702831 Development of Western Architecturep

Norman architectureNorman architecture

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the diffusion of the Romanesque

travelling masons(First Romanesque characteristics in France and Spain)

influence through political and cultural linkages (Lombardic characteristics in Germany)(Lombardic characteristics in Germany)

imposition by conquest(Norman architecture in Britain)

imposition by institutional controlimposition by institutional control(the monasteries)

Europe in AD 1173

Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History(Harmondsworth

[Middlesex] 1966 [1961]), p 61

F h NF h NFrench Norman French Norman architecturearchitecturearchitecturearchitecture

Caen freestone detail at Stow Memorial Church, Flinders St, AdelaideMiles Lewis

Cluny II AbbeyChurch,

consecrated 981

Bernay AbbeyChurch NormandyChurch, Normandy,

1017-c1040

Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 58

Stewart Early ChristianStewart, Early Christian, Byzantine and Romanesque

Architecture, p 21

Abbey ChurchAbbey Church of Nôtre Dame at Jumièges,at Jumièges,

1037-66

west front

Kubach, Romanesque Architecture pl VArchitecture, pl V

Abbey Church of Nôtre Dame atNôtre Dame at

Jumièges, 1037-66

nave looking west

MUAS 15,474

Nôtre Dame, Jumièges:

isometric of aisle & gallerygallery

Auguste Choisy, Histoire de

l’Architecture (2 vols, Gauthier Villars ParisGauthier-Villars, Paris

1899) II, p 192

Jumiègesg

emerging Norman characteristicssturdiness and simplicityp y

thick walls and pillarssimplified Corinthian capitalssimplified Corinthian capitals

more general Romanesque characteristicsmore general Romanesque characteristicsthe square pier with four half-round shafts on the faces

painted pillars and wall surfacesthe triforium (the middle level of the nave elevation)

the tribune gallery over the aisles

St-Georges, St.-Martin-de-Boscherville 1063Boscherville, 1063

NON-LOMBARDIC ARTICULATION

half shafts not pilastershalf-shafts, not pilasters

brackets under the eave, notbrackets under the eave, not corbel tables

windows surrounded by concentric orders rather than

layers of blind arcadinglayers of blind arcading

K J Conant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture [Pelican History of Art]

(Harmondsworth [Middlesex] 1959), pl 168

St-Étienne, Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen,

1067-81 & laterwest front

Pevsner, Outline of EuropeanpArchitecture, p 71

St-Étienne, Abbaye-aux-Hommes

detail of nave elevation

plan of wall passage at clerestory levely

Gantner, L'Art Monumental Roman, pl 151

Geoffrey Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages (Harmondsworth

[Middlesex] 1956), p 29

Abbey Church of Lessay,

Normandy, c 1090 11361090-1136,

restored

view from the east

Bruce Allsopp,The Study ofThe Study of

Architectural History(London 1970), p 30

Ste-Trinité Abbaye-aux-Ste Trinité, Abbaye auxDames, Caen, begun 1062

nave interiordetail showing wall passage

Conant Carolingian and RomanesqueConant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl 165

Gustav Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe(London 1969) pl 70

Ste-Trinité, Abbaye-aux-Dames: plan

Stewart Early Christian &c Architecture p 215Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 215

h & dh & darches & ordersarches & orders

forming arches with full formwork or with a single centering trussg g gR F Jordan, Western Architecture (London 1978), p 102

arch constructionarch construction

a Romanesque arch with two orders, a label mould, and rubble infilla Roman arch, made of solid voussoirs, with an archivolt on the facea Roman arch, made of solid voussoirs, with an archivolt on the face

Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 153

St-Paul, Villiers [undated][undated]

entrance door in elevation with planelevation with plan & section details

Talbot Hamlin Forms andTalbot Hamlin, Forms and Functions of Twentieth-

Century Architecture, I, The Elements of Building (New

York 1952), p 314

Saintes-Marie-des-Dames, Saintes,(Charente-Maritime), portal, mid-C12th

Souchal, Art of the Early Middle Ages, p 61.

