain a robust estimate. The cost of delivering such a survey is – in many circumstances –

prohibitive, especially for smaller regions or countries.

For this reason, WRAP applied a methodology that took information on the waste arisings per company from

Defra’s recent report C&I waste survey 2009 and applied this to the business-sector profile of Northern Ireland.

This methodology is detailed in Section 2.0 alongside discussion of the implications – and limitations – of such an

approach. The results are presented and discussed in Section 3.0, including splits by material, business sector

and size, waste management route and District Council. Estimates of the greenhouse gas emissions associated

with different waste management options are also quantified (Section 3.4).

The results were compared to previous estimates of C&I waste in Northern Ireland (Section 4.1). The results

were also triangulated against existing data sources for specific waste streams or materials to provide

reassurance that the method is robust (Section 4.2). Conclusions and recommendations are given in the final

section of the report (5.0).


2.0 Methodology

2.1 Methodology overview

The methodology chosen for this project used secondary data to make estimates of waste arisings. Running a

survey to collect primary data from the C&I sector was not within the scope of the project. The method used

contains the following stages:

Using data from Defra’s C&I waste survey 2009 to determine factors for the amount and type of waste per

business. These factors are calculated for all combinations of business sector (Table 1) and business size

(Table 2).

Applying these factors to the 2009 business profile of Northern Ireland to obtain estimates of arisings.

Table 1: Business sectors used for the calculation of waste arisings1

Business

Sector Description SIC range

Industrial sectors

1 Food, drink & tobacco 10-12

2 Textiles / wood / paper / publishing 13-18

3 Power & Utilities 19, 35-36

4 Chemical / non-metallic minerals manufacture 20-24

5 Metal Manufacturing 24-25

6 Machinery & equipment (other manufacture) 26-33

Commercial sectors

7 Retail & wholesale 45-48

8 Hotels & catering 55-56

9 Public administration & social work 84, 86-88

10 Education 85

11 Transport & storage 49-53

12 Other services 58-83, 90-96

The following business sectors are excluded from the study:

Agricultural, forestry, fishing and aquaculture (SIC divisions 1-3)

Mining and extraction (SIC divisions 5-9)

Sewerage and waste management (SIC divisions 37-39)

Construction and engineering (SIC divisions 41-43)

Waste arising from businesses within households and extraterritorial organisations (SIC divisions 97-99)

These omissions are consistent with previous C&I waste studies: sewerage and waste management activities are omitted to prevent double counting; mining, extraction and construction are covered in construction, demolition

and excavation (CDE) waste studies; agricultural waste arisings are often managed within the site boundaries.

The business size bands (Table 2) reflect the structure of the data supplied by Defra. Employment size includes

owners, directors and others who may be considered employers as well as their employees. There are a small

number of companies in the 1-4 size band – 0.5% of the total – with no employees: holding companies or unit trusts. These companies will have negligible impact on the estimates of waste arising.

1 2007 SIC codes are used throughout this study


Table 2: Business size bands used for calculations of business waste

Band Employment Size*

0 1-4†

1 5-9

2 10-19

3 20-49

4 50-99

5 100-249

6 250+

*The figures in this table and used in calculations conform to the IDBR definition ‘Employment Size’; this

definition is consistent with the employment information used in the Defra C&I study despite a slight difference

in nomenclature.

2.2 Data sources

This section describes the key data sources underpinning the calculations presented in this report.

2.2.1 Defra C&I waste survey 2009

This survey provides estimates of C&I waste in England for the calendar year 2009. The work was commissioned

by the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and undertaken by Jacobs supported by

Halcrow. The final report was published in December 2010 and can be accessed at:

http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg03-indcom/

The survey was undertaken in eight of the regions of England, all except the North West; a previous project had

quantified waste for the North West in 2007. For reporting across the whole of England for 2009, the estimates for the North West were updated to 2009 and combined with the information from the rest of England.

Information was obtained via a number of methods and information sources:

Face-to-face surveys

Telephone surveys

Use of Pollution Prevention and Control (PPC) data

Corporate reporting data

Information was gathered on:

Weight of material

Material type according to Substance Oriented Classification (SOC code)

Management method for each waste stream

2.2.2 Interdepartmental Business Registration (IDBR) data

The estimates in this report are based on IDBR data containing the number of businesses VAT or PAYE registered

in Northern Ireland split by:

Employment size,

Business type (SIC code at divisional level)

District Council

IDBR information split by these factors simultaneously is not in the public domain. Data provision was applied for

and granted by the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment in Northern Ireland (DETI). Given the

confidential nature of this dataset at this disaggregated level, detailed business profile information is not

reproduced in this report. Furthermore, waste arisings are only reported where the total number of businesses in

a group is greater or equal to five.



2.3 Methodology: implications and limitations

The methodology used in the current research allows differences in the make-up of the businesses Northern

Ireland (compared to England) to be taken into account. For example, the following would all impact on the

results:

Differences in business sector: for example, the larger retail and wholesale sector in Northern Ireland

compared to England (Figure 1) will be accounted for.

Differences in business size: for example, the larger number of companies with an employment size of 5-9 in

Northern Ireland compared to England (Figure 2) would also be taken into account.

Differences in the size of businesses within a specific sector: for example, Figure 3 illustrates that within the ‘Food, drink and tobacco’ sector, there are proportionately fewer large companies in Northern Ireland in

comparison to England.

This aspect of the methodology therefore means that the large-scale structure of business in Northern Ireland

(and some of the finer structure) is reflected in the results.

