INTRODUCTION An adequate knowledge of theory and practices of educational technology and their proper use would enable the teacher to understand and effectively discharge her roles in the present day education system

DEFINITIONANY DEVICE WHICH CAN BE USED TO MAKE THE LEARNING EXPERIENCE MORE CONCENTRATE,MORE REALISTIC AND MOST DYNAMIC CAN BE CONSIDERED AUDIO VISUAL AIDS MATERIAL . - KINDER.

NEED/ IMPORTANCE/PURPOSE OF EDUCATIONAL COMMUNICATION MEDIAEnable the audience to look and learn improve and make teaching effective. Make learning interesting and profitable.Quicken the phase of learning.

CHARTSDEFINITION: Charts are graphic teaching material including diagrams, posters, pictures, maps and graphs.PURPOSES: It serves as an illustrative visual media.It depicts logical relationship between main idea and supporting facts.

contdIt is a useful in a teaching situationIt is useful in showing point of comparisonPRINCIPLES: self-explanatoryCaptioned in bold letters.High light contrasting features with different colors.Large enough and least size-50*70 cm chart paper

TYPES AND PROCESS OF PREPARING CHARTSTYPES: Tree chartStream chartTabular chartFlow chartOrganization chart

PROCESS OF PREPARING CHARTSARTICLES NEEDED:Chart paper.Sketch or felt pensScale, pencil, hard board and glass paper.PROCESS OF MAKING:Take a chart paper of 50*70cm size.Draw borders on all 4 edges and decide the idea to be depicted in the chart.

ADVAVTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES: Helpful in attracting students attention.Conveys information in a condensed form.Presents information efficiently.Cheap and easily available.DISADVANTAGES:It is fully understood only by a literate and small group of people and maintenance is difficult.

POSTERSDEFINITION:Posters are graphical presentation of simpleideas, which combine picture and shortheadlines.CHARACTERISTICS:It tells the message and eye catching.Brief, clear and captivate the audience

TYPES AND PURPOSESTYPES:Teacher prepared posters.Commercially prepared posters.PURPOSES:Educate regarding particular matter.Convey message easily, understood mater at a glance.Make an instant appeal.

MATERIALS TO USECommonly used materials are drawing paper, poster board or construction paper and chart.Material to write or draw is thick cryon, water colors, felt-tip pens, bright colored pencils.Size- 55cm wide by 70 cm long 22 *28 or 70 cm wide by 112 cm.Avoid crowding of letters lettering should be 5 cm in length

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES:Permits correlation of information.Assists organization of material.Easily produced and depicted.DISADVANATAGES:For small group only.Life period is very little.May not convey the exact message.

GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMSDEFINITION:Graphs and Diagrams are visual teaching aids for presenting statistical information and constructing the trends or changes of certain attributes. It has a powerful impact on imagination of people.

PURPOSESBecomes simple and meaningfulForms an impressionStimulate varieties and give more information to the learner.Is very intensive and economical.PRINCIPLES:Use true class intervals on the horizontal line.If possible have equal class intervals.

contdThe vertical and horizontal axis should be equal in length.The graphs should be clearly labeled and a key should be given.All columns should be same width Use contrast colorsWrite with capital letters on a charts and simplicity in labeling should be there.

TYPES OF GRAPHS AND DIAGRAMSGRAPHS TYPES:Histogram.Frequency polygon.Frequency curve.Line chart or curve.Cumulative frequency curve or olive.Scatter or dot diagram.Diagrams types:Bar diagramPie or sector diagram /pictogram or spot map.

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES:Graphs make presentation of quantitative data.Huge data and long list of figure put in simple way.Pictorial graphs have a popular appeal to childrenPromotes correlation of information and easily produced and duplicated.

DISADVANTAGES Suitable for small audience .Many representations are difficult to follow.Concentration is needed and too many slices in the pie it become confused.

BOOKLET, LEAFLET, PAMPHLETDEFINITIONS:BOOKLET: A booklet is a small book with a cover pageLEAFLET: A leaflet is a simple sheet carrying helpful information on useful themes on one or both of its sides.Pamphlet: A pamphlet is printed material consisting of only a few pages about a specific topic.

PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLESPURPOSES:Basic information to the topic and additional knowledge are provided.Reinforces learning and increased retention of contents.Effective mass media and learning aid at any age.Principles:Should center on a single concept and should be logical sequence.

contdWriting be based on readable level.Should create interest, attractive and objective is based on need of the population.ADVANATAGES:Individualized learning.High efficiency and easy to transportCommonly and constantly availably.Allow self-spacing.

DISADVANATGESSome may throw it out.Storing is found to be difficultDemands good typing and no group dynamic is encouraged.Limited feedbackCant be used for illiterate person.

FLASH CARDSDEFINITION: Flash cards are set of pictures with suitable captions or a write up prepared on any theme.PURPOSES:Used to attract a groups attention.Convey in a sequential manner.Supplementary aid in education.Playing education games.

