Saiful Alom SiddiquePh.D Research ScholarDept .of Biochemistry & Biotechnology

ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY

Alfred Nobel

(1833-1896)

……really a man bringing fame to others

Stockholm, Sweden

-(The Merchant of death is death)

Invention of Dynamite (Explosive) and Controversies

“Dr. Alfred Nobel ,Who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before …”

Nitroglycerin exploded in Nobel’s factory ; died 5 people including Nobel's younger brother Emil Nobel.

Alfred was disappointed with what he read in newspaper

Alfred invented 355 different patents, dynamite

being the most famous.

Alfred Nobel’s final will

When he died he left more than 31 million SEK(186 million US dollar) of his fortune to set up theNobel prizes.

The foundations of the Nobel Prize were laid in1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leavingmuch of his wealth for its establishment. Since1901, the prize has honored men and women foroutstanding achievements .

Awarded forOutstanding contributions for mankind in the field of,

Physics

Chemistry

Literature

Physiology or Medicine

Peace

Economic Sciences

Presented by

Swedish Academy

Nobel committee of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences

Nobel committee of Karolinska Institute

Norwegian Nobel Committee

Nobel Prize Awarded 549 times to 856 individuals(791 men & 44 Women)

Were given to

one

Laureate

Shared by two

Laureates

Shared by three

Laureates

Physics 47 29 29

Chemistry 63 22 18

Medicine 38 31 33

Literature 100 4 -

Peace 62 28 2

Economic

Sciences22 16 5

Total number: 332 130 87

Years when Nobel Prize wasn’t given

Nobel Prize Year

Physics 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942

Chemistry 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942

Medicine 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942

Literature 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943

Peace1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939, 1940,

1941, 1942, 1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972

Economic

Sciences-

Wilhelm C Röntgen Van’t Hoff Sully Prudhomme

Frederic Passy Henry Dunant

Emil von Behring

First Nobel Prizes-1901

MEDAL FOR THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

Front Side Back Side

NOBEL PRIZE IN PEACE

NOBEL PRIZE IN ECONOMICS

NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

24 carat gold

175 grams

2.6 inch in Diameter

Medal

Award money 10 million SEK ( €950,000)

Nobel diploma

Timeline Nobel Prize for

Physiology or Medicine

The first Physiology & Medicine Prize went to the German

physiologist and microbiologist Emil von Behring in 1901.

During the 1890s, von Behring developed an antitoxin to treat

diphtheria, which until then was causing thousands of deaths

each year.

Emil von Behring

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908was awarded jointly to Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov andPaul Ehrlich in recognition of their work onimmunity in 1882.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov Paul Ehrlich

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910 was

awarded to Albrecht Kossel "in recognition of the

contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made

through his work on proteins, including the nucleic

substances" in 1896.

Albrecht Kossel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 wasawarded jointly to Frederick Grant Banting andJohn James Rickard Macleod "for the discovery ofinsulin” in 1916.

Frederick Grant Banting John James R.Macleod

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924 was

awarded to Willem Einthoven for his discovery of the

mechanism of the electrocardiogram (1903). Well known as

a father of Electrocardiography.

Willem Einthoven

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930was awarded to Karl Landsteiner "for his discoveryof human blood groups” in 1900.

Karl Landsteiner

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 wasawarded to Thomas H. Morgan "for his discoveriesconcerning the role played by the chromosome inheredity" in 1910.

Thomas Hunt Morgan

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was

awarded to Hermann J. Muller "for the discovery of

the production of mutations by means of X-ray

irradiation” (1926).

H.J.MULLER

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1953 was

divided equally between Hans Adolf Krebs "for his

discovery of the citric acid cycle" and Fritz Albert

Lipmann "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its

importance for intermediary metabolism” (1930).

Hans Adolf Krebs Fritz Albert Lipmann

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1958 wasdivided, one half jointly to George Wells Beadle andEdward Lawrie Tatum "for their discovery that genes actby regulating definite chemical events" and the other halfto Joshua Lederberg "for his discoveries concerning geneticrecombination and the organization of the genetic materialof bacteria"(1951).