Figure 1: Comparison of Northern Ireland and England business profile by sector (2009)

Figure 2: Comparison of Northern Ireland and England business profile – employment size (2009)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

Food, drink & tobacco

Textiles / wood / paper / publishing

Power & Utilities

Chemical / non-metallic minerals…

Metal Manufacturing

Machinery & equipment

Retail & wholesale

Hotels & catering

Public administration & social work

Education

Transport & storage

Other services

Northern Ireland

England

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 19 20 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 249 250 +

Employment size

Northern Ireland

England


Figure 3: Comparison of Northern Ireland and England business size profile for ‘Food, drink and tobacco’ (2009)

However, the methodology does not take into account differences between Northern Ireland and England within

a business sector. For instance, the sector ‘Public administration & social work’ includes organisations that are

likely to produce different quantities and types of waste: e.g. hospitals and government offices. If the relative

proportions of these organisations differ (between Northern Ireland and England) within this business sector,

these will not be taken into account in the current report.

Another limitation of the estimates in this report is the application of waste data collected from English businesses

to that in Northern Ireland. For information on the quantity and type of waste produced, there is likely to be a

large degree of similarity between the two nations – a business of a given size and sector is likely to produce

similar quantities (on average) irrespective of its location. However, some uncertainty in estimates will result from

the application of English ‘waste factors’ to Northern Irish businesses.

Where the methodology is likely to produce less accurate results is in waste management estimates. To a large

degree, waste management decisions are a function of access to and price of different options. Although the

waste management results from this methodology are presented in this report (Figure 9, Table 15, Table 16 and

Table 18), they should be heavily caveated for this reason.

In addition, to the above discussion, the limitations of the Defra C&I report are also applicable to the current

research. These limitations are discussed in full in the Defra report2, and the most pertinent are mentioned

below:

The survey took place during a recession year (2009). This should be considered when comparing with other years and extrapolating findings into the future.

The survey was voluntary and this may have introduced some bias into the results, e.g. companies with better

environmental credentials may have been more willing to participate.

A visual assessment of the waste streams is only able to provide a one-day picture of overall waste arisings;

coupled to the short assessment period, this can lead to seasonal variations in arisings not being captured.

The Defra study had an estimated 95% confidence interval of ±7.6% around the estimate of total waste arisings.

The confidence level associated with total C&I waste arisings in Northern Ireland in this study is likely to be

substantially higher than this, although it is not possible to quantify the extent of the difference.

It should also be noted that there is an overlap between the C&I figures presented in this report and Local

Authority collected waste as reported in WasteDataFlow. In the calendar year 2009 there was:

92,600 tonnes of C&I waste collected by local authorities of which at least 4,500 tonnes was collected with

the intention of recovery / recycling (Q11, ten out of 26 councils entered data).

Of the remainder, 77,600 tonnes was collected from the kerbside and 10,500 tonnes from CA sites, both with the intention of disposal (Q23, 25 out of 26 councils entered data)3.

2 http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg03-indcom/, Appendix A, pages 87-89

3 Some of this waste intended for disposal may have subsequently been recovered or recycled. Similarly some of the waste

collected with the intention of recovery / recycling may have been contamination and disposed of.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

1 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 19 20 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 249 250 +

Employment size

Northern Ireland

England



This total of 92,600 tonnes represents approximately 7% of the 1.29 million tonnes of C&I waste as estimated in

this survey.

The interpretation of municipal waste in the UK has recently changed and this is likely to increase the degree of

overlap between municipal waste and commercial and industrial waste4. In addition, the on-going review of

Schedule 2 of the Controlled Waste Regulations (1992) may also result in future changes in the amount of waste

classified as Commercial and Industrial5.

3.0 Results and commentary

3.1 Waste results

There was an estimated 1,289,000 tonnes of C&I waste in Northern Ireland in 2009 according to the analysis

presented in section 2.0. This includes the sectors listed in Table 1 but excludes the sectors listed below that

table.

This section presents the quantities and types of waste arising split by business sector and size band. Information

is also presented by material and waste management option. More detailed information can be found in Table 9-

Table 18, found in the appendix.

Approximately two-thirds of C&I waste arisings are accounted for by five sectors: food, drink and tobacco (19%),

retail and wholesale (16%), metal manufacturing (11%), chemical / non-metallic minerals manufacture (11%)

and Power & Utilities (9.7%) (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Waste arisings by sector in 2009 (total = 1,289,000 tonnes).

4 Further details of the changes can be found at: http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/la-definition/

5 Further information: http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/local-authorities/controlled-waste-regs/

Food, drink &

tobacco

19%

Retail & wholesale

16%

Metal

Manufacturing

11%Chemical / non-

metallic minerals

manufacture

11%

Hotels & catering

6.1%

Other services

6.5%

Textiles / wood /

paper / publishing

8.1%

Power & Utilities

9.7%

Public

administration &

social work

4.2%

Transport &

storage

3.1%Education

0.7%

Machinery &

equipment (other

manufacture)

4.2%

http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/la-definition/

http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/local-authorities/controlled-waste-regs/


Two-fifths of C&I waste comes from large enterprises (250+ employees), whereas only 11% of waste comes

from companies with 9 employees or fewer (Figure 5) despite their higher population (Figure 2). Although

companies containing 250+ employees make up only 0.5% of companies in Northern Ireland, the size and nature

of their operations results in a high proportion of the total C&I waste stream6.

Figure 5: Waste arisings by employment size in 2009 (total = 1,289,000 tonnes).

