nomad: thyroid physiology
DESCRIPTION
Why is the Thyroid gland so named? What is its special characteristic? How are it's hormones synthesized? What are their functions? What happens when these hormones are deficient in the fetal stage and in adulthood? What if they become too high in concentration? For answers, read on.TRANSCRIPT
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THYROID GLAND ITHYROID GLAND I
ByBy
Dr. M. Anthony David, MDDr. M. Anthony David, MD
Professor of PhysiologyProfessor of Physiology
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THE THYROID GLANDTHE THYROID GLAND ““ThyreosThyreos” Greek for ” Greek for ShieldShield.. Morphology:Morphology:
Largest Endocrine gland: 15 – 25 Gms Largest Endocrine gland: 15 – 25 Gms
in weight.in weight. Anatomy:Anatomy:
Has two lobes connected by an IsthmusHas two lobes connected by an Isthmus Is richly vascular; 4 -6ml/g/minIs richly vascular; 4 -6ml/g/min Has sympathetic innervationHas sympathetic innervation
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THYROID
GLAND
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THYROID GLANDTHYROID GLAND EMBRYOLOGY:EMBRYOLOGY:
Begins development in the Begins development in the 44ththwk of wk of IULIUL
Hormones secreted from the Hormones secreted from the 1212thth weekweek..
Fetal Thyroid Hormones useful for:Fetal Thyroid Hormones useful for: Normal Fetal Bone maturation.Normal Fetal Bone maturation. Normal development of the CNS.Normal development of the CNS.
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HISTOLOGY:HISTOLOGY: 3 Million spherical follicles3 Million spherical follicles 50 - 500µ in diameter 50 - 500µ in diameter Each follicle has clear viscid Each follicle has clear viscid
protein colloid called protein colloid called ThyroglobulinThyroglobulin
The Parafollicular ‘C’ cells secrete The Parafollicular ‘C’ cells secrete (Thyro) (Thyro) Calcitonin.Calcitonin.
THYROID GLANDTHYROID GLAND
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BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROID BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONESHORMONES
IODINE UPTAKE & TRAPPINGIODINE UPTAKE & TRAPPING IODINATION & COUPLINGIODINATION & COUPLING
Tyrosine + Iodine = Mono Iodo Tyrosine + Iodine = Mono Iodo Tyrosine (MIT)Tyrosine (MIT)
MIT + MIT = Di Iodo Tyrosine (DIT)MIT + MIT = Di Iodo Tyrosine (DIT) MIT + DIT = Tri Iodo Tyrosine TMIT + DIT = Tri Iodo Tyrosine T33
DIT + DIT = Tetra Iodo Thyronine (TDIT + DIT = Tetra Iodo Thyronine (T44))
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IODINATION&COUPLING
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COUPLED HORMONES COUPLED HORMONES COMBINE WITH COMBINE WITH THYROGLOBULIN, COLLOID.THYROGLOBULIN, COLLOID.
ARE FREED BY ARE FREED BY PROTEOLYSISPROTEOLYSIS THE FREE THYROID THE FREE THYROID
HORMONES ARE THEN HORMONES ARE THEN RELEASED INTO THE BLOODRELEASED INTO THE BLOOD
BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROID BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONESHORMONES
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TRANSPORT OF THYROID TRANSPORT OF THYROID HORMONESHORMONES
60% : THYROXIN 60% : THYROXIN BINDING GLOBULIN BINDING GLOBULIN (TBG)(TBG)
30% : THYROXIN 30% : THYROXIN BINDING PRE BINDING PRE ALBUMIN (TBPA)ALBUMIN (TBPA)
10% : ALBUMIN10% : ALBUMIN
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EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES: EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES: MetabolicMetabolic
CALORIGENESIS:CALORIGENESIS:Heat Production.Heat Production.
REGULATIONREGULATION:: Transport:Transport:
IonsIons WaterWater
Intermediary Intermediary metabolisms:metabolisms:
CHOCHO FatsFats ProteinsProteins
BMRBMR
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REGULATION:REGULATION: Growth in HomeothermsGrowth in Homeotherms Metamorphosis in Poikilotherms.Metamorphosis in Poikilotherms.
CONTROL:CONTROL: Protein Synthesis.Protein Synthesis.
EFFECTS OF THYROID EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONES: HORMONES: DevelopmentalDevelopmental
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CALORIGENESIS: Heat ProductionCALORIGENESIS: Heat Production
How?How? By increasing Oxygen consumption in:By increasing Oxygen consumption in:
HeartHeart Gastric MucosaGastric Mucosa Smooth MusclesSmooth Muscles KidneysKidneys LiverLiver Skeletal Muscles.Skeletal Muscles.
