north america.docx
TRANSCRIPT
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Timetable
FROM COLONIES TO NATION
1607 English settlers establish a colony at Jamestown in Virginia.
1733 The first settlement in Georgia is started
1763 Britain defeats France in the French and Indian war.
1765 The Stamp Act Congress challenges Parliament’s right to tax the
colonists.
1770 The Boston Massacre heightens tensions.
1774 The first Continental Congress protest the Intolerable Acts
1775 Colonial militia rout troops at Lexington and Concord
1776 The colonies declare their independence
1781 Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown
1783 The treaty of Paris ends the Revolutionary war
1788 The Constitution is ratified
1791 The Bill of Rights is adopted
13 colonies: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North
Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia
First to be establish was Jamestown (in honor of King James) 1607 by
John Smith- present day Virginia. 1619 Plymouth colony was founded by Separatist or Puritans- present
day Massachusetts
Those who do not agree with the rules in the colony founded by the
Puritans in Massachusetts establish a colony on Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New Hampshire and Maine.
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New York, New Jersey, Delaware were founded by Dutch but in they
were expatriated by British Parliament and in 1664 King Charles II of
England gave it to the duke of York ( James II)
Pennsylvania( Penn’s wood) given by Charles II to William Penn,
Maryland ( Mary Queen of Scots) was given by King Charles I to George
Calvert, 1663 Charles II gave a piece of land to enterprising noblemen
and establish the Carolina colony (in honor of King Charles, Latin
Carolus). These colonies were established as a sole proprietorship.
Georgia (in honor to King George II) was given by King George II to
James Oglethorpe
Causes of migration to New England (America):
To discover gold or silver.
To find a water route to the Pacific.
To build communities where they would be free to practice their religious
beliefs.
To have a good farmland
Proprietorship
Triggering the Revolution toward Independence
Laws passed by the Parliament that restricts colonial trade and industry,
seeks revenue
1. Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 – requires colonies to sell raw
materials (tobacco, sugar, indigo) only to England and its possessions
2. Hat Act (1732)- exportation of hats were made illegal
3. Iron Act (1750)- outlawed the colonial manufacture of iron goods.4. Sugar Act (1764) - new taxes on the imports of the colonies (sugar,
coffee, wine)
5. Quartering Act (1765) – requires colonists to provide quarters and
supplies to living troops.
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6. Stamp Act (1765) – taxed on printed matters (newspapers, pamphlets,
playing cards, licenses, deeds etc.)
7. Townshend Act (1767) – tax on everyday items ( paint, glass, tea)
8. Tea Act (1773)
9. Intolerable Acts (1774) Boston massacre
- 1774 colonists meet in a Continental Congress (Philadelpia) to protest
against the Intolerable Acts
- The colonists fight at Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
George Washington- Commander
- The colonies moved toward Independence
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
- 1776 broke ties with Britain- July 4, 1776 Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of
Independence by Thomas Jefferson (based on John Locke’s theory of natural
rights)
- Victory at Saratoga is the turning point of the war (1777)
Gen. Sir John Burgoyne surrender to Horatio Gates
Impressed Britain’s enemies in Europe ( 1778, France aided
America: later Spain and Netherlands also backed the American
cause)- British surrender at Yorktown (October 1781)
- The Treaty of Paris 1783 (signed by US, Britain, France, Netherlands,
Spain) ends the war.
America’s territory stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the
Mississippi River
- May 1787 establishes a Constitution
- 1788 Constitution is Ratified
- 1791 Adopted the Bill of Rights
The Civil War
Differences between the North and South of America increase
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Tariffs
- The North welcomed the tariffs; South opposed the tariffs
States’ rights- principle that all powers not specifically be given to the
federal government by the Constitution belong to the individual states
- South favors and views as a way to stay to the Union; North argued
that states, right would break the Union apart.
Expansion of Slavery
- North: abolition ; South: expansion
Debate over Slavery leads to war.
Republican Party was formed on the pledge to end slavery
Abraham Lincoln was elected in 1860, seven states secede; seven states
formed the Confederate States of America, with Jefferson Davis as their
president.
April 1861 civil war breaks out
Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired
upon Fort Sumter, a key fort held by Union troops in South Carolina.
Lincoln called for each state to provide troops to retake the fort;
consequently, four more slave states joined the Confederacy, bringing their
total to eleven. The Union soon controlled the border states and established
a naval blockade that crippled the southern economy. The Eastern Theater was inconclusive in 1861 – 62. The autumn 1862
Confederate campaign into Maryland (a Union state) ended with
Confederate retreat at the Battle of Antietam,
dissuading British intervention.
Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery
a war goal.
To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river
navy, then much of their western armies, and the Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River.
In 1863, Robert E. Lee'sConfederate incursion north ended at the Battle of
Gettysburg. Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant's command of all
Union armies in 1864.
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In the Western Theater, William T. Sherman drove east to
capture Atlanta and marched to the sea, destroying Confederate
infrastructure along the way. The Union marshaled the resources and
manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, and could afford to
fight battles of attrition through the Overland Campaign towards Richmond,the Confederate capital.
The defending Confederate army failed, leading to Lee's surrender to Grant
at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865. All Confederate generals
surrendered by that summer.
1865 slavery was abolished through the ratification of the Thirteenth
Amendment
Sources:
Beringer, Richard E., Archer Jones, and Herman Hattaway, Why the South Lost
the Civil War (1986) influential analysis of factors; an abridged version is The
Elements of Confederate Defeat: Nationalism, War Aims, and Religion (1988)
Bestor, Arthur. "The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis," American
Historical Review (1964)
Catton, Bruce, The Civil War , American Heritage, 1960
Davis, William C. The Imperiled Union, 1861 – 1865 3v (1983)
Donald, David et al. The Civil War and Reconstruction (latest edition 2001 Eicher, David J., The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War ,
(2001), Perry, Marvin. A History of the World