Three-quarters of waste is either mixed, non-metallic, mineral or chemical (Figure 6). When material collected as

mixed waste is split out into its component materials, non-metallic waste contributes more than a third (35%) to

the total, with mineral, animal & vegetable wastes and chemical each contributing between 15-20% (Figure 8).

Figure 6: Waste arisings in 2009 by material (material collected mixed is not split out) (total: 1,289,000 tonnes).

6 For comparison, English companies of 250+ employees make up 0.5% of the number of businesses and account for 36% of

C&I waste.

20 - 49

11%

100 - 249

19%

250 +

40%

50 - 99

9.8%

10 - 19

8.9%

5 - 9

7.4%

1 - 4

3.7%

Mixed wastes

23%

Non metallic

wastes

21%

Mineral

19%

Chemical Wastes

14%

Animal &

Vegetable Wastes

11%

Metallic Wastes

4.9%

Healthcare

Wastes

3.3%

Common Sludges

2.9% Discarded

equipment

1.4%


Figure 7: Composition of material collected as mixed waste in 2009 (total = 288,000 tonnes)

Figure 8: Waste arisings in 2009 split by material with material collected mixed allocated to other materials (total

= 1,289,000 tonnes).

Non metallic

wastes

67%

Animal &

Vegetable Wastes

15%

Metallic Wastes

11%

Chemical Wastes

1.8%

Discarded

equipment

0.9%

Healthcare

Wastes

0.2%Non-wastes

0.01%Mineral

3.6%

Healthcare

Wastes

3%

Metallic

Wastes

7%

Animal &

Vegetable

Wastes

15%

Chemical

Wastes

15%

Common

Sludges

2.9%

Mineral

20%

Discarded

equipment

1.6%

Non-wastes

0.002%

Non metallic

wastes

35%


The methodology for this research (section 2.3) impacts the accuracy of estimates around waste management

options (Figure 9, Table 15, Table 16 and Table 18). For this reason, the estimates should be viewed as tentative

and not used as a baseline against which future performance can be judged.

Figure 9: Waste arisings in 2009 split by management option (total = 1,289,000 tonnes). Please see caveats in

text.

Note – where thermal treatment was known to include energy recover, this has been specified.

Recycling

43%

Composting

2.1% Transfer

station

1.6%

Thermal

Treatment

(Energy

Recovery)

2.6%

Landfill

23%

Thermal

Treatment

3.7%

Unknown

7.2%

Land Recovery

6.2%

Treatment

6.0%

Reuse

4.0%


3.2 District Council level results

The above methodology has been applied to the business sector profile for each of the District Councils of

Northern Ireland. The resulting estimates (Table 3) show that Belfast City Council accounts for 294,000 tonnes

(approximately 23% of the total), and Craigavon a further 104,000 tonnes (8%).

Table 3: C&I waste arisings split by District Council (2009)

District Council Waste

Management Region

C&I waste arisings (tonnes)

Percentage of total arisings

Moyle District Council

NWRWMG

3,873 0.3%

Ballymoney Borough Council 12,723 1.0%

Coleraine Borough Council 35,857 2.8%

Limavady Borough Council 10,582 0.8%

Derry City Council 53,640 4.2%

Strabane District Council 27,263 2.1%

Magherafelt District Council 38,771 3.0%

Cookstown District Council

SWaMP

29,836 2.3%

Omagh District Council 21,289 1.7%

Fermanagh District Council 80,338 6.2%

Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council 49,645 3.9%

Craigavon Borough Council 103,825 8.1%

Armagh City and District Council 43,691 3.4%

Banbridge District Council 20,850 1.6%

Newry and Mourne District Council 54,002 4.2%

Ballymena Borough Council

arc21

42,629 3.3%

Larne Borough Council 25,787 2.0%

Carrickfergus Borough Council 47,667 3.7%

Newtownabbey Borough Council 38,043 3.0%

Antrim Borough Council 39,135 3.0%

Belfast City Council 294,074 22.8%

North Down Borough Council 27,623 2.1%

Ards Borough Council 21,650 1.7%

Castlereagh Borough Council 73,071 5.7%

Lisburn Borough Council 70,327 5.5%

Down District Council 22,802 1.8%

Total 1,288,996 100%

Given the limitations of the methodology, the split by material and waste management route within single District

Councils is not given.

3.3 Potential to increase recycling, recovery and reuse

An assessment was made in the Defra C&I survey as to whether wastes were potentially reusable, recyclable or

otherwise recoverable. Similar to the results of section 3.1, weighting factors derived from the Defra study were

applied to the Northern Ireland business profile. The estimates presented in this section are subject to the same

caveats associated with waste management figures – they should be used as indicative only.


Approximately 62,000 tonnes – or one-fifth of all material going to landfill – is estimated to be potentially

reusable or recoverable (Table 4 and Table 5). Of this material that could be moved from landfill up the waste

hierarchy, hotels and catering account for around 9,900 tonnes (16%) and food, drink and tobacco for around

another 9,900 tonnes (16%). 56,000 tonnes (91% of the total) is associated with material collected as mixed

waste.

