non-cites timber species from south e asia (leguminosae ... · in southeast asia (wenbin and...

UNEP-WCMC technical report

Non-CITES timber species from SouthAsia (Leguminosae) potentially warranting further protection

(Version edited for public release)

technical report

CITES timber species from South EAsia (Leguminosae) potentially warranting further protection

(Version edited for public release)

East

potentially warranting

2 Non-CITES timber species from Southeast Asia (Leguminosae) potentially warranting further protection

Prepared for The European Commission,

Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. –

Belgium

Prepared January 2014

Copyright European Commission 2014

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2014. Non-CITES timber

warranting further protection

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP

assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme,

intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30

years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools.

We are able to provide objective, scientifically

makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that they do. To do

this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and

interpret in comprehensive assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for

national and international level decision

sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so

provide the same services at national and regional scales.

The contents of this report do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of UNEP, contributory

organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations do not im

expressions of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNEP, the European Commission or

contributory organisations, editors or publishers concerning the legal status of any country,

territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitat

The mention of a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement

by UNEP.

UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

(UNEP-WCMC)

219 Huntingdon Road,

Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK

Tel: +44 1223 277314

www.unep-wcmc.org

CITES timber species from Southeast Asia (Leguminosae) potentially warranting further protection

The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E

– Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements

European Commission 2014

CITES timber species from Southeast Asia (Leguminosae) potentially

warranting further protection. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity

assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost



We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and services to help decision



ensive assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for

national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both

sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so

provide the same services at national and regional scales.


organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations do not im



territory, city area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.


UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

CITES timber species from Southeast Asia (Leguminosae) potentially warranting further protection

Directorate E - Global & Regional

Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels,

species from Southeast Asia (Leguminosae) potentially

WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity

the world’s foremost



rigorous products and services to help decision-



ensive assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for

makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both

sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can


organisations or editors. The designations employed and the presentations do not imply the



ion of its frontiers or boundaries.


UNEP promotes

environmentally sound

practices globally and in its

own activities. Printing on

paper from environmentally

sustainable forests and

recycled fibre is encouraged.

3

Contents

Executive summary ................................................................................................................................ 4

Introduction and background .............................................................................................................. 5

Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 6

Overview of Dalbergia spp. ................................................................................................................... 7

Dalbergia annamensis ........................................................................................................................ 8

Dalbergia oliveri (including D. bariensis and D. mammosa) ......................................................... 9

Dalbergia tonkinensis ....................................................................................................................... 15

Koompassia grandiflora ................................................................................................................... 20

Pericopsis mooniana ........................................................................................................................ 22

Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 27

4 Executive summary The aim of this report is to assist the SRG with the identification of non-CITES timber tree species that may be threatened by international trade and require action accordingly. In particular, it reviews a selection of South East Asian Leguminosae timber tree taxa identified as of potential concern at a 2007 regional workshop on "Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade".

5 Introduction and background This report provides an update on the status of selected timber species to inform SRG deliberations on further action to ensure that trade is sustainable The report has been produced on the basis of the findings of the South East Asia workshop on "Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade", held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in September 2007.

In 2013, the SRG agreed to revisit the findings of the workshop, starting with Leguminosae, to

assess whether any additional action may be required. This report provides an update to the

information gathered at the 2007 Workshop for a selection of Leguminosae timber tree taxa

considered to be of higher priority.

The 2007 Workshop aimed at identifying South East Asian timber species in international trade

and in need of action at the national or international level to ensure their long-term sustainable

use.

The Workshop was funded by the governments of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom

and managed by UNEP-WCMC, with participation of experts from various sectors, including

CITES, forestry, timber trade and plant taxonomy. Participants provided information on 115

South East Asian timber tree taxa in international trade, identified by UNEP-WCMC based on a

global survey undertaken previously (WCMC, 1998). They also nominated an additional seven

species for consideration. Preliminary reviews of these taxa were assessed and prioritised by the

group of experts on the basis of their conservation status and evidence of international trade.

Following this workshop, Dalbergia cochinchinensis, which had been identified as a priority for

action, was listed in CITES Appendix II at CITES CoP16 following a proposal by Thailand and

Vietnam.

The EU FLEGT Action Plan, in particular through its Voluntary Partnership Agreements

(VPAs), aims to ensure that only legally harvested timber is imported into the EU from

countries part of the scheme. Under this scheme, VPA partner countries develop systems to

verify that their timber exports are legal and the EU only accepts licensed imports from those

countries. Indonesia is currently the only South East Asian VPA partner country, but

agreements are under negotiation with Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand and Viet Nam. In

addition, the EU Timber Regulation lays down the obligations of EU operators who place

timber and timber products on the market.

6 Methods Species selection Twenty-eight Leguminosae timber tree taxa were assessed at the 2007 Workshop (PC17 Inf. 7).

Twelve of these taxa were considered to meet the criteria for listing under CITES Appendix II by

an earlier assessment of non-CITES tree species (WCMC, 1998). Out of these 12 taxa, Dalbergia

cochinchinensis was excluded from this report as it was listed in CITES Appendix II at CoP16; on

the basis of the findings of the 2007 Workshopk, Afzelia rhomboidea and Kalabbia celebica were

excluded due to lack of international trade; and Dalbergia cambodiana and Erythrophleum fordii

were excluded due to insufficient information on trade. This report therefore provides an update

to the trade and conservation status information of the remaining seven taxa:

• Dalbergia annamensis

• Dalbergia bariensis1

• Dalbergia mammosa2

• Dalbergia oliveri

• Dalbergia tonkinensis

• Koompassia grandiflora

• Pericopsis mooniana

Trade information In the absence of trade statistics for timber by species in the data routinely collected by FAO or

the World Customs Organisation, information on trade from the 2007 Workshop has been

updated on the basis of recent regional reports on timber trade issues (TRAFFIC, 2012;

Environmental Investigation Agency, 2012; Wenbin and Xiufang, 2013) and International Tropical

Timber Organization (ITTO) Annual Review and Assessment of the World Timber Situation

(years 2002-2012). In addition, information on the purposes of use of the different species was

collected from relevant literature.

According to ITTO’s Annual review of Tropical log production in 2011, there were no reports from

EU countries of imports of the species under review. However, Malaysia did report production of

Koompassia spp. Anecdotal reports indicate that timber of some species under consideration may

have been reaching the EU through indirect trade.

1 Combined with Dalbergia oliveri in this report due to taxonomic uncertainties.

2 Combined with Dalbergia oliveri in this report due to taxonomic uncertainties.

7 Overview of Dalbergia spp. Trade and management Dalbergia spp. rosewood was reported to be

highly prized by international traders and

worth up to USD 6000 per cubic metre

(Environmental Investigation Agency,

2012).

According to Wenbin and Xiufang (2013),

China accounted for over half of the global

imports of tropical logs over the period

2001-2012. Rosewood (including Southeast

Asian Dalbergia spp. and other species with

similar wood quality) was reported to

account for approximately 10% of the total

tropical log imports of China in 2012, and to

be steadily increasing, with a significant

proportion sourced from adjacent countries

in Southeast Asia (Wenbin and Xiufang,

2013). However, no species-specific trade

data were available for China. The majority

of the furniture produced remains within

China or South East Asia – although the

China customs statistics recorded furniture

trade with France (Wenbin and Xiufang,

2013).

Despite domestic legislation controlling and

restricting its use, Lao People's Democratic

Republic (hereafter referred to as Lao PDR),

Cambodia and Viet Nam were considered to

be significant source and transit countries in

the illegal rosewood trade (Environmental

Investigation Agency, 2012). It was reported

that rosewood was often smuggled from

Thailand into Lao PDR and Cambodia, from

where it was transported to Viet Nam before

being shipped to China (Environmental

Investigation Agency, 2012). The

Environmental Investigation Agency (2012)

reported several seizures of Dalbergia spp.

during the years 2007-2012; the number of

logs seized varied between 193 and 50 000

annually.

In Thailand, illegal and unsustainable

logging was reported to be a major threat to

rosewood species, particularly in the north

and east of the country (Environmental

Investigation Agency, 2012).