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No response to Thyroxine inNo response to Thyroxine in TT: Testes: Testes UU: Uterus: Uterus LL: Lymph nodes: Lymph nodes SS: Spleen: Spleen AA: Anterior Pituitary: Anterior Pituitary
Results:Results: TachycardiaTachycardia Sensitivity to Adrenal Lipolysis.Sensitivity to Adrenal Lipolysis.
CALORIGENESIS: Heat CALORIGENESIS: Heat ProductionProduction
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THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONSPHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS
ON THE HEART:ON THE HEART: POSITIVE CHRONO POSITIVE CHRONO
& IONOTROPIC & IONOTROPIC EFFECTEFFECT No & affinity of No & affinity of ββ
adrenergic receptorsadrenergic receptors Response to Response to
CatecholaminesCatecholamines Proportion of alpha Proportion of alpha
Myosin heavy chains Myosin heavy chains
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ON THE ADIPOSE ON THE ADIPOSE TISSUE:TISSUE: Thyroid hormones Thyroid hormones
are catabolic.are catabolic. They cause They cause
Lipolysis.Lipolysis. ON MUSCLES:ON MUSCLES:
CatabolicCatabolic Protein lysis.Protein lysis.
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONSPHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS
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ON THE BONE:ON THE BONE: Developmental Developmental
effect:effect: Normal growth & Normal growth &
development.development.
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONSPHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS
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ON THE NERVOUS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:SYSTEM: DEVELOPMENTALDEVELOPMENTAL Promotes normal Promotes normal
developmentdevelopment
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONSPHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS
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ON THE GUT:ON THE GUT: METABOLIC EFFECT:METABOLIC EFFECT: CHO AbsorptionCHO Absorption
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONSPHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS
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ON LIPOPROTEINS:ON LIPOPROTEINS: METABOLIC EFFECT:METABOLIC EFFECT: LDL Receptor formation.LDL Receptor formation.
OTHER:OTHER: CALORIGENESISCALORIGENESIS BMR:BMR:
Oxygen consumption in most tissues except Oxygen consumption in most tissues except TTestes, estes, UUterus, terus, LLymph nodes, ymph nodes, SSpleen & pleen & AAnterior Pituitary.nterior Pituitary.
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: PHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONSPHYSIOLOGIC ACTIONS
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CARBOHYDRATES:CARBOHYDRATES: GLUCOSE PRODUCTION GLUCOSE PRODUCTION BY:BY:
GlycogenolysisGlycogenolysis GluconeogenesisGluconeogenesis Hunger - Hunger - Intake of food Intake of food
ANTI INSULIN EFFECTANTI INSULIN EFFECT:: Catabolism of InsulinCatabolism of Insulin Secretion of InsulinSecretion of Insulin
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: METABOLIC EFFECTSMETABOLIC EFFECTS
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LIPIDS:LIPIDS: SynthesisSynthesis LysisLysis Hypothyroidism:Hypothyroidism:
S. Cholesterol: 400 – 700 mg%S. Cholesterol: 400 – 700 mg% Hyperthyroidism:Hyperthyroidism:
S. Cholesterol: 100 – 150 mg%S. Cholesterol: 100 – 150 mg%
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: METABOLIC EFFECTSMETABOLIC EFFECTS
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PROTEINS:PROTEINS: AnabolismAnabolism
VITAMINS:VITAMINS: Converts Converts ββ Carotene to Vit A & Retinene. Carotene to Vit A & Retinene.
MUCOPOLYSACCARIDES:MUCOPOLYSACCARIDES: Metabolism disturbed in HypothyroidismMetabolism disturbed in Hypothyroidism Causes ‘Myxedema’: Dry Coarse Puffy Causes ‘Myxedema’: Dry Coarse Puffy
skin.skin.
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: METABOLIC EFFECTSMETABOLIC EFFECTS
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BMR:BMR: Increases by 60 to Increases by 60 to 100 %100 % How?How?By increasing the size By increasing the size
and number of and number of MitochondriaMitochondria..
