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Report of the Plant Diagnostic Laboratory At North Dakota State University

January 1 through December 31, 2009

Available on-line at http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/diaglab/reports.htm

Compiled by Kasia Kinzer, Plant Diagnostician

NDSU Department of Plant Pathology

College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources

NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2009

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Report of the Plant Diagnostic Laboratory at North Dakota State University

Table of Contents

About the Lab .......................................................................................................... 3 PERSONNEL.............................................................................................................................................................3 NATIONAL PLANT DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK.............................................................................................................3 ACTIVITIES OF THE NDSU PLANT DIAGNOSTIC LAB..............................................................................................3 2009 ACCOMPLISHMENTS:......................................................................................................................................3 GOALS FOR 2010.....................................................................................................................................................4

NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Fees .......................................................................... 5

NDSU Seed Health/Phytosanitary Testing Fees................................................... 5

Fee Waivers for Extension Personnel................................................................... 6

A Guide for Estimating Turn-Around Time........................................................... 6

Lab Statistics........................................................................................................... 7 TOTAL SAMPLES RECEIVED BY YEAR, 1990 THROUGH 2009 ..................................................................................7 MONTHLY SAMPLE SUBMISSION 2009....................................................................................................................8 2009 NORTH DAKOTA SAMPLES BY COUNTY.........................................................................................................9 2009 OUT-OF-STATE SAMPLES ...............................................................................................................................9 TOTAL NUMBER OF SAMPLES RECEIVED BY SAMPLE CATEGORY IN 2009...........................................................10 NUMBER OF SAMPLE SUBMISSIONS BY SAMPLE SOURCE 2009 ............................................................................11 NUMBER OF ROUTINE DIAGNOSIS SAMPLES BY HOST CATEGORY IN 2009 ..........................................................12 NUMBER OF DIAGNOSES BY SAMPLE CATEGORY AND CAUSAL AGENT TYPE 2009 .............................................13 DUTCH ELM DISEASE – BY ND COUNTY 2006-2009............................................................................................14 SEED HEALTH AND PHYTOSANITARY SAMPLES 2009...........................................................................................15

2009 Sample Details.............................................................................................. 16

Specialists consulted ........................................................................................... 30


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About the Lab Personnel Kasia Kinzer (MS, Plant Pathology) is the plant diagnostician and lab director, Montgomary ‘Monty’ Botschner (BA, Biology/Chemistry) provides technical support for seed health testing and phytosanitary testing, and Aimee Thapa (BS, Horticulture) is the receptionist and laboratory assistant for the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab.

Great Plains Diagnostic Network NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab is a member of the Great Plains Diagnostic Network (GPDN), a region of the National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN).

“The NPDN was established in 2002 by legislative mandate in response to the need to enhance agricultural security through protection of the health and productivity of plants in agricultural and natural ecosystems in the U.S. With support from the USDA-CSREES and through the collective efforts of many individuals representing Land Grant Universities, federal agencies, state departments of agriculture, and other stakeholders, the NPDN has grown into an internationally respected consortium of plant diagnostic laboratories. The specific purpose of the NPDN is to provide a nationwide network of public agricultural institutions with a cohesive, distributed system to quickly detect high consequence pests and pathogens that have been introduced into agricultural and natural ecosystems, identify them, and immediately report them to appropriate responders and decision makers. To accomplish this mission, the NPDN has invested in plant diagnostic laboratory infrastructure and training, developed an extensive network of first detectors through education and outreach, and enhanced communication among agencies and stakeholders responsible for responding to and mitigating new outbreaks. I invite you to explore our website to learn more about the NPDN and our programs.” – Richard Bostock, Executive Director, NPDN, University of California, Davis

More information is available at www.npdn.org.

Activities of the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Our goal is to provide economical, unbiased plant and pest diagnostic services to agricultural professionals, the horticulture industry, homeowners, and individuals in North Dakota.

2009 Accomplishments: • Maintained USDA certification for screening potato seed tubers for bacterial ring rot for

export to Canada. • Coordinated a hands-on RNA workshop for GPDN diagnosticians • Provided seed health-related testing services for growers, certain phytosanitary and

survey testing services for the North Dakota Department of Agriculture, and special testing services for research personnel

• Taught the labs of Introductory Plant Pathology (PPTH324) each Fall semester • Supported the Master Gardener program and other horticultural community programs • Supported the agricultural industry by offering seminars and training as requested • Attended a Soybean Rust Identification Short Course, offered through the University of

Florida and hosted at Quincy, Florida.


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• Offered First Detector training events for county agents and other agricultural professionals who desire to become registered first detectors in the National Plant Diagnostic Network.

o 7 new first detectors were trained in ND in 2009

• Increased the use of conventional PCR and real-time PCR to supplement diagnosis of additional organisms, when applicable.

o Our routine diagnosis “tool box” now includes a PCR (gene-based) kit for detection of Erwinia amylovora (bacterium that causes fire blight)

o A Potato Virus Y strain characterization technique is now offered

Goals for 2010 • Continue to improve the accuracy and speed of diagnosis while remaining cost-effective • Initiate NPDN First Detector Educator training events to enable county agents to offer

First Detector training to members of their respective counties, including master gardeners, agriculture professionals, and others

• Offer training to county extension personnel who would like to use PDIS to submit sample information and digital images for diagnosis

o PDIS v.2.0 was released in February 2010

• Receive routine diagnosis training at a three-day hands-on workshop sponsored by the NPDN (lab technician)

• Attend at least one diagnostic workshops for specific pathogens offered every year by the USDA

• Use a nucleic acid-based detection kit for detection of PVY and PLRV in dormant tubers • Use immunocapture-multiplex PCR to characterize strains of PVY • Train lab assistant to use standard techniques for routine diagnosis to improve sample

turnaround time during the summer months


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Contact the lab at 701.231.7854 or by email ([email protected]) for information on availability and fees of special tests or research support. Fees are valid through December 31, 2010.

NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Fees • Routine diagnosis (includes routine culture, when required), ND Resident $15

o Out-of-State surcharge additional $10 o Non-routine culture additional $15

• ELISA (serological test) – contact lab for availability $35 o Each additional sample, same organism $10 o Reduced bulk rates may apply – call for details

• Dutch elm disease test $30 • Plant or insect identification $15 • Home mold identification (based on submitted samples only; commercial kits NOT

accepted; please call for info on sampling) $15 • Soybean Cyst Nematode soil analysis $25 • Root rot index (Aphanomyces) – soil bioassay $110 • Ash yellows phytoplasma IFA (research samples only) $35 • Potato tuber rot evaluation (MUST contact lab for pre-approval) $35 • PCR (gene-based analysis) – by arrangement only $45

NDSU Seed Health/Phytosanitary Testing Fees Dry Edible Beans

o “Dome Test” for Bacterial Blight pathogens (3-5 lb. minimum sample) $60 o Anthracnose testing (3-5 lb. minimum sample) $60

Potato o Late Blight tuber screen (min. 400 tubers) $75 o Bacterial Ring Rot of Potatoes for Export (minimum 400 tubers required;

ELISA/IFA, positives verified with real-time PCR) $165 o ELISA virus testing on tuber sprouts (min. 600 tubers, 2 sprouts/tuber and 2 or 5

tubers per ELISA well) PVY, 2 tubers per well, 300 wells at $2/well: $600 PVY, 5 tubers per well, 120 wells at $2/well: $240 With PVY validation/strain characterization (PCR): add $200 Additional viruses: $0.50 per well

o Potato tissue culture 6-virus/1-bacteria screen (PVA, PVM, PVS, PVX, PVY, PLRV, and Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus; Pectobacterium atrosepticum by request) $20 per plantlet

o PSTV (available by special arrangement; contact lab for pricing) varies Pulse crops - Lentils / Chickpeas (Garbanzos) / Field Peas

o Ascochyta screening, pea/lentil (3-5 lbs; 500 seeds tested) $75 o Ascochyta screening, chickpea (3-5 lbs; 1000 seeds tested) $95 o Anthracnose screening (2-3 lb. minimum sample) $75 o Nematode seed wash (cyst and foliar nematodes) $25

Small Grains o Black Point screen (2-3 lb. minimum sample) $75 o Bunt seed wash (per ISTA method; submitted sample: min. 1000 grams;

sub-sample: min. 50 grams tested) $75 o Fusarium sp. screen $75

Sunflower o Nematode seed wash $25


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Fee Waivers for Extension Personnel Samples referred (or submitted) to the lab by extension personnel can qualify for a fee waiver. Each county extension office and Research and Extension Center receives a minimum of four fee waivers annually. These waivers can be used to waive the following fees: routine diagnosis, culture, Dutch elm disease test, herbicide injury evaluation (visual only; NDSU no longer offers chemical residue analysis on a routine basis), plant/insect identification, home mold identification, nematode test, or routine virus test. Note: The fee waiver cannot be applied to seed health testing/phytosanitary testing, the potato spindle tuber viroid test, and certain special tests. If you have any questions, please contact the lab.

Fee waiver coupons for 2010 will be mailed or distributed to county and REC staff during the 2010 NDSU Extension Spring Conference. Please prepare ND residents for the $15 fee if they are referred to the Plant Diagnostic Lab without a fee waiver.

A Guide for Estimating Turn-Around Time Many of the samples that come into the lab have uncommon or unusual symptoms that are not routinely encountered by experts. As a result, more time is spent on these samples in attempts to determine the cause of the symptoms. The table below provides guidelines of turnaround times for various sample types. These guidelines are based on one sample (not multiple samples from the same client). Actual turnaround time depends on several factors, such as complexity of the problem; availability of expert consultants; whether culturing is required; number of samples; knowledge of the crop; type of problem suspected; priority (that is, samples that require immediate corrective actions vs. samples with no such immediate need); and so on.

Estimated turnaround times for routine samples:

Sample Type Estimated turnaround time Field Crops 1-14 days Tree/Shrub 5-14 days ELISA testing 1-3 days PCR testing 1-3 days Culturing 1-4 weeks (varies) Nematode 1-7 days Fruits/Vegetables 1-14 days Ornamentals 1-14 days Turf/Lawn 1-14 days Plant/Insect ID 1-7 days Fungus/Mold ID 2 weeks Seed Health 24 hours to 8 weeks Phytosanitary 24 hours to 8 weeks

The lab generally adopts a ‘first-come-first-served’ policy, but under certain circumstances, some samples, particularly commercial ones or those suspected to be infected by a ‘high risk’ pest (as defined by the National Plant Diagnostic Network), may be given priority, especially if a very narrow window of time for treatment or response exists.


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Lab Statistics Total samples Received by Year, 1990 through 2009 A historical perspective of samples received by the lab is presented in the graph below, which shows routine diagnosis, phytosanitary, seed health, research, and survey samples. The 20-year average is 1,161 samples per year. Total sample number received per year has been on the rise for the past five years. This rise in sample numbers reflects increases in phytosanitary, seed health, and research samples.


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Monthly Sample Submission 2009 Monthly submission rates of samples to the Plant Diagnostic Lab vary by time of year. Plant diagnostic services comprise the bulk of the samples submitted during the summer months, and the fees are kept low to encourage use of the lab by the general public. Samples for seed health testing, phytosanitary testing, and research support are received throughout the year.


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2009 North Dakota Samples by County (Includes Phytosanitary, Research, and Seed Health samples)

2009 Out-of-State samples (Includes routine diagnosis, seed health, and phytosanitary samples)

Canada: 8 Arkansas: 1 Colorado: 6 Iowa: 3 Idaho: 4 Illinois: 1 Kentucky: 1 Michigan: 46 Minnesota: 229 Montana: 4 Nebraska: 76 Nevada: 3 Oregon: 13 Pennsylvania: 1 South Dakota: 9 Wisconsin: 28 Wyoming: 5


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Total Number of Samples Received By Sample Category in 2009 A total of 2,762 samples were submitted in 2009, an increase of 502 samples over the previous year. Samples submitted for phytosanitary testing formed the largest group in 2009, with 1,010 samples. Research samples comprised the next-largest category. The number of samples submitted for routine diagnoses (671, with at least 798 diagnoses applied) was comparable to the number submitted in 2008 (665, with 812 diagnoses applied). The pie chart below shows the number of samples received by category in 2009.


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Number of Sample Submissions by Sample Source 2009


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Number of Routine Diagnosis Samples by Host Category in 2009 Of the 671 samples submitted for routine diagnosis, 287 were crop-related samples (43% of routine diagnosis samples). Historically, crop-related samples comprise the largest proportion of those submitted to the Plant Diagnostic Lab. The 234 horticultural-related samples (woody species, ornamental, fruit, vegetable, and turf/lawn samples) that comprised 35% of routine diagnosis samples illustrate the continued importance of horticultural problems in North Dakota. Sixty-eight of the 73 soil samples were submitted for soybean cyst nematode analysis, a service that comprises 10% of samples submitted for routine diagnosis and one that is expected to increase by two- to three-fold by December 2010. The number of plant identification requests has risen over previous years, and with the addition of a lab assistant with excellent plant identification skills (and access to campus experts), this number is expected to continue to rise.