Taxonomy Participants of the 2007 workshop on

Southeast Asian timber species identified

the genus Dalbergia as a priority, as it

contains species of economic importance

which are known to be in trade

internationally and because some of the

species are of conservation concern due to

their highly restricted distribution (PC17 Inf.

7). However, there is considerable

taxonomic confusion within the genus and

further taxonomic research was considered a

high priority (PC17 Inf. 7).

Three of the species selected for review –

Dalbergia bariensis, D. mammosa and

D. oliveri – suffer particular taxonomic

confusion. For example, Van Sam et al.

(2004) considered D. bariensis and

D. mammosa to be synonyms of D. oliveri

whereas Lock and Heald (1994) and Chính et

al. (1996) recognised D. bariensis,

D. mammosa and D. oliveri as separate

species.

Due to their unclear taxonomic status, the

fact that workshop participants reported

that these species were often treated as

synonyms nationally (PC17 Inf. 7) and

because little information was available on

trade, status or management for each

species separately, the report combines

these species (as D. oliveri, including D.

bariensis and D. mammosa). However, it is

recognised that further taxonomic research

is needed to clarify how many taxonomic

entities are actually represented by the

Dalbergia species under review.

8 MAGNOLIOPSIDA : LEGUMINOSAE

Dalbergia annamensis

Taxonomic note Neither the electronic Plant Information

Centre (ePIC) of the Royal Botanic Gardens,

Kew (available at http://epic.kew.org/) nor

the TROPICOS database of the Missouri

Botanical Garden (available at

http://www.tropicos.org) recognise the

name Dalbergia annamensis; however, ePIC

includes D. velutina var. annamensis. The

name D. velutina var. annamensis is also

used in a taxonomic paper concerning the

revision of the genus Dalbergia for

Peninsular Indochina (Niyomdham & Pham

Hoang Ho, 1996).

Trade patterns The species was reported to be traded locally

within Viet Nam (PC17 Inf. 7). No

information was located on international

trade.

Conservation status Dalbergia annamensis is a small tree

endemic to Viet Nam, where it is restricted

to the lowland dry open forests of the south

central coast (Phú Yên and Khánh Hòa

Provinces) (Nghia, 1998a).

It was categorised as Endangered in the

IUCN Red List (Nghia, 1998a) and in the Red

Data Book of Viet Nam (Ministry of Science,

Technology and Environment 1996). Nghia

(2003) regarded it as a threatened species

with high economic value. TRAFFIC (2012)

included D. annamensis in their list of

potentially precious species which require

further research on conservation status,

value and use. Lieu (2001) included

D. annamensis in a list of priority species for

gene conservation in Viet Nam.

The main threat to the species was

considered to be overexploitation for timber

(Nghia, 1998a). Deforestation and

unsustainable forest management were

considered to have resulted in a sharp

decline in forest cover in Viet Nam between

the 1940s and the 1990s, although forest area

was reported to have increased since 1990 in

some areas (Republic of Viet Nam, 2007).

The species was not protected under

Vietnamese forestry law, unlike several other

Dalbergia spp. (Viet Nam, 2006). However,

unplanned and unpermitted timber logging

were reported to be banned under the Viet

Nam Law on Forest Protection and

Development (Nguyen & Tran, 2011). Viet

Nam has approved a Forestry Development

Strategy 2006-2020 aimed at ensuring the

sustainable management and development

of forests (Nguyen & Tran, 2011; Republic of

Viet Nam, 2007).

Ex situ conservation stands of

D. annamensis, consisting of 1000 trees, were

reported to have been established over the

period 1990-2000 by the Forest Science

Institute of Vietnam (Nghia, 2004).

SYNONYMS:

COMMON NAMES:

D. velutina var. annamensis

Trac day (Vietnamese)

RANGE STATES: Viet Nam

UNDER REVIEW: Viet Nam

IUCN: Endangered


Dalbergia oliveri (including D. bariensis and D. mammosa)

Taxonomic note Van Sam et al. (2004) considered

D. bariensis, D. dongnaiensis, D. duperreana

and D. mammosa to be synonyms of

D. oliveri. In contrast, Lock and Heald

(1994) considered D. laccifera and D. prazeri

to be synonyms of D. oliveri, whereas

D. bariensis, D. dongnaiensis, D. duperreana

and D. mammosa were considered to be

separate species. Chính et al. (1996) and the

IUCN Red list (Nghia, 1998a,b,c,d), also

recognised D. bariensis, D. mammosa and

D. oliveri as separate species.

Workshop participants reported that, in

Cambodia, D. bariensis was considered a

synonym of D. oliveri and that, in Viet Nam,

D. oliveri , D. mammosa and D. bariensis

were used synonymously. The treatment of

D. bariensis as an accepted name was

reported to be under revision in Thailand

(PC 17 Inf 7). The trade name Burmese

rosewood was reported to be used for both

D. oliveri and D. bariensis (Nghia, 1998a),

complicating the interpretation of trade

records. Similarities were noted between the

timber of D. oliveri and D. cochinchinensis

(CoP16 Prop. 60).

Trade patterns D. oliveri was reportedly sourced from the

Mekong region (including Myanmar, Lao

PDR, Thailand, Cambodia and Viet Nam) to

the Chinese market, where it was classified

as a ‘mid-market class’ timber, fetching

prices of ca. USD 2000-3000 per m3 (Wenbin

& Xiufang, 2013).

As D. bariensis, the species was considered

to produce high-quality timber (Chính et al.,

1996) and to be in high demand for

international trade, although no trade data

were available (PC 17 Inf. 7). Soerianegara

and Lemmens (1994) noted that D. bariensis

was used for timber in Indo-China and

Thailand. D. bariensis was reported to have

particularly high demand in the Chinese

furniture market (TRAFFIC, 2012), and the


reported a sharp increase in this market in

2010, with particularly high demand on

Asian rosewood.

SYNONYMS: Dalbergia bariensis, Dalbergia dongaiensis, Dalbergia duperreana,

Dalbergia mammosa

COMMON NAMES: Neong Nuon (Cambodian), Asian rosewood, Burma pallisander, Burmese

rosewood, Burma tulipwood, Pinkwood, Tamalan tree, Laos rosewood,

(English), Kampee (Lao PDR), Tamalan (Myanmar), Tamalan

(Singapore), Cam lai, Trac lai, Pi (Vietnamese)

[as D. bariensis: Bali Huangtan (Chinese), Pa dong daeng, Mai Kor phee

(Lao PDR), Mai ching chan (Thai), Cam lai ba ria (Vietnamese);

as D. mammosa: Cam lai vu (Viet Nam)]

RANGE STATES: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam, Malaysia (?), India

(?)

[as D. bariensis: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Viet Nam;

as D. mammosa: Viet Nam]

UNDER REVIEW: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam

IUCN: Endangered [as D. oliveri, D. bariensis and D. mammosa]

10 The Environmental Investigation Agency

(2012) noted that in Thailand and the

Mekong region, D. bariensis was one of the

most valuable species in the regional timber

trade and reputedly commonly logged

illegally.

No information was located on trade under

the name D. mammosa. D. mammosa was

reportedly illegally logged in Viet Nam

(Nghia, 1998).

Cambodia: Illegal logging was reported to

take place in Cambodia (Cambodia Tree

Seed Project, 2003), and the species was

reportedly traded under the names D. oliveri

and D. bariensis (PC17 Inf. 7), however no

information was located about the

quantities exported from the country.

Lao People’s Democratic Republic: No

information was located.

Myanmar: Traded under the trade name

Tamalan, D. oliveri was reported to belong

to the major timber species exported from

Myanmar as logs and sawnwood 2002-2005

(Table 1). The species was considered to

have ‘very high’ commercial value in

Myanmar (Oo, 2004). D. oliveri gamble

(trade name Siam Palisander) was reported

to be shipped to China and Japan from

Myanmar (Woods & Canby, 2011). In 2012,

significant imports of D. oliveri were

recorded at the Yunnan province (Wenbin &

Xiufang, 2013). Export shipments of logs in

general from Myanmar were reported to

have increased in 2013, due to the log export

ban coming to force in 2014 (ITTO, 2014).