George Wells Beadle Edward Lawrie Tatum Joshua Lederberg

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1959 wasawarded jointly to Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biologicalsynthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid(1956).

Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 wasawarded jointly to Francis Harry Compton Crick, JamesDewey Watson and Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins "fortheir discoveries concerning the molecular structure ofnucleic acids and its significance for information transfer inliving material” (1953).

Francis Crick James D. Watson Maurice Wilkins

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1965 was

awarded jointly to François Jacob, André Lwoff and

Jacques Monod "for their discoveries concerning genetic

control of enzyme and virus synthesis" in 1961.

François Jacob André Lwoff Jacques Monod

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968 was

awarded jointly to Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind

Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg "for their

interpretation of the genetic code and its function in

protein synthesis’’ in 1961.

Robert W. Holley Har Gobind Khorana Marshall W. Nirenberg

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1969 wasawarded jointly to Max Delbrück, Alfred D. Hershey andSalvador E. Luria "for their discoveries concerning thereplication mechanism and the genetic structure ofviruses“(1952).

Max Delbrück Alfred D. Hershey Salvador E. Luria

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1971 wasawarded to Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. "for his discoveriesconcerning the mechanisms of the action ofhormones“(1953).

Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1972 was

awarded jointly to Gerald M. Edelman and Rodney R.

Porter "for their discoveries concerning the chemical

structure of antibodies“ (1960).

Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1974 was

awarded jointly to Albert Claude, Christian de Duve and

George E. Palade "for their discoveries concerning the

structural and functional organization of the cell".

Albert Claude Christian de Duve George E. Palade

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1975 was awarded

jointly to David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard

Martin Temin "for their discoveries concerning the interaction

between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell".

(1968).

David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard Martin Temin

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 was divided,

one half jointly to Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally "for

their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of

the brain" and the other half to Rosalyn Yalow "for the

development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones".

(1950)

Roger Guillemin Andrew V. Schally Rosalyn Yalow

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1978 was

awarded jointly to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and

Hamilton O. Smith "for the discovery of restriction

enzymes and their application to problems of molecular

genetics“ in 1970.

Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983

was awarded to Barbara McClintock "for her

discovery of mobile genetic elements“ in 1948.

Barbara McClintock

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1984 wasawarded jointly to Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhlerand César Milstein "for theories concerning thespecificity in development and control of the immunesystem and the discovery of the principle for productionof monoclonal antibodies” in 1975.

Niels K. J.Georges J.F. Köhler César Milstein

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986

was awarded jointly to Stanley Cohen and Rita

Levi-Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth

factors"

Stanley Cohen Rita L. Montalcini

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1990 was

awarded jointly to Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall

Thomas "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell

transplantation in the treatment of human disease"

Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1991 wasawarded jointly to Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann "fortheir discoveries concerning the function of single ionchannels in cells” in 1970.

Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1992 wasawarded jointly to Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G.Krebs "for their discoveries concerning reversibleprotein phosphorylation as a biological regulatorymechanism"

Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1993 was

awarded jointly to Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A.

Sharp "for their discoveries of split genes in 1978.

Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1994 was

awarded jointly to Alfred G. Gilman and Martin

Rodbell "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role

of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"

Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 was

awarded jointly to Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-

Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus "for their discoveries

concerning the genetic control of early embryonic

development".

Edward B. Lewis C.N.Volhard Eric F. Wieschaus

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1997 was

awarded to Stanley B. Prusiner "for his discovery of

Prions - a new biological principle of infection". 1982.

Stanley B. Prusiner

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 was

awarded jointly to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro

and Ferid Murad "for their discoveries concerning nitric

oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular

system".

R.F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999 was

awarded to Gunter Blobel "for the discovery that

proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their

transport and localization in the cell” in 1990.

Gunter Blobel

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000 was

awarded jointly to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and

Eric R. Kandel "for their discoveries concerning signal

transduction in the nervous system and dopamine".

Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001 was

awarded jointly to Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir

Paul M. Nurse "for their discoveries of key regulators of

the cell cycle".

Leland H. Hartwell Tim Hunt Sir Paul M. Nurse

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002 was

awarded jointly to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz

and John E. Sulston "for their discoveries concerning

'genetic regulation of organ development and

programmed cell death'".

Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2003 was

awarded jointly to Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter

Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic

resonance imaging” (MRI).

Paul C. Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 was

awarded jointly to Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello "for

their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by

double-stranded RNA” in 1998.

Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2007 wasawarded jointly to Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evansand Oliver Smithies "for their discoveries of principles forintroducing specific gene modifications in mice by the useof embryonic stem cells".

Mario R. Capecchi Sir Martin J. Evans Oliver Smithies

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008 wasdivided, one half awarded to Harald zur Hausen "for hisdiscovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervicalcancer", the other half jointly to Françoise Barré-Sinoussiand Luc Montagnier "for their discovery of humanimmunodeficiency virus” (HIV).

Harald zur Hausen F.B.Sinoussi Luc Montagnier

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009 wasawarded jointly to Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W.Greider and Jack W. Szostak "for the discovery of howchromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzymetelomerase".

Carol W. GreiderE.H. Blackburn Jack W. Szostak

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 was

awarded to Robert G. Edwards "for the

development of in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Robert G. Edwards

• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 wasdivided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A.Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activationof innate immunity" and the other half to Ralph M.Steinman "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and itsrole in adaptive immunity".

B.A. Beutler J.A. Hoffmann R.M. Steinman

Sir John B. Gurdon Shinya Yamanaka

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012 was

awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya

Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can

be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"

James Rothman Randy SchekmanThomas C.Sudhof

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013 was

awarded jointly to Thomas C.Sudhof, James Rothman

and Randy Schekman for their work on vesicle

trafficking.Award Ceremony video

Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine -2014

Jhon O’ Keefe May- Britt MoserEdvard I.Moser

Brain

“inner GPS”system

Nobel Publications

Controversies and criticisms

The Norwegian Nobel Committee confirmed that Mahatma Gandhi was nominated forthe Peace Prize in 1937–39, 1947 and a few days before he was assassinated in January1948.Later members of the Committee expressed regret that he was not given theprize.Geir Lundestad, Secretary of NBC in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106year history is undoubtedly that Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhicould do without the Nobel Peace prize. In 1948, the year of Gandhi's death, the NobelCommittee declined to award a prize on the grounds that "there was no suitable livingcandidate" that year. Later, when the Dalai Lama was awarded the Peace Prize in 1989,the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory ofMahatma Gandhi.

Only 44 Nobel Prizes were given to women!

Marie Curie Barbara McClintock Toni Morrison

Men

Women

Four Nobel Laureates have been forced by authorities to decline the Nobel Prize!

Richard Kuhn

Gerhard DomagkAdolf ButenandtBoris Pasternak

Three Nobel Laureates have declined the

Nobel Prize!

Jean- Paul Sartre Le Duc Tho & Henry Kissinger

Three Nobel Laureates were in prison at the time of

the award.

Carl von

OssietzkySuu Kyi Liu Xiaobo

James Watson Sells Nobel Medal for 4.1M dollar on 4 Dec/2014

Mr Watson said hewould use some ofthe proceeds tomake donations tothe “institutionsthat have lookedafter me”, such asUniversity ofChicago and ClareCollege, Cambridg.

Discussion

Why an Indian scientist hasn’t won the Novel prize in

Physics ,Chemistry and Medicine after independence ….!?

Science in India has developed a great deal sinceC.V.Raman particularly after the country gainedIndependence but we are yet to win a Nobel Prize inChemistry or medicine.

Is it a reflection on quality of Indian science?

Or It has to do with politics of Nobel prize.

1,500,000,000 people

325 languages spoken

550 Universities and 33,623 Institutions

800 Research Centre and R & D Lab

40,000 Professor

Five year Plan (2002–2007) we spent 438

billion for education

We are publishing 10,000 articles in peer reviewed

journals /year

LIST OF INDIAN CITIZEN NOBEL LAUREATES IN

PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE

1………NIL……………..2………NIL……………..3………NIL……………..4………NIL……………..

(1901-2014)

Uffs….Sorry…Data not found……

Indian birth but Foreign citizenship

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Acknowledgement

http://www.nobelprize.org/ Official