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Number of Diagnoses by Sample Category and Causal Agent Type 2009 (Excludes phytosanitary, seed health, and research samples)

Causal Agent Type

Sample Category

Tota

l D

iagn

oses

Fung

i

Bac

teria

Viru

ses

Arth

ropo

d

Nem

atod

e

Che

mic

al

Inju

ry

Abi

otic

Oth

er

No

Pes

t or

Pat

hoge

n fo

und

Field Crops 1151 351 36 127 27 0 29 104 21 456

Tree/Shrub 229 57 3 0 55 0 18 84 7 5

Fruit/Veg 37 11 4 3 15 3 1 Plant ID 63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 63 0 Insect ID 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

Fungi ID 13 11 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

Turf/Lawn 37 18 0 0 10 0 0 0 9 0

Ornamental 14 7 0 1 1 0 0 3 2 0

Soil (SCN or bioassay) 74 2 0 0 0 15 0 2 1 54

Total Diagnoses 1622 457 43 128 96 15 47 210 110 516


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Dutch Elm Disease – By ND County 2006-2009 Dutch elm disease continues to infect American elm trees throughout the state. Although Dutch elm disease testing data from the lab is presented here, these data cannot indicate whether incidence has risen or lowered from one year to the next since not all samples suspected to be infected with Dutch elm disease are sent here for testing. Symptoms of Dutch elm disease are fairly diagnostic by experienced tree health professionals, but only a laboratory test can confirm the presence of the Dutch elm disease pathogen.

Keeping American elm trees healthy is the best defense against infection. Adequate watering and fertilization is important, but just as important, and possibly even more critical, are the following recommendations, offered by Dr. James Walla (NDSU research pathologist): 1) avoid application of broadleaf herbicides that contain dicamba near the rootzone of the trees; 2) avoid any other herbicide damage to the leaves or roots of the trees; and 3) avoid mechanical damage to the trunk or roots of the trees (mowers and weed whackers can cause serious problems). These measures, however, only reduce the possibility of infection; they don’t eliminate the possibility completely.

Fungicide injections may also be helpful to protect a tree against infection, but such treatments are costly and must be repeated every couple of years. Consequently, fungicide injections are usually only economically justified for trees of high value. Such injections are primarily a protective measure, before a tree becomes infected. Some fungicides, however, may be able to eradicate the disease if the infection has not progressed very far. In such cases, the tree reportedly has a better chance of survival if the fungicide injection is combined with proper pruning to remove infected limbs. These ‘curative’ treatments can also negatively affect the tree (phytotoxicity). Good luck is also involved, since such treatments are not always effective and it is not yet apparently fully understood why.

Some American elm cultivars and several elm hybrids have demonstrated tolerance or even possible resistance to Dutch elm disease. Homeowners should talk to their county agent or to NDSU extension specialists to find which cultivars, hybrids, or varieties of elm have performed well in ND.

Dutch Elm Disease Samples by County 2006 2007 2008 2009 County,

Number submitted Positive Not

Detected Positive Not Detected Positive Not

Detected Positive Not Detected

Cass 3 0 1 1 4 0 3 0 Emmons -- -- -- -- 1 0 -- -- LaMoure 1 0 1 0 -- -- -- -- McHenry -- -- -- -- 1 0 -- -- McKenzie 2 0 -- -- -- -- -- -- Norman -- -- -- -- 0 1 -- -- Sargent -- -- -- -- 2 0 -- -- Stutsman -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 0 Ward 0 1 -- -- 1 0 -- -- Total: 6 2 2 1 9 1 3 0


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Seed Health and Phytosanitary Samples 2009 Samples for seed health testing are usually submitted during the winter months, typically beginning in September. The number of samples submitted for potato bacterial ring rot (BRR), potato viruses (sprouts), nematode seed wash (screening for nematodes on seed of pulse crops and sunflower), dome (bacterial foliar blights on dry bean), anthracnose, and other seed health tests are summarized in the table below.

Seed health testing and Phytosanitary Testing Summary

Test Type

Number of samples submitted for

requested test

Anthracnose (dry bean, pulse crops) 2

Ascochyta (pulse crops) 0

BRR 200

Bunt/Smut seed wash 4

Dome (bacterial, dry bean) 2

Nematode – pulse crops and sunflower 1006

Potato viruses 4

Other 0


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2009 Sample Details The table below summarizes diagnoses by the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab. Research, phytosanitary, and seed health samples are not included. Note that the level of confidence of the diagnosis is included, where Confirmed indicates that the pest or pathogen was keyed out (morphology) or verified with serological or genetic testing; Suspected indicates that the diagnosis was based on general morphology, microscopy, or other evidence; Inconclusive means test results were contradictory or unclear; and Not Detected means the pathogen was not detected using one or more tests such as microscopy, culture, serology, or PCR.

Confirmed Suspected Inconclusive Not Detected Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) 5 Alfalfa Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. medicaginis)

1 0 0 0

Phosphorus Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Spring Black Stem (Phoma medicaginis var. medicaginis) 0 1 0 0 Stemphylium Leaf Spot (Stemphylium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Sulfur Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 American Cranberry bush (Viburnum trilobum) 4 Clearwing Borers (Family Sesiidae) 0 1 0 0 Eriophyid Mites (Family Eriophyidae) 3 0 0 0 Apple (Malus domestica) 15 Apple Black Rot (Physalospora (Sphaeropsis) obtusa (malorum))

3 3 2 0

Bagworm Moths (Family Psychidae) 1 0 0 0 Branch Girdling (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) 0 0 0 2 Fungal Wood Rot (Schizophyllum commune) 0 1 0 0 Oystershell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi) 1 0 0 0 Scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Ash (Fraxinus sp./spp.) 4 Ash Anthracnose (Gnomoniella fraxini) 1 1 0 0 Glyphosate Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Ash – Green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata) 10 Ash Anthracnose (Gnomoniella fraxini) 3 1 0 0 Ash Flower Gall Mite (Eriophyes fraxiniflora) 1 0 0 0 Ash Plant Bug (Tropidosteptes amoenus) 0 1 0 0 Ash Rust; Sparagan (Puccinia sparganioides) 1 0 0 0 Eriophyid Mites (Family Eriophyidae) 1 0 0 0 Glyphosate Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Powdery Mildew (Phyllactinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Aspen – Quaking (Populus tremuloides) 4 Bacterial Leaf Spot (Unidentified Bacteria) 1 0 0 0 Canker (Unspecified causal) 0 1 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Barley (Hordeum sp.) 15 Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (BYDV-‐PAV))