Table 1. Exports of Dalbergia oliveri (Siam

Palisander) from Myanmar 2000-2010. Sources:

(ITTO, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005). No trade was

recorded for 2006-2012 (ITTO annual review and

assessment of the world timber situation 2006-

2012).

Export term 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Logs yes yes yes yes yes -

sawnwood

(m3)

1000 4000 3000 1000 yes yes

According to ITTO (2002, 2003, 2004), the

demand for D. oliveri from Myanmar

increased in the early 2000s. No trade was

reported in the ITTO annual reviews of

2006-2012, but Wenbin and Xiufang (2013)

reported that significant quantities of

D. oliveri were imported from Myanmar to

Yunnan (China) in 2012. However, Woods

and Canby (2011) reported a general, recent

decrease in hardwood exports from

Myanmar, in particular to China. A

significant proportion of Myanmar

hardwood exports were reported to be

imported by Malaysia, and although

systematic tracking was not taking place, it

was considered likely that hardwood from

Myanmar was being re-exported to the EU

and US via China, Malaysia, Thailand and

Viet Nam (Woods & Canby, 2011). According

to interviews with Myanmar timber traders

conducted by Woods and Canby (2011),

certificates of Malaysian origin were

commonly forged for Myanmar timber, to

ease access to the EU and US markets.

Illegal trade of timber from Myanmar was

reported to take place to countries including

China, India, Bangladesh, and Thailand; it

was also reported that illegally logged

timber is commonly traded in the domestic

market (Forest Trends, 2013). Wenbin and

Xiufang (2013) described illegal trade in

rosewood from Myanmar to China as

‘extensive’.

Thailand: Thailand was reported to import

D. oliveri in logs and sawnwood in 2004-

2006 (ITTO, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008).

Viet Nam: No information was located.

Conservation status D. oliveri was described as a deciduous tree

that reaches 30 m in height and 90 cm in

diameter (Van Sam et al., 2004). It was

reported to occur in a variety of forest types,

including mixed deciduous, tropical

evergreen and semi-deciduous, and in both

primary and secondary forests up to 1200 m

above sea level (Van Sam et al., 2004).

Although D. oliveri was reported to typically

produce high number of seeds, the species

11 was considered slow-growing and natural

regeneration was considered poor in some

areas (CTSP, 2001 in: Cambodia Tree Seed

Project, 2003).

As D. bariensis, the species was described as

an evergreen tree that grows up to 25 m in

height and 60 cm in diameter (Chính et al.,

1996). It is widely distributed in the lowland

and submontane broadleaved forests of

Indo-China (Nghia, 1998b), and typically

found in Dipterocarp forests (Chính et al.,

1996).

As D. mammosa, the species was described

as a semi-deciduous tree that reaches up to

30 m height and 80 cm diameter (Chính et

al., 1996). It prefers deep and well-drained

soils up to 800 m above sea level, and is

typically found in dense tropical and semi-

deciduous forests and transitional habitats

between evergreen forest and dry

Dipterocarp forest (Chính et al., 1996).

The distribution of the D. oliveri appears

contested, presumably due to the unclear

taxonomic status of the species. The species

was reported to occur in Myanmar (Lock &

Heald, 1994; Nghia, 1998b; TRAFFIC, 2012;

Van Sam et al., 2004; White, 2005), Viet

Nam (Chính et al., 1996; Lieu, 2001; Lock &

Heald, 1994; Nghia, 1998b; TRAFFIC, 2012;

Van Sam et al., 2004; White, 2005), and

Thailand (Chính et al., 1996; Lock & Heald,

1994; Nghia, 1998b; TRAFFIC, 2012; Van Sam

et al., 2004); occurrence in Cambodia was

confirmed by FLD et al. (2006) and the

Cambodia Tree Seed Project (2003). Some

authors also reported occurrence in Lao PDR

(TRAFFIC, 2012; Van Sam et al., 2004), India

(TRAFFIC, 2012; White, 2005) and mainland

Malaysia (Van Sam et al., 2004); White

(2005) reported introduced populations in

insular Malaysia, however the occurrence in

Malaysia has been contested (PC17 Inf. 7).

Within Viet Nam, D. oliveri was reported to

occur in the central and southeastern parts

of the country (Lieu, 2001) in the provinces

of Ninh Thuân, Binh Thuân, Lâm Dông,

Dông Nai (Chính et al., 1996; Van Sam et al.,

2004), Quang Tri, Dac Lac, Phu Yên, and Bà

Ria-Vung Tàu (Van Sam et al., 2004). Within

Cambodia, D. oliveri was reported to be

found in the northeastern provinces of

Kratie, Ratanakiri and Stung Treng, in the

northern provinces of Preah Vihear and

Siem Reap, in the western province of Pursat

and in the central province of Kampong

Thom (Cambodia Tree Seed Project, 2003).

Within Lao PDR, D. oliveri was reported to

occur in the southeastern provinces of

Savannakhet and Saravane (Van Sam et al.,

2004). Within Thailand, the forests with

highest abundance of Dalbergia spp. were

reported to be located in the northeastern

parts of the country (Environmental


As D. bariensis, Nghia (1998b) and the


considered the species to occur in

Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet

Nam, but Lock and Heald (1994) and White

(2005) did not consider Cambodia or Lao

PDR to be range countries. Chính et al.

(1996) reported the occurrence of

D. bariensis in southern Viet Nam, including

the provinces of Gia Lai, Kon Tum, Dac Lac,

Lam Dong, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Dong

Nai, Song Be and Tay Ninh. More recently,

Millet and Truong (2011) recorded

D. bariensis in Tan Phu forest in southern

Viet Nam but noted that it was rare, showed

limited regeneration and was “close to

extinction”.

As D. mammosa, the species was reported to

be endemic to Viet Nam (Chính et al., 1996;

Lock & Heald, 1994; White, 2005), where it

was reported to occur in the central and

southern parts of the country (Nghia, 1998c).

It was recorded in the provinces of Kon

Tum, Gia Lai and Đắk Lắk in the central

highlands region, Đồng Nai (southeastern

Viet Nam) and Sông Bé (southern Viet Nam)

(Chính et al., 1996).

D. oliveri, D. bariensis and D. mammosa

were classified separately in the IUCN Red

List, each as Endangered (Nghia 1998b,c,d).

D. oliveri and D. bariensis were reported to

be listed in the Red Data Book of Viet Nam

(PC17 Inf 7).

12 The Cambodian populations of D. oliveri

were considered to consist of very few

mature or large individuals and described as

“seriously threatened” (Cambodia Tree Seed

Project, 2003), and the species was

considered to be at risk of extinction if no

conservation measures were taken (CTSP,

2001 in: Cambodia Tree Seed Project 2003).

In Cambodia, D. oliveri was reported to be a

priority tree species for gene conservation

and was assigned the highest threat level

category, based on potential uses and the

IUCN conservation criteria (FLD et al.,

2006). D. oliveri/ bariensis was considered by

Cambodia and Viet Nam as a priority species

for the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources

Programme, which aimed to encourage the

conservation and management of forest

genetic resources in the region (Luoma-aho,

et al., 2004).

D. oliveri was described as rare and

vulnerable in Lao PDR (Phongoudome &

Mounlamai, 2004).

As D. bariensis, the species was considered

to be endangered in Viet Nam, where a

population decline was recorded (Chính et

al., 1996). Nghia (2003) classified D. bariensis

as a threatened species with high economic

value in Viet Nam.

TRAFFIC (2012) included D. mammosa in a

list of potentially precious wood species

which required further research on

conservation status, value and use. Lieu

(2001) included D. mammosa in a list of

priority species for gene conservation in Viet

Nam, and Nghia (2003) classified

D. mammosa as a threatened species with

high economic value.