Table 4: Landfill waste that is potentially reusable or recoverable (including recyclable) split by business sector

(tonnes)

Potentially

reusable (on- or off- site)

Potentially recoverable

(inc. recyclable)

Potentially reusable or recoverable

Total material landfilled

Food, drink & tobacco 1,311 9,898 9,922 21,036

Textiles / wood / paper / publishing 397 4,351 4,437 11,147

Power & Utilities 5 232 232 53,296

Chemical / non-metallic minerals manufacture

550 5,913 5,943 32,766

Metal Manufacturing 947 1,514 1,996 62,536

Machinery & equipment (other manufacture)

285 4,483 4,493 7,030

Retail & wholesale 778 7,477 7,562 46,282

Hotels & catering 1,261 9,932 9,932 22,654

Public administration & social work 584 6,534 6,613 9,302

Education 142 2,143 2,184 3,068

Transport & storage 3 1,610 1,610 4,128

Other services 359 6,801 6,826 19,905

Total 6,621 60,888 61,749 293,152

Table 5: Landfill waste that is potentially reusable or recoverable (including recyclable) split by material (tonnes)

Potentially

reusable (on- or off- site)

Potentially recoverable

(inc. recyclable)

Potentially reusable or recoverable

Total material landfilled

Animal & Vegetable Wastes 85 537 570 2,815

Chemical Wastes 96 259 291 10,693

Common Sludges 17 17 17 267

Discarded equipment 14 33 33 85

Healthcare Wastes 0 128 128 1,807

Metallic Wastes 2 59 59 112

Mineral 1,093 3,055 3,242 121,199

Mixed wastes 4,946 55,813 56,339 152,159

Non-metallic wastes 368 987 1,071 4,015

Total 6,621 60,888 61,749 293,152


Figure 10: Landfilled waste that is potentially reusable or recoverable by sector in 2009 (total = 62,000 tonnes).

3.4 Greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste management route

For some materials in the C&I waste stream, it is possible to quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

associated with the relevant treatment routes. For other materials, accurate information is not available for some

or all of the major treatment routes for that material. The materials included and excluded from calculations are

listed in Table 6.

Table 6: Materials included and excluded from GHG calculations

Included Excluded

Animal & Vegetable Wastes Food preparation, Vegetable wastes Faeces, urine, manure

Chemical Wastes Used oils All others

Common Sludges None All

Discarded equipment All None

Healthcare Wastes None All

Metallic Wastes All None

Mineral Combustion wastes, Construction & demolition wastes

Contaminated soils & polluted dredging spoils, Other mineral wastes, Solidified, stabilised or vitrified, Waste of naturally occurring minerals

Mixed wastes Household & similar, Mixed & undifferentiated materials

Sorting residues

Non-metallic wastes Wood, Glass, Paper & card, Plastics, Rubber, Textiles, Virgin Timber

Waste containing PCB

Hotels & catering

16%

Food, drink &

tobacco

16%

Retail & wholesale

12%

Other services

11%

Public

administration &

social work

11%

Chemical / non-

metallic minerals

manufacture

9.6%

Textiles / wood /

paper / publishing

7.2%

Machinery &

equipment (other

manufacture)

7.3%

Education

3.5%

Transport &

storage

2.6%Power & Utilities

0.4%

Metal

Manufacturing

3.2%


The net emissions from C&I waste management in 2009 are estimated to be –396,000 tonnes CO2 eq. Direct

emissions from waste management (e.g. use of fossil fuels in transportation, methane emissions from landfill) are

represented as positive values. In contrast, negative values represent savings in emissions: for example, the

lower GHG emissions associated with recycling compared to the use of virgin material.

The overall negative value for waste management in Northern Ireland indicates that waste management activities

are carbon negative – i.e. emissions are less than carbon savings made through reuse, recycling and other

recovery. This estimate covers 78% of all materials in the Northern Ireland C&I waste streams, as laid out in

Table 6.

Table 5 illustrates that 91% of material that could be reused or recovered is collected as mixed waste. If the

56,000 tonnes of potentially recyclable mixed waste was recycled, rather than landfilled, this would reduce GHG

emissions by 110,000 tonnes CO2 eq.7 Quantification of other carbon savings has not been possible due to a

combination of incomplete carbon data or insufficient detail in the waste figures.

The figures in this section are calculated assuming the waste management routes given in Figure 9, calculated

using the waste management options reported in the Defra C&I survey. As there are differences between waste

management in England and Northern Ireland, the results in the current section should be viewed as tentative.

4.0 Comparison of results

4.1 Comparison with previous C&I surveys

The have been a number of commercial and industrial waste surveys in Northern Ireland over the last decade.

Comparison of the results is useful to understand where there are similarities in results, thus increasing

confidence in these estimates. However, caution needs to be exercised when comparing results for the following

reasons:

A number of different methodologies have been employed (reflecting projects’ timescales and budgets). Although the results are attempting to estimate the same quantity, the method of measurement will have

some impact on the results.

The uncertainty around estimates is relatively large and therefore many differences may be related to sampling error (the wide variation in arisings between businesses) rather than actual differences.

The most recent study prior to the current report is the Northern Ireland 2008 C&I Report by Capita Symonds for

the Northern Ireland Environment Agency8. This determined waste types and quantities from administrative data

from licensed waste management facilities. The report estimated that the total waste arisings were 2.5 million

tonnes in 2008. Although this is much higher than the estimate from the current research (1.3 million tonnes),

the 2008 estimate includes 1.1 million tonnes of waste associated with the waste treatment and disposal sector.

If this is material generated by other sectors (representing double counting) then the estimates from the 2008

study is approximately 1.4 million tonnes, comparable with the current study.

