noadswood science, 2012. mendel’s experiments to be able to explain mendel’s experiments and...
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Inherited Children usually look a little like their father, and a little like their mother, but they will not be identical to either of their parents Why is this? Offspring get half of their inherited features from each parent During fertilisation, the nucleus from the sperm cell joins with the nucleus in the egg cell, and a new nucleus is formed with all the genetic information neededTRANSCRIPT
Noadswood Science, 2012
Mendel’s Experiments To be able to explain Mendel’s experiments and why he is deemed
the ‘father of genetics’
Wednesday, May 3, 2023
Inherited Children usually look a little like their father, and a little like their
mother, but they will not be identical to either of their parents
Why is this?
Offspring get half of their inherited features from each parent
During fertilisation, the nucleus from the sperm cell joins with the nucleus in the egg cell, and a new nucleus is formed with all the genetic information needed
Inherited Some variations are inherited, whilst other variations are due to
environmental factors
Inherited variation is a characteristic you have got from your parents - what can you inherit?
Gender Eye colour Hair colour Skin colour Lobed or lobeless ears
Lobed (left) & lobeless (right) ears
Alleles Some characteristics, such as eye colour and the shape of the
earlobe, are controlled by a single gene – these genes may have different forms which are called alleles (one form of a gene)
The gene for eye colour has an allele for blue eye colour and an allele for brown eye colour
Alleles can be dominant (expressed) or recessive (masked or suppressed when in the presence of a dominant allele)
Alleles The characteristic controlled by a dominant allele develops if the
allele is present on one or both chromosomes in a pair
The characteristic controlled by a recessive allele develops only if the allele is present on both chromosomes in a pair
The allele for brown eyes is dominant, while the allele for blue eyes is recessive
An individual who inherits one or two alleles for brown eyes will have brown eyes
An individual will only have blue eyes if they inherit two copies of the allele for blue eyes Individuals A and B have brown eyes - only
individual C has blue eyes
Mendel Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) studied the inheritance of different
characteristics in pea plants
He found that when he bred red-flowered plants with white-flowered plants, all the offspring produced red flowers
If he bred these plants with each other, most of the offspring had red flowers, but some had white – this was because the allele for red flowers is dominant, and the allele for white flowers is recessive…
Genetic Diagrams Genetic diagrams show all of the possible alleles for a particular
characteristic
There will be two alleles from one parent, and two from the other parent, making four altogether
Lines show all the possible ways that these alleles could be paired in the offspring
There will be four possible ways, but some or all of them could be repeated
In genetic diagrams, the dominant allele is shown as a capital letter, while the recessive allele is shown as a lower-case letter
Genotype & Phenotype The allele pair for each characteristic is called the genotype
The physical expression of an allele pair is the phenotype
What are the phenotypes of these genotypes?
rrRR Rr
Mendel’s Experiment Mendel took 2 plants – one which is pure-bred for tallness and one
pure-bred for shortness
He then crossed them: -
Mendel’s Experiment
Two of these plants were then crossed…
All the plants produced were tall
3 out of every 4 plants were tall
Mendel hypothesised that for every characteristic there must be two determiners
Genetic Diagrams Mendel’s first cross – all the offspring have red flowers, even
though they carry the recessive allele for white flowers
Genetic Diagrams Mendel’s second cross – three-quarters of the offspring have red
flowers and a quarter have white flowers
Mendel Unfortunately, nobody knew about chromosomes or genes
when Mendel published his findings so no one believed him until many years after his death (when more powerful microscopes were available)