Overexploitation was regarded as the main

threat to D. oliveri (Cambodia Tree Seed

Project, 2003; Nghia, 1998b). The wood was

considered to be of good quality, and used

for various purposes, including furniture and

luxury items (Chính et al., 1996;

Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994; TRAFFIC,

2012; Van Sam et al., 2004). The stem and

leaves were reported to have medicinal uses

in northern Thailand (Khuankaew et al.,

2013) and in Lao PDR, D. oliveri was

considered to be subject to regular human

impacts, although no further details were

provided on the nature of these impacts

(Phongoudome & Mounlamai, 2004).

Nghia (1998c) reported that overexploitation

of D. mammosa timber had led to declines

throughout the entire population. The

timber was considered to be valuable

(Nghia, 2003), and reported uses included

furniture, fine arts, statues and machine

accessories (Chính et al., 1996).

Nghia (1998b) reported that overexploitation

of D. bariensis timber was reported to have

resulted in a rapid decline in the number of

large trees throughout the range. TRAFFIC

(2012) reported that D. bariensis was affected

by illegal logging in all range countries. In

Cambodia, Chann et al. (2011) reported that

D. bariensis was logged from the Stung

Chrey Bak catchment area in the 1980s and

early 1990s, along with other high value

species. Evans et al. (2013) reported that in

the Seima Protection Forest in eastern

Cambodia, illegal logging of D. bariensis was

common and represented a large-scale

problem.

Apart from timber, the species was also

reported to be used for medicinal purposes

in Lao PDR (Libman et al., 2006), and

Delang (2007) recorded prices of up to LAK

55 000 (EUR 5) per kg in the Vientiane

market.

Management Cambodia: The Cambodian Law on forestry

of 2002 prohibits the harvesting of rare tree

species under Article 29 (Cambodia, 2002).

Burmese rosewood was reportedly included

in the list of endangered or rare species of

Cambodia (Environmental Investigation

Agency, 2012), however this list could not be

located to verify which scientific name(s)

were used.

The Cambodia Tree Seed Project (2003)

noted that regeneration efforts for D. oliveri

had been limited.

Boung and Phoeun (2005) reported that in

Cambodia, seed production areas had been

13 established for rare and endangered tree

species which were in need of conservation;

four of these production areas included

D. bariensis. Jalonen (2009) noted that

D. bariensis was found on six gene

conservation stands in Cambodia, covering

an area of 186 ha. Other sources also

reported that a 72 ha in situ conservation

area existed for D. bariensis (PC17 Inf 7,

Thea, 2004).

Lao PDR: Article 27 of the Lao PDR Forestry

Law of 2007 sets the measures regarding the

preservation of rare and endangered tree

species, under which D. bariensis is

categorised as rare and under risk of

extinction in natural forests (Lao PDR,

2007). The Article lists several measures to

be taken with regard to the species: i) status

surveys, ii) classification, inventory and

registration of seed stands, iii) planning of

conservation areas, iv) elaborating and

implementing conservation and utilisation

regulations, and v) other necessary activities

(Lao PDR, 2007). It is unclear whether

D. oliveri is covered under this legislation.

All Dalbergia spp. are protected under the

Prime Ministerial Order No-17/PM, which

prohibits logging of the species (Lao PDR,

2008).

Myanmar: D. oliveri was reported to be

listed as a vulnerable, protected species in

the Burma Forest Act (Oldfield, 1988). Until

recently, Myanmar was reported to be one of

the only remaining countries in the world

that has set no prohibitions to the export of

logs (Woods & Canby, 2011). The policy and

legal framework in the country was regarded

as insufficient for the prohibition of illegal

logging and export of wood (Forest Trends,

2013). However, it was reported that a log

export ban is going to come into force on

the 31st of March 2014 (ITTO, 2014).

Thailand: A logging ban on natural forests

was enforced in 1989, following large-scale

flooding that was exacerbated by

deforestation (Puangchit, 2003). This

logging ban was reported to remain in force,

although some areas of forest, including

plantations, may be utilised for timber

harvesting (Puangchit, 2003). However,

logging was reported to remain prohibited

in rosewood-rich conservation and

protection forests (Environmental


D. oliveri was reportedly planted in gene conservation stands, covering an area of 34 ha and was considered to be a “very high priority” for conservation (Sumantakul, 2004). The species was considered to be a “top priority” in terms of research required on distribution and status and a “high priority” in terms of conservation strategy (Tangmitcharoen, 2009). It was considered to be “well conserved” in situ and “partly conserved” ex-situ in Thailand (Tangmitcharoen, 2009).

D. oliveri was reported to occur in the Ban

Pong Forest Sanctuary (Aerts et al., 2010).

Viet Nam: D. oliveri was included in Group

II A [including D. mammosa and

D. bariensis], i.e. ‘restricted from

exploitation and use for commercial

purposes’ (Viet Nam, 2006). The Agriculture

and Rural Development Ministry is

responsible for licensing exploitation plans

for the species under Article 6, and any

transportation of the species must be

accompanied with appropriate

documentation and proof of origin (Viet

Nam, 2006).

Viet Nam has approved a Forestry

Development Strategy 2006-2020 aimed at

ensuring the sustainable management and

development of forests (Nguyen & Tran,

2011; Republic of Viet Nam, 2007).

Nghia (1998d) reported that a protected

subpopulation of D. oliveri occurred in Nam

Cát Tiên National Park, and Phong et al.

(2011) recorded D. oliveri in the Yok Don

National Park.

Millet et al. (2004) reported that in Tan Phu

forest, Viet Nam, an area of approximately

100 ha had been set aside as an enrichment

plantation for high value tree species present

in the forest; D. bariensis was included in

the list of species for which seeds had been

harvested for the plantation. Nghia (2004)

also reported that three hectares of ex situ

14 conservation areas had been established in

the country. Lieu (2001) included

D. bariensis in a list of priority species for

gene conservation in Viet Nam.

D. bariensis was reported to occur in Cat

Tien National Park (Morris & Polet, 2004;

Polet, 2003; Tan et al., 2012) and in Lo Go –

Xa Mat National Park (Hoa & Ly, 2009);

Chính et al. (1996) emphasised the need to

establish strict protection in the Cat Tien

National Park.

Ex situ conservation stands of D. mammosa,

consisting of 1 000 trees, were reported to

have been established from 1990-2000 by the

Forest Science Institute of Vietnam (Nghia,

2004).

Vu and Quang Vu (2011) reported that

D. mammosa was found in Bu Gia Map

National Park in southern Viet Nam.


Dalbergia tonkinensis

Taxonomic note It was noted that, in Viet Nam, the name

D. tonkinensis may be used for several

different species (PC 17 Inf. 7).

Trade patterns D. tonkinensis was categorised in the

‘collectable class I’ of highest value rosewood

species in the Chinese market, indicating it

may fetch market prices of up to

USD 2 000 000 per m3 (Wenbin & Xiufang,

2013). It was noted that the price of high-end

rosewood had undergone rapid increases

since 2006, and was expected to rise even

higher (Wenbin & Xiufang, 2013).

The species was reported to be illegally

traded from Viet Nam to China and Hong

Kong (PC17 Inf. 7). Ha et al. (2008) reported

that D. tonkinensis was traded illegally in

Viet Nam, and Le and Mahood (2008)

reported evidence of illegal logging taking

place in the Chu Yang Sin National Park in

Viet Nam.

Conservation status D. tonkinensis grows up to 25 m in height

and 80 cm in diameter (Chính et al., 1996). It

was reported to prefer deep, fertile soils in

primary and secondary forests below 500 m

in altitude (Chính et al., 1996).

The species was considered a Vietnamese

endemic (Lock and Heald 1994; TRAFFIC

2012), reported to occur in northern Viet

Nam in the provinces of Lạng Sơn and Ha

Bac, and in the northeastern coast in the

provinces of Quảng Ninh and Ninh Bình

(Chính et al., 1996). It was reportedly

planted as a shade or ornamental tree in

some northern Vietnamese towns (Chính et

al., 1996).

Several authors also reported the species to

be native on the Hainan Island of southern

China (Ban, 1998; Flora of China, 2014;

White, 2005) and to occur in mainland

southern China (Fang et al., 2011).

