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Life’s Backbone
Most of the compounds that make up living things
contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the basic
structure, or “backbone,” of these compounds. Each
atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy
level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to
form four bonds with other atoms.
Section 2-3
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Life’s Backbone
As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A
huge number of different carbon compounds exist.
Each compound has a different structure. For
example, carbon chains can be straight or branching.
Also, other kinds of atoms can be attached to the
carbon chain.
1. On the top of your paper, make a list of at
least five things that contain carbon.
2. Working with a partner, review your list. If
you think some things on your list contain
only carbon, write “only carbon” next to
them.
3. If you know other elements that are in any
items on your list, write those elements
next to them.
Section 2-3
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2–3 Carbon
Compounds A. The Chemistry of
Carbon
B. Macromolecules
C. Carbohydrates
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic Acids
F. Proteins
Section 2-3
Section Outline
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The same principles of chemistry are used
for living and nonliving things.
Organic chemistry the study of all
compounds that contain bonds between
carbon atoms (organic compounds contain
bonds between carbon atoms)
Inorganic chemistry the study of the
chemical reactivity of all elements (inorganic
compounds do not contain bonds between
carbon atoms)
Carbon
Has four valence electrons
Each electron can join with an electron
with another atom through a covalent
bond
Can bind with C,H, O, P, S, and N, etc.
C to C bonds single, double, triple
Can form rings of C fig. 2-11
Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane
Section 2-3
Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds
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• What do you think the lines represent?
Macromolecules
Giant molecules made from smaller molecules
Formed by polymerization make large compounds by putting small ones together
Monomers smaller units
Polymers larger units fig. 2-13
4 types of organic compounds found in living things carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
made up of C, H, and O atoms in 1:2:1 ratio
Living things use as their main source of energy
Some plants also use for structural purposes (cellulose)
Breakdown of sugars supplies energy for cells
Living things store extra sugar in the form of starch fig. 2-14
Section 2-3
Figure 2-13 A Starch
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Types of Carbs Monosaccharides- single sugar molecule
(monomer) ex: glucose, fructose, galactose
Polysaccharides (polymer)- formed from many monosaccharides ex: stored in animals in form of glycogen…..blood sugar runs low, body releases glycogen for cell movement
Types of Carbs
Plant starch stores excess starch in plants (polysaccharide)
Plants make cellulose like “bones” for a plant
Lipids
Lipids
Not soluble in water
Lipids are NONPOLAR
Made mostly from C and H atoms
Examples are fats, oils, waxes
Used to store energy, as
waterproof coverings, and
chemical messengers
Examples are:
Formed when glycerol
combines with fatty acids
(not a polymer)
Fig. 2-15
Saturated-when all bonds
are full w/ single bond
Unsaturated- w/ double
bond
Polyunsaturated- more
than 1 double bond
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids
Macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P Polymers = Nucleic Acid
Monomer = Nucleotides
Store and transmit heredity, or genetic info
Nucleic Acids Nucleotides have 3 parts a 5-carbon
sugar, a phosphate group, and a
nitrogenous base fig. 2-16
RNA- ribonucleic acid (ribose sugar)
DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid (deoxyribose sugar)
Nucleic Acids
Monomer or
Polymer?
Nucleotides can be
bonded by
covalent bonds
Proteins
Contain N, C, H, and O
Polymers = proteins or polypeptides
Monomers = amino acids
Protein
Amino acids compounds with
Amino acid group ( -NH2) on one end
Carboxyl group(-COOH) on the other
end
R-group part of the amino acid
(aa) that is a different shape
20 different kinds of amino acids
exist
Protein
Fig 2-17 shows 2 different amino acids
Any amino acid can join with any other
amino acid (same structure)
Bond is called a peptide bond
Proteins continued
DNA gives instructions for the order of amino acids to build proteins (structural and regulatory)
Proteins
Some functions of proteins:
control rate of reactions (enzymes)
regulate cells processes
form bones and muscles
transport substances into or out of cells
help fight disease
Proteins
Amino acids form polypeptide chain amino acid in chain can twist or fold chain itself can fold
Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain shape
Carbon
Compounds
include
that consist of
which contain
that consist of that consist of that consist of
which contain which contain which contain
Section 2-3
Concept Map
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins
Sugars and
starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen
Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus
Carbon, hydrogen,oxygen,
nitrogen,
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