typical Romanesque archesyp q

English, with two orders and a label, and a half-round inner order (or roll mould)French with two orders and three-quarter round bowtell mouldingsq g

Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 161

Saxon architecture in BritainSaxon architecture in Britain

early Saxon had features common in the Dark Ages:early Saxon had features common in the Dark Ages:porticus, triple-arched screens, triangular arches, monolithic arches, arches springing from impost , p g g p

mouldings

later Saxon, especially after Danish hegemony in 1013, tends to fall more into the family of Carolingian and Romanesque styles including Norman influenceand Romanesque styles, including Norman influence

even prior to the Norman Conquest

Earls Barton parish church, tower, c 950, ,

(top and clock later)

Lancashire Churches: http://www lancashirechurches cohttp://www.lancashirechurches.co.uk/Earls%20Barton,%20Northants,%20All%20Saints%202%20big.jpg

Earls Barton tower

detail

http://www northamptonshire co uk/guhttp://www.northamptonshire.co.uk/guides/earlsbarton/

St Mary the Virgin, Sompting, C11th

view of tower

http://www.somptingparish.org.uk//virtual.htm

Sompting: arched doorway with roll moulding. MUAS S10,073

St Benet's, Cambridge: detail of tower, probably c 1020, with mid-wall shaftMiles Lewis

St Ri i t t d i b C tSt-Riquier, reconstructed view, by ConantConant, Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture, pl IIA

Westminster Abbey, rebuilt 1055-65Westminster Abbey, rebuilt 1055 65as shown in the Bayeux Tapestry

MUAS 19,227

English NormanEnglish NormanEnglish NormanEnglish Norman

Normancathedral plans

Canterbury (Lanfranc), Ca te bu y ( a a c),1071-7

Exeter, 1117

Old Sarum, 1075-1092

Gloucester, 1089-1l28

St Alban's, 1077-8

Chichester 1079

C t b (C d'Canterbury (Conrad's Choir), 1090-1110

MUAS 2,764

Canterbury Cathedral, 1071-7, 1090-1110, and later: contemporary viewWoodman, Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral

Canterbury, crypt, c 1070-1110

Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, pl 203.

Canterbury Cathedral; cryptblock capital and cushion capital

Pevsner, Outline of European Architecture, p 68 Künstler, Romanesque Art in Europe, pl 204

capitals in the crypts of Winchester Cathedral: scalloped, late C11th; Gloucester Cathedral: ram’s horn, 1089-1128; Lastingham Priory, Yorkshire: ram's horn, 1088

Pevsner, European Architecture, p 64; Scala 8477, © 1972; Cook, English Abbeys and Priories, pl 3

CharacteristicNorman

mouldings

Stewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 165

St Mary's Church, Iffley, Oxon, c 1170-80detail of west doorway with beakhead and chevron mouldings.

Miles Lewis

Lincoln Cathedral 1072Lincoln Cathedral, 1072 onwards

C12th detail of carved colonettes, scalloped

it l b kh d &capitals, beakhead & chevron mouldings

Geoffrey Grigson, English Cathedrals(London 1950), pl 134

LincolnLincoln Cathedral

detail of the beakheads

http://www sacred-http://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/lincoln

-cathedral-pictures/IMG_9529.JPG

Lincoln Cathedral: detail of the west portalhttp://www.sacred-destinations.com/england/lincoln-cathedral-pictures/IMG_9533.JPG

StSt Alban'sAlban'sSt St Alban sAlban sabbeyabbey churcchurchabbey abbey churcchurch

St Alban's abbey ychurch, 1077-88

the more easterly part of y p

the nave

http://www.beenthere-donethat org uk/hertfodonethat.org.uk/hertfordshire/stalbans31big.

html

St Alban's: the north side of the nave showing the frescoes on the piers

Miles Lewis

St Alban's: the north side of the nave showing the frescoes on the piersSpeyer Cathedral: reconstruction of the original nave of c 1030-1061

