Non-Infectious DiseasesCancer

Health 12

Cancer

• Cancer is a disease ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.

Types of Cancers

• Carcinomas• Melanomas• Leukemias• Lymphomas• Sarcomas

Carcinomas

• ____________________________________• Grow from cells that cover the outside of the

body, such as cells ____________, and cells that cover internal body surfaces, such as ___________________________________.

• These cancers can invade surrounding tissues and organs and spread to the lymph nodes.

Sarcomas

• Grow from cells in connective or supportive tissue in the body, such as bone, cartilage, joints, muscle, fat, nerves, deep skin tissues and blood vessels.

• These are relatively rare cancers, accounting for about _____________________________________.

Leukemia

• Leukemia is a cancer of _____________________________________.

• Two major types of leukemia are:– Lymphocytic leukemia – increase of white blood cells known

as lymphocytes– Myelogenous leukemia – increase of white blood cells

known as granulocytes• Leukemia can be acute or chronic. Acute progresses

__________, whereas chronic forms of leukemia progress _____________, leading to different approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

Leukemias

• If you have Leukemia, your bone marrow produces abnormally large numbers of ______ ________________ that block the production of normal white blood cells, which help you fight infections, and red blood cells, which carry oxygen to tissues throughout your body.

• More common in _______________ than __________________.

Risk Factors

• Chronic exposure to benzene• Exposure to large doses of ___________.• Cancer-causing chemicals in tobacco

Leukemia Statistics

• 36,273 people in the United States were diagnosed with leukemia, including 20,629 males and 15,644 females.

• 21,928 people in the United States died from leukemia, including 12,434 males and 9,494 females.

Lymphoma• Lymphoma is a general term for a

group of cancers that originate in the lymph system.

• Two primary types of lymphoma are:– Hodgkin lymphoma –

_____________________________________________________________________________

– Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – ______________________________________________________________________________

Lymphomas

• Arise in lymph nodes and other tissues of your immune system, which is the body’s defense system against infections and some cancers.

• Lymph tissues include:– Tonsils– _______________– Thymus (small organ near the chest)– ___________________________

Risk Factors

• Main causes of lymphoma are ____________.• Research has shown that people infected with

________ are at much higher risk of developing lymphoma.

• Some other studies suggest that specific ingredients in herbicides and pesticides can cause lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin Statistics

• 58,393 people in the United States were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including 31,351 men and 27,042 women.

• 20,528 people in the United States died from non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including 11,004 men and 9,524 women.

Myeloma

• Myeloma is a cancer of _____________________________.

• The cells overgrow, forming a mass or tumor that is located ______________________.

• Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found in the center of the bone, where red cells, white blood cells, and platelets are made.

Risk Factors

• People under the age of _______ years rarely develop the disease.

• Those who are ______ years or older are at the greatest risk of developing myeloma.

• __________ are more likely than __________ to develop myeloma.

• Myeloma is twice as common among African Americans than Caucasians.

Myeloma Statistics

• 16,776 people in the United States were diagnosed with myeloma, including 9,240 men and 7,536 women.

• 10,872 people in the United States died from myeloma, including 5,810 men and 5,062 women.

Breast Cancer• Many conditions can cause lumps in the

breast, including cancer.• Two most common forms of breast lumps

are fibrocystic breast condition and cysts.– Fibrocystic lump -

_________________________________________________________________________________________

– Cysts - _______________________________________________________________

Tumors and Breast Cancer

• Sometimes breast cells become abnormal, these cells grow, divide, and create new cells that the body does not need and that do not function normally.

• The extra cells form a mass called a tumor. Sometimes tumors are _____________ or not cancer. These tumors usually stay in one spot in the breast and do not cause big health problems.

Tumors and Breast Cancer

• Other tumors are _______________ and are cancerous.

• Breast cancer often starts out too small to be felt, as it grows it can spread throughout the breast or to other parts of the body.

• The kind of breast cancer depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer.

• Cancer can begin in different parts of the breast, like _______________________.

Common Types of Breast Cancer• ________________________– The most

common type of breast cancer. Begins in the cells that line the milk ducts in the breast.– Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – The abnormal

cancer cells are only in the lining of the ________________________________________.

– Invasive ductal carcinoma – The abnormal cancer cells break through the ____________________________________________________________________. Invasive cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body.

Common Types of Breast Cancer

• _______________________– In this kind of breast cancer, the cancer cells begin in the lobes, or the lobules of the breast. (Lobules are the glands that make milk.)– Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) – The cancer cells are

found only ____________________________. Does not spread to other tissues.

– Invasive lobular carcinoma – Cancer cells spread from lobules to __________________________. The invasive cancer cells can also spread to other parts of the body.

Breast Cancer

Fast Facts

• The most common cancer in women, no matter your race or ethnicity.

• The most common cause of death from cancer among ________________________.

• The _____________ most common cause of death from cancer among white, black, Asian/Pacific, and American Indian.

• In 2007, there were 202,964 women diagnosed with breast cancer. And 40,598 women died from breast cancer.

What about us dudes?• Men can get breast cancer. In men, breast

cancer can happen _____________, but is most common in men between ____ and _____ years old. Male breast cancer is not very common. For every 100 cases of breast cancer, ____________ is in men.

