NORMAL AND ABNORMAL VALUES OF URINE SPECIMEN

1. COLOUR:

NORMAL ABNORMAL

The normal colour of urine is Pale to dark yellow (amber). The yellow colour of urine is due to the presence of a yellow pigment called urochrome.

Many foods such as carrots and medicines such as flagyl and quinine can affect the colour of the urine. Urine with no colour may be caused by long-term kidney disease or uncontrolled diabetes. Dark yellow urine can be caused by dehydration. Red urine can be caused by blood in the urine.

2. Clarity:

NORMAL ABNORMAL

The normal urine is clear.

Cloudy urine can be caused by pus (white blood cells), blood (red blood cells), sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichomoniasis.

3. ODOUR:

NORMAL ABNORMAL

The normal urine has a Slight aromatic odour.

Some foods such as garlic and antibiotics such as penicillin can cause urine to have a different odour. A sweet, fruity odour may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes. A urinary tract infection (UTI) can cause a bad urine odour.

4. Specific gravity:

NORMAL ABNORMAL

The normal specific gravity ranges from 1.005–1.030

A very high specific gravity means very concentrated urine, which may be caused by not drinking enough fluids, loss of too much fluid through excessive vomiting, sweating, or diarrhoea, or substances such as sugar or protein in the urine. Very low specific gravity means dilute urine, which may be caused by drinking too much fluid, severe kidney disease, or the use of diuretics.

5. pH:

NORMAL ABNORMAL

The normal pH of urine ranges from 4.6–8.0

Some foods such as citrus fruit and dairy products and medicines such as antacids can affect urine pH. A high (alkaline) pH can be caused by severe vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and asthma. A low (acidic) pH may be caused by severe lung disease (emphysema), uncontrolled diabetes, aspirin overdose, severe diarrhea, dehydration, starvation, drinking too much alcohol, or drinking antifreeze (ethylene glycol).

6. VOLUME:

NORMAL ABNORMALThe average urine production in humans is about 1-2 litres per day depending on how much fluids consumed,activity level,environmental factors,weight and the individuals health state.

Producing more or less than the normal values is considered abnormal, polyuria is a condition of excessive urine production it is common with people with Diabetes. oliguria is when scanty urine is produced. Anuria is where little or no urine is produced.

7. Protein:

NORMAL ABNORMAL

None

. The detection of protein in urine is called proteinuria. Protein in the urine may mean that kidney damage, an infection, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), or glomerulonephritis is present.

Protein in the urine may also mean that heart failure, leukemia, poison (lead or mercury poisoning), or preeclampsia (if you are pregnant) is present.

8. Glucose:

NORMAL ABNORMAL

The normal glucose in the urine ranges from 1–15 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)

Intravenous (IV) fluids such as 5%, 10% and 50% dextrose can cause glucose to be in the urine. Too much glucose in the urine may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes, an adrenal gland problem, liver damage, brain injury, certain types of poisoning, and some types of kidney diseases.

Healthy pregnant women can have glucose in their urine, which is normal during pregnancy.

9. Ketones:

NORMAL ABNORMAL

None

Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders (such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia), alcoholism, or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol (isopropanol). Ketones are often found in the urine when a person does not eat (fasts) for 18 hours or longer. This may occur when a person is sick and cannot eat or vomits for several days. Low levels of ketones are sometimes found in the urine of healthy pregnant women.