Prior to the 2008 report, RPS Consulting Engineers were commissioned by the Environment and Heritage Service

to conduct a C&I waste survey: Commercial & Industrial Waste Arisings Survey 2004/059. The survey employed a

combination of electronic and postal surveys, telephone interviews and site visits. This report estimated total

arising of 1.6 million tonnes, with a 95% confidence interval ranging from 460,000 tonnes to 3.2 million tonnes.

Given the relatively high degree of uncertainty, the estimate presented within the current study is consistent with

the 2004/05 survey.

There were some notable similarities between the 2004/5 and the current studies:

Belfast District Council was estimated to contribute more C&I waste than any other District Council in Northern Ireland (24% in 2004/5, 23% in 2009)

Mixed waste was the largest component of C&I waste; however, the proportion differed somewhat: 37% in

2004/5; 23% in 2009.

7 Reducing emissions associated with waste management to –506,000 tonnes CO2 eq.

8 Report available at: http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/de/niea_2008_c_i_report.pdf

9 Report available at: http://www.doeni.gov.uk/wonderfulni/nicisurveyreport2004-6.pdf

http://www.doeni.gov.uk/niea/de/niea_2008_c_i_report.pdf

http://www.doeni.gov.uk/wonderfulni/nicisurveyreport2004-6.pdf


The previous studies indicate that the proportion of waste sent to landfill and to transfer stations was higher than

estimated in the current study; recycling was previously estimated at a lower level than in the current study. The

most likely reason for these discrepancies is the application in the current study of information derived from

English waste management practices to Northern Ireland; it is less likely that the large changes seen in recycling

and landfill have actually occurred. It is important to consider this caveat when interpreting the following: Figure

9 & Figure 10, and Table 4, Table 5, Table 15, Table 16 & Table 18.

4.2 Comparison with other data sources

There are a number of data sources and research that potentially provide useful comparisons with the data in the

current study.

Waste Statistics Returns (WSR) data for 2009 have been supplied by DoENI. This dataset includes returns from

companies in Northern Ireland holding a waste management licence or waste prevention and pollution control

(PPC) permit. These summary returns are collected quarterly as a condition of the authorisation and represent

the wastes which both entered and left the authorised site. As one sites waste removed may be another sites’

waste received there is the possibility for double counting although this should be mostly mitigated as the waste

processed by a previous waste management facility should be coded ‘waste facility fraction’.

The amount of waste reported under WSR in 2009 from business covered by the current C&I study was 212,000

tonnes (Table 7). This represents 16% of the estimated 1.3 million tonnes from the current study. It is reassuring

that the WSR waste figures do not exceed the current estimates (e.g. Table 9) for any of the business sectors.

Table 7: Waste covered by WSR in 2009, split by business sectors – waste entering site

Business sector Waste (tonnes)

Food, drink & tobacco 12,799

Textiles / wood / paper / publishing 16,570

Power & Utilities 97,635

Chemical / non-metallic minerals manufacture 5,791

Metal Manufacturing 1,157

Machinery & equipment (other manufacture) 8,285

Retail & wholesale 62,776

Hotels & catering 787

Public administration & social work 3,154

Education 426

Transport & storage 580

Other services 1,989

Total of business sectors in C&I survey 211,949

Business sectors excluded from C&I survey (e.g. agriculture, construction)

2,653,831

Business sector not stated in return 426,053

Non-commercial fraction (collected by Local Authority) 738,229

Waste Facility Fraction 150,966

Grand Total 4,181,029


In addition, data from the Pollutant Release and Transfer Register were also supplied by DoENI for 2008 and

2009. 125,000 tonnes of waste was in the dataset for businesses covered by the current study (Table 8). Of this,

95% is associated with Food, Drink and Tobacco manufacturing and many industries have no waste reported

within this dataset.

Table 8: Waste covered by Pollutant Release and Transfer Register database in 2009, split by business sectors

Business sector Waste (tonnes)

Food, drink & tobacco 119,530

Textiles / wood / paper / publishing 0

Power & Utilities 1,033

Chemical / non-metallic minerals manufacture 4,050

Metal Manufacturing 676

Machinery & equipment (other manufacture) 0

Retail & wholesale 0

Hotels & catering 0

Public administration & social work 0

Education 0

Transport & storage 0

Other services 0

Total of business sectors in C&I survey 125,289

Business sectors excluded from C&I survey (e.g. agriculture, construction)

40,906

Grand Total 166,195

In addition to these datasets covering a wide range of sectors and materials, there are a small number of studies

cover specific material flows.

An estimate of food waste arisings in Northern Ireland has been made by Intra Consulting Ltd. for The Carbon

Trust10. This indicates that, excluding household food waste, around 270,000 tonnes of organic and food waste is

produced by the C&I sectors covered within this report. This is concentrated in the meat and poultry processing

sectors: 170,000 tonnes. These figures are somewhat higher than those indicated in the current study, and this is

likely due to a higher proportion of the business sector ‘Food, Drink and Tobacco Manufacturing’ dealing with

meat processing in Northern Ireland compared to England.

In addition to the C&I waste determined in this study, there was an estimated 9.7 million tonnes of animal

excreta produced in Northern Ireland11. Given that agricultural waste arisings are not included within C&I waste

estimates, this material is in addition to that presented in this study.

5.0 Conclusions and recommendations

This study demonstrates that it is possible to use factors derived from an up-to-date study from England to obtain

C&I waste estimates for Northern Ireland: estimates which are comparable with previous studies. The

methodology is less strong for establishing waste management routes used for waste in Northern Ireland. Given

this, the study provides sufficiently accurate information to determine key targets relating to business size and

sector, and types of material, but not for waste management routes.