Miles Lewis; Kubach, Romanesque Architecture, p 57

St Alban's Abbey Church: original planSt Alban s Abbey Church: original plan

Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, p 28

S AlbSt Albansview north across the crossing

arches in the east wall of the south transeptp

Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 151A5Miles Lewis

St Alban'stower from the

south-west

Miles Lewis

Winchester Cathedral, transepts and tower of 1079-95half-section & view

Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, pl 33. Walton, Winchester Cathedral no 1

Wi h t C th d lWinchester Cathedralnorth transept

Miles LewisMUAS 2,496

Gl tGl t Chi h tChi h tGloucester, Gloucester, ChichesterChichester&& the development of the clustered pierthe development of the clustered pier& & the development of the clustered pierthe development of the clustered pier

Gloucester Cathedral, 1089-1128: plan

Webb, Architecture in Britain in the Middle Ages, p 30.

Gloucester Cathedral: view of the naveScala 8472, © 1972.

Gloucester CathedralGloucester Cathedral

detail of the nave wall

Scala 8475, © 1972

Chichester Cathedral: nave looking east, 1114 & laterMUAS 4,262

Durham Cathedral, 1093-1138Scala 8424, © 1972

Durham Cathedral, looking south-east across the cloisterScala 8425, © 1972

Durham Cathedral: planMUAS 9,731

GalileeP hPorch

Chapelof the

cloisterof the

Nine Altars

Durham: plan later extensions and ancillary structuresStewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 231

D h C th d lDurham Cathedralintersecting arcading of choir aisle, with restored paintwork

Miles Lewis

Durham Cathedral: nave view & detail Scala 8426, © 1972; MUAS 15,215

Durhamabuttingabutting

wall above the aisles

Cichy, Great Ages of Architecture, p 401

Durham Cathedral: the Galilee Porch, C12thScala 8428, © 1972.

i hi h h hh hparish parish churcheschurches

St Peter's, Tickencote, c 1160Miles Lewis

St Peter's, Tickencote: the east endMiles Lewis

St Peter's, Tickencote: the chancel archMiles Lewis

Norman parish church plansNorman parish church plansMUAS 10,083

Sts Mary & David, Kilpeck, Hereford, C12th: interior looking easthttp://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28180

Kilpeck, from the southhttp://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28274

Kilpeck, the apsehttp://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28235

Kilpeck, two corbels(nos 2 and 3 of the south chancel wall )

http://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28222

Kilpeck: south door headhttp://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28197

Kilpeck: capital from the south doorwayhttp://www.crsbi.ac.uk/ed/he/kilpe/index.htm no 28184

Peterboro ghPeterboro ghPeterboroughPeterboroughWoodmansterne, Elfincolor 29A7 (316)

Peterborough Cathedral, 1118-1193, west front completed 1220details of the westwork from south and north

Miles Lewis

P t b h C th d l th fl kPeterborough Cathedral: south flankMiles Lewis

Peterborough Cathedral: south transeptMiles Lewis

completion to 1125

original HO

IR

westworkcompleted1220

originalapse

ETR

OC

HR

E

P t b h C th d lPeterborough CathedralAlec Clifton-Taylor, The Cathedrals of England (London 1967), p 271

PeterboroughCathedralCathedral

nave

Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 5561

PeterboroughPeterboroughCathedralnorth nave wallMUAS 2,977

clustered pier

unresolved junction of orders and shaft

colonette on theface of a pier

alternating squareand round piers

p

and round piers

Romanesque columns and piersRomanesque columns and piersleft: a column drum with a clustered capital

right: a clustered pierright: a clustered pierStewart, Early Christian &c Architecture, p 154

PeterboroughCathedral;nave roofnave roof

Miles Lewis

Peterborough Cathedral: nave roof detailWoodmansterne, Elfincolor 5565

PeterboroughCathedralCathedral

north sideof the choir

Miles Lewis

PeterboroughCathedralCathedral

the choirthe choir

WoodmansterneElfi l 5562Elfincolor 5562

Peterborough Cathedralsouth aisle

W d t Elfi l 5569Woodmansterne, Elfincolor 5569 Miles Lewis

Peterborough CathedralPeterborough Cathedralnorth transept

Miles Lewis