D. tonkinensis was classified as Vulnerable in

the IUCN Red List (Ban, 1998) and also in

the Red Data Book of Viet Nam (Chính et

al., 1996; Ministry of Science, Technology

and Environment 1996). The species was

included in a list of potentially precious

wood species which required further

research on conservation status, value and

use (TRAFFIC, 2012). The species was

regarded as a threatened species with high

economic value by Nghia (2003).

The main threat to D. tonkinensis in Viet

Nam was considered to be overexploitation

of timber (Ban, 1998). The species was noted

to have high commercial value in Viet Nam

(Le & Mahood, 2008; Nghia, 2003) and to be

used mainly for furniture (Nguyen & Tran,

2011), but also for medicinal purposes

(TRAFFIC, 2012).

Management The species is listed as a Group I A species

under the Vietnamese decree 32/2006/ND-

CP (Viet Nam, 2006). Article 6 of the

legislation prohibits commercial use and

specifies that these species may only be

exploited for scientific research or

international cooperation (Viet Nam, 2006).

COMMON NAMES: Huynh dan, Sua, Huemoc huynh dan, Trac thoi (Vietnamese)

RANGE STATES: Viet Nam, China

UNDER REVIEW: Viet Nam

IUCN: Vulnerable

16 D. tonkinensis was reported to occur in some

Nature Reserves in the Lang Son province,

where Chính et al. (1996) considered it to

need additional protection. Phong et al.

(2011) also recorded the species in the Ha

Noi and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Parks.

17 References Aerts, R., Volkaert, H., Roongruangsree, N., Roongruangsree, U.-T., Swennen, R., & Muys, B.

(2010). Site requirements of the endangered rosewood Dalbergia oliveri in a tropical deciduous forest in northern Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management, 259, 117–123.

Ban, N. T. (1998). Dalbergia tonkinensis. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 08/01/2014.

Boung, L., & Phoeun, P. (2005). Participatory seed source management in Cambodia. In: H. C. Sim, S. Appanah, & N. Hooda (Eds.), Forests for poverty reduction: Changing role for research, development and training institutions. 17-18 June, 2003. Dehradun, India (pp. 183–185). Bangkok: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.

Cambodia. (2002). Preah Reach Kram - Cambodia Law on Forestry (2002), NS/RKM/0802/016. Cambodia Tree Seed Project. (2003). Forest Gene Conservation Strategy. Part A: Conservation of

forest genetic resources. Forestry Administration. Chann, S., Wales, N., & Frewer, T. (2011). An Investigation of Land Cover and Land Use Change in

Stung Chrey Bak Catchment, Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: CDRI Working Paper Series No. 53.

Chính, N. N., Chung, C. T., Can, V. V, Dung, N. X., Dung, V. V, Dao, N. K., Hop, T., Oanh, T.T., Quynh, N. B. & Thin, N. N. (1996). Vietnam forest trees. Hanoi, Viet Nam: Agricultural Publishing House.

CTSP. (2001). Some endangered species of Cambodia. Unpublished: Cambodia Tree Seed Project. Delang, C. O. (2007). The role of medicinal plants in the provision of health care in Lao PDR.

Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 1(3), 50–59. Environmental Investigation Agency. (2012). Rosewood Robbery. The Case for Thailand to List

Rosewood on CITES. London. Evans, T. D., O’Kelly, H. J., Soriyun, M., Hor, N. M., Phaktra, P., Pheakdey, S., & Pollard, E. H. B.

(2013). Seima Protection Forest. In: T. C. H. Sutherland, J. Sayer, & M. H. Hoang (Eds.), Evidence-based Conservation: Lessons from the Lower Mekong (pp. 157–186). Routledge.

Fang, J., Wang, Z., & Tang, Z. (Eds.). (2011). Atlas of woody plants in China - Distribution and climate. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.

FLD, CTSP, & FA. (2006). Conservation of valuable and endangered tree species in Cambodia 2001-2006 - a case study. Forest and Landscape Development and Environment Series 3-2006. Hørsholm, Denmark: Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning.

Flora of China. (2014). Dalbergia tonkinensis. Flora of China @ efloras.org. URL: www.efloras.org. Accessed: 15/01/2014.

Forest Trends. (2013). Tackling timber regulations: A guide for Myanmar. Ha, N. M., Dung, V. V., Song, N. V., Thang, H. V., Dung, N. H., Tuan, P. N., Hoa, T. T. & Canh, D.

(2008). Report on the review of Vietnam’s wildlife trade policy. Hanoi, Viet Nam: CRES/FPD/UNEP/CITES/IUED.

Hoa, D. Le, & Ly, N. T. Y. (2009). Willingness to Pay for the Preservation of Lo Go – Xa Mat National Park in Vietnam. Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia.

ITTO. (2002). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2002. Yokohama, Japan. ITTO. (2003). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2003. ITTO. (2004). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2004. ITTO. (2005). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2005. ITTO. (2006). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2006. ITTO. (2007). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2007. ITTO. (2008). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2008. ITTO. (2009). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2009. ITTO. (2010). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2010. Yokohama, Japan:

International Tropical Timber Organization. ITTO. (2011). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2011. Yokohama, Japan.

18 ITTO. (2012). Annual review and assessment of the world timber situation 2012. Yokohama, Japan:

International Tropical Timber Organization. ITTO. (2014). Report from Myanmar. Tropical Timber Market Report, 18(1), 6–7. Jalonen, R. (2009). National status report - Cambodia. In: R. Jalonen, K. Y. Choo, L. T. Hong, & H.

C. Sim (Eds.), Forest genetic resources conservation and management: status in seven South and Southeast Asian countries (pp. 1–20). APFORGEN.

Khuankaew, S., Srithi, K., Tiansawat, P., Jampeetong, A., Inta, A., & Wangpakapattanawong, P. (2013). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by Tai Yai in Northern Thailand. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, in press, 1–10.

Lao PDR. (2007). Lao People’s Democratic Republic Forestry Law. Lao PDR. (2008). Order of the Prime Minister on strengthening the forest management,

protection and the coordination of management forest and forestry business. No-17/PM. Le, T. T., & Mahood, S. (2008). The illegal wildlife and timber trade network around Chu Yang Sin

National Park, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam. BirdLife International Vietnam Programme Conservation Report (Vol. 34). Hanoi, Viet Nam: Birdlife International Vietnam Programme.

Libman, A., Bouamanivong, S., Southavong, B., Sydara, K., & Soejarto, D. D. (2006). Medicinal plants: an important asset to health care in a region of Central Laos. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 106(3), 303–11.

Lieu, N. X. (2001). Conservation, utilization and management of forest genetic resources in Vietnam. In: Proceedings of the South East Asian Moving Workshop on conservation, Management and Utlilization of Forest Genetic Resources.

Lock, J. M., & Heald, J. (1994). Legumes of Indo-China. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Luoma-aho, T., Hong, L. T., Ramanatha Rao, V., & Sim, H. C. (2004). Forest Genetic Resources

Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 (p. 338). Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO.

Millet, J., Pascal, J.-P., & Prat, D. (2004). Forest genetic resources: case of forest enterprise in south of Vietnam (p. 8).

Millet, J., & Truong, L. H. (2011). Assessment of the diversity and distribution of the threatened tree species in a logged forest in Vietnam. Tropical Conservation Science, 4(1), 82–96.

Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (1996). Red Data Book. Vol 2: Plants (Sach Do Viet Nam Phan Thuc Vat). Hanoi: Science and Technical Publishing House.

Morris, J., & Polet, G. (2004). An agenda for linking conservation and development through land use re-arrangement and landscape planning - experiences from Cat Tien National Park and surrounding forests. Dong Nai Province, Vietnam: Cat Tien National Park Conservation Project.

Nghia, N. H. (1998a). Dalbergia annamensis. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 09/01/2014.

Nghia, N. H. (1998b). Dalbergia bariensis. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 09/01/2014.

Nghia, N. H. (1998c). Dalbergia mammosa. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 03/01/2014.

Nghia, N. H. (1998d). Dalbergia oliveri. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 03/01/2014.