1 0 0 2

Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 0 0 0 1 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 0 0 0 3 Spot Blotch (Cochliobolus (ana. Bipolaris) sativus 2 0 0 0


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(sorokiniana) Triticum Mosaic (Triticum Mosaic Virus; WASMV) 0 0 0 1 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV))

0 0 0 3

Chemical injury 0 1 0 0 Bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) 1 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Birch (Betula sp./spp.) 4 Canker (Unidentified Fungus) 0 1 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Iron Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Iron; Manganese Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Bluegrass -‐ Kentucky (Poa sp.) 4 Melting Out (Turfgrass) (Drechslera sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Patch Disease (Unidentified Fungus) 0 2 0 0 Boxelder (Acer negundo) 1 Unknown (General) 1 0 0 0 Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum convolulus) 3 Bacterial Leaf Spot (Unidentified Bacteria) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Burning Bush (Euonymus atropurpurea) 1 Scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Butterfly-‐bush (Buddleia spp.) 1 Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) 1 0 0 0 Canola (Brassica napus var. napus) 11 Black Leg (Phoma sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Cabbage Maggot (Delia radicum) 0 2 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Insect Damage (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Potassium Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Slime Mold (Class Myxomycetes; Myxomycota) 0 1 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 1 1 0 0 Wireworms (Click Beetles) (Family Elateridae) 0 1 0 0 Carrot (Daucus carota sativus) 1 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Cedar – Eastern Red (Juniperus virginiana) 1 Unidentified fungus (Unidentified fungus) 1 0 0 0 Chickpea (garbanzo) (Cicer arietinum) 1 Nightshades (Family Solanaceae) 0 1 0 0 Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) 4 Black Knot (Apiosporina (Dibotryon) morbosum) 1 0 0 0 Brown Rot (Monilinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Unknown (General) 2 0 0 0 Corn (Zea mays) 266 15-‐acetyl DON (Mycotoxin) 8 0 0 0 Aflatoxin (Mycotoxins) 0 0 0 1 Animal Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Blue Mold Rot (Penicillium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 1 5 0 0 Cladosporium Mold (Cladosporium sp./spp.) 95 0 0 0 Corn Bacterial Stalk Rot (Erwinia (Pectobacterium) or 0 0 1 0


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Enterobacter chrysanth) Fumonisin (Mycotoxin) 0 0 0 1 Fusarium Ear Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 7 3 0 0 Grain Mold (Various fungi) 2 0 0 0 HT-‐2 toxin (mycotoxin) 8 0 0 0 Holcus Spot (Varnish S.; A) (Pseudomonas syringae) 0 1 0 0 Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Kernel Red Streak (feeding injury by Eriophyes tulipae) 15 0 0 0 Mold (Unidentified Mold) 1 0 0 0 Mycotoxin (Mycotoxin) 8 0 0 57 No Specified Pathology (Fusarium sp./spp.) 6 1 0 0 Northern Corn Leaf Spot (Cochliobolus (Bipolaris) carbonum (zeicola))

1 0 0 0

Nutritional Pathology (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Physiological leaf spot (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 1 0 Referred to Specialist (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 T2 tetraol (mycotoxin) 1 0 0 0 T2 toxin (mycotoxin) 7 0 0 0 Trichothecenes (mycotoxins) 0 0 0 4 Unidentified fungus (Unidentified fungus) 3 0 0 0 Unknown (General) 1 0 0 0 Vomitoxin (mycotoxin) 14 0 0 0 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV))

0 0 0 1

acetyl T2 toxin (mycotoxin) 1 0 0 0 nivalenol (mycotoxin) 3 0 0 0 zearalenone (mycotoxin) 3 0 0 0 Crabapple (Malus sp./spp.) 2 Apple Black Rot (Physalospora (Sphaeropsis) obtusa (malorum))

1 1 0 0

Crabapple – Japanese Flowering (Malus floribunda) 2 Apple Black Rot (Physalospora (Sphaeropsis) obtusa (malorum))

0 1 0 0

Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) 0 0 0 1 Crested Wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) 1 Black Grass Bug (Labops hesperius) 0 1 0 0 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) 5 Fusarium Wilt of Melon (Fusarium oxysporum cucumerinum)

1 0 0 0

Spider Mite Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Unknown (General) 2 0 0 0 Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) 0 1 0 0 Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) 1 Leaf Rust (Puccinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var.) 37 Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus (phaseoli)) 7 0 0 0 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli)

1 0 0 0

Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium oxysporum) 2 0 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium solani) 2 0 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 7 0 0 0 Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) 1 0 0 0 Glyphosate Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0


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Halo Blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola) 0 1 0 0 Rhizoctonia Root Rot (Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia) cucumeris (solani))

4 0 0 0

Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 2 3 0 0 White Leaf Spot (Pseudocercosporella albida) 2 2 0 0 Elm (Ulmus spp.) 4 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Scorch (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Transplant Shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Unknown (General) 1 0 0 0 Elm – American (Ulmus americana) 5 Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma ulmi) 5 0 0 0 Elm – Siberian (Ulmus pumila) 1 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Flax (Linum usitatissimum) 4 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Flax Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lini) 1 0 0 0 Pasmo (Septoria linicola) 1 0 0 0 Unknown Bacterial Disease (Unknown Bacterial Disease) 0 1 0 0 Fungus ID Request (Household/Landscape) 12 Black Mold; Mildew (Alternaria alternata) 2 0 0 0 Black Mold; Toxic Mold (Stachybotrys chartarum) 2 0 0 0 Cladosporium Mold (Cladosporium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Mold; Mildew (Penicillium sp./spp.) 2 0 0 0 Mold (Unidentified Mold) 2 0 0 0 Slime Mold (Class Myxomycetes; Myxomycota) 0 0 1 0 Unidentified abiotic substance (from sheetrock) 1 0 0 0 Efflorescence (abiotic) 0 0 0 0 Gaura (Gaura spp.) 1 Thrips (Frankliniella sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Grape (Vitis sp./spp.) 6 Cultural/Environmental Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Grape Downy Mildew (Plasmopara viticola) 2 0 0 0 Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) 1 0 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Phytophthora Root Rot (Phytophthora megasperma) 0 1 0 0 Hibiscus (Hibiscus spp.) 1 Spider Mites (Family Tetranychidae) 1 0 0 0 Honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) 1 Honeylocust Podgall Midge (Dasineura gleditschae) 1 0 0 0 Honeysuckle (Lonicera sp./spp.) 1 Aphids (Plant Lice) (Family Aphididae) 1 0 0 0 Hosta (Hosta spp.) 3 Hosta Virus X (Hosta Virus X (HVX)) 1 0 0 1 Tobacco Rattle (Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV)) 0 0 0 1 Insect ID Request (general) 3 Argus Tortoise Beetle (Chelymorpha cassidea) 1 0 0 0 Pea Aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) 1 0 0 0 Red Flour Beetle (Tribolium castaneum) 1 0 0 0 Juniper (Juniperus spp.) 3 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) 1