The report also highlights the difficulty in obtaining accurate estimates of C&I within realistic budget: the

uncertainty surrounding estimates in all of the recent studies – including the current study – are relatively large.

10 Carbon Management Energy Efficiency Report (2010): http://www.investni.com/ni_organic_energy_study_final.pdf

11 Opportunities for anaerobic bio-digester CHP systems to treat municipal and farm wastes (Frost, 2005). Downloadable from:

http://www.afbini.gov.uk/frost-2005-anaerobic-digestion-chapter7.pdf

http://www.investni.com/ni_organic_energy_study_final.pdf

http://www.afbini.gov.uk/frost-2005-anaerobic-digestion-chapter7.pdf


This means that tracking progress of interventions to reduce waste arisings or promote more environmentally-

friendly treatment routes is problematic. Even if a standard methodology were employed for surveys over time,

the degree of uncertainty is likely to dwarf any changes made. This is an inherent difficulty associated with the

variation in waste arisings between businesses / organisations, even within companies in the same sectors and of

similar sizes. For this reason, only relatively large changes over medium- and long-term timescales are likely to be

detectable using national-level surveys.

However, there are potential solutions to circumvent these problems.

To investigate possibilities for systematic collation of waste information: The ‘electronic duty of care’ system12,

currently being piloted within the UK, is an example of one such system, whereby information on quantities of

waste is reported electronically and collated centrally. There are barriers to introducing such systems: the

resource required setting up and maintaining such a system and the reporting burden on businesses. However, if

instigated widely, it would provide a valuable information source when quantifying C&I waste arisings.

To research key sectors to determine options for intervention: To work-up strategic plans to move waste up the

hierarchy, focused pieces of research are required not only to quantify more accurately the waste in a sector, but

also to assess the opportunity associated with that waste. This should aid the decision making process in

Northern Ireland for the adoption of policies or interventions.

To perform focused evaluation of specific policies: These would seek to establish evidence of impacts linking a

particular intervention and the waste streams targeted. For this reason, direct measurement may include only the

types of businesses and organisation targeted and the material types likely to be affected. In effect, this would

reduce the requirements (and burdens) of any surveys used.

12 More information available at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/aboutus/wfo/128930.aspx

http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/aboutus/wfo/128930.aspx


Appendix – Detailed Waste Tables

The following tables contain detailed information on the waste arisings in Northern Ireland in 2009.

Table 9: Waste arisings split by business sector and material (2009; tonnes) – material collected mixed is not split into component materials

Business Sector Animal & Vegetable

Wastes

Chemical Wastes

Common Sludges

Discarded equipment

Healthcare Wastes

Metallic Wastes

Mineral Mixed wastes

Non-metallic wastes

Non-wastes

Total

Food, drink & tobacco 115,267 42,887 31,327 382 74 2,045 2,241 31,918 17,714 0 243,856


643 31,157 1,364 995 13 2,096 3,412 13,213 50,955 0 103,848

Power & Utilities 7,360 8,764 507 33 19 863 104,813 2,874 413 0 125,645


1,189 62,777 2,259 317 623 3,905 34,862 17,847 18,041 0 141,820

Metal Manufacturing 1,740 18,227 542 150 51 25,757 82,244 14,859 3,176 0 146,746


433 5,340 1,203 745 709 19,730 646 13,831 11,087 0 53,725

Retail & wholesale 8,004 7,831 49 7,932 12,728 3,602 1,545 85,541 80,094 0 207,326

Hotels & catering 3,218 1,559 43 745 2,648 445 790 38,429 30,526 0 78,402


617 1,156 0 811 21,760 670 2,456 19,728 6,585 0 53,783

Education 764 28 10 285 418 31 251 5,496 2,232 0 9,514

Transport & storage 3,894 1,650 13 3,834 1,639 3,246 285 12,880 12,830 0 40,271

Other services 2,445 3,282 5 2,304 2,087 1,331 14,031 31,526 27,049 0 84,060

Total 145,573 184,658 37,322 18,533 42,768 63,721 247,576 288,143 260,701 0 1,288,996


Table 10: Material collected as mixed waste split by business sector and material (2009; tonnes)


Wastes

Chemical Wastes

Common Sludges

Discarded equipment

Healthcare Wastes

Metallic Wastes

Mineral Non-

metallic wastes

Non-wastes

Total

Food, drink & tobacco 12,329 2,660 0 20 0 1,460 60 15,390 0 31,918


565 82 0 3 16 323 106 12,118 0 13,213

Power & Utilities 193 792 0 0 0 88 42 1,760 0 2,874


821 1,077 2 12 3 1,298 451 14,182 0 17,847

Metal Manufacturing 875 66 0 14 0 1,848 5,972 6,084 0 14,859


1,407 374 0 8 0 742 183 11,117 0 13,831

Retail & wholesale 8,705 72 0 1,830 2 19,583 569 54,780 0 85,541

Hotels & catering 10,110 0 0 13 59 1,653 3 26,590 0 38,429


3,654 12 0 459 97 764 46 14,697 0 19,728

Education 1,158 0 0 24 0 250 194 3,869 0 5,496

Transport & storage 934 12 1 0 24 1,901 210 9,787 11 12,880

Other services 3,484 40 0 104 317 1,250 2,593 23,726 11 31,526

Total 44,235 5,187 3 2,489 519 31,160 10,428 194,100 22 288,143


Table 11: Waste arisings split by business sector and material (2009; tonnes) – material collected mixed split into component materials