Nghia, N. H. (2004). Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Vietnam. In T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 (p. 338). Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO.

Nghia, N. H. (2003). Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources in Vietnam. Paper submitted to the XII World Forestry Congress (pp. 1–10). Submitted to the XII World Forestry Congress, 2003, Québec City, Canada.

Nguyen, T. Q., & Tran, H. N. (2011). How Viet Nam is prepared to meet legal requirements of timber export markets (p. 44). Hue City, Viet Nam: Tropenbos International Viet Nam.

Niyomdham C. & Pham Hoang Ho. (1996). Nouveautés taxonomiques concernant le genre Dalbergia (Fabaceae) dans la péninsule Indochinoise (Thaïlande, Cambodge, Laos et Viêtnam) [Taxonomic novelties in the genus Dalbergia (Fabaceae) from the Indochinese

19 Peninsula (Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam)]. Bulletin du Museum national d’histoire naturelle B, 18 (1-2), 137-149.

Oldfield, S. (1988). Rare Tropical Timbers (p. 48). Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. Oo, T. N. (2004). Status of Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management in Myanmar.

National Coordinator’s meeting, Malaysia Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme, 29-30 November 2004, Kuala Lumpur.

Phong, D. T., Hien, V. T. T., Thanh, T. T. V, & Tang, D. V. (2011). Comparison of RAPD and ISSR markers for assessment of genetic diversity among endangered rare Dalbergia oliveri (Fabaceae) genotypes in Vietnam. Genetics and Molecular Research, 10(4), 2382–2393. doi:10.4238/2011.October.6.3

Phongoudome, C., & Mounlamai, K. (2004). Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Lao PDR. In: T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 (p. 338). Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO.

Polet, G. (2003). Co-management in protected areas: the case of Cat Tien National Park, Southern Vietnam. In: G. Persoon, D. M. E. van Est, & P. E. Sajise (Eds.), Co-management of Natural Resources in Asia: a comparitive perspective (pp. 25–42). NIAS Press.

Puangchit, N. (2003). Present Situation of Timber Harvesting in Thailand. Republic of Viet Nam. (2007). Viet Nam forestry development strategy 2006 - 2020 (Vol. 2020). Soerianegara, I., & Lemmens, R. H. M. J. (1994). Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber

trees: major commercial timbers (p. 610). Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen.

Sumantakul, V. (2004). Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Thailand. In T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 (p. 338). Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO.

Tan, D., Thu, P., & Dell, B. (2012). Invasive Plant Species in the National Parks of Vietnam. Forests, 3(4), 997–1016.

Tangmitcharoen, S. (2009). National status report - Thailand. In: R. Jalonen, K. Y. Choo, L. T. Hong, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest genetic resources conservation and management: status in seven South and Southeast Asian countries (pp. 137–152). APFORGEN.

Thea, S. (2004). Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Cambodia. In: T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao, & H. C. Sim (Eds.), Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003 (p. 338). Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO.

TRAFFIC. (2012). Precious Woods: Exploitation of the Finest Timber. Chatham House Workshop: Tackling the trade in illegal precious wood. 23-24 April 2012. Background Paper 1 (pp. 1–62). Chatham House Workshop: Tackling the trade in illegal precious wood. 23-24 April 2012. Background Paper 1.

Van Sam, H., Nanthavong, K., & Kessler, P. J. A. (2004). Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. Blumea, 49, 201–349.

Viet Nam. (2006). Decree No. 32/2006/ND-CP of March 30, 2006, on Management of Endangered, Precious and Rare Forest Plants and Animals.

Vu, L. Van, & Quang Vu, C. (2011). Diversity Pattern of Butterfly Communities (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidae) in Different Habitat Types in a Tropical Rain Forest of Southern Vietnam. ISRN Zoology, 1–8.

WCMC. 1998. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES listing criteria. Wenbin, H., & Xiufang, S. (2013). Tropical Hardwood Flows in China: Case Studies of Rosewood and

Okoumé. White, R. (2005). LegumeWeb. International Legume database & information service. Version

10.01. URL: www.ildis.org. Accessed: 09/01/2014. Woods, K., & Canby, K. (2011). Baseline study, 4: Myanmar: Overview of forest law enforcement,

governance and trade.


Koompassia grandiflora

Trade patterns K. grandiflora was reported to produce

medium-weight hardwoods (kempas and

tualang) (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994);

timber from Koompassia spp. is used for a

variety of purposes including railway

sleepers, telegraph poles, flooring and

furniture ( Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994;

Nair & Sumardi 2000). The species was

reported to be traded internationally from

Papua province, Indonesia (PC17 Inf. 7). No

recent trade information has been found.

Conservation status K. grandiflora is a large tree species which

grows up to 37 m in height and 100 cm in

diameter (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994),

and is found within primary rainforest, on

coastal plain foothills and stony low hills

(Eddowes 1998). The species was reported to

provide habitat for wild honey bees Apis

cerana (PC17 Inf. 7; Nair & Sumardi 2000).

K. grandiflora was reported to occur on the

island of New Guinea, in Vogelkop (West

Papua province, Indonesia) and in the

Morobe, Gulf and Central provinces of

Papua New Guinea (Eddowes 1998). In West

Papua province, the species was reported to

be “fairly common” in the lowland near

Manokwari (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994).

K. grandiflora was classified as Vulnerable in

the IUCN Red List (Eddowes 1998). It was

noted to be particularly vulnerable as it

occurs in readily accessible areas (Eddowes

1998).

Management K. grandiflora is not listed as protected in

Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia 1999).

However, Nair and Sumardi (2000) reported

that Koompassia spp. in natural forests are

now protected from cutting and that forest

concessionaires were also being encouraged

to raise plantations of these species. No

further information on national protection

of the species was located.

It was reported that there are many laws and

regulations which relate to forest

governance in Indonesia, but that conflicts

often arise between them and that forest

management needs to be urgently improved

(Blaser et al. 2011). A selective cutting and

replanting system, which was introduced in

1989, set a minimum cutting limit of 50 cm

for production forest and prescribed that at

least 25 commercially valuable trees should

be retained per hectare (Blaser et al. 2011).

Illegal logging was considered to be an issue

and the Ministry of Forestry was reported to

have formulated policies to eliminate such

practices (Blaser et al. 2011). In 2011,

Indonesia issued a moratorium on new

forest concession licences in primary natural

forests and peatlands (President of

Indonesia 2011), in order to put in place

improvements to the forest governance

systems (Sloan 2014). However, concerns

were raised over the exclusion of secondary

forests and logged forests (Murdiyarso et al.

2011) and Sloan (2014) considered that the

aims had not been fully realised. In May

2013, this moratorium was extended for an

additional two years (Sloan 2014).

COMMON NAMES: Kempas, Tualang (Indonesian)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea

UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia

IUCN: Vulnerable

21 References Blaser, J. , Sarre, A., Poore, D & Johnson, S. 2011. Status of tropical forest management 2011,

Yokohama, Japan: ITTO Technical Series No 38. International Tropical Timber Organisation.

Eddowes, P.J., 1998. Koompassia grandiflora. URL: In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 14/01/2014.

Murdiyarso, D., Dewi, S., Lawrence, D. & Seymour, F. 2011. Indonesia’s forest moratorium: a stepping

stone to better forest governance?, Bogor, Indonesia: Working Paper 76. CIFOR.

Nair, K.S.S. & Sumardi. 2000. Insect pests and diseases of major plantation species In: Insect pests and diseases in Indonesian forests: an assessment of the major threats, research efforts and literature, K.S.S. Nair (Ed.),CIFOR, Indonesia, pp. 15-39.

President of Indonesia, 2011. Suspension of granting of new licenses and improvment of governance of natural primary forest and peatland, Instruction of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2011.

Republic of Indonesia, 1999. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi. Lampiran peraturan pemerintah Republik Indonesia - Nomor 7 Tahun 1999, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia.

Sloan, S., 2014. Indonesia’s moratorium on new forest licenses: An update. Land Use Policy, 38, pp.37–40.

Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 1994. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers, Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen.