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Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Lentil (Lens culinaris) 6 Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Unknown (General) 2 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 1 0 White Mold (Stem Rot) (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) 1 0 0 0 Lilac (Syringa spp.) 2 High Soil Moisture (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Thrips (Order thysanoptera) 1 0 0 0 Lilac – Korean (Syringa velutina) 1 Oxygen Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Maple (Acer sp./spp.) 4 Erineum Galls (Family Eriophyidae) 1 0 0 0 Eriophyid Mites (Family Eriophyidae) 1 0 0 0 Maple Anthracnose (Aureobasidium (Gloeosporium) apocryptum)

0 1 0 0

Mechanical Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Maple – Amur (Acer tataricum ginnala) 1 Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Maple – Freeman's (Acer freemanii) 3 Eriophyid Mites (Family Eriophyidae) 0 1 0 0 Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Maple – Norway (Acer platanoides) 3 Mechanical Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Root Problems (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Sunscald (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Maple – Red (Acer rubrum) 1 Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Maple – Silver (Acer saccharinum) 15 Erineum Galls (Family Eriophyidae) 2 0 0 0 Eriophyid Mites (Family Eriophyidae) 5 0 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Iron Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 4 0 0 Maple Anthracnose (Aureobasidium (Gloeosporium) apocryptum)

0 1 0 0

Silver Maple Erineum Mite (Eriophyes aceris) 1 0 0 0 Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium albo-‐atrum) 1 0 0 0 Maple – Sugar (Acer saccharum) 1 Scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Millet – Foxtail (Setaria italica) 1 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Millet – Proso (Panicum miliaceum) 2 Bacterial Leaf Spot (Unidentified Bacteria) 1 0 0 0 Cereal; Grass Disease (Bipolaris sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Mulch (general) 1 Slime Mold (Class Myxomycetes; Myxomycota) 1 0 0 0 Multiple hosts 4 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Iron Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Spider Mite Injury (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Oak (Quercus spp.) 6 Aphids (Plant Lice) (Family Aphididae) 1 0 0 0 Jumping Bullet Gall Wasp (Neuroterus saltatorius) 1 0 0 0


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Oak Anthracnose (Apiognomonia (Discula) errabunda (quercina))

2 0 0 0

Oak Bullet Gall Wasp (Disholcaspis globulus) 1 0 0 0 Spider Mites (Family Tetranychidae) 1 0 0 0 Oak – Bur (Quercus macrocarpa) 6 Gall Wasps (Family Cynipidae) 2 0 0 0 Insect Damage (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Oak Anthracnose (Apiognomonia (Discula) errabunda (quercina))

0 2 0 0

Unidentified Insect (Unidentified Insect) 1 0 0 0 Onion (Allium spp.) 1 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Pea – Dry Field (Pisum sativum) 23 Alfalfa Mosaic (Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV)) 0 0 0 1 Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Bacterial Brown Spot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae)

1 0 0 0

Bean Common Mosaic (Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV))

0 0 0 1

Bean Leaf Roll (Bean Leaf Roll Virus (BLRV)) 0 1 0 0 Cucumber Mosaic (Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV)) 0 0 0 1 Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) 2 0 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp.) 1 0 0 0 Insect Damage (Abiotic disorder) 2 0 0 0 Pea Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas syringea pv. pisi) 2 0 0 0 Pea Enation Mosaic (Pea Enation Mosaic Virus (PEMV)) 0 0 0 1 Pea Mosaic (Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV)) 0 0 0 1 Pea Seed-‐borne Mosaic (Pea Seed-‐borne Mosaic Virus (PSBMV))

0 1 0 0

Pea Streak (Pea Streak Virus (PESV)) 0 0 0 1 Pythium root rot (Pythium sp.) 0 1 0 0 Rhizoctonia Root Rot (Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia) cucumeris (solani))

1 0 0 0

Turnip Mosaic (Turnip Mosaic Virus (TuMV)) 0 0 0 1 Viruses (Viruses) 2 0 0 0 Pea Shrub (pea tree) (Caragana spp.) 2 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Septoria Leaf Spot (Septoria sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Pear (ornamental) (Pyrus spp.) 2 Tubercularia Canker (Tubercularia ulmea) 0 0 1 0 Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Peony (Paeonia spp.) 3 Botrytis Blight (Botrytis sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Genetic Disorders (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Phytophthora Blight (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Pepper (Capsicum annuum var.) 2 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 2 0 0 0 Pine (Pinus spp.) 3 Deer Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 0 Mechanical Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 0 Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 0 Pine – Ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) 16 Animal Damage (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Diplodia Tip Blight; Canker (Sphaeropsis (Diplodia) 2 0 0 0