THYROID HORMONES: THYROID HORMONES: METABOLIC EFFECTSMETABOLIC EFFECTS
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THYROID HORMONES: A NEGATIVE THYROID HORMONES: A NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATIONFEEDBACK REGULATION
HYPOTHALAMUS
TRH
ANTPIT
THYROID GLAND
TSH
T3 & T4TARGETTISSUES
STIMULATING
INHIBITORY
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APPLIED ASPECTSAPPLIED ASPECTS EUTHYROIDISM: Normal thyroid statusEUTHYROIDISM: Normal thyroid status HYPOTHYROIDISM:HYPOTHYROIDISM:
In infancy: Cretinism (Thyroid dwarfism)In infancy: Cretinism (Thyroid dwarfism) In adults: Myxedema, HypothyroidismIn adults: Myxedema, Hypothyroidism
HYPERTHYROIDISM:HYPERTHYROIDISM: ThyrotoxicosisThyrotoxicosis
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HYPOTHYROIDISM CHILDREN: CHILDREN: CRETINISMCRETINISM::
Congenital HypothyroidismCongenital Hypothyroidism DwarfismDwarfism Mentally Subnormal: MRMentally Subnormal: MR Enlarged, Protruding tongueEnlarged, Protruding tongue Pot bellies.Pot bellies.
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CRETINISM
PROTRUDING
TONGUE
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HYPOTHYROIDISM: ADULTSHYPOTHYROIDISM: ADULTS
MYXEDEMA:MYXEDEMA: CAUSES:CAUSES:
Primary: Thyroid Primary: Thyroid diseasesdiseases
Secondary: Pituitary Secondary: Pituitary or Hypothalamic or Hypothalamic cause.cause.
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MYXEDEMA: CLINICAL MYXEDEMA: CLINICAL FEATURESFEATURES
Low BMR: - 40Low BMR: - 40 Coarse & Sparse Coarse & Sparse
HairHair Dry & Yellow skinDry & Yellow skin
( Carotenemia)( Carotenemia) Poor Cold Poor Cold
tolerationtoleration Voice: Husky & Voice: Husky &
slowslow
Tele diagnosis!Tele diagnosis!
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MYXEDEMA: CLINICAL MYXEDEMA: CLINICAL FEATURESFEATURES
Plasma CholesterolPlasma Cholesterol Slow mentationSlow mentation Poor memoryPoor memory Severe mental Severe mental
symptoms: symptoms: Myxedema madnessMyxedema madness
DepressionDepression
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HYPOTHYROIDISM: TREATMENTHYPOTHYROIDISM: TREATMENT
Very effective Very effective treatment available.treatment available.
ReplacementReplacement of the of the deficient Thyroxine deficient Thyroxine byby Oral tablets Oral tablets..
Brand name Brand name EltroxinEltroxin This causes This causes allall the the
clinical features clinical features to to disappeardisappear..
Tab EltroxinOne tablet a dayLife long
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HYPERTHYROIDISMHYPERTHYROIDISM
Also called Also called ThyrotoxicosisThyrotoxicosis
Hyperphagia + Hyperphagia + Weight lossWeight loss
Heat IntoleranceHeat Intolerance Pulse PressurePulse Pressure Sleeping Pulse Sleeping Pulse
Rate >90/minRate >90/min
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HYPERTHYROIDISMHYPERTHYROIDISM Nervousness, Nervousness,
AnxietyAnxiety Fine Tremor: Fine Tremor:
Paper testPaper test Warm, soft skinWarm, soft skin SweatingSweating BMR: +10 to BMR: +10 to
+100+100
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HYPERTHYROIDISM: GRAVE’S HYPERTHYROIDISM: GRAVE’S DISEASEDISEASE
EXOPHTHALMIC EXOPHTHALMIC GOITRE:GOITRE: ExophthalmosExophthalmos: :
Protruding eyeballsProtruding eyeballs Is anIs an autoimmuneautoimmune
disorderdisorder Can be also Can be also
Hashimoto’s Hashimoto’s ThyroiditisThyroiditis
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TREATMENT OF TREATMENT OF HYPERTHYROIDISMHYPERTHYROIDISM
Antithyroid drugs:Antithyroid drugs: Most drugs interfere with Most drugs interfere with
Iodide trapping.Iodide trapping. Others block iodisation of Others block iodisation of
Tyrosine.Tyrosine. Examples:Examples:
PerchloratesPerchloratesThiocyanatesThiocyanates
Decrease Decrease Goitrogen consumptionGoitrogen consumption::
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GOITROGENSGOITROGENS Goitrogens: Goitrogens:
Goitrin & Goitrin & Progoitrin seen Progoitrin seen in:in: CabbageCabbage Rutabagas & Rutabagas &
TurnipsTurnips
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