Pericopsis mooniana

Taxonomic note Synonyms were reported as Ormosia

villamilii and Pericopsis ponapensis

(Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994; White

2005). White (2005) also considered

Dalbergia lanceolaria, D. mooniana and

Derris ponapensis to be synonyms.

Trade patterns Pericopsis mooniana was reported to

produce a valuable, multipurpose wood

(Ishiguri et al. 2011) which has decorative

uses and can be used as a substitute for teak

(e.g. cabinet work, furniture, high-quality

joinery, parquet flooring, panelling and

veneer) in addition to heavy construction

purposes (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994).

De S. Wijesinghe (2003) described the wood

as “high quality cabinet wood”. Hardiyanto

et al. (2001) noted that the species was of

socio-economic value in Indonesia for

timber production.

Supplies of timber were considered to be

very limited and trade and export were

reported to be negligible (Soerianegara &

Lemmens 1994; Asian Regional Workshop,

1998). Ishiguri et al. (2011) also noted that

supplies of P. mooniana were very limited, as

the wood was harvested primarily from

natural forests and in PC17 Inf. 7, it was

reported that most trade in the species was

historic and current trade levels were very

low.

Indonesia: It was noted that exports from

Indonesia were likely to be traded mostly to

Japan (Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994).

Indonesia is now implementing its VPA (EFI,

2014).

Malaysia: No trade was reported from

Malaysia (PC17 Inf. 7). No recent

information on trade was located.

Philippines: No information on trade was

located.

Conservation status P. mooniana is a medium-large tree species

which occurs in evergreen or semi-

deciduous forests, scattered in coastal,

riverine and periodically inundated areas up

to 200-350 m in altitude (Soerianegara &

Lemmens 1994). It was reported to grow up

to 40 m in height and 80-100 cm in

diameter, with seedlings growing slowly and

flowering to produce fruits after 10 years

(Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994). Seeds were

reported to have no dormancy period and to

germinate well (~87 per cent) if sown soon

after collection and it was noted that stem

cuttings were easy to propagate

(Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994).

SYNONYMS: Ormosia villamilii, Pericopsis ponapensis, Dalbergia lanceolaria,

D. mooniana, Derris ponapensis

COMMON NAMES: Nandu wood (English), Kayu kuku (Indonesian), Kayu besi papus

(Sulawesi), Nani laut (Irian Jaya), Kayu laut (Peninsular Malaysia and

Sabah), Merbau laut (Peninsular Malaysia), Makapilit (Bisaya, Borneo)

RANGE STATES: Indonesia, Malaysia, Federated States of Micronesia, Palau, Papua New

Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka

UNDER REVIEW: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines

IUCN: Vulnerable

23 P. mooniana is the only Pericopsis species to

occur in South East Asia (Soerianegara &

Lemmens 1994). The species was reported to

occur in Indonesia (West Papua,

Kalimantan, the Moluccas, Sulawesi,

Sumatra), Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia and

Sabah), the Federated States of Micronesia

(Yap, Pohnpei), Palau, Papua New Guinea,

the Philippines (Mindanao) and Sri Lanka

(Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1994; Asian

Regional Workshop, 1998). The Asian

Regional Workshop (1998) also reported its

occurrence in Java, Indonesia.

P. mooniana was considered to be an

uncommon species with scarce natural

regeneration, which was at risk of becoming

endangered due to large-scale exploitation

not being followed by replanting

(Soerianegara & Lemmens 1994). In

Peninsular Malaysia, Kalimantan, Sulawesi

and Sri Lanka, the species was considered to

be rare and vulnerable (Soerianegara &

Lemmens 1994; Asian Regional Workshop,

1998), in Sulawesi there were reported to be

only a few stands remaining and in Sabah it

was considered to be “almost extinct” (Asian

Regional Workshop, 1998). In Indonesia, the

species was reported to be “very rare” (PC17

Inf. 7) with stands of importance reported to

occur only locally, in West Papua and south

Sulawesi.

Soerianegara & Lemmens (1994) considered

the species to be in urgent need of

protection and noted that it was proposed in

1992 for inclusion in CITES Appendix II.

P. mooniana was classified as Vulnerable in

the IUCN Red List (Asian Regional

Workshop, 1998) and was reported to be

listed as Vulnerable on the Red List of the

Philippines (PC17 Inf. 7).

The main threat to P. mooniana was

considered to be overexploitation for its

timber, which was noted to be in high

demand and to fetch high prices


Regional Workshop, 1998). Other threats

were reported to include poor natural

regeneration and a lack of replanting


Regional Workshop, 1998). Oldfield (1988)

noted that the species was disappearing fast

due to logging and land clearance. In

Indonesia, the species was considered to be

“mildly” threatened by clearing and felling

(Hardiyanto et al. 2001).

Ishiguri et al. (2011) noted that the

establishment of P. mooniana plantations

was required to prevent the extinction of the

species and research on silvicultural aspects

of this species was considered to be urgently

needed by Soerianegara & Lemmens (1994).

Management Indonesia: P. mooniana is not protected in

Indonesia (Republic of Indonesia 1999

P. mooniana was considered to be a priority

species for evaluation and conservation

(Hardiyanto et al. 2001) and for the

conservation and management of forest

genetic resources (Masripatin et al. 2004)

and was included in a list of species which

had been planted within demonstration

plots to show local communities how to

conserve forest genetic resources (Santoso,

2009). The species was reported to occur in

Lamedai Nature Reserve, southeast Sulawesi,

Indonesia, although it was also noted that

this area had been damaged by deforestation

and mining activities (Lestari & Santoso

2011).

(see also information on general forest

regulations and management in Indonesia

under Koompassia grandiflora).

Malaysia: P. mooniana is not protected in

Sabah (SWD 1997) or in Peninsular Malaysia

(Malaysia 2010). Malaysia was reported to

have had a national forest policy since 1978

and to be negotiating a VPA [Voluntary

Partnership Agreement] with the European

Union (Blaser et al., 2011; EFI, 2014). Blaser et

al. (2011) considered that forests were well

managed in general and illegal harvesting

was negligible. TRAFFIC (2004) reported

that Malaysia had an established system for

monitoring log extraction and exports.

Philippines: P. mooniana was listed as a

vulnerable species (Republic of the

24 Philippines 2007), meaning that collection of

the species and its by-products and

derivatives was prohibited, except for

conservation purposes (Republic of the

Philippines 2001). This legislation also noted

that the habitats of all threatened species

would be designated as ‘critical habitats’ and

would be protected from exploitation or

destruction (Republic of the Philippines

2001). In 1991, an Order was issued which

restricted logging activities in the country to

second growth (residual) forests and

prohibited logging in old growth (virgin)

forests (Government of the Philippines,

1991). This was followed in subsequent years

by bans on all logging in certain parts of the

country (Bugayong 2006) and in 2011 by a

ban on the cutting and harvesting of timber

in natural and residual forests and the

creation of an anti-illegal logging task force

(President of the Philippines 2011).

25 References Asian Regional Workshop (Conservation & Sustainable Management of Trees, Viet Nam, A. 1996),

1998. Pericopsis mooniana. In: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. URL: www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed: 14/01/2014.

Blaser, J., Sarre, A., Poore, D & Johnson, S. 2011. Status of tropical forest management 2011, Yokohama, Japan: ITTO Technical Series No 38. International Tropical Timber Organisation.

Bugayong, L.A. 2006. Effectiveness of logging ban policies in protecting the remaining natural forests of the Philippines, Paper presented at the 2006 Berlin Conference on Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change - Resource Policies: Effectiveness, Efficiency and Equity, held at Freie University, Berlin, Germany on 17-18 November 2006.

European Forest Institute (EFI), 2014. EU FLEGT Facility. URL: www.euflegt.efi.int. Accessed: 15/01/2014.

Government of the Philippines, 1991. Shift in Logging from the Old Growth (Virgin) Forests to the Second Growth (Residual) Forests.