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sapinea (pinea)) Drought Stress Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Fall Needle Drop (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 High Soluble Salt (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Insect Frass; Pupal Casing (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Mechanical Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Pine Needle Scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 1 0 0 0 Pine Tip Moth (Rhyacionia species) 0 1 0 0 Pine tip moth injury (Rhyacionia sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Planted Too Densely (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Red Pine Shoot Moths (Dioryctria sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Salt Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 1 1 0 0 Plant ID Request 58 Alyssum; Hoary False (Berteroa incana) 1 0 0 1 Bentgrass (Agrostis sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) 1 0 0 0 Black Medic (Medicago lupulina) 2 0 0 0 Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) 1 0 0 0 Brome grass () 1 0 0 0 Brome; Smooth (Bromus inermis) 1 0 0 0 Bull Thistle (Cirsium vulgare) 0 1 0 0 Bushy Penstemon (Penstemon fruticosus) 0 1 0 0 Calibrachoa (Million Bells) 1 0 0 0 Canada Milkvetch (Astragalus canadensis) 1 0 0 0 Chickweed; Common (Stellaria media) 1 0 0 0 Chokecherry; Black (Prunus virginiana) 2 0 0 0 Clover; Red (Trifolium pratense) 1 0 0 0 Common Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) 1 0 0 0 Common Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum exalbescens) 1 0 0 0 Cucumber; Wild (Echinocystis lobata) 1 0 0 0 Dodder (Cuscuta sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Elder; American (Sambucus canadensis) 1 0 0 0 Fairy Candelabra (Androsace occidentalis) 2 0 0 0 Flowering Catchfly (Silene noctiflora) 2 0 0 0 Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) 1 0 0 0 Gypsy Flower (Houndstongue) (Cynoglossum officinale) 0 2 0 0 Hawkweed (Hieracium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 0 Hemlock; Poison (Conium maculatum) 1 0 0 0 Honeycrisp (Malus domestica 'Honeycrisp') 0 1 0 0 Honeysuckle (Lonicera * xylosteoides 'Claveys Dwarf') 1 0 0 0 Honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum 'Emerald Mound') 1 0 0 0 Meadow Fescue (Festuca eliator) 0 1 0 0 Mustard; Wallflower (Erysimum cheiranthoides) 0 0 1 0 Nightshade; Bittersweet (Solanum dulcamara) 1 0 0 0 Northern Willowherb; American (Epilobium ciliatum) 1 0 0 0 Nostoc (Nostoc sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Obedient Plant (Physotegia virginiana) 0 0 1 0 Pigweed; Russian (Axyris amaranthoides) 1 0 0 0 Pussytoes; Field (Antennaria neglecta) 1 0 0 0 Red woolly plantain (Plantago eriopoda) 0 0 1 0 Rough Bugleweed (Lycopus asper) 0 0 1 0 Rough Fleabane; Daisy Fleabane (Erigeron strigosus) 1 0 0 0


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Saltbush (Endolepis subspicata) 0 0 1 0 Scentless Chamomile (Matricaria (Tripleurospermum) perforata)

1 0 0 0

Scoria Lily (Mentzelia decapetala) 1 0 0 0 Sea-‐Blite (Suaeda depressa) 1 0 0 0 Stickeywilly (Catchweed B.) (Galium aparine) 1 0 0 0 Sunflower; Common (Helianthus annuus) 1 0 0 0 Tatarian Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica) 1 0 0 0 Unknown (General) 2 0 0 0 Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Western Sticktight; Flatspine Stickseed (Lappula redowskii)

0 1 0 0

Woodland Draba (Draba nemorosa) 1 0 0 0 Yellow Water Lily (Nuphar luteum subsp. variegatum) 1 0 0 0 Yellow Whitlowort (Draba nemorosa) 1 0 0 0 Plant ID Request -‐ Hay 5 Alyssum; Hoary False (Berteroa incana) 0 0 0 1 Bluegrass (Poa sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi) 0 1 0 0 Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) 0 1 0 0 Timothy (Phleum pratense) 0 1 0 0 Plum (Prunus spp.) 1 Cultural/Environmental Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Poplar (Populus sp./spp.) 3 Forest Tent Caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) 1 0 0 0 Phomopsis Canker (Phomopsis sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Unknown (General) 0 1 0 0 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 33 Alfalfa Mosaic (Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV)) 2 0 0 0 Bacterial Soft Rot (Erwinia sp./spp.) 0 2 0 0 Early Blight; Leaf Spot (Alternaria solani) 1 0 0 0 Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 1 0 Fusarium Dry Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Gibberella Root Rot (Gibberella (Fusarium) zeae (graminearum))

1 0 0 0

Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 4 0 0 Impatiens Necrotic Spot (Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV))

4 0 0 0

Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) 0 1 0 1 Marginal Leaf Burn (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Physiological Responses (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 0 Black Scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) 1 0 0 0 Potato Silver Scurf Rot (Helminthosporium solani) 0 0 0 2 Scab (Streptomyces sp./spp.) 0 0 0 2 Tomato Spotted Wilt (Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)) 0 0 0 4 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Prunus (Prunus spp.) 1 Black Knot (Apiosporina morbosa) 1 0 0 0 Pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) 1 Squash Vine Borer (Svb) (Melittia cucurbitae) 1 0 0 0 Raspberry (Rubus sp.) 5 Anthracnose (Elsinoe sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Crown Gall (Agrobacterium sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Iron Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0


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Spur Blight (Phoma sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Spur; Cane Blight (Didymella (ana. Phoma) applanata (argillacea))

0 0 1 0

Rose (Rosa spp.) 8 Black Spot (Rose) (Diplocarpon (Marssonina) rosae) 1 0 0 0 Botrytis Blight (Botrytis sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Glyphosate Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 2 0 Insect Damage (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Phytoplasma Disease (Phytoplasma) 0 0 2 0 Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa) 0 0 1 0 Rudbeckia (Rudbeckia spp.) 2 Root Girdling (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Soil Compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Rye (Secale cereale) 4 Black Point (Alternaria (Helminthosporium) sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Cereal Scab (Gibberella (Fusarium) zeae (graminearum)) 2 0 0 0 Root Rot; (Cochliobolus (ana. Bipolaris ) sativus (sorokinia)

1 0 0 0

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) 1 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Sand cherry – Purpleleaf (Prunus x cistena) 1 Insect Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) 2 Serviceberry Rust; Juniper Rst (Gymnosporangium nelsonii)

2 0 0 0

Soil (general) 2 Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) 1 0 0 0 Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Soil – Bioassay 1 Root Rot (Aphanomyces cochlioides) 1 0 0 0 Soil – Soybean Cyst Nematode test sample 68 Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines) 14 0 1 53 Sorghum – Grain (Sorghum vulgare) 1 Leaf Spot (Physiological Disorder) 0 1 0 0 Soybean (Glycine max) 195 Charcoal Rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) 2 2 0 0 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 4 0 0 Colletotrichum species () 1 0 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Excessive Water (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium oxysporum) 5 0 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium solani) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 20 3 0 0 Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) 3 0 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 5 12 1 0 Iron Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 5 0 0 Lightning Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Mechanical Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 4 0 0 Nitrogen Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Potassium Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Rhizoctonia Root Rot (Rhizoctonia solani) 3 0 0 0 Root Rot; (Cochliobolus (ana. Bipolaris ) sativus (sorokinia)

1 0 0 0

Salt Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0


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Sandblast (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Soil Compaction (Abiotic disorder) 1 1 0 0 Soybean Anthracnose (Glomerella (Colletotrichum) glycines (destructivum)

1 0 0 0

Soybean Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea)

