North Africa TodayChapter 11

Bellringer for 11/29/12

Name 3 countries in Africa

EgyptSection 1

Egypt’s Land and Climate Nile River

Empties into Mediterranean Sea Silt small particles of rich soil that is good

for farming. Suez Canal

Separates the Sinai Peninsula from the rest of Egypt

Eastern Desert and Libyan Desert Both are a part of the Sahara Desert

Oases green areas in the desert fed by underground water.

Egypt’s Economy Agriculture is main economic activity Main exports

Cotton Yarn Clothing

Resources Oil Iron ore Phosphates a mineral salt used in fertilizer

The Egyptians AD 641, Arabs from Southwest Asia took

control of Egypt They practiced Islam and most Egyptians became

Muslims 94% of population today are Muslim

1800s, Egypt was a part of the British Empire 1952, a group of British officers overthrew

the British Egypt is a republic

President has broad powers, but legislature makes the laws.

The Egyptians

In the 1990s, some Islamic groups opposed the government.

Most people live within 20 miles of the Nile River

Peasant farmers, called fellahin farm small plots that they rent

Bazaars local markets Service industries

Bellringer for 11/30/12

Describe the differences in modern Egypt and Ancient Egypt

Libya and the MaghrebSection 2

Libya

The Sahara covers 90% of Libya No permanent rivers, but aquifers—

underground rock layers Oil was discovered in 1959, that brought

great wealth to Libya 86% live along the Mediterranean coast

in Tripoli, the capital and Benghazi Libya became independent in 1951 1969, Muammar al-Qaddhafi set up a

dictatorship

Tunisia

Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco form a region known as the Maghreb, meaning “the land farthest west” in Arabic

Farmers and herders Tunisia was ruled by Phoenicians,

several Muslim empires, and France until becoming independent in 1956

Tunis is the capital

Algeria

The largest country in North Africa Between the Atlas and Ahaggar

Mountains are parts of the Sahara known as ergs, huge areas of shifting sand dunes

Algeria imports 1/3 of its food Sales oil and natural gas 1834- 1962 French colony 1954 Civil War 1962 Algeria wins independence

Morocco

Strait of Gibraltar 8 miles Leading producer of phosphates AD 700s, Arabs and Berbers

conquered Spain Their decedents, called Moors ruled

Spain Today Morocco is a constitutional

monarchy Casablanca is the largest city Rabat is the capital

Southwest AsiaChapter 12

Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, JordanSection 1

Turkey

Located on two continents separated by the Bosporus, Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits)

Anatolia plateau Seeking to join European Union Oil refining Muslim Istanbul largest city and located on

two continents

Turkey

Ethnic group Kurds The Kurds in Turkey have sought to join

the Kurds in Iraq, Iran, and Syria to form an independent homeland

Istanbul began as a Greek port called Byzantium

Ottomans conquered Constantinople in the 1400s, renamed Istanbul and used as the capital.

Syria

Syria has been a center for trade for centuries

Controlled by one political party and does not have many political freedoms.

Fertile along Mediterranean Sea, but has a vast, dry desert to the east

Agriculture is main economic activity Main export oil Bedouins nomadic desert peoples

who follow a traditional way of life

Lebanon

About half the size of New Jersey Once covered by cedar trees Service industry Beirut is the capital and largest city

Rebuilding after a civil war that lasted from 1975 to 1991

Between Muslims and Christians Economy was almost destroyed

About 70% of Lebanese are Arab Muslims France ruled Lebanon until 1940s

Jordan

Lacks water and energy resources Most are Arab Muslims Once governed by Great Britain Became independent in 1946. Constitutional monarchy

Israel and the Palestinian TerritoriesSection 2

Israel’s Land and Climate Mountains of Galilee in the north Golan Heights in the east Dead Sea

1349 feet below sea level Shores are the lowest place on earth’s

surface Negev desert to the south

Israel’s Economy

Citrus fruits 9% of population work on farm

settlements Kibbutz people share all of the

property and may also produce goods such as clothing and electronic equipment

Moshav people share in farming, production, and selling, but each perosn is allowed to own some private property as well

Tel Aviv-Yafo largest manufacturing center

Israeli People

80% are Jewish Roman Rule World War II Holocaust 1948 Jews declared an independent

country called Israel

Israeli People

West Bank and Gaza Strip Under Palestinian control Very high tensions

Law of Return All Jews are allowed to return to Israel Democratic republic

The Arabian PeninsulaSection 3

Saudi Arabia

Deserts cover Arabia Rub’ al Khali or Empty Quarter No rivers or permanent bodies of water Wadis dry riverbeds filled by rainwater

from rare downpours Desalinization taking salt out of

seawater Holds a major share of the world’s oil

Part of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Saudi Arabia

Caliph leader in Saudi Arabia after Muhammad

1932, a monarchy led by the Saudi family unified the country

Riyadh is the largest city and capital

Persian Gulf States

Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates are located along the Persian Gulf

Used profits from oil exports to build strong economies

Pearl diving, fishing, and camel herding

High standard of living

Oman and Yemen

Oman mostly desert, but has oil Yemen is the only country on the

Arabian Peninsula that does not have large deposits of oil Most people are farmers or herders

Iraq, Iran, and AfghanistanSection 4

Iraq

Most farming takes place in between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Alluvial plain area that is built up by

rich fertile soil left by river floods Oil is th emajor export Baghdad capital and largest city 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait and the

Persian Gulf War forced Iraqi troops out.

Iraq

After the Persian Gulf War, dictator Saddam Hussein refused to cooperate with the demands of the United Nations Embargo an order that restricts trade

with another country Early 2000s, the UN sent weapons

inspectors to Iraq Iraq was overthrown in 2003

Iran

Oil-rich nation Persian ancestry Speak Farsi Muslim Shahs Persian kings 1979, Iran overthrew the last

monarchy Islamic Republic government run by

Muslim religious leaders Tehran is the capital

Afghanistan

Mountainous and landlocked 70% of population farm and herd 20 ethnic groups

Pashtuns and Tajiks Kabul is the capital Taliban ruled in 1990s

Overthrown by US led forces in 2001