Risk Factors• ______________________.• Being younger when you

had your first ______________________.

• Starting _______________ at a later age.

• Being older at the birth of your first child.

• ______________________.• Not breastfeeding.• Personal history of breast

cancer.

• Treatment with radiation therapy to the breast/chest.

• ______________________.• Long term of hormone

replacement therapy.• Having changes in the

breast cancer-related genes.

• Using _________________.• ______________________.• Not getting regular exercise.

Prevention – Lowering the Risk of Breast Cancer

1.2.3.4.5.

Symptoms of Breast Cancer

• ________________________________________.• Thickening or swelling of part of the breast.• ________________________________________.• Redness or flaky skin in the nipple area or breast.• ________________________________________.• Nipple discharge other than breast milk, including

blood.• Any change in the size or the shape of the breast.• _________________________________.

Screening for Breast Cancer• ___________________ – an X-ray of the breast.

Best method of detecting cancer early on.• _________________________– an examination by

a doctor or a nurse, who uses his or her hands to feel for lumps or other changes.

• __________________ – when you check your own breast for lumps, changes in size, or any other changes.

Treatment of Breast Cancer

• _________________ – operation where doctors cut out and remove cancer tissue.

• ______________________ – using special medicines, or drugs to shrink or kill the cancer. Can be pills or given through an IV tube.

• _______________________– works with body’s immune system to help fight cancer or control side effects from other cancer treatments.

• ________________ – High-energy rays to kill the cancer cells. Rays are pointed in the area where cancer is located.

Prostate Cancer• The prostate is part of the

male reproductive system.

• Prostate cancer cells spread to other parts of the body, they are called _______________.

Fast Facts

• Most common cancer in men, no matter race or ethnicity.

• ________ most common cause of death from cancer among men

• More common in ___________________ men compared to ________________ men.

• In 2007, almost a ¼ of a million men were diagnosed with prostate cancer. 29,000 of them died from prostate cancer.

Risk Factors

• Age –

• Family history –

• Race –

Symptoms

• Difficulty starting urination• _______________________________________• Frequent _______________, especially at night• Difficulty emptying the bladder completely• Pain or burning during urination• _____________________________________.• Pain in the back, hips, or pelvis that doesn’t go

away• _____________________________

Prostate CancerScreening

• _______________________– Doctor or nurse checks the

size of the prostate

• _________________________________________– Blood test that measures the

level of PSA in the blood

Treatment

• ___________________– Remove the prostate

completely

• _______________________– Destroy the cancer cells or

prevent them from growing

• _______________________– Drugs, surgery, or other

hormones to remove male sex hormones or block them from working

• _____________________

Skin Cancer

• Skin cancer is ______________________ cancer in the U.S.

• Common types of skin cancer:– Basal Cell – Squamous cell carcinomas – ________________ – most dangerous, caused by

exposure to ultraviolet light (UV)

Melanomas

• ____________________ of skin cancers.• Initially appear on the surface of the skin as a

change in the shape, size, color, or feel of a mole.• Most malignant melanomas

_____________________________________.• Easier to treat _______________, they can grow

down into skin, reach blood vessels and lymphatic vessels and _____________________________________.

Types of UV rays

• __________________– most common sunlight at the earth’s surface and reaches beyond the top layer of human skin

• ___________________– most of these are absorbed by the ozone layer. Less common at earth’s surface

• ___________________– very dangerous, but do not reach the ground due to the ozone layer

Risk Factors for Skin Cancer

• Lighter natural skin color• ____________________________• Exposure to the sun through work and play• A history of sunburns early in life• ___________________________• Skin that burns, freckles, reddens easily, or becomes

painful in the sun• ______________________________• _______________________• Certain types and a large number of moles

Prevention for Skin Cancer

1.2.3.4.5.6.

Lung Cancer

• Cancer that begins in the lungs and can spread to other organs. When it spreads from one organ to another it is called metastases.

• Risk Factors1.2.3.

Lung Cancer

• In the United States, about _____% of lung cancer deaths in men and almost ______% of lung cancer deaths in women are due to smoking. People who smoke are ___________ times more likely to get lung cancer or die from lung cancer than people who do not smoke.

Symptoms of Lung Cancer

• ____________________________• Coughing that doesn’t go away• ______________________• Coughing up Blood• ___________________– Other changes that can sometimes occur with

lung cancer may include repeated bouts of pneumonia and swollen or enlarged lymph nodes in the chest area

Lung Cancer

• Prevention

1.2.3.4.

• Screening1.

2.

3.

Side Effects of Chemotherapy

• ________________• Appetite Changes• _________________• Constipation• Diarrhea• __________________• Flu-like symptoms• Fluid Retention• ___________________• Infection

• __________________• Mouth and throat changes• Nausea and vomiting• Nervous System changes• Pain• ____________________• Skin and nail changes• ___________________• Urinary, kidney, and

bladder changes

Nervous System and Chemotherapy

• Tingling, burning, weakness, or numbness in your hands or feet

• Feeling colder than normal• _______________________• Weak, sore, tired, or achy

muscles• Being clumsy and losing

your balance• Trouble picking up objects

or buttoning your clothes

• Shaking or trembling• ____________________

__• Stomach pain, such as

constipation or heartburn• ___________________• Confusion and memory

problems• ____________________• Depression