4 1 0 0

Soybean Brown Spot (Septoria glycines) 0 1 0 0 Soybean Downy Mildew (Peronospora manshurica) 2 0 0 0 Soybean Rust, Australasian (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) 0 0 0 34 Soybean Rust, New World (Phakopsora meibomiae) 0 0 0 34 Soybean Stem Canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum) 15 0 0 0 Spider Mites (Family Tetranychidae) 1 0 0 0 Sunscald (Abiotic disorder) 10 0 0 0 Unknown (General) 2 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 0 Diphenylether injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Spruce (Picea spp.) 27 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Chemical Spill Toxicity (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Cultural/Environmental Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Cytospora Canker (Valsa (Cytospora) kunzei) 0 1 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 1 2 0 0 Fall Needle Drop (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 High Soluble Salt (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Insufficient Light (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Mechanical Damage (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Poor Pruning Practice (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 0 Soil Sterilant () 0 0 0 0 Spider Mite Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Transplant Shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 1 0 Trunk Girdling (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 0 1 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 0 Spruce – Black Hills (Picea glauca densata) 11 Cinara Giant Conifer Aphids (Cinara sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 No Pathogen Found (No-‐pathogen-‐found) 1 0 0 0 No Pest Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Root Girdling (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Salt Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Spruce Spider Mite (Oligonychus ununguis) 0 1 0 0 Stigmina Needle Blight (Stigmina lautii) 2 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Spruce – Blue (Picea pungens) 31 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Cultural/Environmental Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Eriophyid Mites (Family Eriophyidae) 1 0 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Pine Needle Scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 1 0 0 0 Rhizosphaera Needle Cast (Rhizosphaera (teleo. 1 0 0 0


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Phaeocryptopus ) kalkhoffii) Root Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Spider Mite Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 5 0 0 Spruce Sawflies (Fams. Diprionidae; Tenthredinidae) 0 1 0 0 Spruce Spider Mite (Oligonychus ununguis) 1 0 0 0 Stigmina Needle Blight (Stigmina lautii) 2 0 0 0 Transplant Shock; Stress (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Trunk Girdling (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Unknown (General) 1 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 3 1 0 0 Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 1 3 0 0 Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly (Pikonema alaskensis) 0 1 0 0 Stone Fruits (Prunus spp.) 1 Scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris altissima) 49 Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein (Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (BNYVV))

0 0 0 1

Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium oxysporum) 1 0 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 11 0 0 0 Fusarium Yellows (Fusarium oxysporum) 6 0 0 0 Fusarium root rot (Fusarium graminearum) 1 0 0 0 Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 4 0 0 Phoma Leaf Spot (Phoma sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Pythium Root Rot (Pythium sp./spp.) 0 2 0 0 Rhizoctonia Blight (Rhizoctonia solani) 1 0 0 0 Rhizoctonia Root Rot (Thanatephorus (Rhizoctonia) cucumeris (solani))

14 0 0 0

Rhizopus Root Rot (Rhizopus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Root Rot (Aphanomyces cochlioides) 3 0 0 0 Unknown (General) 1 0 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) 16 Bacterial Head Rot (Erwinia carotovora carotovora) 0 1 0 0 Bacterial Stalk Rot (Erwinia sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Dinitroaniline injury -‐ cool, wet weather () 0 2 0 0 Fusarium species () 1 0 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Head Rot (Alternaria sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Soil Compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Stalk Rot (Sclerotinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Sunflower Black Stem (Phoma macdonaldii) 0 1 0 0 Sunflower Maggot (Strauzia longipennis) 1 0 0 0 Sunflower Rust (Puccinia helianthi) 1 0 0 0 Unknown (General) 1 0 0 0 Thistle (Cirsium spp.) 1 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) 17 Bacterial Speck (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato) 0 1 0 0 Blossom End Rot (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Ethylene Exposure (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 1 1 0 0


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Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) 3 0 0 0 Magnesium Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Nitrogen Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 No Pest Found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 0 Tomato; Pepper Bacterial Spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. vescatoria)

0 2 0 0

White Mold (Stem Rot) (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) 1 0 0 0 Tulips (Tulipa spp) 1 Root Rot (Unknown Agent) 1 0 0 0 Turfgrass (Turfgrass mixed species) 31 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) 1 0 0 0 Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Dense Thatch Layer (Abiotic disorder) 2 0 0 0 Dollar Spot (Sclerotinia (Lanzia and Moellerodiscus) homeocarpa)

1 0 0 0

ETRI Ectotrophic Root Infecting Fungi (Complex of Fungi) 3 0 0 0 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Fine Fescue (Festuca glauca) 1 0 0 0 Helminthosporium Leaf Spot (Drechslera sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Insufficient Sample (Identification Analysis) 3 0 0 0 Meadow Fescue (Festuca eliator) 1 0 0 0 Melting Out (Turfgrass) (Drechslera sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Nitrogen Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 0 Nutrient Imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 1 1 0 0 Patch Disease (Unidentified Fungus) 2 3 0 0 Quack Grass (Agropyron repens) 2 0 0 0 Red Thread (Laetisaria fuciformis) 1 0 0 0 Slow Release Fertilizer Pellets () 0 1 0 0 see PP0901484 () 0 0 0 0 Virginia Creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) 1 Scab (Sphaceloma sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Walnut (Juglans spp.) 1 Scorch (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Water and soil media sample (Water and soil sample) 2 High Soluble Salt (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Wheat (Triticum spp.) 18 Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (BYDV-‐PAV))

0 0 0 5

Black Chaff (Xanthomonas translucens) 1 0 0 0 Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 0 0 0 1 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 0 0 0 5 Triticum Mosaic (Triticum Mosaic Virus; WASMV) 1 0 0 0 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV))

4 0 0 1

Wheat – Durum (Triticum turgidum) 21 Bacterial Stripe; Black Chaff (Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens)

1 0 0 0

Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (BYDV-‐PAV))

0 0 0 4

Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 0 0 0 4 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 0 0 0 4


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Triticum Mosaic (Triticum Mosaic Virus; WASMV) 2 0 1 1 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV))

2 0 0 2

Wheat – Spring (Triticum aestivum) 317 Bacterial Stripe; Black Chaff (Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens)

2 2 0 0

Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (BYDV-‐PAV))