Wastes

Chemical Wastes

Common Sludges

Discarded equipment

Healthcare Wastes

Metallic Wastes

Mineral Non-

metallic wastes

Non-wastes

Total

Food, drink & tobacco 127,597 45,547 31,327 402 74 3,505 2,301 33,103 0 243,856


1,208 31,239 1,364 997 29 2,419 3,518 63,073 0 103,848

Power & Utilities 7,553 9,556 507 33 19 951 104,854 2,172 0 125,645


2,010 63,854 2,262 329 626 5,203 35,312 32,223 0 141,820

Metal Manufacturing 2,615 18,293 542 165 51 27,605 88,216 9,259 0 146,746


1,840 5,714 1,203 754 710 20,472 828 22,204 0 53,725

Retail & wholesale 16,709 7,902 49 9,762 12,731 23,185 2,114 134,874 0 207,326

Hotels & catering 13,328 1,559 43 758 2,707 2,098 793 57,117 0 78,402


4,271 1,168 0 1,269 21,857 1,434 2,502 21,282 0 53,783

Education 1,922 28 10 310 418 281 445 6,101 0 9,514

Transport & storage 4,828 1,662 13 3,834 1,663 5,148 495 22,616 11 40,271

Other services 5,929 3,323 5 2,409 2,404 2,581 16,624 50,775 11 84,060

Total 189,808 189,845 37,325 21,022 43,288 94,881 258,004 454,800 22 1,288,996


Table 12: Waste arisings split by business size and material (2009; tonnes) – material collected mixed is not split into component materials

Number of employees

Animal & Vegetable

Wastes

Chemical Wastes

Common Sludges

Discarded equipment

Healthcare Wastes

Metallic Wastes


Non-metallic wastes

Non-wastes

Total

1 - 4 641 1,155 2 2,165 4,176 1,928 630 22,194 15,315 0 48,205

5 - 9 1,514 2,771 10 3,749 7,718 2,748 2,017 43,297 31,968 0 95,792

10 - 19 3,362 5,358 99 5,729 15,627 4,808 1,076 45,505 33,576 0 115,140

20 - 49 13,736 20,839 940 2,212 2,339 8,076 6,005 48,286 39,566 0 141,999

50 - 99 22,892 22,707 3,976 1,187 2,965 5,635 5,689 27,183 34,057 0 126,290

100 - 249 28,104 53,745 9,085 1,350 2,348 11,428 44,778 33,805 56,556 0 241,198

250 + 75,325 78,083 23,211 2,141 7,596 29,099 187,381 67,874 49,663 0 520,373

Total 145,573 184,658 37,322 18,533 42,768 63,721 247,576 288,143 260,701 0 1,288,996

Table 13: Material collected as mixed waste arisings split by business size and material (2009; tonnes)

Number of employees

Animal & Vegetable

Wastes

Chemical Wastes

Common Sludges

Discarded equipment

Healthcare Wastes

Metallic Wastes

Mineral Non-

metallic wastes

Non-wastes

Total

1 - 4 1,588 1 0 329 19 6,403 1,085 12,768 0 22,194

5 - 9 4,337 15 2 562 59 12,364 1,127 24,830 0 43,297

10 - 19 6,304 63 0 841 292 2,420 310 35,265 11 45,505

20 - 49 7,865 95 0 54 58 2,939 1,044 36,231 0 48,286

50 - 99 4,255 2,310 0 589 55 1,157 364 18,443 11 27,183

100 - 249 6,113 1,185 0 12 24 1,186 270 25,015 0 33,805

250 + 13,773 1,518 1 102 13 4,692 6,229 41,547 0 67,874

Total 44,235 5,187 3 2,489 519 31,160 10,428 194,100 22 288,143


Table 14: Waste arisings split by business size and material (2009; tonnes) – material collected mixed split into component materials

Number of employees

Animal & Vegetable

Wastes

Chemical Wastes

Common Sludges

Discarded equipment

Healthcare Wastes

Metallic Wastes

Mineral Non-

metallic wastes

Non-wastes

Total

1 - 4 2,229 1,156 2 2,494 4,195 8,331 1,715 28,083 0 48,205

5 - 9 5,851 2,785 12 4,311 7,777 15,112 3,145 56,798 0 95,792

10 - 19 9,666 5,421 99 6,570 15,918 7,228 1,386 68,841 11 115,140

20 - 49 21,602 20,934 940 2,266 2,397 11,015 7,048 75,797 0 141,999

50 - 99 27,147 25,017 3,976 1,776 3,020 6,792 6,053 52,499 11 126,290

100 - 249 34,216 54,930 9,085 1,362 2,372 12,614 45,047 81,571 0 241,198

250 + 89,098 79,601 23,211 2,243 7,609 33,791 193,610 91,210 0 520,373

Total 189,808 189,845 37,325 21,022 43,288 94,881 258,004 454,800 22 1,288,996


Table 15: Waste arisings split by business sector and waste management option* (2009; tonnes)

Business Sector Composting Land

Recovery Landfill Recycling Reuse

Thermal Treatment

Thermal Treatment

(Energy Recovery)

Transfer station

Treatment Unknown Total

Food, drink & tobacco 14,889 57,324 21,036 80,158 22,129 8,823 7,971 513 16,571 14,443 243,856