TYPES AND ADVANTAGES TYPES:Plain, laminated ,synthetic flash cardsMade of heavy cloth and prepared form old tins or metal cans.ADVANTAGES:Inexpensive easily transport Handmade form local materials and holds attention of the audienceOvercomes the language barrier and encourage the participation of the audience.

DISADVANTAGES OF FLASH CARDSEffectiveness is influenced by way of presentation.Spoil if made of paper and cannot be used for big audience.FLANNEL GRAPH:DEFINITION: Flannel or felt board is a rigid surface covered with cotton flannel, wool, terry cloth of felt cloth.Types:Hanging type and self-supporting flannel board.

PURPOSES AND PREPARATIONPURPOSES:Enable the teacher to develop an idea.Add variety to the class room actively.Motivate the learner and provide information.Present an idea in a more appealing way .PREPARATION:Board size: 120*80 cm and material plywood, hardboard, thick card board.Cloth- flannel and color dark.Cutouts- 15*20cm size cutout is used.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES:Inexpensive and made from locally available materials.Easily maintained and figures can be used in diferent position.DISADVANTAGES:Require considerable advance preparation.Practice is needed to develop te potential of the material for story telling.

FLIP CHARTSFlip charts are a series of charts containing visual information about the same area of knowledge.PURPOSES:Show continuity in process.Increase motivation in the student.Summarize information and show development of picture.PREPARATION:Size- 21*27cm and picture drawn on one side.

contdExplanations are given on the back of the previous chart.Arrange in order so that it conveys the exact message.ADVANTAGES:It gives a continues stimuli and economicalStimulates of the interest of the studentsDISADVANTAGES:Disturb the continuity if not sequentially presented and only for limited audience

BORADSCHALK BOARD:USES:Definite ,accurate, purposeful and positive.Clearly visible to students.Free from meaning less scrawling and clearly labeledTYPES:Paint coated pressed wood.Dull finished plastic surface.Vitreous coated steel surface and ground glass board.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES:Easily available and no need to depend on electricity and reusable.DISADVANTAGES:Cannot be used with large groups and materials cannot saved.Eye contact does not maintained.Poor handwriting students cannot read.

ROLLER BOARDIt is a type of chalk board made up of flexible and soft material . It is lighter than chalk board and can be folded and rolled easily.ADVANTAGES:Easy to carry anywhere, use at anytime and anywhere Useful for small groups and less cost and preparation done before the class.DISADVANTAGES: Used for small groups and cannot write more contents.

BULLIETIN BOARD

DEFINTION: It is a display board, which shows learning materials on a specific subject, which is informational and has educational value.PURPOSE:Motivate the learner.Broaden sensory experiences and provide specific information, save time and correlates instruction .Types: felt ,magentic, peg, plastic and soft board.

MATERIALS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESMaterials: Board- soft board, straw board or cork board.Dimension- 1.5 mm *2mm size.ADVANTAGES:Less expensive and stimulates interest of the student.DISADVANTAGES:Creativeness is requires and one person has to take reponsibility of display board

MODELSA model is a life size miniature or an oversize replica of the object to be studied.TYPES :Models- physical, conceptual, working and non-working models.PRINCIPLES:Size life size or larger and stimulate interest Represent the internal and external parts.Modeling structure and function viewer to comprehend better

PREPARATION AND METHODSPREPARATION:Articles needed: Clay, painting material, brush adhesive material.METHODS:China clay is used to prepare.Left out for 4 to 5 days. Dry parts joined with one another to for a model and painted with fabric poster colors. At last it should be labeled and fixed on the cardboard.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESAdvantages:Makes learning meaningful and direct.Illustrate application principle and laws Explain complete and makes comprehension easier.DISADVANTAGES:Some models are difficult to make and need expertise to make.Expensive and lot of time to make Handled carefully

SPECIMENDefinition: specimen is a part of an object. It may be sample that shows quality or structural of the actual.PRINCIPLES:Direct real life experiences and should enable the viewer to comprehend better.Stimulate interest and direct experience with reality.USES:Clear cut images, concrete experience, motivates students to learning and stimualtes discussion.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES:Conveys different meanings and correct initial concepts and clear cut images.Stimulates reflective thinking and further enquiry.DISADVANTAGES:Collecting specimens may prove difficultSpecialized skills in preserving specimensNeeds proper handlingExpensive preserving agents.

PUPPETIt is an education cum entertainment aid in which a doll is dressed as a character in the story and manipulated by the puppeteer.PURPOSE:Motivate the student, create interest , add sense of humor and give examples of how people behave in real life.TYPES:String puppets or marionettes, shadow puppets and hand puppets.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES: Dramatization along with providing amusement Playfulness brought in to class room Cost effective and useful for illiterate people. DISADVANATGES: Cannot be used for a large group. It are seen as extra or supplemental enrichment activity.

The teacher has to plan in advance so that she can incorporate audiovisual materials effectively in the teaching learning process.