5 0 0 60

Black Chaff (Xanthomonas translucens) 1 0 0 0 Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 0 0 0 43 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Drought Stress Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Dwarf Bunt (Tilletia controversa) 0 0 0 2 Environmental Stress; Problem (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 0 Excessive Water (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Fusarium Root Rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Glyphosate Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Growth Regulator Effect (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 9 0 0 56 Karnal Bunt (Tilletia (Neovossia) indica) 0 0 0 2 Loose Smut (Wheat; Rye) (Ustilago tritici) 1 0 0 0 Nitrogen Deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Root Rot; (Cochliobolus (ana. Bipolaris ) sativus (sorokinia)

1 0 0 0

Septoria Leaf Blight (Septoria sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Septoria Leaf Spot (Septoria sp./spp.) 0 1 0 0 Sooty Mold (Alternaria sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Tan Spot (Pyrenophora tritici-‐repentis) 0 4 0 0 Triticum Mosaic (Triticum Mosaic Virus; WASMV) 20 0 11 12 Unidentified Insect (Unidentified Insect) 0 1 0 0 Unknown Abiotic Disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 0 Wheat Stem Maggot (Meromyza americana) 1 0 0 0 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV))

38 0 0 27

Wheat – Winter (Triticum aestivum) 99 Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (Barley Yellow Dwarf Strain 2 (BYDV-‐PAV))

0 0 0 18

Cereal Yellow Dwarf (Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus) 0 0 0 18 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 0 Common Bunt; Stinking Smut (Tilletia laevis (foetida)) 1 0 0 0 Freeze; Frost; Cold Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 High Plains Disease (High Plains Virus (HPV)) 3 0 0 15 Sooty Mold (Alternaria sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Spot Blotch (Cochliobolus (ana. Bipolaris) sativus (sorokiniana)

1 0 0 0

Tan Spot (Pyrenophora tritici-‐repentis) 2 1 0 0 Triticum Mosaic (Triticum Mosaic Virus; WASMV) 9 0 3 6 Wheat Streak Mosaic (Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV))

7 0 0 11

Mustard – White (Sinapis alba) 1 Root Rot (Unknown Agent) 0 1 0 0 Walnut – Black (Juglans nigra) 1 Walnut Anthracnose; Walnut Leaf Spot (Gnomonia (Marssonia) leptostyla (juglandis))

1 0 0 0


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Willow (Salix spp.) 2 Lightning Damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Pterocomma Aphids (Pterocomma sp./spp.) 1 0 0 0 Willow – Corkscrew (dragon cl.) (Salix matsudana tortuosa) 1

Winter Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 0 Zinnia (Zinnia sp. hybrids) 2 White Mold (Stem Rot) (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) 2 0 0 0


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Specialists consulted The table below is an attempt to acknowledge the diagnostic assistance and other contributions of various faculty and specialists to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab. Due to the broad nature of the samples that we accept at the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, accurate diagnoses often rely on collaboration with members of other departments at NDSU and with industry experts.

Due to the nature of entering these ‘consultants’ into the database, a few people may have been inadvertently overlooked. The number of samples listed for which each consultant gave advice may under-represent the actual number – these should be viewed as a minimum (in some cases, no number is listed because, although the person listed gave assistance, documentation did not occur). For those who were mistakenly omitted from the list, please accept my sincere apologies. If you feel a name should be added to this list, PLEASE let one of us in the lab know so we can add it immediately. The consultants are listed in order by first name.

minimum #

of samples First Name Department 2008 2009 Amy Rossman USDA Mycology Lab 1 Art Lamey NDSU Plant Pathology 1 Berlin Nelson NDSU Plant Pathology 1 Bill Barker NDSU Herbarium 1 Brian Jenks NDSU NCREC – weed scientist 1 Bruce Due Agronomist 1 Burton Johnson NDSU Plant Sciences 1 Carl Bradley University of Illinois 1 Cheryl Biller Plant Pathologist 28 Dale Herman NDSU Plant Sciences 7 7 Dale Siebert NDSU Extension 1 David Franzen NDSU Soil Science 3 Dean Malvick UMN Plant Pathology 4 Deying Li NDSU Plant Sciences 1 Dwain Meyer NDSU Plant Sciences 4 Febina Mathew NDSU Plant Pathology 5 1 Gary Secor NDSU Plant Pathology 2 Gerald ‘Jerry’ Fauske NDSU Entomology 1 Gwen Mars NDDA 1 Hans Kandel NDSU Plant Sciences 6 3 Harlene Hatterman-Valenti NDSU Plant Sciences 6 1 ISU Plant Disease Clinic Iowa State University 2 Janet Knodel NDSU Entomology 3 7 Jeff Stachler NDSU Plant Sciences 7 5 Jim Walla NDSU Plant Pathology 74 47 Joe Zeleznik NDSU Plant Sciences 34 2 Joel Ransom NDSU Plant Sciences 1 3 Juan Orsono NDSU Plant Sciences 1 Julie Pasche NDSU Plant Pathology 1 Kathy Christianson NSDU Plant Sciences 1 Kevin Sedevic NDSU Animal & Range Sciences 1 Kirk Howatt NDSU Plant Sciences 15 11 Larry Chaput NDSU Plant Sciences 1 Laura Overstreet NDSU Soil Science 1


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Luis del Rio NDSU Plant Pathology 1 Marcia McMullen NDSU Plant Pathology 9 2 Mark Boetel NDSU Entomology Michael Kangas ND Forest Service 1 Michelle Mostrom NDSU Vet Diagnostic Lab 95 Mohamed Khan NDSU Plant Pathology 1 Neil Gudmestad NDSU Plant Pathology 1 Pat Beauzay NDSU Entomology 7 7 Pat Gross NDSU Plant Pathology Richard Zollinger NDSU Plant Sciences 12 6 Robin Lamppa NDSU Plant Pathology 2 1 Rod Lym NDSU Plant Sciences 1 Ronald Smith NDSU Plant Sciences 6 4 Rubella Goswami NDSU Plant Pathology 1 Sam Markell NDSU Plant Pathology 1 1 Scott Liudahl City Forester – Fargo, ND 1 Shaukat Ali NDSU Plant Pathology Edward ‘Shawn’ Dekeyser NDSU Animal Range Science 11 27 Steven Meinhardt NDSU Plant Pathology 1 Steve Sagaser NDSU Extension – Grand Forks 1 Ted Esslinger NDSU Biological Sciences 1 Ted Helms NDSU Plant Sciences Theresa Gross USDA Tom Scherer NDSU Ag Engineering Penelope Gibbs NDSU Microbiology Viviana Rivieras NDSU Plant Pathology

north dakota state university - report of the plant diagnostic … · 2011. 4. 26. · kasia kinzer...

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