Hardiyanto, E.B., Java, E. & Tenggara, N., 2001. Present status of conservation, utilization and management of forest genetic resources in Indonesia. In: J. Koskela, S. Appanah, A. P. Pederson & Markopoulos, M. D. (eds.) Proceedings of the Southeast Asian Moving Workshop on Conservation, Management and Utilization of Forest Genetic Resources. Bangkok, Thailand: FORSPA Publication No. 31/2002.

Ishiguri, F., Wahyudi, I., Takeuchi, M., Takashima, Y., Iizuka, K., Yokota, S. & Yoshizawa, N. 2011. Wood properties of Pericopsis mooniana grown in a plantation in Indonesia. Journal of Wood Science, 57(3), pp.241–246. Lestari, D.A.Y.U. & Santoso, W., 2011. Inventory and habitat study of orchids species in Lamedai

Nature Reserve, Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi. Biodiversitas, 12(1), pp.28–33. Liyanage, W.K.D.D., Gamage, S. N., Kumara, G. D. C. P. & Xulong, L. 2013. An Assessment of the

Contribution of an Analog Forest as a Sustainable Land-use Ecosystem for the Development of Rural Green Economy in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment, 3(1), pp.9–16.

Malaysia, 2010. Wildlife Conservation Act 716 (of 2010). Masripatin, N., Rimbawanto, A., Widyatmoko, A. Y., Purwito, D., Susanto, M., Khomsah, N.,

Setiadji, Y. T. & Hakim, L. 2004. Status of forest genetic resources conservation and management in Indonesia. In: T. Luoma-aho, L. T. Hong, V. Ramanatha Rao & H. C. Sim (eds.) Forest Genetic Resources Conservation and Management: Proceedings of the Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Programme (APFORGEN) Inception Workshop, Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 15-18 July, 2003. Serdang, Malaysia: IPGRI-APO, pp. 164–182.

Murdiyarso, D., Dewi, S., Lawrence, D. & Seymour, F. 2011. Indonesia’s forest moratorium: a stepping stone to better forest governance?, Bogor, Indonesia: Working Paper 76. CIFOR.

Oldfield, S., 1988. Rare Tropical Timbers, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. President of Indonesia, 2011. Suspension of granting of new licenses and improvment of governance

of natural primary forest and peatland, Instruction of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2011.

President of the Philippines, 2011. Declaring a moratorium on the cutting and harvesting of timber in the natural and residual forests and creating the anti-illegal logging task force, Manila, Philippines: Executive Order No. 23.

Republic of Indonesia, 1999. Jenis-jenis tumbuhan dan satwa yang dilindungi. Lampiran peraturan pemerintah Republik Indonesia - Nomor 7 Tahun 1999, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia.

Republic of the Philippines, 2007. Establishing the national list of threatened Philippine plants and their categories, and the list of other wildlife species, Quezon City, Philippines: Department of Environment and Natural Resources DENR Administrative Order 2007-01.

Republic of the Philippines, 2001. Republic Act No. 9147. An Act providing for the conservation and protection of wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes, Manila, Philippines.

26 De S. Wijesinghe, L.C.A.S., 2003. Forestry in Sri Lanka: a voyage through time. Tropical

Agricultural Research and Extension, 6, pp.14–21. Santoso, H., 2009. National status report - Indonesia. In: R. Jalonen, K. Y. Choo, L. T. Hong, & H.

C. Sim (Eds.), Forest genetic resources conservation and management: status in seven South and Southeast Asian countries (pp. 1–20). APFORGEN. Forest genetic resources conservation and management: status in seven South and Southeast Asian countries. APFORGEN, pp. 47–60.

Soerianegara, I. & Lemmens, R.H.M.J., 1994. Plant Resources of South-East Asia 5(1). Timber trees: major commercial timbers, Wageningen: Pudoc Scientific Publishers, Wageningen.

SWD, 1997. Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia: Sabah Wildlife Department.

TRAFFIC, 2004. Progress report on the study on: Forest law enforcement and governance in Malaysia in the context of sustainable forest management, Prepared by TRAFFIC International for the Government of Malaysia: International Tropical Timber Council.

White, R., 2005. LegumeWeb. International Legume database & information service. Version 10.01. URL: www.ildis.org. Accessed: 09/01/2014.

27 Appendix Table 1: Leguminosae timber tree species of Southeast Asia assessed at the 2007 South East Asia timber tree workshop (PC17 Inf. 7). Species highlighted were selected as they had previously been identified as meeting the CITES Appendix II listing criteria

and were thought to be in international trade.

Species CITES? Meet criteria

for CITES3

Conservation

status Range States in South East Asia

4 Notes

5

Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Afzelia rhomboidea N II Bi VU A1cd √ √ √ Traded

domestically.

Afzelia xylocarpa N EN A1cd √ √ √ √ √

New additional

species. Traded

internationally.

Albizia splendens N NE √ √ √ √ √ Traded

internationally.

Cynometra elmeri N VU A1d √ √ √

Traded

internationally.

This

assessement

refers to three

Cynometra

species

(currently

recognised as

3 WCMC. 1998. Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES listing criteria.

4 This report and UNEP-WCMC. 2007. Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade: South East Asia.

5 UNEP-WCMC. 2007. Strategies for the sustainable use and management of timber tree species subject to international trade: South East Asia.

28 C. elmeri Merr.,

C. inaequifolia

A. Gray and C.

malaccensis

Knaap v.

Meeuwen).

Cynometra

inaequifolia N VU A1d √

Cynometra

malaccensis N VU A1d √ √ √

Dalbergia

annamensis N II Bi EN A1cd √ (Endangered)

6

Traded

internationally.

Species with

taxonomic

uncertainties.

Dalbergia bariensis N II Bi EN A1cd √ √ √ √ (V -

Vulnerable) 7

Traded,

probably

internationally.

Dalbergia

cambodiana N II Bi EN A1cd √ √

Insufficient

information

trade and

biology.

Dalbergia

cochinchinensis

YES

(CoP16):

App II/

Annex B

II Bi VU A1cd √ √ √ √ (V -

Vulnerable) 8

Traded,

probably

internationally.

More

information

6 Ng, P.K.L. & Y.C. Wee (eds.). 1994. The Singapore Red Data Book. Singapore: The Nature Society.



29 needed.

Dalbergia mammosa N II Bi EN A1cd √ (V -

Vulnerable) 8

Traded,

probably

internationally.

Dalbergia oliveri N II Bi EN A1cd √ √ √ √ Traded

internationally.

Dalbergia

tonkinensis N II Bi VU A1cd

√ (V -

Vulnerable) 8

Traded,

probablly

internationally.

More

information

needed.

Dialium

cochinchinense N LR/nt √ √ √ √ √ √

√ (K -

insufficiently

known) 8

Traded

internationally.

Erythrophleum fordii N ?II Bi EN A1cd √

Insufficient

information

trade.

Intsia bijuga N VU A1cd √ √ √ √ √ √ √ (R - Rare)* √ √

Traded

internationally.

Kalappia celebica N ?I B/ II Bi VU D1+2c √ Traded

domestically.

Koompassia excelsa N LR/cd √ √ √ √ √ √ Traded

internationally.

Koompassia

grandiflora N II Bi VU A1cd+2cd √

Traded

internationally.

30 Koompassia

malaccensis N LR/cd √ √ √

√ (V -

Vulnerable) √

Traded

internationally.

Pericopsis mooniana N II Bi + ii VU A1cd √ √ √ Traded

internationally.

Pterocarpus

macrocarpus N DD √ √ √ √ √

Traded

internationally.

Pterocarpus indicus N VU A1d √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

Excluded:

irrelevant,

widespread and

planted.

Sindora beccariana N DD √ √ √

Insufficient

information on

trade.

Sindora inermis N VU A1d √ √

Insufficient

information on

trade.

Sindora supa N VU A1d √

Insufficient

information on

trade.

Wallaceodendron

celebicum N DD √ √

Insufficient

information

trade and

biology

Xylia xylocarpa N NE √ √ √ √† √

† √ √

New additional

species. Traded

internationally.

non-cites timber species from south e asia (leguminosae ... · in southeast asia (wenbin and...

Documents