556 11,490 11,147 58,174 4,989 519 4,311 478 8,062 4,121 103,848

Power & Utilities 47 4,090 53,296 53,712 2,821 447 3,549 26 680 6,978 125,645


6,392 4,962 32,766 45,595 6,695 8,592 4,971 1,814 19,613 10,420 141,820

Metal Manufacturing 26 668 62,536 70,279 1,512 228 774 1,457 4,728 4,536 146,746


388 1,234 7,030 32,024 722 209 814 4,895 3,116 3,292 53,725

Retail & wholesale 813 106 46,282 106,757 6,321 4,648 4,013 6,279 18,604 13,503 207,326

Hotels & catering 920 0 22,654 32,366 1,607 1,566 2,268 1,436 596 14,989 78,402


533 40 9,302 13,852 1,412 17,749 2,199 252 2,604 5,841 53,783

Education 471 17 3,068 3,240 110 308 190 119 270 1,722 9,514

Transport & storage 9 110 4,128 26,628 1,787 1,667 1,053 1,115 494 3,281 40,271

Other services 1,990 80 19,905 43,032 895 2,685 1,673 2,396 1,820 9,583 84,060

Total 27,035 80,122 293,152 565,816 50,999 47,440 33,786 20,780 77,159 92,709 1,288,996

* The methodology for this research (section 2.3) impacts the accuracy of estimates around waste management options. For this reason, the estimates should be viewed as tentative and not used as a

baseline against which future performance can be judged.


Table 16: Waste arisings split by business size and waste management option* (2009; tonnes)

Number of Employees Composting Land

Recovery Landfill Recycling Reuse

Thermal Treatment

Thermal Treatment

(Energy Recovery)

Transfer station

Treatment Unknown Total

1 - 4 102 0 13,062 20,699 1,346 550 1,026 1,260 4,432 5,729 48,205

5 - 9 1,014 0 24,395 41,044 3,209 1,663 1,570 2,616 7,612 12,668 95,792

10 - 19 331 163 21,934 51,783 3,062 14,780 1,567 3,192 4,228 14,101 115,140

20 - 49 2,814 3,431 31,137 65,485 4,982 5,014 2,858 3,639 8,756 13,883 141,999

50 - 99 5,666 13,061 19,315 54,976 8,313 5,349 5,235 2,024 4,821 7,529 126,290

100 - 249 4,656 15,946 41,759 112,710 11,110 4,280 8,777 2,841 15,697 23,422 241,198

250 + 12,451 47,521 141,549 219,120 18,976 15,805 12,754 5,209 31,612 15,376 520,373

Total 27,035 80,122 293,152 565,816 50,999 47,440 33,786 20,780 77,159 92,709 1,288,996




Table 17: Waste arisings split by business sector and size (2009; tonnes)

Business Sector 0 - 4 5 - 9 10 - 19 20 - 49 50 - 99 100 - 249 250 + Total

Food, drink & tobacco 49 684 4,307 13,677 44,257 51,745 129,137 243,856

Textiles / wood / paper / publishing 551 2,158 7,428 5,857 10,379 77,474 103,848

Power & Utilities 43 1,909 123,693 125,645

Chemical / non-metallic minerals manufacture 142 4,586 6,404 25,337 11,695 48,490 45,166 141,820

Metal Manufacturing 2,655 2,663 5,068 6,322 12,387 117,651 146,746

Machinery & equipment (other manufacture) 1,387 1,554 4,791 6,211 4,686 7,729 27,366 53,725

Retail & wholesale 26,209 47,608 28,806 33,205 21,342 24,755 25,402 207,326

Hotels & catering 2,647 18,384 17,540 18,838 7,663 4,863 8,469 78,402

Public administration & social work 633 2,746 14,634 6,059 4,344 7,134 18,232 53,783

Education 326 863 382 1,766 1,011 5,166 9,514

Transport & storage 547 2,144 17,192 9,045 1,271 5,047 5,026 40,271

Other services 13,014 11,679 8,053 15,031 7,255 3,625 25,402 84,060

Total - - - - - - - 1,288,996

Note: Shaded cells have been merged as there are fewer than five companies in Northern Ireland within the original cells. This means that arisings from individual companies cannot be inferred. For the same reason, column totals are

not given in this chart.


Table 18: Waste arisings split by waste management route* and material (2009; tonnes) – material collected mixed is not split into component materials


Wastes

Chemical Wastes

Common Sludges

Discarded equipment

Healthcare Wastes

Metallic Wastes


Non-metallic wastes

Non-wastes

Total

Composting 12,332 10,166 1,489 100 0 4 99 1,483 1,360 0 27,035

Land Recovery 16,962 23,917 28,236 0 0 0 6,112 3,700 1,194 0 80,122

Landfill 2,815 10,693 267 85 1,807 112 121,199 152,159 4,015 0 293,152

Recycling 56,400 49,362 4,347 14,599 13 57,842 96,488 62,806 223,958 0 565,816

Reuse 19,426 3,573 245 799 0 2,198 11,350 1,569 11,839 0 50,999

Thermal Treatment 10,637 9,530 698 5 20,861 18 59 4,977 654 0 47,440

Thermal Treatment (Energy Recovery)

8,069 11,225 9 1 1,829 21 1,147 8,091 3,395 0 33,786

Transfer station 369 1,125 0 97 4 1,018 498 13,725 3,944 0 20,780

Treatment 10,074 46,187 862 900 16,462 539 417 1,386 330 0 77,159

Unknown 8,488 18,878 1,169 1,947 1,793 1,969 10,207 38,247 10,011 0 92,709

Total 145,573 184,658 37,322 18,533 42,768 63,721 247,576 288,143 260,701 0 1,288,996



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