nonlinear beam deflection - transverse force method of derivation: curvature = moment / flexural...
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Nonlinear Beam Deflection - transverse force
Method of derivation:Curvature = Moment / Flexural RigidityElliptic IntegralsPrinciple of Elastic Similarity
End result:x, & y as a function of FF = K1q + K2*q3 => F=F(q)
Identification of terms
L -
dy
dx
Lx
y
F
2
1 ds
EI
s = distance along the beam from node 1 to node 2r(s) = radius of curvature at s(s) = angle of the beam at s with respect to the horizontalM(s) = moment at sE = modulus of elasticityI = moment of inertia about the z-axis (out of plane)x and y are the in-plane horizontal and vertical axes with the origin at node 1.Fo = external force at node 2
L = beam length = projected beam shortening
Fig 1
Beam Curvature due to M, F
The curvature at each point s along the beam is defined to be
EI
sM
ds
sd
dx
dy
dx
yd
srcurvature
)()(1
)(
1 3
22
2
2
If an external transverse force is applied at the node 2, the curvature at s is
EI
xLF
EI
sM o )()( (1)
Change of variables
Equation (1) contains two independent variables, s and x. We eliminate x by differentiating (1) with respect to s, then re-integrate it.
Noting dx/ds=cos() , differentiating (1) gives
Applying the identity , the integration of (2) leads to
cos
2
2
EI
F
ds
dx
EI
F
ds
d oo
2
2
2
2
1
ds
dd
ds
d
CEI
F
ds
d o
sin2
12
(2)
(3)
Boundary conditions
To solve for the integration constant in (3) we apply the following boundary condition at the end node 2
since the moment vanishes at node 2. Therefore, equation (3) becomes
Now, we want to end up with a solution of the form
0Ls
ods
d
00
00 sinsin2
sinsin2
oo
oo
EI
F
dLds
EI
F
ds
d
LEIFo ,,00
(4)
(5)
(6)
Transformation to Elliptic IntegralsElliptic integrals have been well characterized (see M. Abramowitz, A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions). Transforming equation (6) to an elliptic integral form provides us with their benefits.
Introducing two new variables p and defined as
We seek substitutions for d, sin(), and sin() in equation (6).
We find the differential element d by the differentiation of equation (8) with respect to and then using the trigonomic identity
This leads to
And from (7) & (8) we see that
op sin12
12 o
sin1
sin1sin 2
222 sin1sin2sin1cos pp
dpp
pd
22
2
sin1sin2
cossin4
1sin2sin 22 p12sin 2 po
(7) (8)and
(9)
(10)
(11) (12)
The Elliptic Integral Form
Substitution of equations (10-12) into equation (6) results in
where the lower and upper limits of the integral are determined from equation (11)
Associating equation (13) with the complete and incomplete elliptic integrals of the first kind, we have
)(
)(22
20
2
1 sin1
p
p p
d
EI
LF
p2
1sin0 1
1220
1
20 ,)( pFpKEI
LF
(13)
(14)
(15)
Realization of Force and Displacement, SIMO
0Given , it’s required force is found by plugging (7) & (14) into (15).
Equation (15) is the nondimensionalized external force at node 2.
After finding the nondimensional force, the relationship gives us the nondimensional transverse deflection, LL
sindsdy
0
0 02
0 )sin()sin(
sin
2
1
d
LF
EI
L
Equation (1) with the BCs , and
gives the nondimensional projected beam shortening as
00
x )(
sin20
000
0x
x
LFEI
F
EI
M
ds
d
)12(21 22
0
pLF
EI
L
(16)
(17)
Nonlinear Stiffness
The outputs of equations (15-17) as functions of the input 0 are plotted as “O’s” below. The solid curves are 3rd order, piecewise continuous, polynomial fits. To obtain nonlinear stiffness, we first assume that the curves can be approximated by a third order polynomial of the form
were q stands for , x, y, etc. Seeing that the solution has odd symmetry, we only need to keep constants B and D, which also eases iterative computations. Absorbing the material and geometric terms into B and D, respectively K1 and K2, we find that
The coefficients of these polynomial curves are associated with the linear stiffnesses K1,i and the cubic nonlinearities K2,i.
In order to maintain accuracy, (19) is applied in a continuous piecewise fashion by dividing the total physical range into, say, 4 intervals, were i(q)=[1,4]. (see plot)
3220
L
qD
L
qC
L
qBA
EI
LF
3,2,10 qKqKF ii
(18)
(19)
Plot of Nonlinear Stiffness vs Theory
EI
LF 20 L
L
2/0
Fig 2
Principle of Elastic Similarity
Using the geometric properties of the above elliptic integrals together with the principle of elastic similarity we find an intuitive relationship. This type of analysis was first reported by [R. Fay, “A new approach to the analysis of the deflection of thin cantilevers,” Journal of Applied Mechanics 28, Trans. ASME, 83, Ser. E (1961) 87].
From similarity:
From Fig 1, using your imagination, assume that the beam, which remains anchored at node 1, continues arching to the left of node 1 until it reaches a new node 0. Node 0 is such that it is oriented normal to the horizontal axis (see Fig 3). The length of the section from node 0 to 1 is L2. Also imagine that the shape of L2 is the shape that would be required if L1 is to remain unaltered when node 1 is no
longer fixed.
Geometric Properties
From geometry: From the geometric properties of the elliptic functions, we make the following identifications.
bkpKpEpFpE
hL
kph
pFpKk
LLL
p
d
kL
p
p
kpKLLL
BB
B
B
BB
B
/)]}()(2[)],(),(2{[
)cos(
/2
),()(1
)(sin1
1
2/
)2/sin(
)sin()2/sin(
/)(
1
21
0 222
0
21 EI
Fk 0
0
(x,y)
B=/2
L2
L1
L1-B
F0
1
2
0
b
h
Identification of terms
Fig 3
Nonlinear Beam Deflection - Fx, Fy, & M
Method of derivation:By intuition, jumping straight to elastic similarity and the geometric properties of elliptic integrals.
End result:x, & y as a function of Fx, Fy, and MF = K1q + K2*q3 => F=F(q)
Here we attempt answer the question:Given the angles of node2, determine x, y, Fx, Fy, and M.
A New Approach to Analyzing Nonlinear Beams with Coupled Fx, Fy, and M Forces.
The method presented above will now be extending to a much more general situation.The geometric quantities listed below are self-described in a new geometric representation shown in Fig 4.
)sin(
)cos(
),(),(
2sin)sin(/)2/sin(
)cos(
0
0
03
220
02
0
03
By
Bx
B
BBB
FF
FF
FLMEI
LFpFpFkL
p
hL
Given 0 and B, the following holds
The Modified Geometric Representation
1
0 2
F0
B
0
h=2p/k
B
B
B
L2 L1
L3
0
0
Fig 4